--------------------------------
Somos Primos Staff:   .
Mimi Lozano, Editor
Mercy Bautista Olvera
Bill Carmena
Lila Guzman
Granville Hough
John Inclan
Galal Kernahan
J.V. Martinez
Dorinda Moreno
Rafael Ojeda
Ángel Custodio Rebollo
Tony Santiago
John P. Schmal
Howard Shorr 

Contributors to issue  
Francisco Barragan
Mercy Bautista Olvera
Jeffrey Brown
Herb/Linda (Flores) Burgess
James Cader

UNITED STATES

MULTIPLE INDICTMENTS AGAINST 
Pennsylvania Murderers of Luis Ramirez >first article below

Secretary Salazar & National Museum of the American Latino Commission on Capitol Hill.  

You have no idea with what relief I received this news. The horror of a man being beaten to death by a gang of teenagers, with only two of the gang being convicted of a crime and then, sentenced to a barely believable six months each,  was beyond understanding.  Surely the public had not heard, surely the non-punishment of such heinous brutality would be both cause and predictor for more bloodshed.  I shout Praise for a legal system that could deal with such injustice, with its tiers of oversight.  Our voices must be a strength to a battle which Gladys Limon, lead attorney, said "is not over".   

Somos Primos carried a series of articles on this case:
Please familiarize yourself with the case, tell others about it, if you have media contacts, inform them.  Only because I was searching did I keep myself, somewhat, informed.  The brutality of his death did not reach the public. We must view the neglect of Luis Ramirez death in the media, as media racism.  Their omission, their ignoring the horrific, senseless death of a Latino,  at a time when the public has been demanding punishment of hate crimes, should be a viewed with shame by the media.  

You may follow the history of the issue by going to the monthly issues of Somos Primos and doing a keyword search.  In the first, the August 2008 issue, you will find copies of two newspaper articles, under ANTI-SPANISH LEGENDS on the subject of Luis Ramirez' murder. 

This is a wonderful concept. We are agree that something needs to be done. We are apparently waiting for someone else to do it. I am planning on going to schools to talk to children about our rich Hispanic heritage and our TEJANO ancestors. I am planning to do this once a month. I also plan on spreading the word about our beautiful TEJANO MONUMENT that will be erected on the Capitol grounds in Texas.

Ms. Sara Puig Laas will conduct an interview with the scultor of the Tejano Monument. She will make thes session available to be shared with schools, clubs, and organizations to spread the word about the Monument and the works of the most talented sculptor. She has been kind enough to offer her work to me so I can use it when I go to the schools to talk to children.

There is so much that can be done. I hope other people will take this opportunity to think of thing they can do to help combat the problems we are experiencing. There are so many talented, professional, educated people who can help by doing various things to help with this endeavor. Hope they step up.  Thank you Joe Lopez, Jose Pena, and Mimi Lozano for saying what many of us feel.

Geneva Moya Sanchez  joegen@austin.rr.com 

I was just reading the United in our Spanish Surname Connection; A Concept Paper, is well written with so much integrity and courage. We need more people like Jose Antonio Lopez to face the nation, the Media and Washington D.C., some people
ignore the fact that we're here to

PEW Report
"Between Two Worlds: How Latino Youths Come of Age in America"

• A new national survey finds that Latinos ages 16 to 25 are satisfied with their lives and optimistic about their futures. They value education, hard work and career success. But they are more likely than other youths to drop out of school, live in poverty and become teen parents. They also have high levels of exposure to gangs. And when it comes to self-identity, most straddle two worlds.
  
  This comprehensive report from the Pew Hispanic Center, a project of the nonpartisan, non-advocacy Pew Research Center, comes at a time when one in four U.S. newborns is Hispanic; never before in U.S. history has a minority ethnic group made up so large a share of the youngest Americans.
  
  The study, "Between Two Worlds: How Latino Youths Come of Age in America," is based on new analysis of government demographic, economic, education and health data sets; a series of focus groups; and a survey conducted from Aug. 5 through Sept. 16, 2009, among a random national sample of 2,012 Hispanics ages 16 and older, with an oversample of 1,240 Hispanics ages 16 to 25. The survey was conducted in both English and Spanish, on cellular as well as landline telephones. The report offers a generational analysis of the behaviors, values and experiences of Latino youth who are immigrants themselves (about one-third) and those who are the children and grandchildren (or higher) of immigrants. 
  
  The report is the first in a new yearlong research series from the Pew Research Center examining the values, attitudes and experiences of America's Millennials. Key findings include: 
  
  Demographics:

• Two-thirds of Hispanics ages 16 to 25 are native-born Americans. This year marks the first time that a plurality (37%) of Latinos in this age group are the U.S.-born children of immigrants. An additional 29% are of third-or-higher generations. Just 34% are immigrants themselves. Back in 1995, nearly half all Latinos ages 16 to 25 were immigrants. 
•  Latinos make up about 18% of all youths in the U.S. ages 16 to 25. However, their share is far higher in a number of states. They make up 51% of all youths in New Mexico, 42% in California, 40% in Texas, 36% in Arizona, 31% in Nevada, 24% in Florida, and 24% in Colorado. 
• About 17% of all Hispanics and 22% of all Hispanic youths ages 16 to 25 are unauthorized immigrants, according to Pew Hispanic Center estimates. Some 41% of all foreign-born Hispanics and 58% of foreign-born Hispanic youth are estimated to be unauthorized immigrants. 
  
  Race, Identity & Discrimination: 
  
• Asked which term they generally use first to describe themselves, young Hispanics show a strong preference for their family's country of origin (52%) over American (24%) or the terms Hispanic or Latino (20%). Among the U.S.-born children of immigrants, the share that identifies first as American rises to one-in-three, and among the third and higher generation, it rises to half. 
• More young Hispanics say their parents have often spoken to them of their pride in their family's country of origin than say their parents have often talked to them of their pride in being American-42% versus 29%. More say they have often been encouraged by their parents to speak in Spanish than say they have often been encouraged to speak only in English-60% versus 22%. 
• Among foreign-born Latinos ages 16 to 25, just 48% say they can speak English very well or pretty well. Among their U.S.-born counterparts, that figures doubles to 98%. 
• Nearly four-in-ten (38%) young Latinos say they, a relative or close friend has been the target of ethnic or racial discrimination. This is higher than the share of older Latinos who say the same (31%). Also, perceptions of discrimination are more widespread among U.S.-born (41%) than foreign-born (32%) young Latinos. 
• Most young Hispanics do not see themselves fitting into the race framework of the U.S. Census Bureau. More than three-in-four (76%) say their race is "some other race" or volunteer that their race is "Hispanic or Latino." Young Hispanics also do not see their race in the same way as Hispanics ages 26 and older. Only 16% of Hispanic youths identify themselves as white, while nearly twice as many (30%) adult Hispanics (30%) identify their race as white. 
  
  Teen Parenthood & Risk Behaviors: 
  
• According to the center's analysis of Census data, about one-in-four young Hispanic females (26%) become a mother by age 19. This compares with a rate of 22% among young black females, 11% among young white females, and 6% among young Asian females. 
• About three-in-ten (31%) young Latinos say they have a friend or relative who is a current or former gang member. This degree of familiarity with gangs is much more prevalent among the U.S.-born than the foreign born-40% versus 17%. Young Latinos of Mexican origin are nearly twice as likely as other young Latinos to say that a friend or a relative is a member of a gang - 37% versus 19%. 
  Some 17% of U.S.-born Latino youths say they got into a fight in the past year, compared with just 7% of foreign-born youths. 
  
  Life Satisfaction, Economics, & Education :
  
• Large numbers of both U.S-born Latino youth (75%) and foreign-born (66%) expect to be better off financially than their parents. 
• Like most youths, young Latinos express high levels of satisfaction with their lives, with half saying they are "very" satisfied and 45% saying they are "mostly" satisfied. 
  Even more so than other youths, young Latinos have high aspirations for career success. Some 89% say it is very important in their lives, compared with 80% of the full population of 18- to 25-year-olds who say the same. 
• The household income of young Latinos lags well behind that of young whites and slightly ahead of young blacks. Poverty rates follow the same pattern: Some 23% of young Latinos live in poverty, compared with 13% of young whites and 28% of young blacks. The poverty rate among young Latinos declines significantly from the first generation (29%) to the second (19%). 
• More than half (52%) of all employed foreign-born youths are in lower skill occupations, compared with 27% of U.S.-born Latino youths. 
• The high school dropout rate among Latino youths (17%) is nearly three times as high as it is among white youths (6%) and nearly double the rate among blacks (9%). 
  Nearly all Latino youths (89%) and older adults (88%) agree with the statement that a college degree is important for getting ahead in life. But just under half of Latinos ages 18 to 25 say they plan to get a college degree. The reason most often given by Latino youths who cut off their education before college is financial pressure to support a family. 
  
  The report is available at the Pew Hispanic Center's website, www.pewhispanic.org.
  PEW Press Release  December 11, 2009 
  Contact: 
  Molly Rohal  mrohal@pewresearch.org  202-419-3606
  or Paul Fucito pfucito@pewresearch.org   202-419-4372
  
  [Sent by Joan De Soto CasaSanMiguel and Bill Carmena JCarm1724@aol.com]

Texas Lawmaker Wants More Hispanics Included in Academic History Books

NOTES FROM LALA LAND
BY DR. NEO GUTIERREZ
Published column, Oct 2009 LareDOS

A SALUTE TO ERNESTO URIBE, U.S. FOREIGN SERVICE INFORMATION OFFICER

Pew Hispanic Center 
Demographic Profiles of U.S. Hispanics by Country of Origin
September 16, 2009

LATINO 101: Are You Ready for Class, Latino Style?

Be Cautious About Giving Info to Census Workers 
by Susan Johnson

WITNESS TO HERITAGE

LULAC Los Angeles, Dec 4-5th Event Honoring Veterans. Standing in front of the Hispanic Medal of Honor Display, Between the two soldiers, LtoR, Jerry Mcnelly-Vietnam Vet silver star recipient,   Dr. Bridget Cantrell (authoress, advocate for Veterans) and Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa.

Photos 
International Pictures FX

San Francisco City Hall, Oct 14-15 Hispanic Medal of Honor display, hosted by the city as part of their Hispanic Heritage Month Celebration.  Reception held in front of the display.  LtoR  Col. (retired) Wallace Levin, San Francisco Commission on Veteran Affairs, Capitan Fernando Nava-Musa, President of the Aztec Eagles, Alfredo Pedroza, San Francisco Director of Special Affairs, Rudy Hernandez, Medal of Honor recipient, Rick Leal, President of the Hispanic Medal of Honor Society, and your editor, Mimi Lozano, member of HMHS.

Phoenix, Arizona  Veterans' Day Parade....Nov 11th, 2009

Debbie Lee-Americas Mighty Warriors-Presidential Gold Star Mother
 
Through the cooperation and support of local Phoenix Veteran groups, and the hosting of Rick Leal, President of the Hispanic Medal of Honor Society, Hispanic Medal of Honor Recipient, Rudy Hernandez rode in the Phoenix, Arizona November 11th, 2009 Veterans' Day Parade, one of the largest in the country.  

Seated on Rudy's left is Jerry McNelly- Bronze star recipient, Battle of Tet Vietnam.

US Army Soldier Corrales and Rudy enjoy the ride.   

In addition to the honored guests, there were 36 people on the float.   The participants included all ages, and was very inclusive.

The float was a 83' long, Kenworth Semi sponsored by L&N Transport quoted by Paula Padene-Phoenix, Arizona Veterans Parade coordinator as being the largest and most comfortable float in the parade.  

HONORING HISPANIC LEADERSHIP

Velia Yolanda De Leon Garcia, an educator
1905 to November 29, 2009

CORPUS CHRISTI

She had been a teacher at Colegio Columbia and a dean at the University of the Americas in Mexico. She also had been the executive manager of her husband’s medical practice in Corpus Christi.  She was known for being devoted to learning languages, reading and writing poetry. She also loved playing her piano and dancing.

Her husband was a local family practitioner and a former commander of the Founder’s Chapter of the American GI Forum, an organization founded by his brother Dr. Hector P. Garcia.  She is survived by her children, Yolette A. Garcia and Xico R. “Bobby” Garcia, both of Dallas; a brother, Jose R. De Leon of Corpus Christi; two sisters, Zaida Wilson of Oviedo, Fla., and Sylvia de Leon of Washington, D.C.

Mass was celebrated at St. Patrick Catholic Church. Burial was at Seaside Memorial Park.
http://www.caller.com/news/2009/nov/25/educator-garcia-dies-at-79/

REMEMBERING YOLANDA GARCIA 
Sent by her niece, Wanda Garcia, daughter of Dr. Hector P. Garcia

Foreword:  Yolanda Garcia, my aunt died in November 2009.  I will always remember her with great affection and hope this article honors her memory.

During the 1950s, Xico Garcia, my uncle and father’s brother, came to live with us at 634 Ohio Street, in Corpus Christi, Texas during the summers.  Xico enrolled at the University of Texas Pharmacy School in Austin, Texas.  During the school year, Xico and Bob Sanchez drove in Xico’s yellow Austin Healy from Austin to Corpus Christi on weekends.  Eloisa Luna, a friend, remembers both men driving in the yellow Austin Healy.  According to Eloisa, they were the heartthrobs of all the girls in the valley and the best-looking men at UT.  So you can imagine the Garcia clan’s relief when Xico began to court Velia Yolanda DeLeon.  I was about nine years old when Yolanda DeLeon came into my life. Yolanda, as we called her, was a gentle loving soul.  She was soft spoken and quiet, a true lady by the standards of the 1950’s. 

I remember how pleased the Garcia clan was when Yolanda accepted Xico’s proposal of marriage.  My father, Dr. Hector P. Garcia was especially pleased because “Yolanda comes from a good family and is educated.”  Yolanda graduated from Our Lady of Our Lake High School and Incarnate Word College in San Antonio, Texas with a Bachelor's degree in Sociology. It was rare for a woman to get a college degree in the 1950ies. Mrs. Velia DeLeon, Yolanda’s mother was a very elegant woman and moved in the high social circles of Corpus Christi, Texas. Yolanda’s father Joe DeLeon was a successful businessman and owned a string of pharmacies. 

Immediately, Yolanda began to plan their wedding.  Yolanda recruited my mother and me to be part of the wedding.  My mother, Wanda was the Matron of honor, I was a Jr. bridesmaid, Yolanda’s sister Zaida was the maid of honor and Sylvia was the flower girl.  Papa was Xico’s best man. Yolanda chose “Gone with the Wind” to be the theme of her wedding. The DeLeon family spared no expense for the wedding.  They commissioned Joske’s of San Antonio, TX to make the bride’s dress and our dresses.  Yolanda selected an olive green taffeta that changed colors in different lights for our gowns. We had to wear crinolines so that the dress would display properly and a headband of green leaves.  I still have my headband. 

Mama threw a bridal shower for Yolanda.  She set a beautiful table with her best china and silver.  Mrs. DeLeon helped my mother with the shower arrangements.  I remember all the sighs from the attendees when Yolanda would open a gift, followed by the inevitable shower games.  Personally, I was more interested in all the Napoleons my mother served. 

In the fall of 1954, the wedding was at the cathedral and following a reception at the Driskill hotel. The elite of the Mexican American community attended the wedding. Yolanda was resplendent in her beautiful gown. Joe DeLeon was so proud of his daughter and said, “She was the most beautiful woman in the room.”  Mr. DeLeon spared no expense in “wining and dining” the wedding guests. The wedding was an elegant affair. 

This was the only wedding ceremony I would attend for any of my uncles or aunts.

Life happens. I remember how happy Yolanda was when both her children, Yolette and Bobby were born.  Years later, their family moved to Mexico while Xico attended medical school. 

In 1962, when my brother died in an accident in Morelia, Michoacan, Yolanda and Xico were the first family members to arrive at the scene.  It was such a terrible family tragedy, I was only 16 years old and felt comforted by the presence of familiar faces.   

