David
M. Gonzales.
Medal of Honor
recipient 
For
more information: 
Left,
Cesar Chavez and one of his sisters (Photo
courtesy of the Cesar Chavez Foundation)
In1944
at seventeen years of age Cesar joined the Navy and served two years
as a deck hand in the Western Pacific. Discrimination was visible
wherever he went. In 1946 Cesar was discharged from the U.S. Navy and
returned to work in the farm fields of California.
While
Cesar and his wife Helen worked in the fields, Cesar was determined to
improve the living conditions of farm workers. During this time there
were endless farm labor strikes. The farm workers and supporters
carried banners with the black eagle imprinted with the words; HUELGA
(strike) and VIVA LA CAUSA (Long live our cause). These labor strikes
demanded higher wages, better living conditions, and fair hiring
practices from the grape growers.
United
States Senator Robert F. Kennedy conducted subcommittee hearings on
agricultural labor. Kennedy had supported the National Farm Workers
Assn., the grape strike, and boycott.
1973 Cesar Chavez began
another grape strike when the UFW’s three year grape contracts came
for up renewal. The contracts were presented to the farmworkers
without any election or representation procedures. Thousands of
strikers were arrested for violating and picketing injunctions,
hundreds were beaten, dozens were shot and murdered.
In 1986 Cesar Chavez campaign
of "Wrath of Grapes" focused attention on the use of
pesticides poisoning farmworkers and their children. He led a
five-year nonviolent boycott against California grape growers,
protesting poor working conditions and the use of pesticides.
In
September 2, 1994, the Cesar Chavez Holiday bill was signed into law
by California Governor Pete Wilson. It designated March 31 (or the
appropriate Monday or Friday of the following or preceding that date)
as Cesar Chavez Day. It is a California state holiday that promotes
service to the communities of California in honor of Cesar's life and
work throughout the United States there are many schools, parks,
streets, libraries, public facilities, awards, and scholarships named
in honor of Cesar E. Chavez. There is currently a petition in progress
for President Bush to sign and establish Cesar Chavez’ birthday,
March 31st as a National Holiday.
In
September 18, 2002 the United States Postal Service announced plans
for a stamp commemorating Cesar Chavez. Illustrated by Robert
Rodriguez, the unveiling of the proposed thirty seven cent stamp was
unveiled in the U.S. Senate building in Washington D.C. On the
occasion Benjamin Ocasio, Vice President, U.S. Postal Service, stated:
"It is a proud moment for the Postal Service to pay tribute to
this true American hero."
William Rodriguez, the last man out of the 
DMATs deploy to
disaster sites with sufficient supplies and equipment to sustain
themselves for a period of 72 hours while providing medical care at a
fixed or temporary medical care site. In mass casualty incidents,
their responsibilities include triaging patients, providing austere
medical care, and preparing patients for evacuation. In other types of
situations, DMATs may provide primary health care and/or may serve to
augment overloaded local health care staffs. Under the rare
circumstance that disaster victims are evacuated to a different locale
to receive definitive medical care, DMATs may be activated to support
patient reception and disposition of patients to hospitals. DMATs are
designed to be a rapid-response element to supplement local medical
care until other Federal or contract resources can be mobilized, or
the situation is resolved.
A Disaster Medical
Assistance Team (DMAT) is composed of professional and
paraprofessional medical personnel (supported by a cadre of logistical
and administrative staff) designed to provide emergency medical care
during a disaster or other event. In mass casualty incidents, their
responsibilities include triaging patients, providing austere medical
care, and preparing patients for evacuation. In other situations,
DMATs may provide primary health care or augment overloaded health
care staffs.
Hi I was reading over your
newsletter. 
Sometimes I’d leave her inside taking a nap while I worked in the garden and come back inside to find the furniture re-arranged. I don’t know where she found the strength in her tiny body to move the large dressers, but she’d do it, and laugh about it.
My wife must have noticed my concern, because she sent the kids outside and sat on the couch, motioning for me to sit next to her.
These photos were taken at the Margaret Cruz Memorial at St. Finn's Catholic Church in San Francisco. The late Margaret Cruz who died at her home in San Francisco on Feb. 6 was a long time friend of my mom, Dorinda Moreno. 
for her small physique but big political fights; she rose in profile in 1960 when co-founded the Mexican American Political
Association.
Testimonios:
Early California through the Eyes of Women, 1815–1848 
About the
Editors: Rose Marie Beebe and Robert M. Senkewicz teach
Spanish and history, respectively, at Santa Clara University. Together
they are the authors of Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles
of Early California, 1535–1846 and the editors of Guide to
Manuscripts Concerning Baja California in the Collections of the
Bancroft Library. They translated and edited The History of
Alta California by Antonio María Osio, and they are
also co-editors of Boletín: The Journal of the California Mission
Studies Association. The couple lives in the San Francisco Bay
Area.
