February 2014

Editor: Mimi Lozano ©2000-2014

 

 
Table of Contents
United States
Historic Tidbits 
Hispanic Leaders
Latino Patriots
Early Latino Patriots
Surnames
DNA 
Family History

Education
Culture
Books and Print Media

Orange County, CA
Los Angeles County, CA
California
Northwestern US
Southwestern US
Texas
Middle America
East Coast
African-American
Indigenous
Sephardic
Archaeology
Mexico
Central & South America
Philippines
Spain
International

 

 

Jordan Romero on May 22, 2010, became the youngest person to climb Mount Everest. 
He was 13 years 10 months 10 days old when he reached the summit. Click

 
Somos Primos Staff   
Mimi Lozano, Editor
Mercy Bautista Olvera
Roberto Calderon, Ph,D.
Bill Carmena
Lila Guzman, Ph.D
John Inclan
Galal Kernahan
Juan Marinez
J.V. Martinez, Ph.D
Dorinda Moreno
Rafael Ojeda
Ángel Custodio Rebollo
Tony Santiago
John P. Schmal

Submitters to January 2014  


 

Letters to the Editor

Dear Mimi:

 

When I read many of the articles in SomosPrimos I find myself walking back in time. The individuals who share the stories of their ancestors are enriching my life. After viewing the film" Latino Americans" on PBS I understood that SomosPrimos has been a gateway for all Americans to read about a history that has been forgotten or oppressed. When I receive the SomosPrimos I look forward to reading the articles, written both in English or Spanish. This is a reminder to me of how fortunate I am to understand two languages. There are golden nuggets throughout the SomosPrimos , and I am better for it. Please continue to provide a forum where writers share their stories and we the readers can retell the stories to others.

 

Delia Gonzalez Huffman

 

Every month I anxiously wait to read Somos Prmos - and think afterwards "this is the BEST yet!" but nooooo - the Ja 2014 IS yet the best I've read! So, thank you for the work you do!

Gloria Candelaria  candelglo@gmail.com

 

 


 

P.O. 490
Midway City, CA 
92655-0490
mimilozano@aol.com
www.SomosPrimos.com 
714-894-8161

 

 

 
Quotes of Thoughts to Consider 
Justice Louis Brandeis: 
"We can have democracy in this country, or we can have wealth concentrated in the hands of a few, but we can't have both."
Perfecto Munoz, MA, PhD, MPH
Man's pride causes his humiliation, but he who is humble of spirit obtains honor. Truly humble person is the center of peace, because he fear neither his own failure nor others successes.

 

 

 

UNITED STATES

 

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Jordan Romero is the youngest person to climb Mount Everest

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Jordan Romero is an American mountain climber who, on May 22, 2010, became the youngest person to climb Mount Everest. He was 13 years 10 months 10 days old when he reached the summit. 

Many of you have probably seen the recent media coverage of Jordan Romero as he prepares to climb Mt. Everest later this month. For those of you who don’t know, Jordan is a 13-year-old from Big Bear, California, who has already climbed five of the Seven Summits. He’s also a two-time recipient of the annual Polartec® Challenge Grant.

Two years ago, we received Jordan’s first grant application. At the age of 12, he had already climbed Mt. Kosciuszko in Australia, Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Mt. Elbrus in Russia, Aconcagua in Argentina and Denali in Alaska, arguably the most challenging of the Seven Summits. Because of the high costs of travel and permits, Jordan applied for a Polartec® grant to help fund his climb of Mt. Carstenz in Indonesia. At the time, we reviewed Jordan’s application very carefully — certainly his age was both inspiring and a reason for concern. We had the opportunity to spend time with Jordan and his family at the Outdoor Retailer Show in Salt Lake City that year and we were impressed by his maturity and sincerity. We awarded him the grant in 2009 and Jordan bagged the peak.

 

In his attempt to become the youngest person to climb the Seven Summits, Jordan has become a role model and mentor for other children, speaking at schools about climbing, exercise and the outdoors. In a recent Special Report on Youth, The Outdoor Foundation examined youth participation in outdoor recreation — profiling the extent and quality of participation among ages 6 to 24. The report revealed that in recent decades — amidst changing technological and social landscapes — the American childhood has rapidly moved indoors, leading to epidemic levels of childhood obesity and inactivity. Role models like Jordan Romero are critically important to the outdoor industry and the health of our country.

Thus, when Jordan applied for a Polartec® Challenge Grant to help subsidize his climb of Mt. Everest this year, we again carefully considered his application, but soon agreed that Polartec® should continue to support his quest. After spending time with Jordan and his family we believe they will make prudent decisions in the mountains and will put safety above glory. We all know there are inherent risks in mountaineering — the effects of altitude, weather, gear and even dealing with cantankerous yaks on the trails — many variables that are beyond human control. We believe Jordan and his family have done everything they can to train and prepare for this climb and will do everything possible to mitigate risks on the mountain. Jordan has big dreams, which are inspiring others, and we’re proud to be one of his supporters.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Romero

 

Knock out Game
By Dan Arellano 
darellano@austin.rr.com
 

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I was walking on the hike and bike trail a week ago when the weather was warm and very pleasant. I was wearing my US Navy baseball veterans cap and my wrist weights and I noticed three black high school students walking towards me and I thought oh, oh knock out game. I prepared myself for that possibility and was determined not to let that happen and I thought if I go down I’m going down swinging; so I put my head down and walked directly towards them pumping my weights even faster. 

As we came closer one of the young men shouts. “Sir were you in the navy” and I respond “yes I was”.
 “My grand father was in the Navy” he continues. I asked, “oh really how is he and whendid he serve.” Responding he says “I never got to know him you see, he was killed in the war in Viet Nam, and he stretches his hand out and says “Thank you for serving. “And thats when I got a lump in my throat and became teary eyed and I felt great shame. 

As I walked away the tears were flowing faster and I felt ashamed for over reacting yet proud to know that there are still decent young men in this country and there is hope for America.

 

 

 

 

HISTORIC TIDBITS




Amerigo Vespucci awakens a sleeping America
Artist: Theodor Galle, replica after Johannes Stradanus
Date: 1575-1580
 

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HONORING HISPANIC LEADERSHIP

 

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EDUCATION

 

State Board of Education Plans Mexican-American History Course 
by Patrick Michels Published on January 2014  http://www.texasobserver.org/state-board-of-education-to-develop-mexican-american-history-courses  

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Last fall, hundreds of protesters gathered at the University of Texas at Austin after a student group announced it would stage a game of “Catch an Illegal Immigrant” around campus. The local Young Conservatives of Texas chapter was planning a human scavenger hunt, with targets wearing “illegal immigrant” buttons, but canceled the game after receiving criticism from across the country.

The same day, just a few blocks from campus, Houston author and activist Tony Diaz stood before the State Board of Education to offer a modest suggestion: The students who’d organized that “game” just might have benefited from a class that instilled a little cultural sensitivity. The game, he said, was “proof that we need Mexican-American studies in Texas.”