Through the years, Yolanda became an integral part of the family.  I loved talking to her at the Garcia family gatherings.  She had a tremendous sense of humor and wit.  Yolanda and I shared a great love for jewelry.  She had an extensive collection of rings and necklaces.  We always admired each other’s jewelry.  Yolanda showed me some piece that my uncle had bought for her.  Xico always showered Yolanda with jewelry. 

After her children left the nest, Yolanda became the executive manager of her husband's medical practice in Corpus Christi. In 1996 after Papa died, Xico became active in the American G.I. Forum. The members of the Founder’s Chapter, my father’s chapter elected Xico commander.   Yolanda became active in the AGIF and helped Xico with his work in civil rights.  Xico’s major accomplishments led to the dissolution of segregated cemetery in Tynan, Texas, and to the betterment of health care in South Texas colonias.

After Xico passed away in April 28, 2003, Yolanda moved from Corpus Christi to Dallas, Texas to live with her children.  I never saw Yolanda again.  On November 23, 2009, my aunt Velia Yolanda DeLeon Garcia passed away peacefully in her sleep. The obituary in the Corpus Christi Caller Times described Yolanda thus: 

Yolanda was classic in style, devoted to learning languages, reading and writing poetry, and especially to playing her beloved piano. She loved to dance and sing too. In fact, she was much like the music she enjoyed: elegant as a Gershwin melody, witty as a Cole Porter tune and majestic as the concertos she played.

There exists a belief if we remember the departed they live through our memories.  I will always cherish the memories of my aunt and uncle and the wonderful times we spent together. 

22- Susanna Garcia, Bobby Garcia, Yolette Garcia and Daisy Wanda Garcia.
21-Sylvia Deleon, Wanda F. Garcia, Daisy Wanda Garcia, Hector Garcia Junior.

Claudio Cedeño, pintor, caricaturista y luchador social 
1915 to November 29, 2009

Maria Isabel Vasquez Jimenez

Remarks by UFW President Arturo S. Rodriguez at Funeral Services for Maria Isabel Vasquez Jimenez, a 17-Year Old Farm Worker Who Died Due to the Heat - May 28th, 2008 in Lodi, CA 

How much is the life of a farm worker worth? Is it less than the life of any other human being? The death of Maria Isabel Vasquez Jimenez is hard to accept because it didn’t need to happen.

Wednesday, May 14 was a hot day. The official temperature was 95 degrees; inside the vineyard where Maria and her boyfriend, Florentino Bautista, worked it was probably about 100 degrees.

It was Maria’s third day of work after arriving in California from Oaxaca, Mexico last February to make money to send to her mother, brothers and sisters in Mexico. Maria dedicated herself to helping her family.

She was laboring for a farm labor contractor, Merced Farm Labor Contracting, on a vineyard east of Stockton growing grapes for West Coast Grape Farming, a division of Bronco Wines, which is also part of Franzia vineyards.

Maria had been working for nine hours that day, since 6 a.m., suckering—removing suckers and leaving the stronger shoots to grow.  There was no water at all for the workers from 6 a.m. to 10:30 a.m.  There was no shade and since the vines were young, standing only a few feet tall, there was no protection from the hot sun. 

There was no training for foremen or workers on what to do if someone became ill from the heat. All these protections have been demanded by the state of California since 2005, when the United Farm Workers convinced Governor Schwarzenegger to issue the first state regulation in the country to prevent deaths and illnesses from extreme heat.

At 3:40 p.m. on May 14, Maria became dizzy. She was unsteady on her feet. She didn’t know where she was and didn’t recognize Florentino, her boyfriend. He approached her and she passed out, her body lying on the ground. Florentino held her in his arms.

The foreman for the labor contractor, Raul Martinez, came over and stood four or five feet away, staring at the couple for about five minutes. He said, “Oh, that’s what happens to people, but don’t worry. If you apply some rubbing alcohol to her, it will go away.”

Maria was carried to a nearby van that the workers pay seven dollars a day for rides to and from work. She was placed on a back seat. With no air conditioning, it was hotter inside the van than outside.

Someone wet Maria’s bandana with water and placed it on her forehead. She was still unconscious. The foreman told Florentino to get rubbing alcohol from the store. But Maria’s crew was still working. They had to wait for them to finish as other workers relied on the same van.

The rubbing alcohol didn’t help either. So the van headed towards Lodi. The driver decided Maria looked so ill that she needed medical help. On the way to the clinic in Lodi, the foreman called on the driver’s cell phone and spoke to Florentino. “If you take her to a clinic,” the foreman said, “don’t say she was working [for the contractor]. Say she became sick because she was jogging to get exercise. Since she’s underage, it will create big problems for us.”

They arrived at the clinic at 5:15 p.m., more than an hour and a half after Maria was stricken. She was so sick an ambulance took her to the hospital. Doctors said her temperature upon arrival was 108.4 degrees, far beyond what the human body can take.

Maria’s heart stopped six times in the next two days. The doctors revived her. On Friday morning her good heart stopped again and efforts to revive her failed. The doctors learned Maria was pregnant. She probably never realized she was going to be a mother.

Doctors said if emergency medical help had been summoned or she had been taken to the hospital sooner, she might have survived.  It is hard for Maria’s family and her friend, Florentino, to accept her death, knowing it could have been prevented.

This is not the first time farm workers have needlessly died from the heat. Four farm workers perished from the heat in the summer of 2005, when the union persuaded Governor Schwarzenegger to issue the heat regulation to prevent such deaths. If the labor contractor or grower had followed the law, Maria might well be alive today. Her case is one of the most disgraceful examples of contractors and growers ignoring their legal duties.

But Merced Farm Labor Contracting and West Coast Grape Farming Company are not alone. In 2007, 36 percent of the employers inspected by Cal-OSHA, the state work safety agency, were not following the regulation, according to a story in the Sacramento Bee newspaper.

Thirty-four years ago, after 19 lettuce workers died in the tragic crash of a farm labor bus, Cesar Chavez said some people ask if these deaths are deliberate.

“They are deliberate,” Cesar said, “in the sense that they are the direct result of a farm labor system that treats workers like agricultural implements and not as human beings. These accidents happen because employers and labor contractors treat us as if we were not important human beings.”

But farm workers “are important human beings,” Cesar continued during a funeral mass for the dead workers. They are important because they are from us. We cherish them. We love them. We will miss them.

They are important because of the love they gave to their husbands, their children, their wives, their parents—all those who were close to them and who needed them.

They are important because of the work they do. They are not implements to be used and discarded. They are human beings who sweat and sacrifice to bring food to the tables of millions…of people throughout the world.

They are important because God made them, gave them life, and cares for them in life and death.

Brothers and sisters, Maria was not an agricultural implement; she was an important human being. She dedicated herself to helping her family. She earned the love of her mother, her brothers and sisters and other relatives, and of the man she loved. 

Maria’s life was worth a lot—and she deserved a lot better treatment than she received at the hands of the labor contractor and grower.

Maria and her friend, Florentino, had made plans: To work in this country for perhaps three years, save some money and then return to Oaxaca, get married and make a home and family there.

Now Florentino is having a hard time, not only because he lost the young woman he loved, but because her child died with her.

Florentino, said, “There should be justice for what happened. It wasn’t just. It wasn’t fair what they did.” 

JEFFREY BROWN, Co- Founder & Principal Webpage Designer 
jeffreybrown814@hotmail.com

NATIONAL ISSUES

In Nebraska's meatpacking industry, 
immigrant workers hold 80% of the jobs. 
Farmland plant in Crete, Nebraska.
Photo: Lincoln Journal Star [1]

In the eight states poised to gain seats, Latino voter registration grew 45% and Latino voter turnout expanded 50% between 2000 and 2008. [4] In the eleven states poised to lose seats, Latino voter registration grew 50% and Latino voter turnout expanded 62% between 2000 and 2008.

Your Oaxaca-California Cultural Information 
http://www.soaxaquenocal.com 

Interview with Lila Downs in both English and Spanish.
She speaks on numerous issues, but primarily the conditions of the farm workers.  This is an amazing site.  It appears to stay current. With lots of photos, the topics include:
Historia, Communidad, Literatura, Pintores, Cantantes, Eventos, Linguas, Agenda, Fotos, Curiosidades, Libros y Conferencias. 

Jeffrey Brown, Co- Founder & Principal Webpage Designer jeffreybrown814@hotmail.com 

Click to the tragic death of Maria Isabel Vasquez Jimenez

Their Future Is Ours 
Times Topics: Immigration and Emigration, November 16, 2009 

There are 16 million children in immigrant families in the United States, one of the fastest-growing segments of the population. It’s an old American story made new in the age of globalization, when waves of human displacement in recent decades have led to immigration on a scale not seen since Ellis Island. But a country that has been so good for so long at integrating new Americans is stumbling under the challenge. 

That is the conclusion of Professors Marcelo and Carola Suárez-Orozco, fellows at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton and co-directors of immigration studies at New York University. They have done basic research in immigration for more than 20 years, five of them studying 400 children from China, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Central America and Mexico.

The results of their research, released this month, show the stark effects of what Marcelo Suárez-Orozco calls “the age of global vertigo.” Dislocation breeds a host of difficulties, starting with family separation. Nearly half of the children in their sample had at some point lost contact with one or both parents, either through migration directly or through divorce or death. The absent parent was most often the father for long stretches or permanently. For 49 percent of the Central American children, separations lasted more than five years.

The children from separated families were, perhaps unsurprising, more likely to show signs of depression. Those symptoms were often accompanied by poverty, isolation and — despite an early period of hopefulness and engagement — a downward academic slide. Immigrant children lagged in mastering standard academic English, the passport to college and to brighter futures. Whereas native-born children’s language skills follow a bell curve, immigrants’ children were crowded in the lower ranks: More than three-quarters of the sample scored below the 85th percentile in English proficiency.

There is clearly a need for policies and programs to support immigrant parents and children, but the reality is as haphazard and tenuous as these children’s lives often are. Millions are growing up in mixed families, with some members here illegally, others not. Bills to help immigrant families with a path to legalization have died repeatedly in Congress, and small-scale reforms like the Dream Act, a path to college or the military for children of illegal immigrants have been stymied for years. New investments in language education, citizenship preparation and after-school and preschool programs have been derailed by economic crisis, harsh immigration politics and a general lack of attention.

This is the great challenge that is forgotten in the heat of the immigration debate. The children of immigrants are Americans. “They” are “us,” a cohort of newcomers who will be filling the demographic void left as the baby boomers start fading away. Their future is our country’s future. The job of integrating them is not only unfinished but in many critical ways has hardly begun.  
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/17/opinion/17tue2.html?_r=1

Labor Pains: Frequently, there are not many prospects for work Stories
by Diego DuBois, Inland Empire 12/03/2009
http://www.ieweekly.com/cms/story/author/diego_dubois/142/

Joe, or José Navarro Alderete, as he introduces himself, elaborates. "Today is a major cleanup to get ready for our fair. We started from the rose garden, doing all the major pruning and bringing in chips all throughout." Joe is an affable white-haired man whose language flows naturally from English to Spanish and back again. As he lists the day's chores, his encyclopedic knowledge of local history bubbles to the surface with
anecdotes, dates, and facts.

Joe is the caretaker of the Chaffey-García house, the second-oldest house in Rancho Cucamonga and a historical landmark. Its grounds needed a facelift for the the Founder's Day parade and street fair, the city's yearly demonstration of civic pride.

According to the caretaker, preserving the site depends on volunteer labor. "Absolutely," he says, "[volunteers] are crucial to what we do." He overflows with gratitude, calling the helpers angelitos, "little angels" during lunch.

Looking over the materials, it is evident why Joe is so grateful. Wood chips form heaping piles on a truckbed that, after being unloaded once, is refilled with yet second mound of bedding. Shovels, rakes, and shears gleam in the late fall sunshine, while brooms, trashcans, and wheelbarrows are eagerly maneuvered by about twenty day laborers, students, and community members from the Fernando Pedraza Community Coalition, a group that organizes around the issues of the Rancho day laborers.

Suzanne Foster, executive director of the Pomona Economic Opportunity Center and member of the coalition, describes how the project came into being. "We definitely want to honor our history and honor Rancho Cucamonga, and that's why we chose this site to work at. But we also know that there's a long history at the day labor corner, that the workers have been gathering there. Before they did construction work they were farmworkers, they were braceros. They've been gathering at that site for over fifty years and that's a historic location as well. Day laborers are a part of the history of Rancho Cucamonga, part of the city, part of this area, and wanted to contribute back to another historic site in the city as well."

Foster is not the only one acting on a consciousness of the history of the area. Juan, who is originally from Mexico, also demonstrates a strong awareness of the past: "My father was hired as a bracero. In those days, he used to tell me about the places where they were hired. They gave them a space in sub-human conditions." For him, history is the tale of the exploitation of the farmer, of the migrant laborer, a tale whose legacy reaches into the present and affects him daily. "It's about preserving that type of historical memory and increasing the civic awareness of the community."

Other participants have a cultural memory that stretches across great lengths of time and space. For Federico, an immigrant from the coup-ravaged Central American country of Honduras, today's clean-up is "a big deal." He compares the Chaffey-García house, built in 1874, to the Mayan sites in his home country. "At the roots of the countries that we come from are the historical centers like the ruins of Copán." For Federico, today's service project is a chance to point out what's most important: Working together. "That's what we want, to work together, to keep collaborating with the community."

This humble group of workers don't have the sophisticated public relations apparatuses that big business or politicians make use of in their campaigns. Nonetheless, today's volunteer effort is part of a quiet campaign for recognition—and for their rights.

The day laborers at Arrow and Grove are very conscious of their public image, which has not always been positive. As a visible manifestation of the phenomenon of illegal immigration, they suffered the brunt of the anti-immigrant sentiment that peaked in 2006 or so, and seems to be regaining steam among the “Tea Party” crowd now dominating right-wing politics. The workers have been singled out for protest by anti-immigrant groups such as the Minutemen and the Ku Klux Klan. The targeting took on a personal and emotional dimension when, in 2007, a month after the klan joined a Minuteman rally, Fernando Pedraza, the labor leader and local hero from who the coalition takes its name, was hit and killed by a driver distracted by a Minuteman protest of the day laborers. "The Minutemen don't even want to see us around here," says Federico.

Juan reflects for a moment, and then puts the issue into perspective. "Generally, the community supports the workers. Why? Because the community knows that normally, the workers come to collaborate and to earn our daily bread with our work and our sweat. And there are groups, for example, of racists, who are in opposition, but those people are a minority, and what they're dedicated to is hate. It's not a constructive relationship with them."

Federico agrees. "We continue ahead. What we want is for them to see that we have an interest in being in this country, and for good, not for ill."

For the moment, this means continuing the workers' struggle for recognition through this and other projects. "Sometimes we're neglected," says Federico. Juan contextualizes the comment. "The city took away a day labor center that had itself been won through struggle. That was three years ago and the city made us a promise that they were going to look for an adequate spot for the center and up to this day, we have heard no reply from them." He continues, "The city needs a day labor center to have a better quality of life, both for the residents, and for the workers to have a dignified place to offer their professional services, so as not to be out in the open, because that just leads to abuses by unscrupulous bosses. Really, a center is needed to strengthen the economy, guarantee the safety of the workers and at the same time, that of the people using the street."

A center is a concrete goal, but it is symbolic of something greater. As Junko Ihrke, a student at Claremont Graduate University and a volunteer ESL instructor at the corner summarizes, “they're part of this community and they're giving back to this community in other ways. Today is a perfect example of another way that they're doing that. Physically, emotionally, everything. And that's a big deal.”

The day is over and the house is restored just in time for the historic celebration. But for the day laborers, the struggle for acceptance in a country they now call home is a continuous one, with community service being just another step down that path.