Cecilia's
Year - an historical novel set in the Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico
just after the Great Depression. The novel’s title character struggles
to balance the demands of life on her family’s farm with her ambitions
of education and a life in the big cities she reads about in magazines
and novels. Deeply rooted in the culture and traditions of the American
Southwest, 
Pearl
was a widow of twelve years when she met the dashing Manuel Lujan Jr.
The
legend conceives that the liberating spirit of Quetzalcoatl would arrive in the Promised Land of
Aztlan, presently, the Southwestern United States. From there he would spread throughout the original anscestral lands, reuniting all indigeneous peoples of the Americas. 
It
is not too often that a newspaper will write an article about one
individual representing a time period in a certain neighbor.
Bonnie McNabb Chapa was fortunate to have photos in order when she was
contacted. Her memories were included as part of a celebration
concerning Lafayette Square, St. Louis, Missouri.
Finding Your Mexican Ancestors:
A Beginner's Guide is essential to any researcher looking to trace their heritage across the Rio Grande. In it, authors George and Peggy Ryskamp show how easy Mexican American research can be by providing detailed descriptions of parish records, civil records, and other types of records common in Mexico. 
Britain and Ireland are so thoroughly divided in their histories that there is no single word to refer to the inhabitants of both islands. Historians teach that they are mostly descended from different peoples: the Irish from the Celts, and the English from the Anglo-Saxons who invaded from northern Europe and drove the Celts to the country’s western and northern fringes.
But geneticists who have tested DNA throughout the British Isles are edging toward a different conclusion. Many are struck by the overall genetic similarities, leading some to claim that both Britain and Ireland have been inhabited for thousands of years by a single people that have remained in the majority, with only minor additions from later invaders like Celts, Romans, Angles , Saxons, Vikings and Normans.
The implication that the Irish, English, Scottish and Welsh have a great deal in common with each other, at least from the geneticist’s point of view, seems likely to please no one.
The genetic evidence is still under development, however, and because only very rough dates can be derived from it, it is hard to weave evidence from DNA, archaeology, history and linguistics into a coherent picture of British and Irish origins.
That has not stopped the attempt. Stephen Oppenheimer, a medical geneticist at the University of Oxford, says the historians’ account is wrong in almost every detail. In Dr. Oppenheimer’s reconstruction of events, the principal ancestors of today’s British and Irish populations arrived from Spain about 16,000 years ago, speaking a language related to Basque.
The British Isles were unpopulated then, wiped clean of people by glaciers that had smothered northern Europe for about 4,000 years and forced the former inhabitants into southern refuges in Spain and Italy. When the climate warmed and the glaciers retreated, people moved back north.
The new arrivals in the British Isles would have found an empty territory, which they could have reached just by walking along the Atlantic coastline, since there were still land bridges then across what are now English Channel and the Irish Sea.
This new population, who lived by hunting and gathering, survived a sharp cold spell called the Younger Dryas that lasted from 12,300 to 11,000 years ago. Much later, some 6,000 years ago, agriculture finally reached the British Isles from its birthplace in the Near East.
Agriculture may have been introduced by people speaking Celtic, in Dr. Oppenheimer’s view. Although the Celtic immigrants may have been few in number, they spread their farming techniques and their language throughout Ireland and the western coast of Britain. Later immigrants arrived from northern Europe had more influence on the eastern and southern coasts. They too spread their language, a branch of German, but these invaders’ numbers were also small compared with the local population.
In all, about three-quarters of the ancestors of today’s British and Irish populations arrived between 15,000 and 7,500 years ago, when rising sea levels finally divided Britain and Ireland from the Continent and from one another, Dr. Oppenheimer calculates in a new book, “The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story” (Carroll & Graf, 2006).
As for subsequent invaders, Ireland received the fewest; the invaders’ DNA makes up about 12 percent of the Irish gene pool, Dr. Oppenheimer estimates, but it accounts for 20 percent of the gene pool in Wales, 30 percent in Scotland, and about one-third in eastern and southern England.
Still, no single group of invaders is responsible for more than 5 percent of the current gene pool, Dr. Oppenheimer says on the basis of genetic data.
He cites figures from the archaeologist Heinrich Haerke that the Anglo-Saxon invasions that began in the fourth century A.D. added about 250,000 people to a British population of one to two million, an estimate Dr. Oppenheimer notes is larger than his but considerably less than the substantial replacement of the English population assumed by others. The Norman invasion of 1066 A.D. brought not many more than 10,000 people, according to Dr. Haerke.
Other geneticists say Dr. Oppenheimer’s reconstruction is plausible, though some disagree with details. Several said that genetic methods did not give precise enough dates to be confident of certain aspects, like when the first settlers arrived.