The timing was coincidental. Diaz, who is also director of intercultural initiatives at Lone Star College, had been planning his speech and rallying supporters well before the “catch an immigrant” fiasco blew up.

The State Board of Education was deciding what courses will be necessary for new graduation requirements the Legislature passed last session. Those changes have been controversial; there’s been strong resistance by Latino advocacy groups, among others, to eliminating courses like Algebra II—generally seen as important college preparation—from basic diploma requirements.

But Diaz saw a fresh opportunity in the turmoil. One provision of the law, he noted, adds a “community engagement” aspect to school district evaluations. 
Adding Mexican-American studies to graduation requirements, Diaz told the board, would go a long way now that more than half of Texas’ students are Hispanic.

But a few board members were skeptical. Diaz made public a conversation he’d had with Houston Republican Donna Bahorich before the meeting. Bahorich wondered, Diaz said, whether Mexican-American literature would be “as intellectually rigorous” as British literature.

“These courses don’t exist,”
Georgetown Republican Tom Maynard told Diaz at the meeting, “but the school district has the capacity to create the course.” A handful of schools already offer them, in fact.

“I would beg you,” Diaz responded, “to hear our community say that it should be listed explicitly.”

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His appeal was answered the next day, when Ruben Cortez, a new board member from Brownsville, submitted Mexican-American history to the state’s list of new social studies courses to develop. Before joining the board, Cortez had watched from afar as a hyper-political State Board of Education tried to scrub the history standards of figures like labor organizer Dolores Huerta. Cortez told the Observer he was amazed by the board’s response. “Nobody raised an objection to my request. I was kind of speechless, everybody just stayed quiet.”

Cortez sees the board’s acceptance of his proposal as a sign of greater cultural sensitivity, and he’s looking forward to the next potentially divisive step in the process: nominating experts to help design the course. 

That’s all still a ways off— Mexican-American history is now just one of many on the board’s “wish list” for the future—but the board should advance its plans for those new courses in its meeting later this month.

 

 University of Texas history professor Emilio Zamora says this is the biggest advance in Mexican-American studies education in a decade. A 2003 law authored by state Rep. Roberto Alonzo (D-Dallas) allowed community colleges to offer Mexican-American studies programs. Now Cortez and the rest of the board are poised to do the same thing for Texas’ public schools.

Along with its relevance to the millions of Hispanic students in Texas schools, Zamora says, a Mexican-American history course is a good way for students to develop a better understanding of broader themes in U.S. history and understand “that our national history includes multiple histories,” he says. “I think that’s an important justification that people don’t really talk about.”

Tags: Catch an Illegal Immigrant, Mexican-American studies, Ruben Cortez, State Board of Education, Tony
Diaz, Young Conservatives of Texas
Patrick Michels is a reporter for the Texas Observer and a former legislative intern. He has been a staff writer and web editor at the Dallas Observer, and a former editor of the Texas Independent. He has a bachelor's in journalism from Northwestern University, a master's in photojournalism from the University of Texas at Austin, and is a competitive eating enthusiast.

Sent by Jimmy Franco Jr. 
xicanomc@yahoo.com
 

 

 

 

 


Become an Event Sponsor 
for the forthcoming LEAD Summit
- March 2014   
http://leadsummit.csusb.edu/

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The LEAD Organization serves as a primary site for a set of innovative and productive programs, publications and events in Latinos and Education; with impact numbers reaching more then 17 million yearly!

LEAD engages ways and means of awareness-raising, education, promotion, advocacy, activism, analysis, discussion, critique, and dissemination of educational issues that impact Latinos. One way to employ these, stay motivated, keep up the momentum for current initiatives, and build efforts to create infrastructure, community development, and strengthen support is through events.

LEAD Summit at Santos Manuel Student UnionLEAD events encourage leadership though our inspirational speakers, provide education and resources in partnership with other educators to promote respect for differences and an appreciation of diversity, encourage and provide opportunities for Latinos to attend college by sharing information regarding financial resources to help pay for college, and provide teaching resources and partners for teaching through research, educational programs and exhibits on display.

LEAD - About Us Video - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvbRQeuIPOc&feature=youtu.be

Dr. Enrique G. Murillo, Jr.

LEAD Executive Director

 

 

 

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CULTURE

 

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40 years since The BIRTH of SALSA

by Izzy Sanabria 

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 Does Anyone Really Care?

For the majority of Latinos struggling to provide a better life for their families, Salsa music is of little concern and certainly not at the top of their list of priorities. So what's so important and why should they care that August 26, 2011 marked the 40th anniversary of the event many consider to be the birth of Salsa?

Why? If for no other reason, it should provide us all with a sense of Pride. Why? Because Salsa is our greatest cultural art form being embraced today by people of all ages and nationalities around the world. I dare say that Salsa is perhaps our greatest contribution to world culture.
In fact, Salsa dancing has created a world-wide industry that is booming. Salsa Clubs and dance studios continue to spring up to meet the demands of the 100s of thousands wanting to learn how to dance Salsa. This growing interest has also led to the growth of local Salsa bands throughout European, African and even Asian countries. They sound like and even dress-up to look like 1970s Latinos. The question is: 

How did this 1970s urban NY Latino music acquire such a growing audience? 
"The Latin NY Salsa Explosion" is a film in progress that addresses that question and provides some answers.

If you'd like to see it, contact me: SalsaIzzy@gmail.com  and I will send you a copy:  Salsa and the 1970s Latino Cultural Renaissance in New York City.
Starting in the late 60s and into the 70s, Latinos had a major cultural impact on New York City. It was a new generation of English speaking Puerto Rican baby boomers that created a Renaissance in all the arts and even had their own media voice (Latin NY magazine). They expressed their presence in poetry, their clothes, lifestyles and of course their most popular art form - their music! 

The new Latino lifestyle started emerging in the 1960s with Latin Soul music (The Boogaloo) in places like the St George Hotel in Brooklyn. In the 1970s, it was the world famous Cheetah Discotheque which became the showplace of these young Latinos and they gathered by the tens of thousands every Sunday in Central Park. Their immense presence literally Latinized the park as well as the City itself with a new look and a new sound.
============================ === ============================== === =============================
August 26 1971 The Fania All Stars perform at the Cheetah

This was no ordinary performance, it was an explosion of energy no one had ever felt / experienced before. This incredible event was captured on film and released the following year as "Our Latin Thing." A few years later, it would have a greater impact than when originally released. Ironically, while many consider this night as the birth of Salsa, there is no mention of the word Salsa in the movie. 