 [Dorinda Moreno fuerzamundial@gmail.net]

Walking a Mile in an Immigrant’s Moccasins
By Hector Tobar
Los Angeles Times, November 2, 2009

JIM ESTRADA
Estrada Communications Group, Inc.
Website: www.estradausa.com

BUSINESS

Against the Odds, Women Workers Shake a Mountain

From a corner of a converted garment industry plant, poetry and prose pierced walls long sealed with sweat and struggle as the cool, late fall borderland evening set in. In an eclectic performance, cosmic artwork exhibited by Gabriel Gaytan, Veracruz-style tunes strummed by musician Francisco Rodriguez and readings by local writers Nancy Lechuga and Griselda Rodriguez helped inaugurate Cafe Mayachen, the latest project of El Paso’s La Mujer Obrera (LMO) and the El Puente Development Corporation.

Housed in the sprawling quarters of Mercado Mayapan in the Texas border city’s old garment district, the cafe is planned as a showcase for grassroots literary, artistic and musical talent. Between events, visitors can browse books and check out videos on topics like Mexico’s Zapatista National Liberation Army, while sipping Chiapas-grown coffee also available by the pound.

“We decided to open this space to have it close to this community that has been abandoned for years, after NAFTA,” said Maria Lopez, director of the Mayachen Museum which sits next to the new cafe. For Lopez, the cafe and other facilities tucked into Mercado Mayapan represent the stirrings of an economic and cultural revival in a city which suffered tens of thousands of manufacturing job losses during the years surrounding the negotiation and implementation of NAFTA and other free trade agreements.

In a unique display, the history of El Paso’s garment workers, who at one time sewed together the threads which festooned the latest fashion rages sweeping the US and the world, is detailed in the Mayachen Museum. Rounding out the tribute to border working-class history, an exhibition outside the museum’s doors is dedicated to the Mexican farm and rail workers who came to the US during the 1942-64 Bracero Program.

“We thought that it was important to show the community how the Mexican community has contributed not only to the economy but to the culture and to the values of the American society,” Lopez said. Besides regular multi-media cultural events, Lopez and other organizers of the museum/cafe intend to involve local youths in mural and oral history projects. In between events, community members may even pass the time away with domino games.

Cafe Mayachen’s opening is a noteworthy development in light of local controversies over the viability of La Mujer Obrera’s alternative economic development initiative which, if successful, could be a model for other low-income communities in the US/Mexico borderlands and far beyond.

In a briefing paper to the Obama White House this fall, LMO contended that its project means not only jobs, but also education and empowerment for Latina women workers. El Paso’s Latina workers, who average about half the income of Anglo women’s median income, are in particularly dire straits and largely left out of the loop of federal stimulus spending, according to LMO.

Much of the stimulus funding has been directed at construction and other industries primarily dominated by men, the group said.

According to LMO: “Mercado Mayapan is a path out of this endemic structural poverty for women, not only workers who lost their jobs when factories closed, but also for the younger women whose only option for their families has been public assistance or the underground economy….” The struggle to emancipate and empower border working women has been far from easy. Earlier this fall, a funding crisis prompted members of LMO to stage a noisy occupation of El Paso Mayor John Cook’s office. In justifying the
action, LMO charged that start-up monies for its projects pledged by a variety of government agencies were slow in coming.

Rankled by the protest, and noting that La Mujer Obrera was in default of an earlier city loan, Mayor Cook told Frontera NorteSur he would nevertheless recommend the El Paso City Council approve an additional $400,000 in Empowerment Zone monies for the worker/community group. By a 4-3 vote margin on September 22, however, the City Council turned down the funding until LMO’s finances were “in order” and “not running a deficit.”

Sponsored by Representative Eddie Holguin Jr., the City Council action also stipulated that the Empowerment Zone Advisory Committee give the City Council a recommendation as to where to allocate business development funds in the zone.

Denial of the Empowerment Zone money, LMO Executive Director Irma Montoya said, set back plans by some community members to launch new businesses that could tap into Mercado Mayapan’s emerging nexus. “More than affecting us in the organization,” Montoya said, “it affected the community itself.”

Yet LMO has since preserved and expanded its project, partly through the volunteerism of more than 100 workers who agreed to work without pay for a period of time until new monies began flowing. Most recently, a $25,000 grant from Bank of America has helped plug the budget hole, according to a statement from LMO. Another $250,000 in stimulus funds and a pending $1,000,000 grant from the North American Development Bank will help the Mercado survive, Montoya added in an interview with Frontera NorteSur.

On other fronts, LMO and its 40,000 square-foot center have fared well in the public spotlight. For the second year in a row, large crowds flocked to Mercado Mayapan to celebrate the annual Days of the Dead festivities in early November. In 2009 LMO has been the recipient of an award from Texas State Senator Eliot Shapleigh (D-El Paso), and has been invited to participate in projects sponsored by the Smithsonian Latino Center and Leveraging Investments in Creativity’s Artography Project.

Each month, a new theme permeates the walls and halls of Mercado Mayapan. In October, for example, photos and treaties informed visitors of the struggle surrounding a cultural staple and symbol of Mexico and indigenous America-corn. Distributed to the public, the recent Corn Declaration issued by a coalition of rural Mexican organizations and allies criticized the impact of free trade on small growers, the loss of food self-sufficiency and the epidemic of malnutrition afflicting Mexican society.

“Today, now more than ever, the demand for independence, land and freedom vibrates in our hearts and in our stomachs,” the statement read. “We convoke the people of Mexico to join efforts to defend what our peoples have created, reproduced and defended for centuries.”

Like the younger Maria Lopez, El Paso writer Joe Olvera considers the Mercado and its satellite institutions as essential for the future of south-central El Paso. The museum/cafe, he said, are vital linkages between previous generations of El Pasoans and newer ones, especially recent Mexican immigrants who might be unaware of the long history of working-class and community struggles in El Chucho, as El Paso is colloquially known.

The first Chicano television news reporter in El Paso back in 1971, Olvera is from an older generation that struggled for cultural recognition and equality in the media, academy and other institutions. Although Olvera has lost both legs from “that devil diabetes," the former staff writer for the now-defunct El Paso Herald-Post and El Paso Times was on hand for Cafe Mayachen’s opening to read from his book Chicano Sin Fin.

“It’s just a start, eventually we’ll fill it up,” Olvera said, adding that he and his wife had long collaborated with LMO’s project. “We need something literary, because we’ve have some real giant Chicano writers like Ricardo Sanchez, Abelardo Delgado, Rudy Anaya, of course.”

In today’s challenging times, both older and newer voices must be heard, Olvera insisted. “We need to promote them, push their works, let people know about those types of works so they can begin to understand who they are,” he said. “Many of our people haven’t been given that opportunity to say ‘I am a Chicano and proud of it.’ They don’t know who they are, and we need to remedy it.”

While Cafe Mayachen gears up, the staff at Mercado Mayapan plans for a busy holiday season. Besides a wide assortment of gifts such as traditional Mexican handicrafts and attire, visitors to the complex can dine on holiday tamales and other seasonal foods. According to Montoya, upcoming December activities include piñata-busting, Christmas plays and more.

-Kent Paterson
Frontera NorteSur (FNS): on-line, U.S.-Mexico border news
Center for Latin American and Border Studies
New Mexico State University Las Cruces,New Mexico
For a free electronic subscription email: fnsnews@nmsu.ed

Indigenous Woman In Yucatan To Receive National Science & Arts Award 
Posted: 03 Dec 2009

Ex-Boxer Julio Cesar Chavez Opening Entertainment Center
By Lynn Ducey
Phoenix Business Journal, October 31, 2009

EDUCATION

No Excuses accepted at Hollingworth School in Rowland Unified 
By Richard Irwin Staff Writer, Posted: 10/22/2009 

But isn't it awfully early to begin the college push?  "I like the college focus. The future really isn't that far away. I want my son to focus on college now and follow it straight through to university," the proud mother added.  Principal Kim pointed out that people with college degrees lead more prosperous lives. She said colleges lead to brighter futures for her students. She didn't get any arguments from students, who seemed very excited about adopting a college. 

Visitors to Caryn Kelly's third grade found everyone wearing Nebraska Cornhuskers T-shirts. The kids didn't have any idea what a cornhusker was, and became even more confused when Kim tried to explain how corn is shucked. But they loved the colorful T-shirts and Nebraska pennants filling the classroom walls. They even got a penpal in Nebraska. 

"Dear Students of Room 4, "My name is Shwan Ryba and I am from Lincoln, Neb. The city of Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska and the second most populous city in the state. The population of Lincoln is approximately 240,000 people and the state population is 1,774,571 people.  "Nebraska is a leading state in farming and ranching and is an important producer of beef, pork, maize and soybeans. 

"Lincoln is best known for the University's Students parade college banners during the kick-off event for No Excuses University at Hollingworth Elementary. (Photos by Gina Ward / Courtesy of Rowland Unified) football team, the Nebraska Cornhuskers.... The Memorial Stadium where the Nebraska Cornhuskers play holds 85,500 people. On game day the stadium becomes the second largest city in the state. "I am glad to be your e-pal and hope to hear from you soon." Isaac Shelton, 8, added that Nebraska has lots of farmers. A fellow classmate chirped in that Kool-Aid was invented in Nebraska. "The richest person in the world, Warren Buffet, also lives there," pointed out 8-year-old Virginia Garcia.  The Hollingworth administrator learned about No Excuses University at an education conference. 

"I thought it was a natural fit for our school," Kim said. After attending a No Excuses institute, Kim spent the next year filling out the school's application. San Diego educator Damen Lopez founded No Excuses University in 2006. He based his program on two principles: 
1. Every child has the right to be prepared to attend college. 
2. It is the responsibility of adults in the school to develop exceptional systems that make that dream a reality. 

Kim said the program has changed the perspective of the teachers as well as the attitudes of the students. "We've all reached a consensus that all our kids can succeed," she explained. So how many students does she really expect to go onto college? "Why, 100 percent of course!" she said. She won't accept any excuses. 

Richard Irwin  richard.irwin@sgvn.com 
(626) 962-8811, Ext. 2801

A Comedian With a Serious Delivery
By Michael Alison Chandler
Washington Post, November 6, 2009

BILINGUAL/BICULTURAL EDUCATION

Cara Mia Theatre Company presented the world-premier production 
CRYSTAL CITY, 1969
December 9-19, 2009, in Dallas, Texas
Play written by David Lozano and Raul Trevino 

The Mexican American Legal Struggle for Educational Equality 

BOOKS

The River Flows North by Graciela Limon

Editorial Reviews

''There is a pathway traveled by migrants that cuts away from the Mexican border as it slithers north through the Arizona desert up to Interstate 8. Migrants know this highway as la Ocho, the road that takes them to a better life, but the trail that leads to that highway is ruthless and unforgiving.''

In Sonora, a group of immigrants circles around a coyote, Leonardo Cerda, who will for a price lead them across the treacherous desert to the United States. Fearful that Cerda may be one of those who will collect their money up front and then leave them stranded to die, the travelers ultimately are forced to put their trust in him and begin the dangerous crossing to a new life. Afraid even of each other, they initially avoid eye contact or conversation. But as the three-day passage across the blistering landscape progresses, the fight to survive the grueling trip ensures that their lives and deaths are linked forever.

While trudging along, placing one exhausted foot in front of the other, the travelers each remember their lives and the reasons they have been forced to abandon their land, homes and loved ones. Among the immigrants is Menda Fuentes, a salvadorena, the only member of her family to survive a massacre during her country s civil war. Then there is Julio Escalante and his young grandson Manuelito, who pay the full fee even though they plan to go only halfway. By their side is Encarnacion Padilla, an ancient indigenous woman who has survived ostracism and her involvement in the Zapatista uprising. Next to her walk Nicanor and Borrego Osuna, two brothers who suffer the ultimate indignity just to make it to the United States. Finally, there is Armando Guerrero, shifty, suspicious-looking, and clearly different from the rest because of his fancy clothes as well as the mysterious bag to which he clings.

In addition to confronting their own internal demons, they must also face the dangers that they encounter on the trail: poisonous snakes, debilitating dehydration and exhaustion, and a ferocious sandstorm that tears the group apart. This riveting novel explores the lives behind the news stories and confirms Limon's status as one of the country s premiere Latinas writing about issues that affect us all.

About the Author

GRACIELA LIMON is the critically-acclaimed and award-winning author of six novels published by Arte Publico: Left Alive (2005); Erased Faces (2001), which was awarded the 2002 Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award; The Day of the Moon (1999); Song of the Hummingbird (1996); The Memories of Ana Calderon (1994, 2001); and In Search of Bernabe (1993), which won the Art Seidenbaum First Novel Award and was named a ''Notable Book of the Year'' by The New York Times Book Review. Limon is Professor Emeritus of Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles where she served as a professor of U.S. Latina/o Literature and Chair of the Department of Chicana and Chicano Studies.

The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College
Dr. Antonio M. Zavaleta, Ph.D. Special Assistant to the Provost and Professor of Anthropology
Antonio.Zavaleta@utb.edu

Frank Morales, A Mexican-American Triumph

From the fields of Nebraska and Kansas, to the shores of the Southern California Coast. Through discrimination, racism, floods, famine, poverty, illness and the odds against him, Frank Morales has overcome obstacles that most have only heard about. Today he has spoken to tens of thousands in many countries letting them know by his own example that anyone can change their life. His motto is, "Have Fun, Make Money, and Make a Difference." He believes that you too can have it all, if you only make the choice.

http://fieldstofreedom.com.

Sent by Mercy Bautista-Olvera

                                                                             L-r Joe Velasquez and Frank Morales

People for the most part love to hear of the person who started out in the “underdog “role and rose to the top in spite of the grim obstacles which they experienced. Such is the story of Frank Morales.  He grew up in a time when Mexican people lived with rejection and where they were not allowed to participate. He refused to accept this treatment and was despised by the Anglo community for not backing down.  He in some instances forced his way into places where he had been told he wasn’t allowed. This happened in Kansas City, Kansas .  He not only survived his environment, but has lived the life of success for many years. A book will soon be out – on how he did it.  He also, left Kansas City in 1957 and now lives in San Juan Capistrano , California .  

He recalls that his family lived on 26^th Street in the Argentine District “Across the street from the VFW Hall, which used to be a Methodist Mission in the old days.”  The family lost their home in the flood of ’51.  The following are extracts from the book:  

     I went to Clara Barton elementary, which was strictly for the Mexican kids. It was built in 1923 as a result of the segregation policies of those days. The school and city father's did not want the Mexicans mingling with their kids.

We were allowed to join the Anglo students in the 7th grade at Argentine High, which housed kids from 7th to 12th grades.

     Due to the racist environment, most of the teachers and Anglo students didn't welcome us with open arms. I actually had seven fights the first day in that school. They came at me from all directions that day and Mr. J.C. Harmon the principal almost threw me out of school until he found out that I was only defending myself. I was determined to stay in school anyway, but had to defend myself on many occasions. My younger brother and sister couldn't put up with it and eventually quit, stating, "if they don't want us here, then we're not going to stay.”

     Most likely, the worst thing that happened to me the first day of school was my first class. The English teacher closed the classroom door after the bell rang...looked right at me and said out loud...  He then described the mean and degrading words directed to him – by his 7^th grade teacher.

     However, it got better for me due to my determination to win them over. Eventually, I think I won because when I graduated, I did it with Honors.....I received two banners......one for being the best all-around athlete (mainly in track and football as an All-City; All-League, and All-state football player (offence and defense) and track.....winning honors as a runner and Javelin thrower at the K.U. relays my senior year. I also received the highest honors as the best all-around musician to graduate from Argentine...I played tenor saxophone, clarinet, and flute. Then, to boot, I was named to the National Honor Society role.

     Not too bad for a kid who was almost thrown out of school the first day in the 7th grade.

     All in all, I still did well and still come back most years to my high school reunion and still play with, what is considered the oldest High School Reunion band in the country.