“Once you have an established population, it is quite difficult to change it very radically,” said Daniel G. Bradley, a geneticist at Trinity College, Dublin. But he said he was “quite agnostic” as to whether the original population became established in Britain and Ireland immediately after the glaciers retreated 16,000 years ago, as Dr. Oppenheimer argues, or more recently, in the Neolithic Age, which began 10,000 years ago.
Bryan Sykes, another Oxford geneticist, said he agreed with Dr. Oppenheimer that the ancestors of “by far the majority of people” were present in the British Isles before the Roman conquest of A.D. 43. “The Saxons, Vikings and Normans had a minor effect, and much less than some of the medieval historical texts would indicate,” he said.
His conclusions, based on his own genetic survey and information in his genealogical testing service, Oxford Ancestors, are reported in his new book, “Saxons, Vikings and Celts: The Genetic Roots of Britain and Ireland.”
A different view of the Anglo-Saxon invasions has been developed by Mark Thomas of University College, London. Dr. Thomas and colleagues say the invaders wiped out substantial numbers of the indigenous population, replacing 50 percent to 100 percent of those in central England.
Their argument is that the Y chromosomes of English men seem identical to those of people in Norway and the Friesland area of the Netherlands, two regions from which the invaders may have originated.
Dr. Oppenheimer disputes this, saying the similarity between the English and northern European Y chromosomes arises because both regions were repopulated by people from the Iberian refuges after the glaciers retreated.
Dr. Sykes said he agreed with Dr. Oppenheimer on this point, but another geneticist, Christopher Tyler-Smith of the Sanger Centre near Cambridge, said the jury was still out. “There is not yet a consensus view among geneticists, so the genetic story may well change,” he said. As to the identity of the first postglacial settlers, Dr. Tyler-Smith said he “would favor a Neolithic origin for the Y chromosomes, although the evidence is still quite sketchy.”
Dr. Oppenheimer’s population history of the British Isles relies not only on genetic data but also on the dating of language changes by methods developed by geneticists. These are not generally accepted by historical linguists, who long ago developed but largely rejected a dating method known as glottochronology.
Geneticists have recently plunged into the field, arguing that linguists have been too pessimistic and that advanced statistical methods developed for dating genes can also be applied to languages.
Dr. Oppenheimer has relied on work by Peter Forster, a geneticist at Anglia Ruskin University, to argue that Celtic is a much more ancient language than supposed, and that Celtic speakers could have brought knowledge of agriculture to Ireland, where it first appeared. He also adopts Dr. Forster’s argument, based on a statistical analysis of vocabulary, that English is an ancient, fourth branch of the Germanic language tree, and was spoken in England before the Roman invasion.
English is usually assumed to have developed in England, from the language of the Angles and Saxons, about 1,500 years ago. But Dr. Forster argues that the Angles and the Saxons were both really Viking peoples who began raiding Britain ahead of the accepted historical schedule. They did not bring their language to England because English, in his view, was already spoken there, probably introduced before the arrival of the Romans by tribes such as the Belgae, whom Julius Caesar describes as being present on both sides of the Channel.
The Belgae may have introduced some socially transforming technique, such as iron-working, which would lead to their language supplanting that of the indigenous inhabitants, but Dr. Forster said he had not yet identified any specific innovation from the archaeological record.
Germanic is usually assumed to have split into three branches: West Germanic, which includes German and Dutch; East Germanic, the language of the Goths and Vandals; and North Germanic, consisting of the Scandinavian languages. Dr. Forster’s analysis shows English is not an off-shoot of West Germanic, as usually assumed, but is a branch independent of the other three, which also implies a greater antiquity. Germanic split into its four branches some 2,000 to 6,000 years ago, Dr. Forster estimates.
Historians have usually assumed that Celtic was spoken throughout Britain when the Romans arrived. But Dr. Oppenheimer argues that the absence of Celtic place names in England — words for places are particularly durable — makes this unlikely.
If the people of the British Isles hold most of their genetic heritage in common, with their differences consisting only of a regional flavoring of Celtic in the west and of northern European in the east, might that perception draw them together? Geneticists see little prospect that their findings will reduce cultural and political differences.
The Celtic cultural myth “is very entrenched and has a lot to do with the Scottish, Welsh and Irish identity; their main identifying feature is that they are not English,” said Dr. Sykes, an Englishman who has traced his Y chromosome and surname to an ancestor who lived in the village of Flockton in Yorkshire in 1286.
Dr. Oppenheimer said genes “have no bearing on cultural history.” There is no significant genetic difference between the people of Northern Ireland, yet they have been fighting with each other for 400 years, he said.
As for his thesis that the British and Irish are genetically much alike, “It would be wonderful if it improved relations, but I somehow think it won’t.”
The
world's oldest multiple-page book — in the lost Etruscan language
— has gone on display in Bulgaria's National History Museum in
Sofia. And something about that book has particular interest for
Latter-day Saints.