In 1973, Latin NY magazine was launched from the Cheetah. The Fania All Stars' concert at Yankee Stadium draws 44,000 screaming fans. Later that year I hosted a TV Show called Salsa! 
1975: The Spark that Ignited the Salsa Explosion!
Its fire fanned by the Newyorican fervor, the Salsa scene was bursting at the seams. Like dynamite waiting for a spark to ignite it, Salsa was ready to explode. The spark came in the form of Latin NYs First Salsa Awards in May 1975. This
event received greater (pre and post) mass media coverage than was ever given to any Latin music event at that time and thus gave Salsa its biggest push and momentum. The coverage by mainstream media such as The N.Y. Times, created an incredible worldwide avalanche of interest in Salsa. What made the awards (by American media standards) a “News Worthy” event was that we publicized the event our intense public criticism of NARAS for ignoring 17 years of repeated requests to give Latin music its own separate category in the Grammys. 
Though ignored by local Spanish media, the rest of the world took notice. From Europe (Holland, Germany, France, Italy, England, etc.) and as far away as Japan, journalists and TV camera crews came to New York to comment on and document Salsa; what they perceived as a new phenomena of high energy rhythmic Latino urban music, its dancing and its lifestyles. 

For more detailed information visit: SalsaMagazine.com. And join me on FaceBook.

IZZY SANABRIA
813 684-1518
izzysanabria@tampabay.rr.com
IZZY SANABRIA - A Creative Innovative Multi-Media Artist and Publisher of Latin NY Magazine that Spearheaded and documented the Latino Cultural Renaissance during the 1970s in New York City.

 

 

IZZY SANABRIA - A Creative Innovative Multi-Media Artist and Publisher of Latin NY Magazine that Spearheaded and documented the Latino Cultural Renaissance during the 1970s in New York City.
___________________________________________________________________________________

42 years since The BIRTH of SALSA. Does Anyone Really Care?

For the majority of Latinos struggling to provide a better life for their families, Salsa music is of little concern and certainly not at the top of their list of priorities. So what's so important and why should they care that August 26, 2013 marked the 42nd anniversary of the event many consider to be the birth of Salsa?

Why? If for no other reason, it should provide us all with a sense of Pride. Why? Because Salsa is our greatest cultural art form being embraced today by people of all ages and nationalities around the world. Salsa has also influenced many genres of music. I dare say that Salsa is perhaps our greatest contribution to world culture.

In fact, Salsa dancing has created a world-wide industry that is booming. Salsa Clubs and dance studios continue to spring up to meet the demands of the 100s of thousands wanting to learn how to dance Salsa. This growing interest has also led to the growth of local Salsa bands throughout European, African and even Asian countries. They sound like and even dress-up to look like 1970s Latinos. The question is:
How did this 1970s urban NY Latino music acquire such a growing audience?
"The Latin NY Salsa Explosion" is a film in progress that addresses that question and provides some answers.
If you'd like to see it, contact me (at: IzzySanabria@Tampabay.rr.com) and I will send you a copy.



Salsa and the 1970s Latino Cultural Renaissance in New York City.

Starting in the late 60s and into the 70s, Latinos had a major cultural impact on New York City. It was a new generation of English speaking Puerto Rican baby boomers that created a Renaissance in all the arts. They expressed their presence in theater, poetry, fashion, dance, lifestyles and of course their most popular art form, the music! They even had their own media voice (Latin NY magazine).

The new Latino lifestyle started emerging in the 1960s with Latin Soul music (The Boogaloo) in places like the St George Hotel in Brooklyn. In the 1970s, it was the world famous Cheetah Discotheque which became the showplace of these young Latinos and they gathered by the tens of thousands every Sunday in Central Park. Their immense presence literally Latinized the park as well as the City itself with a new look and a new sound.

August 26 1971 The Fania All Stars perform at the Cheetah
This was no ordinary performance, it was an explosion of energy no one had ever felt / experienced before. This incredible event was captured on film and released the following year as "Our Latin Thing." A few years later, it would have a greater impact than when originally released. Ironically, while many consider this night as the birth of Salsa, there is no mention of the word Salsa in the movie.

In 1973, Latin NY magazine was launched from the Cheetah. The Fania All Stars' concert at Yankee Stadium draws 44,000 screaming fans. Later that year I hosted a TV Show called Salsa!

1975: The Spark that Ignited the Salsa Explosion!
Its fire fanned by the Newyorican fervor, the Salsa scene was bursting at the seams. Like dynamite waiting for a spark to ignite it, Salsa was ready to explode. The spark came in the form of Latin NYs First Salsa Awards in May 1975. This event received greater (pre and post) mass media coverage than was ever given to any Latin music event at that time and thus gave Salsa its biggest push and momentum. The coverage by mainstream media such as The N.Y. Times, created an incredible worldwide avalanche of interest in Salsa. What made the awards (by American media standards) a “News Worthy” event was Latin NY magazine's intense criticism of NARAS for ignoring 17 years of repeated requests to give Latin music its own separate category in the Grammys.

Though ignored by local Spanish media, the rest of the world took notice. From Europe (Holland, Germany, France, Italy, England, etc.) and as far away as Japan, journalists and TV camera crews came to New York to comment on and document Salsa; what they perceived as a new phenomena of high energy rhythmic Latino urban music, its dancing and its lifestyles.
For more detailed information visit: SalsaMagazine.com. And join me on FaceBook.





IZZY SANABRIA
813 684-1518
izzysanabria@tampabay.rr.com

 

 


BOOKS
& PRINT MEDIA

 

 

Book Award logo & image


Largest Latino Book Awards Open For Submissions

By Alina Gonzalez

The 16th International Latino Book Awards, put on by Latino Literacy Now, in conjunction with Las Comadres and REFORMA, is now accepting applications for the 2014 awards. The ILBA makes it a goal to celebrate and honor worldwide achievements in Latino literature and features Spanish, English and Portuguese books and authors in "the largest Latino cultural event in the USA."

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Latino Literacy Now . . .

López, Pablo Neruda, Ana Nogales, Jose-Luis Orozco, Luis Rodriguez, Alisa Valdes, and Victor Villaseñor.

Winners have also included well-known figures from other professions including Entertainers like Celia Cruz, Gloria Estefan, and Cheech Marin; Sports notables Oscar de la Hoya and Jorge Posada; Media figures like Martín Llorens, Jorge Ramos, Teresa Rodriguez, and Ray Suarez; Public servant Henry Cisneros; and Chefs like Paulina Abascal, Jose Garces, and Daisy Martinez.The final application deadline for the 16th ILBA is Friday, January 20, 2014. Entires need to be in by that date. Categories include: Fiction, Non-fiction, Children, Youth & Young Adult, eBooks/Audio books, Portuguese, Design, Best Translation, and Best First Book. Books entered must be written by a Latino author or express a Latino theme, and have been published in 2012, 2013 or 2014. Entry forms and a full list of guidelines can be found at www.lbff.us
With the growing awareness of the ILBA, Latino Literacy Now has decided to launch a tour of the year's winning books. 2014's Finalists will be a part of the International Award Winning Authors Tour and tour to "at least 10 major book, media, Latino professional, and Latino consumer events in the USA and Mexico." Events under consideration for this Tour include The Los Angeles Times Festival of Books, BookExpo, the National Council of La Raza Convention, Feria Int'l del Libro de Guadalajara, CABE, and the National Association of Hispanic Publications just to name a few. Finalist's books will also be presented in the 2014 Int'l Award Winning Author Catalog, which will be distributed at the events.
The Awards Ceremony for the 16th Int'l Latino Book Awards will be at the American Library Association Conference in Las Vegas, June 27-30, 2014. Enter now to be a part of one of the largest book awards in the world.