I left Kansas City in 1957 and moved to Los Angeles with Firestone Tire and Rubber Company as a member of the management team and spent thirty years with several Fortune 500 corporations. My last twelve years in the corporate world I served as the Director of Computer Operations on the West Coast for another Fortune Corp. and, at the same time became quite an entrepreneur, owning several business' and also became an owner of many real estate rental properties and commercial properties that I lease to well known fast food restaurants. I own properties both in the U.S. and Mexico (I speak near-perfect Spanish, and also travel most of the world with my Lovely wife Barbara ( who was from the west-side on the Missouri side), doing business seminars on the free enterprise system and creation of wealth, and enjoying life. We have five children...The oldest son is Charles Andrew, who is a PhD. in Psychology and an author. Our oldest daughter is also an entrepreneur and represents the Dale Carnegie Institute, and is my business partner. Our others are also business go-getters and doing well. Also, I have three beautiful granddaughters. The oldest is the senior tennis coach at a California University ; the other two are still in college and doing well. As you also know, I am a published author. My life story is now available.

The title of the book is "Fields to Freedom...The links of life". You can go to 'Fieldstofreedom.com" and get a preview. The book will be sold on Amazon.com. The Spanish version will be released later. As you will see that my pen name is 'Frank Morales' but my real name is Fernando.......my first boss at Firestone at 20th and Grand in K.C. Mo. didn't like Fernando, so gave me the name Frank... and it simply stuck...But my name is still "Fernando D. Morales".....or "NANO", as my family and most of my friends still call me. 

In a symbolic gesture, he attempted to purchase the Park Theater on Strong Avenue – then no one in that theater would ever again tell people where to sit, based on their race:  

In years past, we had to sit in the Mexican section when we went to the Park Theater (the "Show"). Because I had a score to settle, in 1991 I went back to Argentine to buy the theater building for cash. As it turned out, the owners and I did not come to an agreement. Blackie was with me, as well as a camera crew. It was no longer a theater it was a cabinet shop. I didn't need, nor want a theater building, it was just symbolic, to be able to afford to buy a theater building where I could sweep it early in the mornings, but for many years, were not allowed.....but later allowed to enter, but had to sit in the Mexican section. 

We could not sit at the counter at the Katz drugstore on 25th and Metropolitan. It was 1950 when we were allowed. 

I wanted to go into uniform for WWII, but I was too young, so, through the help of Mr. Joe Amayo some of us joined the Kansas State Guard. I was only 14, but lied about my age...told them I was sixteen. Served for a couple years, and when the war was over, the State Guard was dissolved and we all transferred into the Kansas National Guard. I served for 13 years, first in an infantry division and when they formed the 42 Army band, I transferred into it and became the first Drum Major, Leading many Military parades in town and throughout Kansas . I also, played in the 42nd dance band. I played saxophone, clarinet and flute. Many of the parades where I lead the marching band as the Drum Major were in Argentine on certain military holidays. 

Remorse and Redemption

At 14, I got into trouble and wound up in jail in Olathe for Grand Larceny. We had no money in our home so three of us decided to take control of our "earning capabilities: and did a stupid thing. After that little experience, I called some of 'guy's together and formed the Golden Knights Boys Club. My reason for forming it was to keep our younger brothers from doing dumb things like what I had just gone through. I was the "Charter President" having drawn up our 'Organization Papers", and served an additional two terms as President. The purpose of the club was two-fold...to form a club where we could keep the young boys busy in sports...and to assist our Mexican parents in becoming citizens. As it turned out it became strictly sports...basketball. The club is now defunct, but it lasted, off and on for over fifty years. Some of my buddies who were at the first "organization meeting" were Leo Ayala; Louie Castro;Al Reyes;Matt Reyes;Mugs Galindo, and we had our first meetings at "Chief's Pool Hall", then also Met at the Methodist Church on 26th street near Clara Barton school. 

Self Motivation Pays Off

I formed my first musical combo in the 8th grade and later led my own groups for many years in beer joints and also nice clubs, both in Kansas and on the Missouri side. I studied with Mr. Bob Luyban, who was my first sax and clarinet teacher, who started his Luyban music store many years ago, and is still very popular to musicians on Main street down by the Plaza district.....It's operated by his daughter..."Shug", whom I still visit when I'm in town, mainly when I get back to my Argentine High School reunion, We still have about 10 or 12 "OLD" timers who went to Argentine who "entertain" the graduates. As I hear, we are the Oldest High School reunion band still playing. 

My book, just being released, will tell most of my story. The title is "From Fields to Freedom...The Links of Life"". You can go to Fieldstofreedom.com and get a summary.  

Frank Morales is still very interested in the business world and human growth. He and his daughter recently participated in an intense 3-day seminar called “The Millionaire Mind.”  One could say that Kansas City ’s loss is Los Angeles ’ gain.  I look forward to meeting Mr. Morales in person some day in the near future.  

Rudy Padilla is a columnist for the Kansan and can be in contact at opkansas@swbell.net  
Sent by Mercy Bautista-Olvera  

"From the Barrio - to US Army - to the Board Room" by Robert Renteria

Corey Blake
President, Writers of the Round Table Inc.
CEO, From the Barrio Foundation
Direct: 224.475.0392  Fax: 815.346.2398

The Life of  P. L. Buquor by Sylvia Villarreal Bisner

The 65th Infantry Regiment "Honor and Fidelity" By Lt. Col. Len Kondratuik, 

Movie on the 65th Infantry, The Borinqueneers: http://www.borinqueneers.com/film
More on the film:  http://www.borinqueneers.com/node/251
Our Puerto Ricans Brothers and Sister can be proud of their heritage and contribution.
Korea is called the "Forgotten War", but for our 65th PR Infantry that war is still not over, for they are
still fighting to save their Honor. That is the reason for the documentary and the history to correct
the wrong that they received when hundred of them were court martialed.

[Source: Rafael Ojeda] 

Persistent Inequality: 
Contemporary Realities in the Education of Undocumented Latina/o Students

CULTURE

-------------------------------------------------------------------

December 3, the Institute of the Americas unveiled a magnificent Huichol yarn painting entitled, “The History, Gods, Myths, Rituals and Future of the Huichol Indians,” on indefinite loan from Dr. Eugene Garfield, one of the world’s foremost collectors of Huichol folk art.  The event was held at the UC, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.  Presentations were made by: Dr. Eugene Garfield, Past President, American Society for Information Science & Technology; Olga A. Vásquez, Associate Professor, Department of Communications at UCSD and Huichol Art Specialist; and Maximino González, a Huichol Indian who will speak about his culture. 
Sent by Dorinda Moreno  fuerzamundial@gmail.com

Dec 5th:  Mexican Cultural Institute of Los Angeles  George Yepes "Tepeyac Apparitions: La Virgen Revealed"
The Mexican Cultural Institute of Los Angeles    > > > >
125 Paseo de La Plaza, L.A. CA 90012

Arte Gana Mural Art Teaching and Training 

I am Armando Duran Cepeda.
Originally from El Paso, I am an artist and educator now living in Yorba Linda, California.
 (U.S. Air Force Veteran, 2007-08 Lincoln HS Teacher of the Year)

For the last 15 years, I have been producing graphic posters that promote the advancement of Mexican/Latino life, labor and education in the United States. I am very proud of my contribution in validating my colorful and exciting culture.

As you can see from my new poster design attached here, my posters offer a humorous and thought provoking counter-attack that keeps us positive. (We need to set a good example so others support our cause.) Feel free to use this image in your presentations, lectures and research papers free of charge.  

www.arteganas.com 
Phone: (951) 313-1833 
Southern California  

“Testimonies Two - Contemporary Ex-Votos”
Curated by Raoul De la Sota

Andrés E. Montoya, Suzanne In December, the Avenue 50 Studio presented Testimonies Two – Contemporary Ex Votos.  Curator Raoul De la Sota assembled a group of artists for a special exhibit focusing on the Mexican-rooted art form of the ex-voto: Yrneh Brown, Martin Charlot, Mita Cuaron, Ruth De Nicola, Diane Gamboa, Pat Gomez, Yolanda Gonzalez, Mark Steven Greenfield, Lucy Hagopian, Cidne Hart, Wayne Healy, Heriberto Luna, Dorothy Magallon, Rafael Matias, Susanna Meiers/Peter Liashkov, AnSiegel, Richard Turner

Ex-votos historically were devotional visual offerings to the Church for a miraculous cure or for some intervention by a specific religious figure that prevented harm or death.  In 16th century Spain they were painted directly onto the interior church walls as murals depicting the miracle.  The paintings themselves were called Milagros or miracles.  In 18th and 19th century Mexico they became the source of income for itinerant artists who depicted in their paintings some sort of miracle.  These artists, often academically untrained, created their works at the request of families, painting with inexpensive oils on whatever small scraps of material was convenient and cheap, most often tin or wood.  The works ranged from the charmingly rustic to the aesthetically profound. The works were then in turn donated by the family to a nearby church as gratitude for its intervention.  In the 20th century the craft continued but with less religiosity and more pleas for financial help or for material goods.  In all cases there was always a narrative text painted onto the surface that described the event and the stated gratitude of the donor.  Frida Kahlo was a modern artist who admired and patterned some of her work after these forms.
 
The present-day work by these diverse artists involves personal stories, narratives of gratitude and portrayals of visual histories. Some are graphic representations of difficult times while others are simple tokens of thanks for life’s pleasures.  In form they are sculptures, assemblages, collages, photographs and paintings.  They are no longer directed to a religious institution but rather are personal messages directed to a contemporary audience.
 
The exhibit opens with an artists’ reception on Saturday evening, December 12,, 2009 from 7 to 10 p.m. and closes with an artists’            Youngblood – Mark Steven Greenfield 
panel discussion on Sunday, January 24, 2010.
 
For further information please contact:
Kathy Gallegos, Director, Avenue 50 Studio, ave50studio@sbcglobal.net                         
Raoul De la Sota, Curator, raouldelasota@sbcglobal.net


Avenue 50 Studio, Inc.
a 501(c)(3) non-profit art gallery
131 North Avenue 50
Highland Park, CA  90042
323-258-1435
http://www.avenue50studio.com

Daína Chaviano, Authoress

When she had barely begun her university studies, she won the first science fiction competition ever organized in Cuba with her short story collection Los mundos que amo (The Worlds I Love). After earning a bachelor’s degree in English Language and Literature at the University of Havana, she established the first science fiction literary workshop in her country, which she named “Oscar Hurtado” in honor of the father of that genre on the Caribbean island.^[3]

In 1991 she left Cuba, establishing residency in the United States, where she worked as a translator, columnist, and editor.

In 1998 she achieved international recognition when she was awarded the Azorín Prize for Best Novel in Spain for El hombre, la hembra y el hambre. This work forms part of her series «The Occult Side of Havana», together with Casa de juegos, Gata encerrada, and La isla de los amores infinitos (The Island of Eternal Love, Riverhead Books, 2008). The series has been described as “the most coherent novelistic project of its generation, indispensable for understanding the social psychology and spiritual vicissitudes of the Cuban people.”^[4]

In 2004 she was guest of honor at the 25th International Conference for the Fantastic in the Arts (ICFA) in the United States. It was the first time that honor had ever been conferred on a Spanish language writer.^[5]

In 2007 her novel The Island of Eternal Love won the Gold Medal at the Florida Book Awards competition in the category of Best Book in the Spanish Language.^[6] The Island of Eternal Love has been published in 25 languages, making it the most widely translated Cuban novel of all time.^[7]

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://www.dainachaviano.com/public_html/admin1/Biography/1/EnPdf/Daina%20Chaviano_
Biografia%20completa_Eng.pdf

 http://www.dainachaviano.com/public_html/pag/home.aspx?lang=ing

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C3%ADna_Chaviano

[Jaime Cader jmcader@yahoo.com]

Antonio Ramiro "Tony" Romo, American football quarterback

[Juan Marinez  marinezj@anr.msu.edu]

Non-traditional Latino/a athletes by Ernest Gurulé, 12/9/09
http://www.lavozcolorado.com/news.php?nid=4320&pag=0

Recovering the US Hispanic Literary Heritage Project
http://www.latinoteca.com/app-home/app-inprints/recovery-project

MILITARY/LAW ENFORCEMENT

WWII Commemorative Statue Unveiled In San Diego
http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=27774

Medal of Honor Earned by Mexican Born Veterans 

by Francisco “Paco” Barragán CPA, CIA  

As we remember and celebrate the contributions and selfless sacrifices of all Veterans, either on Veterans Day of November 11^th, or November 10^th for my fellow US Marines, Memorial Day in May, or any other day, it is worth remembering the values and backgrounds of our Veterans, especially those of our Congressional Medal of Honor recipients, and all others who have fought in America’s Defense.  

I believe many of our Veterans, whether US-born, or foreign-born were driven by the following Values:  

Flag - Respect for the Flag which represents a living nation born out of the contributions and selfless sacrifices of other veterans and their families, our families, and our dedicated citizens, in both wartime and peacetime;

Fidelity - Being loyal to our country, our constitutional values and principles of Life, Liberty, Justice, and Equality, for all; even when sadly our imperfect yet great nation has not always lived to the spirit of its own principles; and loyalty always in our duty in attending to the needs of those who have served; 

Faith - Nurturing our own personal Faith and our moral compass, in communion with our fellow Brothers and Sisters in Arms, our members and our community; And creating an environment where people of all faiths, or people with spiritual or no religious inclination, can freely practice their faith or beliefs.

Family - Showing Love, Respect, Honor and Gratitude for our Families, and for the Families of those who selflessly and with love sacrificed their lives for our life, freedoms and basic human rights.  Believing that Love, Respect and Warm Embrace bring comfort to their healing hearts, as the families honor and as we honor, the memory of their loved ones!

Friendship - Remembering that Veterans are a community of friends with unbreakable bonds, forged in battle or in service to nation and by their personal actions, and that we all rejoice in the presence, or in memory of those, before us!

The Medal of Honor which is the nation’s highest military honor awarded by the President of the United States on behalf of the Congress is awarded to a member of the US Armed Forces who distinguishes him- or herself "conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his or own life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States.” 

This highest of honors has been earned by 43 Hispanic/Mexican-American Veterans.  Four of these Medal of Honor (MOH) recipients were born in Mexico.  

·       Staff Sergeant Marcario (January 20, 1920-December 24, 1972) born in Villa de Castano, Mexico, received the award for his heroic actions as a soldier during World War II;  

·       PFC Silvestre S. Herrera (July 17, 1917 – November 26, 2007) born in Camargo, Chihuahua, Mexico received the MOH for his heroic actions during WWII in Mertzwiller, France.   At the time of his death he was the only living person authorized to wear both the Medal of Honor and Mexico’s Order of Military Merit (Orden de Merito Militar 1^a clase).   Former President Dwight Eisenhower also received the Orden de Merito Militar on August 17, 1946.  

·       LCpl Jose Francisco Jimenez (March 20, 1946 – August 28, 1969) born in Mexico City, who also attended schools in Morelia, Michoacán, received the MOH for his heroism as a US Marine in Viet Nam in August 1969.  

·       Lieutenant Colonel (retired) Alfred V. Rascon (born September 10, 1945 in Chihuahua, Mexico) was a medic in the US Army and was awarded the MOH for his heroic actions near Long Khanh Province in Viet Nam.   

Furthermore, in 1982 the US Dept of Defense published “Hispanics in America’s Defense” which summarizes the contributions of Hispanics since the American Revolution (you can find this link at http://umava.org)  

It is worth noting that many of these Heroes, and other Veterans served their adopted country even when they or their families in the USA faced segregation, discrimination and deportation (about 2,000,000 US born citizens of Hispanic/Mexican descent were deported in the 1930’s and as late as the early 1940’s); however, I believe they served heroically always believing that the stains in our Nation’s fabric could be cleansed by the sacrifice of their blood, sweat and tears in service to our Nation… and believing in the greatness of America and its principles of humanity, and the promise of opportunity to all those who work to build a stronger nation.  

To learn more please visit or join me at UMAVA (the United Mexican-American Veterans Association) at http://umava.org as we recognize the sacrifices and contributions of our Veterans!  

So my fellow citizens be encouraged, and have pride and faith in the extraordinary contributions and sacrifices of the Hispanic/Mexican-American Veteran!