For more information please contact: Kirk Whisler, kirk@whisler

is a nonprofit co-founded by Edward James Olmos that has produced 52 Latino Book & Family Festivals around the USAand the Latino Books into Movies Awards. Las Comadres mission is to create opportunities for Latinas through community, culture, technology, and education. REFORMA is the National Association to Promote Library and Information Services to Latinos and is an affiliate of the American Library Association.

In the last 15 years the ILBA has honored 1,437 authors who have totaled nearly 200 million in book sales. Winners have include many of the best-known Latino authors including Belinda Acosta, Roldofo Acuña, Alma Flor Ada, Isabel Allende, Rudolfo Anaya, Mary J. Andrade, Ron Arias, José Antonio Buciaga, Denise Chavéz, Paulo Coelho, Dr. Camilo Cruz, Gabriel García Márquez, Reyna Grande, Oscar Hijuelos, Edna Iturralde, Mario Vargas Llosa, Josefina 

 

 

 

 

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Latino soldiers
 Cebu, Phillipines, WW II

USA LATINO PATRIOTS

 

 

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Everett Sosa, 83, finally receives his medals from his service in the Korean War from Army Sgt. Jacob Hostetler 


A Korean War veteran erases a 60-year-old regret
By Dennis McCarthy 
It was Christmas Eve and Everett Sosa was a man at peace. Everywhere he looked he saw love.

Most of his 10 children and 30 grandchildren were sitting around talking and laughing, catching up on each other’s lives while they kept an eye on his 23 great-grandkids and waited for the homemade tamales to warm up in the oven.

Everett never heard the doorbell ring.

“Dad, it’s for you,” said his oldest daughter, Sally Lopez, who hosted the holiday family tradition at her home in Covina.

The room went quiet as the 83-year-old patriarch of the family slowly rose from his easy chair, thinking who could be looking for him on Christmas Eve?

It was his country, with a gift from 1953. Some medals he had earned 60 years ago serving in the Korean War.

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Her father never talked much about that time in his life when she and her seven sisters and two brothers were growing up, says Ernestine Duran, Everett’s youngest daughter. But that all changed at Thanksgiving dinner in 2012.

Everett began reminiscing about the time he spent on Koje Island (in South Korea) where he guarded Chinese POW’s during the exchange of prisoners. How it affected him when nearly 300 U.S. soldiers being held as POW’s in North Korea decided after the cease-fire they didn’t want to go home; they wanted to stay and live in North Korea.

“He couldn’t understand how they could denounce their country like that,” Ernestine said. 

 “He had a hard time with it. Then he told us one of his biggest regrets was never receiving his medals so he could show them to his kids.”

It wasn’t about bragging, it was about pride, Everett said. He wasn’t any different than any GI returning from war. He didn’t think about medals, he just wanted to get back to his family.

“I was so excited to be home that I just never really knew what I was supposed to do (to get the medals),” he said. “That’s my regret. I look at my grandkids and great-grandkids today, and think they would get a kick out of seeing those old war medals I earned.”

After that Thanksgiving dinner, Ernestine went online to see about applying for the medals. With luck, maybe she could get them by Christmas. But the first response back came in February 2013, and it wasn’t good news.

Her father’s military records were among tens of thousands destroyed by fire. The only way she could get the medals now was if she had her father’s original discharge papers.

She couldn’t ask him because that would ruin the surprise. So she went to the “boss” of the family — her mother.

“I love my mother to death, but she can’t keep a secret,” Ernestine says. “She forgets which daughter tells her what, and ends up telling every one of us what the other is up to.

“And Mom throws everything away. The joke in the family is if Mom is looking for important papers, she looks in the couch cushions first.”

But the “boss” surprised her. She had the discharge papers and she could keep an important secret.

On July 4, 2013, Ernestine received a letter saying the medals would be sent. She waited and waited. She was told they were on back order; then the government shutdown happened.

 

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“Father’s Day passed, my dad’s birthday passed, Veterans Day passed, Thanksgiving passed. Every holiday I pictured giving my dad his medals had passed.”

Finally, earlier this month, they arrived — the Korean Service Medal with two bronze stars, the United Nations Service Medal, the Good Conduct Medal and the National Defense Service Medal.

Now what? It didn’t seem like enough just to have them framed and wrapped up as a Christmas present. She went to the local Army recruitment office in Glendora to see if there was a way the medals could be presented to her father.

Sgt. Jacob Hostetler of the Army recruitment office in Glendora wasn’t quite sure what to tell the woman standing in his office. He had never had a request to present a Korean War veteran his medals.

He checked with his captain, and they both agreed. Sosa had served his country honorably in a time of war before either of them had even been born. The least they could do was rectify one of his biggest regrets.

“I thought, why not do it on Christmas Eve?” Hostetler said. “What a cool present that would be, what a great surprise.”

And so when the doorbell rang Tuesday night, it was Sgt. Jacob Hostetler standing there asking to see former Pfc. Everett Sosa. He had a gift the country owed him from 1953.

He was confused at first, Everett said. He just stood there, looking at his family in tears, snapping pictures of him.

Then Hostetler began to read off the citations, and Everett Sosa, too, began to cry. He took the framed medals in his hands and reached up to give Hostetler a hug while his granddaughter, Tricia Lopez, led the family in “God Bless America.”

Afterwards, Ernestine’s husband, Darren, walked Hostetler to his car and handed the sergeant a full tray of tamales to take home to his own family for Christmas Eve dinner.

The two men shook hands and nodded. No words were needed. They had both just witnessed something we don’t see enough of in this country anymore. Pride. Respect.

Inside the house, Everett was being treated like a hero by his family — even by the “boss.”

He was a man at peace with the world. That 60-year-old regret from 1953 was finally gone.

Dennis McCarthy’s column runs on Friday. He can be reached at dmccarthynews@gmail.com

EARLY LATINO AMERICAN PATRIOTS

 

 

Asociación Cultural Bernardo de Gálvez y Gallardo Conde de Gálvez
http://www.asociacionbernardodegalvez.es/index.php 

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The purpose of this Association is to research, study and  disseminate any historical events related to Bernardo De Galvez, with a focus on the significance and major world wide impact in the fields of military, political and social issues. 

 

The goal is to give national and international visibility to the  the memory of Bernardo de Galvez.   We hope to compile written materials which will be readily available to current and future generations.    For more information, please go to:
www.yosolo.org
Carta del Presidente:  Miguel Ángel Gálvez Toro. Presidente
Le invito a conocer el contenido de nuestra página y a contactar 
con nosotros para cualquier duda o sugerencia que quiera hacernos llegar.
Atentamente
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Es una gran satisfacción para mi, como presidente de la Asociación Cultural “Bernardo de Gálvez y Gallardo. Conde de Gálvez” darle la bienvenida a nuestra página web.
Como conocerá, el Conde de Gálvez fue una figura señera del reinado de S.M. Carlos III, Teniente General de sus Ejércitos y Virrey de Nueva España, formó parte de una gran familia de políticos, militares y diplomáticos nacidos en el pueblecito malagueño de Macharaviaya.