Similar version published in Spanish in Santa Ana by Miniondas; pg 2, Thur November 12, 2009 http://miniondas.com/Pg02.htm

Front page summary at bottom right of page:  http://miniondas.com/  

Article submitted by Francisco J. Barragán CPA, CIA
Served in US Marine Corps               1987-1994
Served in CA Army National Guard   1994-1997
barraganfj@yahoo.com 
http://www.linkedin.com/in/franciscobarragancpacia
714.605.2544 cell  

Army Pfc. Justin Casillas,19 of Dunnigan,California 
killed while carrying wounded soldier

Veterans’ Day: Saluting a Forgotten Force
By Jim Estrada
La Prensa de San Diego, November 7, 2009

PATRIOTS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Induction of Christopher and Jeffrey Herrera to the SAR San Diego Chapter  

The San Diego SAR Chapter and Casa de España in San Diego Celebrated Spain’s contribution to the American Revolution held at the Casa de España, in Balboa Park, Saturday, November 21st, 2009. 

The highlight of the event was the induction of Christopher and Jeffrey Herrera, the sons of Rudolph and Monica (Dunbar) Herrera Smith, as members of the Sons of the American Revolution. They wore Spanish Colonial uniforms that were especially made for the event. The induction ceremony was jointly conducted by Rev. Dr. Stanley W. De Long, Past President, California Society, and Dr. Abraham Byrd, Past President of the Tucson Chapter, Arizona Society.

Their 5th great grandfather was Don Manuel Ortega, a Brevet 2nd Lieutenant. who served in the Tucson Presidio during the American Revolution. Manuel was born in 1761 in Tubac, Sonora, Nueva España.  He enlisted in the military on August 14th, 1780 in Tucson at age 19 and served for 37 years, died October 4th, 1817. He is described as being 5’1” tall, with chestnut brown hair, brown eyes, a light completion, and a regular nose. Manuel’s father, Don Cristóbal Ortega, served at the Tubac Presidio as a Sergeant from 1756 to 1760 (ca.) prior to the Revolution. Their maternal grandfather was Edward William Dunbar; the Presidio descendant was their maternal grandmother Carmen (Vasquez) Dunbar.

Photo below, LtoR:  Christopher, Monica, Jeffery, and Jim Mattern, Chieftain of the Clan Dunbar; 
and also, Past President, of the San Diego Chapter, SAR.

Their mother, Monica, is an active Clan Dunbar member in Tucson, and is an active member of the Tucson  Presidio Trust for Historic Preservation and Clan Dunbar in Tucson.  Dunbar members and friends of the family have journeyed to San Diego to participate in the day's event and witness the induction of Christopher and Jeffrey.  [Editor: Monica has been associated with SHHAR for about 20 yrs.  We applaud this wonderful accomplishment.] 

76 people attended this year’s event, the fifth annual San Diego Chapter commemoration of Spain’s contribution to the American Revolution. In addition to SAR members, the Daughters of the American Revolution, Children of the American Revolution, Los Pobladores 200, Los Californios, and the Tucson Presidio were represented. Following the induction service, Dr. Byrd spoke about the history of the Tucson SAR Chapter and the endeavors of the Tucson Presidio Trust for Historic Preservation to guide and aid in the interpretation of the history of the Old Pueblo at the Tucson Origins Heritage Park. The Trust places special emphasis on the Spanish Colonial period through research, education and living history.  Compatriot James E. Mattern, Past President of the San Diego Chapter, and the presiding Chieftain of the Dunbar Clan, formally introduced Mrs. Monica Dunbar Herrera, the mother of the new inductees and other members of the Dunbar family and Dunbar Clan that journeyed to San Diego from Tucson and other points in California.

Mr. Pedro Sánchez Catalá, President, Casa de España, concluded the event with an address about the history of the ‘House of Spain’ in San Diego. The purpose of Casa de España is to provide a means for Spanish citizens, American citizens of Spanish ancestry, and all other persons interested in Spanish culture to foster and cultivate Spanish traditions and to form bonds of friendship and common interests. Casa de España has been a consistent supporter of SAR’s endeavor to recognize the active support of Spain to the cause of the American Revolution.

Chapter President Michael J. Howard presented Mr. Catalá with a plaque expressing SAR’s appreciation to Casa de España for their support of the San Diego Chapter’s annual Presidio commemorative service. The plaque is embossed with the SAR and San Diego Chapter logos.

At the conclusion of the formal ceremonies, Casa de España served a delicious meal consisting of a traditional Spanish salad, paella, and sangria. The paella was prepared by Chef Mr. Jared McCannell who learned the art of preparing paella while living in Spain. The meal ended with an American favorite – homemade apple pie and ice cream. Many new friendships developed as the participants conversed over the meal and enjoyed the beauty of Balboa Park during a sunny afternoon.

The California Compatriot - Fall 2009

Herrera Family: L-R Christopher, Heidi and Jeffrey, 12 year old Miles August, and 15 year old Noah Jake.

Brothers Christopher and Jeffrey Herrera were inducted into the Sons of the American Revolution Society (SAR). What makes them special is the fact that they are the first to be inducted into SAR based on a Spanish Soldier located in today's state of Arizona. Tucson Presidio 2nd. Lt. Manuel Ortega was their ancestor serving during the years of the American Revolution. Spain was then in Alliance with the American Colonials.

Each year the San Diego SAR Chapter celebrates and honors the San Diego Presidio soldiers who served during the American Revolution War.  Donativo (donations) were given by many Spanish and Native Americans under Spanish occupation to aid in the American Revolution. 2nd. Lt. Manuel Ortega de Presidio Real de Tucson gave 2 pesos for this aid.  LeRoy Martinez leroymartinez@charter.net 
Leroy Martinez, SAR California Spanish Patriot Committee Chairman

 Chris and Jeff in Dunbar Kilts.

Casa de España, San Diego

Colonial Patriot Companieros

DAR National Society
Eligibility for becoming a member

Link to:
Cabrera
Barrera
Garza

SURNAMES  
Braniff
  Rosas

BRANIFF

Guillermo Padilla Origel

I.-Don Peter Braniff, nace por 1732 en Londres, Inglaterra, y se casa con Doña Eleonora de Braniff, y fueron sus hijos nacidos en Londres:  Christian, nacido en 1752; George, nacido en 1764; Hester An, nacido en 1762 y

II.-Don Charles Braniff, nacido en 1766 en Saint Andrew, Londres y se casa con Mary Braniff, y fue su hijo entre otros:

III.-Don Thomas Braniff, nacido en 1798 en Staten Island, New York, U.S.A. y se casa con doña Ana Woods, y fueron sus hijos:  Elizabeth, Sara, Jane y

IV.-Don Thomas Braniff Woods, nace por 1830, en Staten Island, New York, U.S.A., murió en 1905 en la ciudad de México, y se casó  en 1875, con doña Lorenza Ricard Werdalle, h.l. de Joseph y de Eugene; este matrimonio construyó un fuerte emporio en la ciudad de México, D.F., y fueron sus hijos nacidos en México, D.F.:

V.-Don Jorge Braniff y Ricard, nacido en 1868, casado con Concepción de Lascurain, con sucesión.

V.-Don Thomas Braniff y Ricard, nacido en 1878, casado con Elena Amor, con sucesión.

V.-Don Arturo Braniff y Ricard, nace en 1880, casado con María Gramendi, y fue su hijo: Thomas Braniff y Gramendi.

V.-Doña Lorenza Braniff y Ricard, nace en 1883, casada con Luis Bermejillo, con sucesión.

V.-Don Alberto Braniff y Ricard.

V.-Don Oscar Braniff y Ricard, nace en 1876, y se casó , en 1903 en Jalpa de Cánovas, Gto., con Doña Guadalupe Cánovas y Portillo, h.l. de Don Manuel Cánovas y doña Octaviana Portillo y Martín del Campo, y fueron sus hijos de Don Oscar y de doña Guadalupe:

VI.-Doña Guadalupe Braniff y Cánovas, casada con Don Antonio Algara, sin sucesión.

VI.-Don Oscar Braniff y Cánovas, casado con Doña Aurora Rincón Gallardo y Landa, h.l. de don David y de doña María Landa y Yermo; y fueron sus hijos de don Oscar y de doña Aurora:

VII.-Don Eduardo Braniff y Rincón Gallardo, casado con Lilia Quijano y Castellot, murió trágicamente en la presa de Jalpa y sin sucesión.

VII.-Don Guillermo Braniff y Rincón Gallardo, casado con Manena de Saint Mieux y Copello, sin sucesión.

VII.-Doña Aurora Braniff y Rincón Gallardo, nace por 1934, casada con Don Terence Nolan y Tresman, y fueron sus hijos:

VIII.-Don Patricio y Doña Sanda Nolan y Braniff, radicados en la ciudad de México, D.F.

Sr. Guillermo Padilla Origel
León, Gto. México
tels. 7-16-65-92 y 7-16-64-38 fax
padillaoguillermo@prodigy.net.mx

20 Noviembre 1867 Birth of María Josefa Francisca de Jesús

En el pueblo de Nuri a los veinte dias del mes de noviembre de 1867 ante mi el Señor Juez del estado civil Ciudadano Tomas Rosas se presento el Ciudadano Jose de Jesus Olea con el fin de rejistrar a su niña que nacio el 14 del corriente a las cinco de la tarde de ese dia, a quien le ponen por nombre Maria Josefa Francisca de Jesus hija natural del mismo Olea y de María del Rosario Rosas y para constancia se sentó por acta que firme con los testigos que lo presenciaron = Tomas Rosas = Testigo Salvador Encinas = Testigo Diego Gallegos.  
Translation:
In the town of Nuri on November 20, 1867, before me the Judge of the Civil State Citizen Tomas Rosas the citizen José de Jesús Olea showed up in order to register his child who was born on the 14^th of the current at 5 p.m. of that day, whom they give the name of Maria Josefa Francisca de Jesus, natural (common law) daughter of the same Olea and of Maria del Rosario Rosas and so as to be on record this act was made and I signed with the witnesses present = Tomas Rosas = Witness Salvador Encinas = Witness Diego Gallegos  

1869, March 19. Nuri. Civil Marriage of of Jesus Olea and Maria del Rosario Rosas

Resumen:
Nuri, 19 marzo 1869. Ante Juez Civil se presentaron Jesus Olea and Maria del Rosario Rosas para contraer matrimonio civil. Jesus Olea is 48, hijo legitimo de Martin Olea finado y de Maria Antonieta Servantes, labrador vecino de este pueblo, Sus abuelos de ambos lineas fueron Martin Olea y Francisca Encinas, y por materna los C.C. Jose Antonio Servantes y Ma. Rosa Valenzuela, finados. Doña Maria del Rosario Rosas declara ser de edad de treinta y tres años, hija legitima de los C.C. Tomas Rosas y Ma. Jesus Argüelles, finada y que sus abuelos de ambas lineas lo son los C.C. Ma. Susana Rosas, Jose Arguelles y Agustina Flores todos finados declarando no tener impedimento alguno ni uno ni otro de los pretensos asi mismo presentan por testigos de una y otra parte a los C.C. Jesus Pablos y Jesus Rosas, mayores de edad …
Translation of : Abstract:
Nuri, March 19, 1869. Befor the Civil Judge Jesus Olea and Maria del Rosario Rosas showed up to get married. Jesus Olea, 48, is the legitimate son of the late Citizen Martin Olea and Maria Antonieta Servantes, farmer neighbor of this town. His grandparents on both sides were Martin Olea and Francisca Encinas, and on the maternal side the citizens Jose Atnonio Cervantes and Maria Rosa Valenzuela, dead. Lady Maria del Rosario Rosas declares to be 33, legitimate daughter of the citizens Tomas Rosas and Maria de Jesus Arguelles dead and her grandparents on both sides are the citizens Maria Susana Rosas, Jose Arguelles and Agustina Flores all dead, declaring that they have no impediment; also present as witnesses for both sides the citizens Jesus Pablos and Jesus Rosas, adult …  

1868, Sep 01, Nuri. Matrimonio civil de José de Jesús Rosas and María Pacífica García.  (Church marriage Feb 2, 1860)

Copia del libro 2do. de actas de presentaciones de matrimonios en el registro civil formado hoy 1º de junio y año de 1867 y al cargo del Ciudadano Tomás Rosas Juez del Estado Civil de este pueblo, cullo tenor es el sigiente= En el pueblo de Nuri a primero de septiembre de mil ochocientos sesenta y ocho ante mí el C. Tomás Rosas, juez del Estado civil de este pueblo, se presentaron los Ciudadanos José de Jesús Rosas y María Pacífica García esponiendo ante mi autoridad que haviendo contraido matrimonio ante la autoridad eclesiástica  el día dos de Febrero de mil ochocientos sesenta y que corre á nueve años, tiempo en el que la ley del Estado civil de veinte y tres de julio de mil ochocientos cincuenta y nueve estava ya sancionada en toda la república mexicana y crellendo de sus deveres, el señor Rosas como la señora García cumplir con los deveres de la ley, así como para asegurarse de las garantías a los que hella dá a los que contraen el matrimonio civil, se presentan en forma manifestando que es su entera voluntad de uno y de otro pasar por el registro civil conforme a las previsiones de dicha ley declarando dicho Rosas ser de edad de treinta y dos años hijo legítimo del ciudadano Tomás Rosas y de la finada Doña Jesús Argüelles y que sus abuelos por ambas líneas lo fueron doña Susana Rosas y don José Argüelles y doña Agustina Flores lla finados, así como la señora García declara ser mallor de veinte y ún años, hija legítima de los ciudadanos Antonio María García y Ma. Francisca Ruiz, sus abuelos de ambas líneas lo fueron los ciudadanos Jesús Garcia y Rafaela Gallegos, José Ygnacio Ruiz y Ma. Dolores Borques, finados. Y este juzgado de mi cargo en consecuencia de la esposición que los pretensos asen ante mi autoridad para unirse de su livre y espontanea voluntad en el matrimonio sivil se les preguntó por mi si tenían parentesco alguno que pudiera impedir su matrimonio que pretenden para en el caso de haberlo proseder a la información que la ley previene contestaron que no tenían ningun parentesco por lo que llo el espresado Jues dispuse se fijaran las copias respectivas de esta acta en los parajes mas publicos por quinse dias continuos a fin de que llegue a noticia de todos para que si hubiese algun impedimento lo manifiesten ante este juzgado todo lo que se custo (sic) por acta que firmé con los interesados y testigos de esta presentación = Tomás Rosas = José de Jesús Rosas = Pasifica García = testigo Angel Soto = testigo Rafael Santa Cruz.

Translation:
Copy of the 2^nd. book of marriage presentation records in the civil registry established today June 1^st. year 1867 on charge of the citizen Tomas Rosas, Civil State Judge of this town, whose content is as follows= In the town of Nuri on September 1^st 1868 in front of me the Citizen Tomas Rosas, Judge of the Civil State of this town showed up the citizens José de Jesus Rosas and María Pacifica García saying in front of my authority that having married in front of the church authority on February 2 1860, and that it has been already nine years, time on which the July 23 1859 law of the Civil State was passed for all of the Mexican republic and thinking it is their duty, Sr. Rosas as well as Sra. Garcia, to comply with the law obligation, as well as to secure the guarantees that law provides for those who contract civil marriage, they show up formally expressing that it is their full will of one and the other to go through civil registry according to the provisions of such law declaring that Rosas being of 32 years old legitimate son of the citizen Tomas Rosas and of the late Jesus Argüelles and that his grandparents on both sides were doña Susana Rosas and don José Argüelles and doña Agustina Flores, already dead, as well as Señora García declares being older than 21, legitimate daughter of the citizens Antonio María García and Ma. Francisca Ruiz, her grandparents on both sides were citizens Jesús García and Rafaela Gallegos, José Ygnacio Ruiz and Maria Dolores Borques, dead. And this court on my charge thereupon the presentation the pretenders make in the face of my authority to unite according to their free and spontaneous will in civil marriage were inquired by me whether they were related in some way that might impede their marriage such that in case of being realted to go on to gathering information according to the law and answered that they were not. Therefore the aforementioned Jugde disposed copies of this act were posted in public places during 15 continuous days so that the news reach everybody in case there were any impediment it could be made manifest in this court; Everything that was … by act I signed with the interested and witnesses of this presentation = Tomás Rosas = Jose de Jesus Rosas = Pacifica Garcia = Witness Angel Soto = Witness Rafael Santa Cruz.

1869, June 20. Nuri. Death of Maria Rosas

(Note: original document Spanish spelling)
En Nuri, junio 20 de 1869, El C. Jesus rosas ante este Juzgado del Estado Civil se presento y pidió tierra de un peso para enterrar en ataur a Ma. Rosas de seis oras de nasida y fallecio de conbulsion de fiebre hija lejitima de los C.C. Jesus Rosas y Ma. Pacifica Garcia, mallores de veinte y cinco años, vecinos de este lugar. Se le dio la tierra con la voleta respectiva para el encargado del Campo Santo. Testigos los C.C. Prisiliano Amaya y Manuel Marques quienes firmaron conmigo hasiendolo también el interesado = Tomás Rosas = Jesus Rosas = Prisiliano Amaya = Manuel Ayon y Marques.

Translation:
In Nuri, June 20, 1869, citizen Jesus Rosas showed up before this Civil State Court and requested a one peso land to bury in coffin Maria Rosas, six-hour old and died of fever convulsion, legitimate daughter of the citizens Jesus Rosas and Maria Pacifica Garcia, older than 25, neighbors of this place. She was given land as well as a paper slip for the man in charge of the Holy Field (Cemetery). Witnesses the citizens …

1889, Nov 20. Nuri. Matrimonio civil de Ramón Cruz y de Francisca Rosas

Resumen:
En el pueblo de Nuri, el 20 de noviembre de 1889 se presentaron, ante Juez del Estado Civil Jesús Pablos, Ramón Cruz y Francisca Rosas para contraer matrimonio.
Ramón Cruz es vecino del Mineral de la Trinidad, de 32 años de edad, de oficio maquinista, hijo de Miguel Cruz y de Magdalena Gallegos.
Francisca Rosas, de 25 años de edad, hija legítima de Jesús Rosas y Pacífica García difunta.

Translation of: Abstract
In the town of Nuri, on November 20, 1889, Ramon Cruz and Francisca Rosas showed up befor the Jesus Pablos Judge of the Civil State in order to get married.
Ramón Cruz is a neighbor of the Mining Town of Trinidad, 32, machinist, son of Miguel Cruz and Magdalena Gallegos.
Francisca Rosas, 25, legitimate daughter of Jesús rosas and of the late Pacífica García.

Translation:
Copy of the 2^nd. book of marriage presentation records in the civil registry established today June 1^st. year 1867 on charge of the citizen Tomas Rosas, Civil State Judge of this town, whose content is as follows= In the town of Nuri on September 1^st 1868 in front of me the Citizen Tomas Rosas, Judge of the Civil State of this town showed up the citizens José de Jesus Rosas and María Pacifica García saying in front of my authority that having married in front of the church authority on February 2 1860, and that it has been already nine years, time on which the July 23 1859 law of the Civil State was passed for all of the Mexican republic and thinking it is their duty, Sr. Rosas as well as Sra. Garcia, to comply with the law obligation, as well as to secure the guarantees that law provides for those who contract civil marriage, they show up formally expressing that it is their full will of one and the other to go through civil registry according to the provisions of such law declaring that Rosas being of 32 years old legitimate son of the citizen Tomas Rosas and of the late Jesus Argüelles and that his grandparents on both sides were doña Susana Rosas and don José Argüelles and doña Agustina Flores, already dead, as well as Señora García declares being older than 21, legitimate daughter of the citizens Antonio María García and Ma. Francisca Ruiz, her grandparents on both sides were citizens Jesús García and Rafaela Gallegos, José Ygnacio Ruiz and Maria Dolores Borques, dead. And this court on my charge thereupon the presentation the pretenders make in the face of my authority to unite according to their free and spontaneous will in civil marriage were inquired by me whether they were related in some way that might impede their marriage such that in case of being realted to go on to gathering information according to the law and answered that they were not. Therefore the aforementioned Jugde disposed copies of this act were posted in public places during 15 continuous days so that the news reach everybody in case there were any impediment it could be made manifest in this court; Everything that was … by act I signed with the interested and witnesses of this presentation = Tomás Rosas = Jose de Jesus Rosas = Pacifica Garcia = Witness Angel Soto = Witness Rafael Santa Cruz.  

1886, Nov 26. Nuri. Birth of Joaquín Rosas

Acta número 105. En el pueblo de Nuri a los cinco dias del mes de octubre de mil ochocientos noventa y uno, ante mi, C. Ramon Valenzuela y Velazquez, Presidente municipal de esta localidad en representación del Juez del Estado Civil según lo dispone el articulo 67 del Código Civil se ha presentado el C. Ysamel Rosas, mayor de edad, casado y vecino de este lugar manifestando que el dia veintiseis de noviembre de mil ochocientos ochenta y seis nació de su legítimo matrimonio con Ma. Altagracia Monge, su hijo Joaquín, el que presentó vivo a este juzgado para el registro correspondiente. Los abuelos del hijo que se registra son por parte paterna los C.C. Jesus Rosas y Ma. Pacifica Garcia difunta y por parte materna los C.C. Pascual Monge y Margarita Gallegos difunta. Fueron testigos los C.C. Pascual Soto y Alfredo Ruiz, mayores de edad, casados y vecinos de este pueblo quienes firman comigo.

CUENTOS

Petting the baby whales in San Ignacio Lagoon, Baja California

April, 2008—We went down to Baja, CA to San Ignacio Lagoon to pet the baby whales.  Every year the whales travel 4,000 miles from Alaska to the San Ignacio Lagoon to give birth to their babies.  To get to the Lagoon off the main road, it took us 2 hours to go 15 miles, the road was a washboard dirt road at times there was no road.  This is the only way in.  The trip down to the Lagoon on a van took us 2 days from California and we spend 3 full days at the lagoon staying a very primitive lodging as you can see below. These little huts were right on the beach.  The facilities were about 100 feet down a pathway and showers were large water bags that laid out in the sun so you could have brief  hot shower!    

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We were taken out to the lagoon in small row boats with motors to 4 people to a boat twice a day, in the morning and in the afternoon.  The mother whales who are 40-feet long, bring their 20-feet long babies to the surface so we can pet them.  One “baby” whale actual laid on her mother’s nose on her back so we could rub its tummy. What an experience. This is what you call Whale Petting and Watching.  

The tours leave out of San Diego, go to the web and type in “San Ignacio Lagoon” if interested in going.

For their Amazon experience, click.
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SEA STORY 
by Paul Trejo, Capt. USNR (Retired)

ORANGE COUNTY, CA

Stories of times gone by of barrio life in Orange County, California 
by Al Vela  

The 2nd one is a photo of a photo of the unpaved Olive Street in 
Westminster, CA.

I'll look for the print and scan it.  I'm also including a Hoover St 
first grade photo
taken in 1944.  I'm in that photo.

International Bridge between
El Paso, TX and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico which mom and dad
crossed into the USA in 1926.

How is it possible to use one or more labels to answer the question, "Who are you?" I could try "Mexican American," "Roman Catholic," "college graduate," "American," "male," "senior citizen," "in a second marriage," "father of two sons and a daughter," "lover of history," "wanting to understand," . . . Each label seemingly hits the target but can't stand on its own.

Maybe this is why I am writing a history of my barrio in Westminster in Orange County, California. Not only will the reader gain insights about the life of the story teller, but s/he will also learn why Mexican Americans lived in segregated colonies in Orange County from the 1900s to the 1960s. It's important that Americans get the whole picture of life in the Southern California as seen through the eyes Mexican American story tellers. 

My hope is that in this "flesh and blood" approach of telling stories, readers will gain a more complete knowledge of historical events in Orange County (OC). It's my goal as well that my personal history will create in high school and college students a thirst for knowledge about things historical especially as they relate to the life of the Mexican Americans in Orange County, Southern California, Nebraska, Washington, the Southwest, Chicago, Pennsylvania, New York. . . 

Why I decided to write my story. My wife and I live in a small town in East Hampton, CT (not to be confused with the Hamptons in Long Island, NY). In the early fall of 2005 we traveled to OC to visit family. But the other reason we went to OC was to see "viejos amigos" from the barrio. The occasion was the 2nd Annual Olive Street Reunion in Westminster. 

It was exciting to reconnect with old friends of times gone by. As Isabel and I walked to our car after saying our goodbyes, I heard a dialogue in my mind about writing a history of the Westminster barrio. My inspiration intensified once we got home. I had committed myself to writing my story. What could be more authentic and captivating than to share my thoughts, experiences, observations, and persons that I got to know from close up? 

In what follows the reader will come to a variety of cameos about life in the barrio as lived by a barrio boy. He tells of being born at home in 1938. Later come his adventures of his early life from 1943 to 1956: going to the Mexican Hoover School in the barrio; fishing for crawdads; being called "Pancho". . . 

A quick biography goes like this. Al was born in his barrio home in 1938 being the eighth born of five sisters and two brothers. Twins were still born ca 1943. Al went to the Mexican Hoover School in kindergarten and first grades. In 1945 he and his brothers and sisters integrated the all white Seventeenth Street School until the opening of Blessed Sacrament School in 1948. After four years at Mater Dei HS (1952-56), he attended Loyola University in Los Angeles (now Loyola Marymount University). 

He returned to Mater Dei as a teacher / coach. Later he taught in the Orange Unified School District at Villa Park HS (1964-1972). After a short stint working for the Santa Ana School District, he returned to OUSD (1974-78). Following this assignment he moved to CT to work for the New Britain Public Schools resigning in 1998. Along the way he earned a doctorate from the University of CT (Storrs) in 2000. He taught briefly at Garces Memorial HS in Bakersfield, CT (2001-03). In his last assignment he taught Latin at Rocky Hills HS.

Part I

LOS ANGELES, CA

CALIFORNIA 

Gregorio Ortega: A Citizen of El Rio, Ventura County

By John P. Schmal

 El Rio

El Rio is a small community in present-day Ventura County located along the northeast side of the 101 Freeway in the Oxnard area. According to the 2000 census, 6,193 people lived in El Rio.  This area of Ventura County was originally inhabited by the Chumash Indians. But, in 1781 and 1782, Mexican settlers and soldiers primarily – from Sinaloa and Sonora – made their way to Los Angeles , Santa Barbara and Ventura (formerly San Buenaventura).  

Since those early years of the Spanish settlement, a steady flow of Mexican immigrants have made their way from various parts of Mexico to the small communities in the coastal Southern California area. One of the resourceful Mexican immigrants who settled in El Rio during the 1860s was Gregorio Ortega.  Of course, the area underwent extensive changes in terms of political orientation during a 66-year period.  

Originally the area was inhabited by the Chumash, but in 1782, the Spaniards moved their empire north and began settling in this area (with the establishment of San Buenaventura). With the independence of Mexico in 1821, the area became part of Mexico .  Then, following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 – following the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 – El Rio and the rest of Ventura County became part of the State of California within the United States of America .  

Gregorio Ortega  [Death record above]

It is believed that Gregorio came from Mexico to El Rio in the 1860s around the time of the American Civil War.  His state of birth is not known, but his death certificate in 1916 indicated that he was from Southern Mexico . What is clear is that on January 3, 1870, Father Juan Comapla joined Gregorio Ortega in marriage with Regina Esquivel, a local girl with strong roots in the area.  

On July 7^th of the same year, Gregorio Ortega and his wife Regina were tallied in the U.S. Census as residents of Township 1 of Santa Barbara County.  At the time there was no Ventura County , which was split off from Santa Barbara County three years later. San Buenaventura County was listed as their “post office” at this time.  

In 1870, Gregorio was a 25-year-old day laborer, and his wife Regina was 23 years old.  By this time they had a one-year-old son, Solomon Ortega and they also lived with a 23-year-old shepherd, Frank Laird, a native of Scotland .  

Living a short distance away was Regina ’s family.  The eldest daughter of her parents, Regina ’s family ties remained strong and she was actually tallied in the household of her parents too.  Apolinario Ortega was a 55-year old farmer who had married his wife Maria Antonio Olivas on November 30, 1849 at the Santa Barbara Mission.  Apolinario – like Gregorio – was a native of Mexico (from Irapuato , Guanajuato) and – also like Gregorio – had married a local girl.   

In the 1870 census, Apolinario (listed in the census as “Polinario Escoville”) was tallied with his much younger wife, 40-year-old Maria A. and their nine children, of which Regina was the oldest.  It is possible that Regina was tallied in both households because she may have depended upon her family for the care of her infant child.  So Regina Esquivel Ortega is a somewhat unusual example of a person who was counted in the 1870 census in two different locations with two different surnames.  

During the early 1870s, Gregorio and Regina settled into the small farming area of El Rio, some seven miles east of San Buenaventura. The town was formally established in 1875 as New Jerusalem by Simon Cohn, a German Jewish immigrant who owned the general store in the area.  When the New Jerusalem Post Office was established in 1882, Mr. Cohn would serve as the first postmaster.  Two decades later, New Jerusalem would be renamed El Rio (“The River”), named for the nearby Santa Clara River .  

Family and Citizenship

During the 1870s, Gregorio and Regina continued to enlarge their family.  On July 23, 1877, Gregorio became a citizen of the United States of America , with Octaviano Morago and Guadalupe Elwell as his witnesses for citizenship. Gregorio and his family were tallied in the Federal Census of 1880.  

Listed as a 40-year-old laborer and a native of Mexico living in Ventura Township , Gregorio headed the household. His wife, Regina , was listed as 30 years old and gave California as her place of birth (her father was a native of Mexico , her mother a native of California ). By this time, they had a family of four sons and five daughters, listed as follows: María A. (daughter, 10 years old), Solomon (son, 9 years old), Gregorio (son, 8), María L. (daughter, 6), Valentine (son, 5), Marcelina (daughter, 4), Genevive (daughter, 3), Michaela (daughter, 2), and Dionisio (son, two months old).  

Over the next eleven years, another nine children would be born, but these births took their toll on Regina . On April 23, 1891, Regina Esquivel Ortega died. In approximately 21 years, she had given birth to 18 children. Regina ’s services were held at the San Buenaventura Mission on April 25^th.  

Researching the Ortega Family

When Jennifer and Vo and I originally researched this family, we had hoped to link Gregorio Ortega to the well-known Ortega family that served as soldados at the Santa Barbara Presidio. Quite a few Ortega families who are descended from these pioneers lived in the Ventura and Santa Barbara counties during the Nineteenth Century. In fact, several people – including me – had thought that Gregorio was the son of Jose Manuel Ortega and Andrea Cota.  

Jose Manuel and Andrea Cota did not have a son named Gregorio but they did have a son named Jose de la Luz de Jesus Ortega and this gentleman has been confused with Gregorio. In the 1860 census, this Jose de la Luz, 18 years of age, is living in the Santa Ynez Township of Santa Barbara County with his brother Vicente and other siblings.  

In the 1870 census, it seems possible that the 30-year-old Jose G. Ortega, listed as a day laborer in Township 2 of Santa Barbara County, is the same Jose de la Luz Ortega. My theory is that the name was originally written as “Jose L. Ortega (L as in Luz), but that the “L” was written down improperly as “G.”  However, at the same time this Jose G. Ortega was living in Santa Barbara , 25-year-old Gregorio was living in the San Buenaventura area with his newlywed wife and one child.  

So, I believe that Jose de la Luz Ortega did not become Gregorio Ortega. I had hoped to make this link because of the colorful history that the Ortega family had in this region, going back to the first Commandant of the Santa Barbara Presidio, José Francisco de Ortega.  But all my research on Gregorio continued to point to Mexico , not California , and his death certificate clinched it when it indicated that he had been born in “ Southern Mexico .”  