Sin motivos aparentes, el aura de notoriedad de la familia Gálvez se extinguió con su fallecimiento y prácticamente continúa en nuestros días. Este motivo, el olvido, ha sido el detonante para que un grupo de malagueños intentemos cambiar ese ostracismo y pretendamos hacer llegar a la sociedad malagueña y española la importancia de la persona que con su trabajo, arrojo, generosidad y amor a su patria y a su rey fue capaz de conquistar para España territorios inmensos en América.
Su labor en la Luisiana, con las victorias sobre el ejército inglés, y la ayuda material a los colonos americanos permitieron que los Estados Unidos de America tuvieran la posibilidad de independizarse de la corona británica.
Curiosamente, la misma figura, reconocida y admirada por el pueblo americano, es una perfecta desconocida entre los españoles.

Por ello, la Asociación, cuya acta fundacional se firmó en Málaga el día 1 de mayo de 2008 tiene como objeto la difusión, el estudio y la investigación de cualquier manifestación histórica relativa a la figura de la que toma el nombre, así como de su época y de la trascendencia que tuvo su destacada intervención en los campos de la milicia, la política y las cuestiones sociales, con vistas a recuperar su memoria y transmitirla a las generaciones actuales y venideras.

 

 

España y Estados Unidos, en el mascarón de Bernardo de Gálvez

La recuperación de la figura del libertador de Macharaviaya suscita entusiasmo entre congresistas y multinacionales

 
Detalle del retrato del militar de Macharaviaya y héroe de la independencia americana.


Spain and the United States, the figurehead of Bernardo de Gálvez

The recovery of the figure of the liberator from Macharaviaya raises enthusiasm among congressmen and multinationals

Lucas Martín 

 

 

Detalle del retrato del militar de Macharaviaya y héroe de la independencia americana.

La malagueña Teresa Valcarce Graciani, con doble nacionalidad, ha sido, como señala el historiador Manuel Olmedo, el verdadero artífice de la futura entrada de Bernardo de Gálvez en el Capitolio. Al igual que el militar en Panzacola, ella, también sola, logró animar la causa entrevistándose con congresistas estadounidenses.    
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Numerosas instituciones oficiales y empresas se ofrecen a colaborar con el proyecto de la malagueña Teresa Valcarce, que el pasado verano inició las gestiones para cumplir con la resolución expresada por el gobierno americano en 1783: la instalación de un cuadro del malagueño en el Capitolio. La Asociación Bernardo de Gálvez, también indispensable en la iniciativa, ha pedido que Málaga sea sede del foro anual de ambos países

Todos con Bernardo de Gálvez. Más de doscientos años después de su hazaña en la bahía de Panzacola, Pensacola para los americanos, el militar malagueño se queda sin poder entonar aquello de «Yo solo», el lema que se convirtió en su heraldo y en la divisa de su heroicidad. Al menos, en lo que se refiere a apoyos. La propuesta de que su retrato se cuelgue en la zona noble del Capitolio, aprobada por el Congreso estadounidense en 1783 y retomada este verano por las gestiones de Teresa Valcarce Graciani, está a punto de conseguir que el prócer de la independencia salga victorioso de su última batalla. Y, además, a lo grande, con el respaldo entusiasta de instituciones americanas y españolas.

Si el pasado diciembre, como ya adelantó este periódico, la idea de que Gálvez se instalara por fin en el Congreso contaba con el beneplácito de un grupo de congresistas estadounidenses, ahora, la causa se ha ampliado a ambos lados del Atlántico. El buen hacer del investigador Manuel Olmedo y de la Asociación Bernardo de Gálvez, que descubrieron los documentos en los que se reflejaba la voluntad de los representantes americanos, y, sobre todo, el arrojo y la tenacidad de Valcarce Graciani han logrado poner sobre la pista del proyecto a un abigarrado ramillete de instituciones.

Teresa Valcarce Graciani, malagueña nacida en El Ferrol y residente en Estados Unidos, tuvo conocimiento de la historia del cuadro en un artículo firmado por el propio Olmedo. El pasado verano y, después de confirmar que el retrato no se exhibía en ninguna cámara oficial americana, se puso en contacto con el demócrata Chris Van Hollen durante el rodaje de un capítulo del programa Españoles para el Mundo. El congresista replicó con un sonoro e inequívoco ‘guau’. Esa misma pasión se ha extendido en apenas cuatro semanas a empresas e instituciones, que ya han mostrado su interés en buscar la mejor fórmula para hacer cumplir con la resolución americana de 1783: que Bernardo de Gálvez, el héroe de Macharaviaya, mire para siempre a los políticos desde la rotonda interior del Capitolio.

Numerous official institutions and companies offered to collaborate with the project of the woman from Málaga Teresa Valcarce, which last summer began efforts to comply with the resolution expressed by the U.S. government in 1783: the installation of a painting of the man from Málaga in the Capitol. The Bernardo de Gálvez Association, also essential in the initiative, has asked that Málaga be the seat of the annual forum of both countries

All with Bernardo de Gálvez. Over two hundred years after his feat in Panzacola Bay, Pensacola for the Americans, the soldier from Málaga remains without being able to sing “I only”, the motto that became his herald and badge of heroism. At least, in regard to support. The proposal that his portrait hang in the main area of the Capitol, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1783 and resumed this summer by the efforts of Teresa Valcarce Graziani, is about to achieve that the hero of independence emerges victorious from his last battle. And besides, in great style, with the enthusiastic support of American and Spanish institutions.

If last December, like this newspaper already anticipated, the idea that Gálvez would be installed finally in Congress had the blessing of a group of American congressmen, now, the case has been extended to both sides of the Atlantic. The good work of the researcher Manuel Olmedo and the Bernardo Gálvez Association, who discovered the documents in which the will of the American representatives was reflected, and, above all, the courage and the tenacity of Valcarce Graciani have managed to put on track of the project a motley bunch of institutions.


Teresa Valcarce Graziani, from Málaga and born in El Ferrol and resident in the United States, had knowledge of the history of the painting in an article signed by Olmedo himself. Last summer and, after confirming that the portrait was not displayed in any official American chamber, she contacted
the Democrat Chris Van Hollen during the filming of an episode of the program Españoles para el Mundo. The congressman replied with a resounding and unequivocal 'Wow'. That same passion has spread in just four weeks to companies and institutions, that have already expressed their interest in seeking the best way to enforce the American resolution of 1783: that Bernardo de Gálvez, the hero from Macharaviaya, looks forever at the politicians from inside the Capitol rotunda.

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Además del Ayuntamiento y la Diputación de Málaga, los ministerios de Exteriores, Defensa y Educación y Cultura están interesados en el proyecto, al igual que la Real Academia de la Historia, MarcaEspaña, la Fundación del Banco Santander, Fujitsu, Italcimenti y Unicaja. Un destacamento pilotado por la determinación de Valcarce y las investigaciones de Manuel Olmedo que parece difícil de torpedear. Especialmente, tras conocerse el aplauso de los propios senadores y congresistas americanos.

En los próximos meses, si se continúa con los plazos, Bernardo de Gálvez emprenderá su último viaje al país que ayudó a liberar. Y, por si fuera poco, mucho más robustecido en cuanto al recuerdo de su papel histórico, que curiosamente todavía es más conocido en Estados unidos que en España. La asociación que pelea por reivindicar su figura ha pedido que, aprovechando el eco del libertador malagueño, Málaga se convierta este año en sede del foro de la Fundación España-Estados Unidos. Un encuentro en el que el colectivo espera poder hacer entrega del primer premio Bernardo de Gálvez, que fue concedido al rey Juan Carlos en agradecimiento por haber regalado una estatua del militar a la nación americana. El galardón de la siguiente edición, según la organización, ya tiene dueño. Y no podía ser otro que Teresa Valcarce, la obstinada malagueña que ha guiado al héroe hacia el mar que le esperaba.


El nuevo retrato del héroe, con el objetivo puesto en América

Las gestiones para cumplir con la voluntad histórica del pueblo americano y homenajear la figura de Bernardo de Gálvez se han acelerado a raíz de la entrevista de Teresa Valcarce con Chris Van Hollen, congresista demócrata por Maryland. Aunque las fechas están sujetas a una confirmación oficial, en principio está previsto que el nuevo cuadro del militar parta a finales de este mes a Estados Unidos con destino el Capitolio. Se trata de una réplica exacta del original, atribuido a Maella, pintor de la corte de Carlos III. En este caso, la firma es de un malagueño, Carlos Monserrate, que se ha ofrecido, como todos los que participan en el proyecto, a colaborar de manera desinteresada. Se da la circunstancia de que la obra de Bernardo de Gálvez está notoriamente más glosada en Estados Unidos que en España. En la tierra en la que protagonizó sus proezas bélicas, el héroe de Macharaviaya cuenta con cuatro estatuas conmemorativas, mientras que en su país natal aún no se ha erigido ninguna que recuerde las gestas que facilitaron la creación independiente de la nación norteamericana. Esta asimetría es precisamente la que intentan corregir, entre otros, la Asociación Bernardo de Gálvez y el Colegio de Ingenieros Técnicos de Málaga, que ya han recuperado buena parte de su material biográfico. Entre otros, la carta que escribió Oliver Pollock al propio Gálvez para solicitarle un retrato con el fin de que su nombre figurara para siempre en el Congreso de los Estados Unidos.

 

Besides the City Hall and Deputation of Málaga, the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Defense and Education, and Culture are interested in the project, as well as the Royal Academy of History, MarcaEspaña, the Foundation of Bank Santander, Fujitsu, Italcimenti, and Unicaja. A detachment driven by the determination of Valcarce and the research of Manuel Olmedo that seems difficult to torpedo. Especially, after learning of the applause of the American senators and congressmen themselves.  

During the coming months, if they continue with the deadlines, Bernardo de Gálvez will undertake his last trip to the country that he helped set free. And, if that were not enough, much more strengthened in terms of the memory of his historical role, which curiously is still better known in the United States than in Spain. The association that fights to reclaim his figure has asked that, taking advantage of the echo of the liberator of Málaga, Málaga will this year become the seat of the forum Spain-United States Foundation. A meeting in which the group hopes to make a delivery of the first Bernardo Gálvez prize, which was granted to King Juan Carlos in gratitude for having given a statue of the soldier to the American nation. The award of the next edition, according the organization, already has an owner. And it could not be other than Teresa Valcarce, the stubborn woman from Málaga that has guided the hero towards the sea before him.


The new portrait of the hero, with objective laid in America
 

The efforts to fulfill the historical will of the American people and honor the figure of Bernardo de Gálvez has accelerated following the interview of Teresa Valcarce with Chris Van Hollen, Democrat congressman from Maryland. Although the dates are subject to an official confirmation, it is probably predicted that the new painting of the soldier departs at the end of this month to the United States bound to the Capitol. This is an exact replica of the original, attributed to Maella, court painter to Carlos III. In this case, the signature is one from Málaga, Carlos Monserrate, who has offered, as everyone else who is participating in the project, to work selflessly. The fact is given that the work of Bernardo de Gálvez is noticeably glossed in the United States than in Spain. In the land in which his military prowess starred, the hero of Macharaviaya has four commemorative statues, while in his home country has still not erected any that remembers the deeds that facilitated the independent creation of the American nation. This asymmetry is precisely that which they are trying to correct, among others, the Bernardo de Gálvez Association and the College of Technical Engineers of Málaga, who have recovered much of his biographical material. Among others, the letter that Oliver Pollock wrote to Gálvez himself to ask for a portrait so that his name will be forever in the United States Congress.

 

 

 

 

 

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Bernardo de Gálvez

&

Oliver Pollock

María Luisa

Pernía Pallarés

&

Manuel

Olmedo Checa

P

O

Atlas Beudeker.

British Library. London

Bernardo de Gálvez & Oliver Pollock. Historia de una amistad •

El descubrimiento, conquista

y colonización del Nuevo

Mundo está considerada por

muchos la mayor epopeya de

la Humanidad. Sus artífi ces

fueron aquellos españoles enjutos,

morenos, de genio duro,

alentados y fi nanciados por

una Corona que demostró tener

una gran visión política y

de futuro, además de capacidad

de riesgo y de organización

para acometer grandes

empresas.

En aquella heroica iniciativa

estuvieron sostenidos por el

aliento espiritual de una Iglesia

que participó de esas mismas

virtudes, y que no quiso

ser desleal con su compromiso

de dar a conocer la promesa de

salvación a todos los hombres

de la Tierra.

Todos ellos, unidos, se lanzaron

a ese mar desmedido, enorme,

desabrido, cuyos vientos impulsaron

los barcos que llevaban a

aquellos hombres hasta las costas

de un desconocido Nuevo

Mundo, que pronto recibiría el

nombre de América.

Historia de una amistad

Atlas Beudeker. J. Falck sculp.

British Library. London

94

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españoles no agotaron sus esfuerzos con la hazaña

del descubrimiento sino que desarrollaron un proceso

de establecimiento y expansión que se extendió

prácticamente a la totalidad del nuevo continente,

desde Argentina y Chile hasta el sur de los actuales

Estados Unidos.

Los demás países europeos que acabaron apareciendo

en el escenario americano lo hicieron bastante

más tarde y procuraron asentarse en lugares

alejados de la ocupación española: Francia inició sus

exploraciones con Francisco I, pero no es hasta 1534

La Monarquía Hispánica,

siguiendo el modelo portugués

de expediciones organizadas

y fi nanciadas con apoyo de la

Corona, promovió el descubrimiento

por Colón en 1492 de

aquellas ignotas tierras, que desde

el principio fueron llamadas

Indias y que fueron vinculadas

a Castilla. Haciendo gala de organización

y de persistencia, los

Novissima Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula. Johannes de Ram, Amsterdam, 1583

95

Bernardo de Gálvez & Oliver Pollock. Historia de una amistad • Pe N D V LO

cuando Jacques Cartier remonta el río San Lorenzo en los actuales territorios

de Québec y Montreal, aunque fi nalmente consiguieran llegar a la desembocadura

del río Misisipí.