An Illustrious Past

However, the Gregorio and Regina Ortega family did have a proud past.  In addition to Gregorio’s success as a hard-working pioneer in the El Rio area, Gregorio’s wife, Regina Esquivel was descended from a long and famous line of Los Angeles and Santa Barbara pioneers. Regina was, in fact, the…  

• Great-Great-Granddaughter of Juan Matias Olivas (soldado)
• Great-Great-Granddaughter of Jose Rosalino Fernandez (soldado)
• Great-Great-Granddaughter of Pedro Gabriel Valenzuela (soldado)
• Great-Great-Granddaughter of Anastacio Feliz (soldado)
• Great-Great-Great-Granddaughter of Luis Quintero (Poblador of Los Angeles )

Regina ’s children had a Mexican-born father as she did (Apolinario Esquvel was a native of Irapuato ), but the rest of her ancestry was very Californian.  The many descendants of this family continue to carry on the proud traditions of this family, which has its Mexican roots in Rosario (Sinaloa), El Fuerte (Sinaloa) and Alamos ( Sonora ). By the end 1781, all of Regina ’s ancestors were playing an active part in the development and security of the Los Angeles and Santa Barbara communities.  

By 1900, the widower Gregorio headed a household of ten in the Hueneme Township .  It is unlikely that Gregorio knew his exact date of birth because he stated that he was born in 1845 and was 55 years old, but his age has fluctuated with each census. His death certificate gave his age as 78, which would mean that he was born in 1838.  So figuring out Gregorio’s real age is not easy.  

Many professional genealogists have expressed the belief that you should assume the age given by a young person is likely to be more accurate than the age given by a much older person. If that theory is true, then we would assume Gregorio was born about 1845 (because he stated that he was 25 years old in 1870).  

In the 1900 census, Gregorio stated that he had arrived in the U.S. in 1875, which must be off by about 10 years. He stated that he was a naturalized citizen, a native of Mexico and still employed as a “day laborer.”  

The children of Gregorio were listed as follows:  Lucy Ortega (daughter, born December 1881, 18 years old); Clara (daughter, born June 1886, 13 years old); Isabel (daughter, born June 1883,16 years old); Carrie (daughter, born March 1879, 21 years old); Jose (son, born November 1880, 19 years old); John (son, born June 1888, 11 years old); and Thomas (son, born November 1890, 9 years old).  All of his children were listed as natives of California .  Also living with him were a niece and a nephew, Willie Martinez (born August 1891, 8 years old) and Fidele Martinez (born August 1895, 4 years old).  

Gregorio Ortega died of a cerebral hemorrhage on February 22, 1916. His funeral took place at Santa Clara Church , followed by burial in El Rio Cemetery Gregorio’s lengthy obituary, which appeared in the Ventura Free Press on February 25, 1916, paid tribute to the hard-working father:  

“Ortega, a pioneer of the El Rio section, was the father of 18 children, fifteen of whom, eight sons and seven daughters, survive him.  He was a sturdy character, a hard worker and a good citizen.”  

Gregorio and Regina Ortega were important members of their community. They worked hard and they raised a large family that has spread across the Southern California area.  Gregorio and Regina represented the best aspects of that early community: a hard-working immigrant (who became a citizen) and his wife, Regina , the descendant of the Sinaloans and Sonorans who helped develop Los Angeles and Santa Barbara during the Late Eighteenth Century.

Note: John P. Schmal and Jennifer Vo wrote “A Mexican-American Family of California: In the Service of Three Flags,” (Heritage Books) about five founding families of Los Angeles , Santa Barbara and Ventura counties. Jennifer Vo is a great-great-great-granddaughter of Gregorio Ortega and Regina Esquivel.  

Sources: Bob Lopez, Barbara Steele and Jennifer Vo, the Ventura Free Press, the U.S. Federal Census, County of Ventura Death Certificate #190148 (filed February 24, 1916), Ventura County Naturalizations.

An Unusual Request for Californianos 

Mimi--there is intense, stressful stuff, but we also have hours and hours of people just going about the mundane activities of daily living, like making breakfast, or eating dinner--or even sleeping.  The picture that has emerged is far more vivid in terms of detail than anything one would find in written histories.  In one instance, my collaborator "visited" the bedroom of one woman (unoccupied) and saw all her clothing and jewelry, and was able to describe it in minute detail. One thing that comes out of this, though, is that these people were a lot more sophisticated and resourceful than one might expect.  The rancho families and those who worked for them were very well adapted to their way of life there.  When they no longer had anything to sell (cattle, hides), they simply ran out of money. At that point they were taken advantage of by money lenders and unscrupulous real estate schemes.-

NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES

SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES   

Arizona State University is pleased to collaborate with the Arizona Latino Research Enterprise to present the State of Latino Arizona. The report represents an important contribution to our effort to advance a broad understanding of the changing dynamics of the Latino experience in Arizona, which has played such an enduring and fundamental role in the development of our state and region.

The New Mexico Genealogical Society and the Albuquerque Genealogical Society have teamed up to help out a local genealogy library. The organizations donate all profits from Amazon to the Special Collections branch of the Albuquerque Public Library.

The trajectory of Hispanic culture and society in the American Southwest began long before Arizona achieved territorial status, and its impact remains a defining element shaping the future of our expansive binational region.

Introduction to statement by Michael M. Crow, President of ASU 

http://www.asu.edu/vppa/asuforaz/
Sent by Roberto Calderon, Ph.D. beto@unt.edu

 Just by placing your Amazon.com orders through a link on this web site, you are helping to purchase books and supplies for the library. (That applies to Amazon orders only.) Click on this link to purchase a book through Amazon.com. 

Tlaxcalans in New Mexico – Fact & Fiction?
By Louis F. Serna
sernabook@comcast.net
(505) 610-3657

The Brito House, said to be the oldest house in the U.S., built and used by the Tlaxcalan Brito family. It is located right across the narrow street from the San Miguel Church in Santa Fe. 

It is common knowledge that the Spaniards gave their family names to their Indian servants, as a control measure, for inventory, and for later trades and sales of Indians. This did not entitle them to any inheritances or family titles it was done solely to know what to conveniently call them in Spanish, as their Indians names were too difficult for the Spaniards to pronounce. It seems that the Spanish did record Baptisms and other sacraments given to their “household” Indians and in
almost every case, their place of origin was noted. I know of no such records for the “many” Tlaxcalans in New Mexico? Why not?

This lack of information has caused some to wonder and even doubt the stated numbers of Tlaxcalans said to have come to New Mexico with Coronado in 1540, let alone with Onate in 1598, and later, with Diego De Vargas in 1692..! There is record, that some did come as soldiers and servants but they are nameless. There is record, (Simmons, 1964), that an area around Taos was named, “La Nueva Tlaxcala” in 1580, but no record exists of any Tlascalans who actually lived there. It seems, the tiny settlement was named after the Tlaxcalans, mainly as a tribute to them and not because of any having settled there. A Franciscan priest was said to have brought a Tlaxcalan assistant to New Mexico in 1598, (Simmons, 1964), but that is only one, what of others? Simmons also states that a “Gregoria de Tlascala” was in New Mexico in 1582, but again, that is only one!

Delgadillo Torres states that, “the Tlaxcalans founded cities in Texas and New Mexico for “El Camino Real de Tierra Dentro”, but does not mention what cities in New Mexico were founded. If there were cities founded in New Mexico, they did not survive as there are none today.

Rodriguez says that “Tlaxcalans escaped to live with the Zuni in 1599”, but does not say how many or who they were? What became of them? Were they actually Tlaxcalans or a mix of many tribal Indians? Or any at all…? Zuni oral history does not include them in their society. There are so many historical “entries” that appear to be genuine and in many cases, those entries are made by recognized historians, but those accounts are always in “general” terms and numbers and are never followed by who they were, even by Spanish names, or what became of them, if in fact they were actually Tlaxcalans and not just “other” Mexican or local Indians.

For those who claim that the proof of the Tlaxcalan involvement in the building of Santa Fe and the settlement of Analco south of the Santa Fe River, the “clincher” seems to be the Urrutia Map of 1767 which shows the town site of Santa Fe with a few buildings north of the River and a few buildings south of the River in a section called Analco. What is not clear is whether this was an actual map of occupancy or a proposed map where the Tlaxcalans were to live. In that same Analco section, the San Miguel Mission Church was said to have been built by Tlaxcalans and said to be exclusively for their use, although the Spanish were also said to have used it. Later information about Analco is that several Indians of various tribes used Analco as a settlement and the actual number of Tlaxcalans
was almost insignificant.

The Urrutia Map of Santa Fe c. 1767. Note the few Spanish “houses” and the main plaza north of the Santa Fe River. The Analco district lies just south of the river and is said to have been used exclusively by the Tlaxcalanos. Also note that this map was drawn some 60 years after the founding of Santa Fe. Today, when one visits the San Miguel Church, in what was the district of Analco, as I did in mid November 2009, they have an information pamphlet for sale containing four sheets of information, which is a compilation of several
sources of information which are very doubtful as to historical value or accuracy. It is in fact, a disservice to visitors as they walk away misinformed.

IN CONCLUSION;
When one reads any of the accounts of the Tlascalans, written by any of the above writers mentioned, one can get a very good idea of who the Tlaxcalan Indians were, where they came from, and how they were helpful to the early Spanish explorer / conquerers on various missions, battles, and eventual settlements in the era of Hernan Cortes. One can also know, by recorded history, that they accompanied the Spanish explorer, Vasquez de Coronado in 1540 into what is now New Mexico. One can know that they accompanied Governor Juan
de Onate in the colonization of New Mexico in the early 1600’s and Governor Diego de Vargas in his “Re-conquest” of New Mexico 1692.

One cannot know exactly how many came or who they were. Oral and written history, tell us that seemingly, the major participation by the Tlaxcalans was as allies of the Spanish in the time of Hernan Cortes, c.1519. Their support was so much appreciated, that from then on they were “honored” by crediting them for major involvement in many other battles and colonization primarily in Mexico. By the time of the explorations and colonization of New Mexico, 1540 – 1692, it seems that it is mainly oral history and hear-say and perhaps just continued tribute to the Tlaxcalans that has given them a major place in the history of New Mexico. It remains to be seen exactly who those Tlascalans actually were who came to New Mexico, the actual numbers of those who came, and what became of them and their descendants by name… Until that actual information comesforth, it is hard to accept that they were here in significant numbers, had
significant involvement in settlements, or were only mentioned mainly in “tribute” for their earlier help to the Spaniards. I welcome any facts on this subject.

INDIGENOUS

ARCHAEOLOGY

Ancient Amazon civilization laid bare by felled forest
09 December 2009 by Linda Geddes, News Scientist, 2728  

SEPHARDIC

Jews of Spain: Past and Present

The Sefardic influence on South Texas  
By Dr. Lino García Jr.
2009-12-06 22:18:06

Many of the old-line Spanish families who settled Brownsville were sefarditas, Spanish Jews who brought their knowledge and acute system of la tienda de abarrotes (general grocery store) with them. In my own youth, I had many encounters with long-established Brownsville families whose businesses centered around large general stores, where all commodities were sold and that were administered by all members of the family. They were hard-working people whose motto translated to "la cama acaba," (too much bed rest hastens our demise). That philosophy was evident in their strong work ethic.

 In the area of food, many of the Tejanos’ panes de dulce are similar to pastries eaten by Jews in other parts of the world. Pan de semita (Semitic bread) is one of them, as this pastry is eaten during Passover/Lent (Others are pan de trenzas and cuernos.) Pan de semita was eaten in Spain during the Middle Ages and remains a very popular bread in South Texas today. Pork lard (consumption of pork is forbidden in Judaism) is never used in pan de semita, and it is baked unleavened, yet another Jewish custom.

 Other ingredients identified in pan de semita are raisins, pecans and vegetal oil. We know also that this type of Semitic bread is found along the Texas/Mexico border as it was brought here by the early settlers who came with Col. José de Escandón in 1749.

 Other Spanish Jewish customs prevalent among Tejanos in South Texas are the eating of cabrito (goat). as well as the slaughtering of chickens, which is done by wringing the neck or by cutting it with one knife stroke. All blood must be immediately drained from the animal, and the fowl is then placed in hot water to get rid of the remaining blood.

 Another practice traced to Jewish custom is the making of capirotada, a bread pudding that includes raw sugar, cinnamon, cheese, pecans and raisins. It, too, is eaten during Lent, and these ingredients are identical to those used by Crypto-Jewish people in the New Spain of the 1640s.

 In South Texas many oral customs and traditions can be traced to the early sefardita families of the area. One very evident similarity is in the many names of people in this region, such as Adán, Israel, Josué, Raquel, Solomón, Isidro, Benjamín, José María, Isaac, Abrán, Jesús, Eleazar, Ezequiel, David, Aaron, de León, Castro, Carvajal, Elías, Isaías, Medina, Jacobo, Ruth and Sarah. This is proof of the influence of the sefarditas who first settled in South Texas.

 In addition, customs like escorting a young woman were rigidly applied, and the custom of a girl’s "coming out" into society developed into the practice of the quinceañera, a South Texas institution with all of its ceremonies that also can be traced to Jewish tradition.

 The Tejanos of South have always enjoyed a strong work ethic, a love of family, strong patriotism, loyalty and strong religious faith. Families ties extend over many generations, and a family event is always a time to celebrate. We can clearly see the Spanish-Jewish influence on our South Texas culture, on the foods and other traditions that have played an important part in shaping the lives of today’s Tejanos. 

Brownsville native Dr. Lino García Jr. is Professor Emeritus of Spanish Literature at the University of Texas-Pan American. He can be reached at ( 956) 381-3441 or at LGarcia@utpa.edu

Brownsville native Dr. Lino García Jr. is Professor Emeritus of Spanish Literature at UTPA. He can be reached at ( 956) 381-3441 or at LGarcia@utpa.edu.

DR. LINO GARCIA JR. Special to the Herald 
Forwarded by: Doris Sanchez 
Director of Communications|
Senator Eddie Lucio Jr.
Sam Houston Building 335
512-463-0385 IRT Committee Office  512-463-6004 fax http://www.senate.state.tx.us/75r/senate/members/dist27/dist27.htm

[Juan Marinez  

Paul Agraz, Uniondale, New York, the Sephardic Presence
by Gloria Golden
bgdr529@aol.com

AFRICAN-AMERICAN CONNECTIONS

MARIA DE LA CRUZ

Estamos en Nueva España en 1676. Maria de la Cruz, una mulata de quince años de edad, hija de Blás Nicolás, se casa con un hombre, de su misma condición, llamado Juan González. El primer año todo fue bien, vivían muy felices, uno trabajando en el campo y ella como criada en casa de una española llamada Isabel. Pero a poco mas del segundo aniversario, Juan empezó a tratar mal a Maria, llegando a las manos en la mayoría de las veces, lo que hizo que una noche Maria desapareció. Todo el poblado salió a buscarla en los alrededores y especialmente en la laguna, pero nada se supo y dieron a la mujer por desaparecida.

Ella no había muerto, pero dadas las palizas que recibía de Juan, había decidido poner tierra de por medio y emprender una nueva vida, lo que consiguió a muchos kilómetros de su pueblo.

Cuando habían pasado diez años, Maria creyó que su marido había muerto y decidió escribir a su padre, con tan mala fortuna que junto a Blás trabajaba Juan González, quien supo que Maria estaba viva y que había rehecho su vida con un tal Cristóbal de Torres con el que se había casado, tenían dos hijos  y estaban bien acomodados, ya que ambos tenían trabajo en una finca propiedad de unos españoles.

Juan al conocer la noticia, le faltó tiempo para denunciar a Maria y a Cristóbal de Torres ante la Inquisición en México, acusándoles de bigamia, por lo que en cuanto las autoridades inquisitoriales los localizaron, los detuvieron y les incoaron expediente para someterlos a juicio, incautándose de los pocos bienes que poseían, dos caballos muy viejos y flacos, y algunos aperos para los mismos y que fueron vendidos en subasta publica antes de iniciar el juicio

Ante sus jueces, Maria declaró que se había visto obligada a huir porque estaba sometida a muy malos tratos y que nunca se había casado con Cristóbal de Torres, porque no sabía de cierto, si Juan González había muerto, pero lo decían para evitar habladurías de la gente.