La colonización inglesa comenzó a desarrollarse notablemente una vez que

la monarquía hispana y Jacobo I Estuardo pusieron fi n en 1604 a una guerra

que había durado más de cincuenta años. La paz alentó a los hombres de negocios

ingleses a pedir autorización a su gobierno para establecer asentamientos

en América del Norte —en lo que se llamaría Virginia— creando compañías

mercantiles para su colonización.

Por su parte los holandeses no iniciaron sus navegaciones antes de 1624.

Los disidentes religiosos ingleses, llamados “peregrinos”, que se expatriaron a

Holanda en su deseo de abandonar la Iglesia anglicana, a la que consideraban

corrompida, consideraron que el Nuevo Mundo les permitiría vivir libremente

sus convicciones religiosas pero sin perder el contacto con las tradiciones inglesas,

y autorizados por Jacobo I, deseoso de desembarazarse de ellos, se embarcaron

en Plymouth en el barco llamado Mayfl ower, con el que llegaron a las

costas de Massachussets donde, al estar fuera de la jurisdicción de la Compañía

mercantil establecida en Virginia, se consideraron desvinculados de la autoridad

real.

Además de las colonias económicas y religiosas, se crearon también colonias

de propietarios, mediante cesión efectuada por el Rey de un territorio a

una persona o a una familia: Maryland fue la primera de éstas, y se quiso con- América del Norte,

Franquelin, 1688.

Library of Congress

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De entre estas personas, funcionarios leales y

cualifi cados al servicio de la Monarquía queremos

destacar la fi gura de un español que en el último tercio

del siglo XVIII despertó la admiración de España

y de Estados Unidos por sus gestas militares, que

tanto contribuyeron a forjar la independencia de esa

nueva Nación.

El cénit del imperio español se produjo precisamente

en aquella época, durante el reinado de Carlos

III, un monarca que supo rodearse de colaboradores

de gran talla intelectual y singulares valores humanos,

destacando entre ellos de forma muy especial

los miembros de la familia Gálvez, oriundos de Macharaviaya,

un pequeño pueblo de la provincia de

Málaga.

Como testimonio de la admiración que este

Monarca sentía por las personas formadas, indevertir

en un refugio para la nobleza

católica de Inglaterra, muy

perseguida durante la época de

los Tudor; dentro de este grupo

se crearon también otras colonias,

cual es el caso de Georgia,

para dar una nueva oportunidad

a personas honradas cuya única

tara era haber sido encarceladas

por deudas en Inglaterra.

Todas las colonias se caracterizaron

por contar desde el

principio con un alto grado de

libertad, plasmado en una notable

autonomía jurídica y política:

era precisamente la libertad

la que atraía a los colonos a esas

nuevas tierras. En conseguir su

independencia España y sus

hombres iban a jugar un importante

papel.

Durante casi cien años los

españoles permanecieron solos

en el Nuevo Mundo, con la sola

excepción de los portugueses,

que adquirieron el derecho a

asentarse en Brasil, territorio al

que llegaron en el año 1500. La

corona de España organizó un

amplio entramado sólidamente

constituido tanto jurídica como

fi nancieramente; desde este último

punto de vista, la explotación

económica de las Indias se

centralizó en la Casa de Contratación

establecida en Sevilla, y

como todo territorio descubierto

era propiedad de la Corona,

a ella correspondía designar los

ofi ciales para su gobierno.

España. Ministerio de Cultura. Archivo General de Indias. Pasquines-2. Soneto a José de Gálvez

97

Bernardo de Gálvez & Oliver Pollock. Historia de una amistad • Pe N D V LO

pendientes y honradas se cuenta

que D. José de Gálvez, uno de

los cuatro hijos de un campesino

de Macharaviaya que cultivaba

viñas y criaba cabras, habiendo

cursado la carrera de Leyes,

entró al servicio de la Embajada

de Francia en Madrid como

asesor jurídico. Se cuenta de él

que, en su condición de Letrado,

consiguió ganar un pleito al Estado

español; enterado de ello el

rey lo mandó llamar a su presencia

para censurarle su conducta,

pero José de Gálvez se justifi có

diciendo: Señor, antes que el Rey

está la Ley.

Carlos III apreció su sinceridad

e inteligencia y le pidió que

pasara a su servicio, lo que efectivamente

hizo, sirviendo al principio

como Visitador General del

Virreinato de Nueva España, en

donde reorganizó la administración

de aquellos vastos dominios,

impulsó la minería, colonizó los

territorios de Nueva Vizcaya, Sonora

y Sinaloa, reforzó las frontera

de las Provincias Internas

contra los ataques de los feroces

Apaches e impulsó el descubrimiento

y colonización de California.

Poco después de su regreso a

la Península fue nombrado Ministro

Universal de Indias.

Por su parte D. Matías de

Gálvez, hermano de José y padre

de Bernardo, que había escogido

la profesión militar, estuvo

destinado en las Islas Canarias,

Retrato de D. José de Gálvez. Museo Nacional de Historia. Castillo de Chapultepec. México

España. Ministerio de Cultura. Biblioteca Nacional. Madrid

98

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en donde organizó diversas expediciones

para poblar La Luisiana, y tuvo una crucial

intervención en el istmo centroamericano,

impidiendo que los británicos lo dominasen

al lograr vencerlos en numerosos combates

que se desarrollaron en los territorios que

hoy ocupan Guatemala, Honduras y Nicaragua.

Nombrado Capitán General de Guatemala,

D. Matías de Gálvez desarrolló una

dura campaña en la que reconquistó el

fuerte de la Inmaculada Concepción en el

río San Juan de Nicaragua y el fuerte de San

Fernando de Omoa, derrotando fi nalmente

a los ingleses con la toma de la isla de

Roatán. Culminó su carrera al ser nombrado

Virrey de Nueva España, en donde, pese

a la brevedad de su mandato, se distinguió

por su honradez y su buena gestión.

Pe N D V España. Ministerio de Cultura. Archivo General de Indias. MP-Guatemala, 35. Castillo de la Inmaculada en el río San Juan

Retrato de Matías de Gálvez. Óleo de Ramón Torres. México, 1783. Museo de América. Madrid

99

Bernardo de Gálvez & Oliver Pollock. Historia de una amistad • Pe N D V LO

España. Ministerio de Cultura. Archivo General de Indias. MP-Guatemala, 249. Isla de Roatán (fragmento)

España. Ministerio de Cultura. Biblioteca Nacional. Madrid

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Bernardo de Gálvez formó

parte de una familia que prestó

grandes servicios a la Corona

y él mismo estaba llamado

a desempeñar un muy importante

papel no sólo en el interés

de España, que indudablemente

movió sus actuaciones, sino

también en el de la nueva nación

que acabaría por nacer con

la Declaración de Independencia

de las 13 colonias inglesas el

4 de julio de 1776. Fue la respuesta

de éstas a la pretensión

de Inglaterra de resarcirse de

la elevada deuda provocada la

Guerra de los Siete Años, iniciada

en 1756 entre Inglaterra y

Francia, y a la que España se vio

arrastrada en virtud de los Pactos

de Familia suscritos con los

Borbones franceses.