La Inquisición que los había despojado de sus bienes, tenía planeado sentenciarla por bígama, que no lo era, y lo hizo por amante, por lo que pasó a la justicia civil.

                                   Custodio Rebollo

   
EAST COAST

Muslims in America 

   EAST OF MISSISSIPPI

Colonial Louisiana Militia Rosters

http://www.thecajuns.com 
See Militia Lists for available rosters
[Bill Carmena JCarm1724@aol.com] 

Manuscript Division, Library of Congress

   
TEXAS

Houston's 44th "Annual Noche de las Americas Gala,"  November 10, 2009 

Extensive collection of photos of this event may be found at:
http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=2038453&id=1105365956&l=a0df01d92e

Quick News

Announcing a new Hispanic website:
 Realizing there are many people who live too far to travel and photograph their ancestors' gravesite headstones, we have launched a website for accepting requests at a modest fee.  

We are Maria Alvarado Russell and Hiram Garcia, and our goal is to provide quality photos from our surrounding area of South Central Texas, for those who wish to have a digital record of their family gravesites before the years pass and time takes its toll on their memorials.  Website  http://gravesitephoto.com/
 [Dorina Moreno dorinat@earthlink.net]

Traveling Exhibit--Bob Bullock Texas State Museum 
Forgotten Gateway: Coming to America Through Galveston Island 
View the exhibit at Moody Gardens Galveston Island 
November 21, 2009 - September 11, 2010
http://www.galvestonhistory.org/Galveston_
Immigration_Database.asp 
[Roberto Calderon  beto@unt.edu]

Crystal City 1969

[Roberto Calderon, Ph.D. beto@unt.edu]

http://theaterjones.com/index.php?section=reviews&id=20091210182016 

Canary Islander Descendants books 

MEXICO

Early Nuevo Leon Month and Weekday Marriage Distribution
Canales Reunion, October 2010
Personajes en la Historia de Mexico: 
      Antonio López de Santa Anna y Miguel Barragán Ortiz    
Nombran Mujer del Año 2009 a Secretaria de la Cepal
When the Union Helped Mexico's Independence by Norman Rozeff 
Tras la huella del fundador by Cynthia Camacho
Example of  Dispensa del 3er. Sagrada Mitra de Guadalajara
How to Subscribe to Members only Mexican Genealogy Research Group

Those are the numbers. Sometimes answers generate more questions. Lent would explain the low numbers for March and April. Why such a small number for Fridays? What is going on in December? I was wrong to expect the highest numbers for Saturdays and June.  

To send comments to Crispin  . .  
Email crispin.rendon@gmail.com

When the Union Helped Mexico's Independence  
by Norman Rozeff 
October 2009

Mexico, more often than not has looked at its giant neighbor to the north with suspicion. In the 19^th century heavy-handed intrusions, frequently leading to loss of territory, have been reason enough to be skeptical of American intentions. It may come as a surprise then for readers to learn of events in which the U. S. acted to promote the independence and physical integrity of Mexico. Of course, the United States country's self-interests also played a role. 

As the American Civil War drew to a close, Federal political and military leaders in Washington became concerned with what might happen to Confederate States of America armed forces after a ceasefire was reached.  The thought was that soldiers in Texas, with their armament, would slip south of the border into Mexico. There they might side with the Hapsburg Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian who had been proclaimed Emperor of Mexico. Maximilian was waging a war with native forces lead by Benito Juarez. Additionally the possibility existed that the lightly-secured border could then be breached by a combined force aimed at returning Texas and regions to its west to the fold of Mexico.

This being the situation, on May 17, 1865 Major General Philip H. Sheridan was assigned the command west of the Mississippi and ordered to proceed to the West without delay. The letter of instruction stated "Your duty is to restore Texas, and that part of the Louisiana held by the enemy, to the Union in the shortest practicable time, in a way most effectual for securing permanent peace."

To succeed he was to be given about 25,000 men of all arms. Lt-General Ulysses S. Grant was even more specific when he wrote among other instructions: "Place a strong force on the Rio Grande, holding it at least to a point opposite Camargo, and above that of supplies can be procured." Grant later added: " I think the Rio Grande should be strongly held, whether the forces in Texas surrender or not, and that no time should be lost in getting troops there. If war is to be made, they will be in the right place." He then went on to ensure Sheridan that additional forces would be available if called for. By the end of 1865 the total number of American military men along the border was said to number 52,000.

Sheridan was ready to move but greatly disappointed in that he wouldn't be able to remain in Washington until after the Grand Review scheduled for the 23^rd and 24^th of May. He wished to share the honor of the victory with the troops that had been under his command.

Grant, however, in a personal meeting with Sheridan, provided him an additional motive for the urgent action. He stated that "he looked upon the invasion of Mexico by Maximilian as part of the rebellion itself because of the encouragement that invasion had received from the Confederacy, and that our success in putting down secession would never be complete till the French and Austrian invaders were compelled to quit the territory of our sister republic. With regard to this matter, though, he said it would be necessary for me to act with great circumspection, since the Secretary of State, Mr. Seward, was much opposed to the use of our troops along the border in any active way that would be likely to involve us in a war with European powers."

The French occupation of Mexico had come about through a series of miscalculations on the part of former Chief Justice of Mexico and then President, Benito Pablo Juarez. In 1857 and 1858 civil war had broken out between the liberals led by Juarez and the conservatives. In 1859 the U. S. recognized Juarez as the legitimate President. That year after issuing a church confiscation decree, Juarez also suspended all payments to foreign creditors. This was followed by the seizure of the port of Vera Cruz by France, British, and Spain. The latter two were repaid, but not France. This provided Louis Napoleon Bonaparte a pretext 
to proclaim a Mexican monarchy that was soon accepted by the conservatives. The ten obscure general, Porfirio Diaz, routed the French in the battle at Puebla on May 5, 1862. The Cinco de Mayo brought about 
a French escalation. Initially the French overcame Liberal military opposition. Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph of Austria was offered the throne. Maximilian came to Mexico on May 28, 1864 accompanied by his wife Charlotta, who was the daughter of the King of the Belgiums, and Austrian and Belgium troops.

The 25,000 American troops embarked from City Point, Virginia. Sheridan himself went to St. Louis from where he took a steamboat to New Orleans. When he reached the mouth of the Red River in Louisiana he received word from General Canby that General Edmund Kirby-Smith, commanding the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department had surrendered under terms similar to that of Lee at Gettysburg. However, Sheridan believed that the surrender was not carried out in good faith, "particularly by Texas troops." He would later learn that they had marched off to the interior of the State "in several organized bodies, carrying with them their camp equipage, arms, ammunition, and even some artillery, with the ultimate purpose of going to Mexico." This knowledge was to color Sheridan's actions from that time forward.

As a consequence Sheridan broke the forces under him into two units. One, under General J. F. Herron set out for Houston and San Antonio. The Fourth Corps was split between Victoria and San Antonio The bulk of the Twenty-fifth Corps under General Frederick Steele went to Brazos Santiago with a goal to hold Brownsville and the line of the Rio Grande. Once here its object was to prevent the escaping Confederates from joining forces with Maximilian. In June Sheridan himself went to Brownsville in an effort to impress the Imperialists.

In May 1864 construction of a unique railroad had begun. Sheridan gave orders to rush the completion of the railroad from the Brazos Santiago docks south across Boca Chica and on to Clarksville, a distance of about 18 miles. It would abet the movement of supplies for the forces to come. This became the Valley's first, albeit short-lived, railroad.

Scouts and spies were sent out along the border and into northern Mexico in order to  check on the movement of Imperial forces and also the state of ex-confederates. General Steele made a show of force along the Rio Grande and asked the Imperialist General, Tomas Mejia, in Matamoros to return certain armaments and munitions that had been turned over to him by fleeing Confederates. The fact was that after the last battle of the Civil War at Palmito Hill, the ranking Confederate general in South Texas, James E. Slaughter, over the objection of Col. John "Rip" Ford, had sold Mejia artillery for 20,000 silver pesos. Slaughter intended to keep the proceeds for himself or the no longer existing Confederacy, but Ford rightfully insisted that the money belonged to the troops. Ford arrested Slaughter at pistol-point, confiscated the silver, and distributed the funds as back  pay to the Calvary of the West.

At first Mejia was intimidated almost to the point that he was ready to withdraw from the region. Then word from Washington and a softening of the American stance allowed him the continued occupation of the city. At this point Maximilian's army came to possess all the accessible sections of Mexico. The Republic under President Juarez almost succumbed.

Hardly circumspect, Sheridan on his own initiative took aggressive action. Going to San Antonio he reviewed Merritt's cavalry and the Fourth Corps stationed there. He then took a cavalry regiment to Fort Duncan across from Piedras Negras, Mexico on the Rio Grande. Once here he opened communications with President Juarez through one of the latter's staff.  The word of this spread quickly, and rumors flew that additional troops from San Antonio might soon be on the way. Naturally this inspired those promoting the Liberal cause. The deception was further strengthened when inquiries were circulated in Mexico about the availability of forage. These reports and demonstrations were effective, for the Imperialists were so alarmed that they withdrew French and Austrian troops from Matamoros and practically the whole of northern Mexico as far as Monterrey. General Mejia, however, with his pro-Imperialist Mexican soldiers continued to garrison Matamoros.

This retreat encouraged the Juaristas. A considerable number of army recruits were collected at Camargo, Mier, and other points. Meanwhile Juan Nepomucena Cortina commenced to harass the defenders of Matamoras and kept them tied up. Sheridan in a duplicitous action purposely left arms and ammunition on the U.S. side of the border but allowed them to fall into the hands of the Liberals under General Escobedo, who Sheridan profiled as "a man of much force of character." Complaints in a correspondence by the French Minister sent to the State Department were passed directly on to Sheridan. Washington again directed the preservation of strict neutrality.

Unhappy with the leadership of either General Cortina or General Antonio Canales, Sheridan turned to the older General, Jose Maria Jesus Carvajal (also spelled Carabajal), with whom he was not impressed. After the French invasion the Texas–born and bilingual Carvajal had been made a General of Division, sent to the U. S. on a delicate mission, and entrusted to purchase arms, munitions of war, war vessels, and issue bonds of his country to the extent of thirty million dollars. For this his nation was indebted.

Mejia, pressured by Cortina and Canales, had recently abandoned Matamoros. After visiting Carvajal in Matamoros Sheridan came away with the strong conviction that the aged general was unsuitable. He recommended Major Young as a liaison and a go-between.

Major Young took it upon himself to recruit in New Orleans a band of men to act as bodyguards for Carvajal, but before they arrived Canales had deposed Carvajal. Later these mercenaries tried to reach Escobedo to provide the same service. Their party was attacked on American soil by ex-Confederates and renegade Mexican rancheros. Young was killed and a number of his men were drowned as they attempted to escape across the river. Twenty did escape and joined Escobedo, but they were in no shape to do much for him.

Juarez's term as President of the Mexican Republic expired in December 1865, but due to the circumstances he continued in office by proclamation. This was despite the Mexican Constitution provision designating the President of the Supreme Court for the succession.  This individual, Ortega, was in the U.S. and now came forward to claim the presidency. He proceeded to New Orleans and then sailed for Brazos Santiago.  Sheridan sent instructions to Col. Sedgewick, commanding Brownsville, and who also had soldiers in Matamoros protecting neutral merchants there, to arrest Ortega and turn him over to Escobedo after Escobedo took authorized control of Matamoros. This was executed and Ortega was removed from further machinations.

During the winter and spring of 1865-66 Sheridan covertly supplied arms and ammunition to the Liberals. As many as 30,000 muskets came from the Baton Rouge Arsenal alone. By mid-summer Juarez, now with a good size army, had possession of the whole Rio Grande border region.  

With words flying that French troops were to be withdrawn, Empress Carlotta sailed home to beg assistance from Napoleon III. Her pleas fell on deaf ears, for on January 10, 1867 Napoleon sent a message to the French consul in New Orleans. It read in part:

"Do not compel the Emperor to abdicate, but do not delay the departure of the troops; bring back all those who will not remain there."

The abandoned Maximilian held on until the spring. Taken prisoner at Santiago de Queretaro, he was tried and executed (June 19, 1867). Secretary of State Seward tried to save Maximilian from execution. His message passed through Sheridan at New Orleans. Sheridan sped it on to Tampico from where one of his scouts, Sgt. White, carried it cross-country. Seward's entreaty was refused. General Tomas Mejia was also executed by a firing squad. The fact was that Maximilian had shown little mercy to his opponents when he had the upper hand. His reign from April 10, 1864 was little more than three years.

It is clear that the appearance of American forces along the border keyed resistance for partisans of the Republic. As Sheridan was to write: "Our appearance in such force along the border permitted Liberal leaders, refugees from their homes, to establish rendezvous whence they could promulgate their plans in safety, while the countenance thus given the cause, when hope was well-nigh gone, incited the Mexican people to renewed resistance. Beginning again with scant means, for they had lost about all, the Liberals saw their cause, under the influence of such significant and powerful backing, progress and steadily grow so strong that within two years Imperialism had receive its death-blow."

That twist in history is how the Union helped to secure Mexico's independence. Benito Juarez remained in power until his death in 1872. In 1877 the hero of Puebla, Porfirio Diaz, became President and remained in office for 30 years.

Tras la huella del fundador 
Cynthia Camacho
El Diario, 05-12-2009
http://www.diario.com.mx/nota.php?notaid=082fbc7a4e0e398da76eff62960178a7

Example of  Dispensa del 3er. Sagrada Mitra de Guadalajara

Juan de Tremino (Trevino) se caso 30 Julio 1700 con Geronima Guajardo-de-la-Garza

CABRERA De San Luis Potosi por Guillermo Padilla Origel 

I.-Don Manuel de Cabrera, nacido en Málaga en la villa de Manchanialla, España, radicado en Monclova, Coahuila, México, se casa el 11 de agosto de 1782,  en Monclova, Coahuila, con doña María Andrea Alderete García de Rivera,, nacida en Múzquiz, Coahuila,  h.l. de Don Vicente y de doña Josefa,  y fueron sus hijos de don Manuel y de doña María Andrea:

II.-Bachiller don José Manuel , de la orden Franciscana, nacido en 1783 , en Monclova, Coahuila.

II.-José Santiago, nacido en 1784 en Monclova, Coahuila.

II.-José María, nacido en San Miguel de Allende, Gto.

II.-Rafaela, nacida en San Miguel de Allende, Gto.

II.-María, religiosa, nacida en 1795, en San Miguel de Allende, Gto.

II.-Francisco de Paula Cabrera Alderete, nació el 30 de marzo de 1792, en San Miguel de Allende, luego establecido en San Luís Potosí, casó en primeras nupcias con doña María Magdalena Ortiz de Parada, el 13 de enero de 1813, y fue su hijo Antonio Jorge Cabrera Ortiz; y en segundas nupcias con doña María de Jesús Lacavex y Aldáy, originaria de Villa de Reyes, S.L.P. h.l. de Gregorio y Manuela , originarios de Navarra, en España, luego radican en la hacienda de “Jesús María” jur. de Villa de Reyes, S.L.P. y fue su hijo entre otros de Francisco y María de Jesús:

III.-Don Octaviano Cabrera y Lacavex, nacido en 1824 en la hacienda de “Jesús María”, S.L.P. y se casa en 1848, con doña Clara Arias Rivera, nacida el 12 de agosto de 1831, en S.L.P. h.l. de José Luís y de Ignacia, y fueron 13 hijos de Octaviano  y Clara, de los cuales menciono dos:

IV.-don Octaviano , que nació en 1851 y se casó con Carmen Hernández Ceballos, y fue su hijo: Octaviano Cabrera Hernández, casado a su vez con Matilde Ypiña Verástegui, padres de Doña Matilde Cabrera Ypiña de Corsi (famosa genealogista y escritora).

IV.-Doña  Concepción Cabrera Arias, ( a quien todo mundo conoce como la madre Conchita , fundadora de las madres de la cruz, de vida ejemplar, considerada como venerable y en vías  de beatificación) fue casada con Don Francisco de Armida, con sucesión.