El ministro de Hacienda inglés pensó que sería

justo que los colonos pagasen al menos parte de lo

mucho que aquella guerra había costado a la metrópoli

y que tantos benefi cios, sin embargo, había

procurado a estos últimos, que además, con la ocupación

inglesa de los asentamientos franceses en la

costa nordatlántica, les brindó la posibilidad de colonizar

unos extensísimos territorios.

Por ello, poniendo fi n a la política de “salutary

neglect” o “negligencia saludable”, el gobierno inglés

ordenó recaudar con mayor rigor los impuestos

ya existentes; pero lo que defi nitivamente despertó

la indignación de los colonos fueron los nuevos

impuestos sobre el azúcar, melazas, café, té, cueros,

hierro, sedas, vinos de Madeira y Canarias, ron, índigo

y el uso obligatorio del papel timbrado. Los

colonos lo consideraron una verdadera requisa económica

para fi nanciar una guerra decidida en el Viejo

Continente de la que ellos se consideraban meros

peones y paganos, y en consecuencia comenzaron a

producirse graves disturbios, entre los cuales tuvieron

gran repercusión la Matanza de Boston el 5 de

marzo de 1770 y sobre todo el Motín del Té el

16

de agosto de 1773, que fue el paso defi nitivo

hacia la Declaración de Independencia de

Estados Unidos.

vo

Es

La matanza de Boston.

Library of Congress. Washington

Motín del Té

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En medio de esta situación de fi n de una guerra entre Inglaterra por un

lado y Francia y España por otro, y una vez institucionalizada la rebeldía de los

colonos ingleses frente a su metrópoli, manifestada en la Declaración de Independencia

de las colonias, Bernardo de Gálvez llegó a Nueva Orleáns en enero

de 1777 como coronel del regimiento Fijo de La Luisiana y gobernador de

dicha provincia, un amplísimo territorio que había sido cedido a España por

Francia tras el Tratado de París de 1763, que puso fi n a la Guerra de los Siete

Años, para compensar en parte a nuestro país de las pérdidas que le había provocado

la vinculación a la guerra. España también recuperó La Habana y Manila,

pero a cambio tuvo que ceder Florida a los ingleses.

La ciudad de Nueva Orleáns, situada muy próxima a la desembocadura del

río Misisipí en el Golfo de Méjico, era el acceso natural a una enorme extensión

de tierras de las que los españoles se habían mantenido tradicionalmente

alejados, debido a se encontraba fuera de su normal ámbito de infl uencia.

La importancia estratégica de Nueva Orleáns era enorme, porque era el único

punto en que las posesiones recién adquiridas ocupaban las dos márgenes del

río, que podía ser cerrado al tráfi co de mercancías por quienes dominasen tan

estratégica ciudad.

España. Ministerio de Cultura.

Archivo General de Indias.

M.P. Guatemala, 222

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había abrazado la causa de la independencia de las

Trece Colonias.

Pollock era originario de Pensilvania. Hacia 1762

se trasladó a La Habana para regentar una casa de comercio.

En 1765 contrajo matrimonio con Margarita

O’Brien, cuya fi rma se reproduce junto a estas líneas.

Tras la declaración de independencia norteamericana

del 4 de julio de 1776 Pollock se encargó de canalizar

las peticiones de ayuda que los Estados Unidos necesitaban,

manteniendo excelentes relaciones con el

citado Unzaga y también con Miralles, un rico comerciante

habanero que había sido nombrado representante

de España en Filadelfi a.

Gálvez había sido precedido en su

cargo por el también malagueño Luis

de Unzaga, que siendo Gobernador de

la Luisiana y movido por el interés de

España en ayudar a los rebeldes americanos,

trabó amistad con Oliver Pollock,

irlandés residente en Nueva Orleáns, que

había conseguido una cierta fortuna por

su actividad comercial a través del tráfi -

co de mercancías por el Misisipí y que

Library of Congress. Washington

Estatua de Oliver Pollock, obra de Frank Hayden. Ciudad de Pollock. Luisiana

Carta de recomendación dirigida a Bernardo de Gálvez, por John Hancock

103

Bernardo de Gálvez & Oliver Pollock. Historia de una amistad • Pe N D V LO

El 2 de junio de 1777 Pollock fue designado por Benjamín Franklin, Robert

Morris y Charles Lee representante comercial del Congreso de Estados Unidos

en Nueva Orleáns, y allí se inició su amistad con el gobernador Bernardo

de Gálvez, lo que facilitó que fl uyera cada vez más ayuda de todo tipo para las

tropas americanas, comprometiendo en ello su fortuna personal.

Los ministros José de Gálvez y conde de Floridablanca, con el conde de

Aranda, embajador en París, organizaron la ayuda de la Corona a Estados Unidos,

que recibieron secretamente armamento, municiones, alimentos, equipos

y medicinas. Factor clave para ello fue Bernardo de Gálvez, que llegó a Nueva

Orleáns con aureola de héroe: había recibido varias heridas de guerra en la

Provincias Internas luchando contra los Apaches, dominaba el francés, tenía el

apoyo de su tío el Ministro de Indias y llegaba con claras instrucciones de la

Corona de defender los intereses de su país, que en ese momento confl uían con

la ayuda a las Colonias.

Como Gobernador de La Luisiana extremó las medidas para impedir la

expansión de los británicos que, desde Panzacola y la Movila —en toponimia

de la época—, perseguían controlar la navegación en el tramo inferior

del Misisipí, estableciendo o avituallando puestos fortifi cados en su margen

izquierda, guarnecidos por pequeñas dotaciones del regimiento Fijo de la

Luisiana.

La preparación, el prestigio y las

cualidades personales del nuevo Gobernador

hicieron que Pollock encontrase

en el joven coronel español el más cualifi

cado y poderoso aliado que en aquellas

críticas circunstancias podía desear

para contribuir desde La Luisiana a que

los colonos que habitaban al oeste de los

Apalaches no fueran vencidos por las

fuerzas británicas, muy poderosas en tierra

y dominadora del mar con su potente

fl ota.

Bernardo de Gálvez, con la autorización

del Ministerio de Indias, facilitó

el préstamo a Oliver Pollock de notables

sumas de dinero, muchas veces sin

más aval que la fi rma de éste, e incluso

en ocasiones toleró el uso del pabellón

español en sus barcos para facilitar

el transporte por el Misisipí de las maná

España. Ministerio de Cultura. Archivo

Histórico Nacional. Estado Leg. 3884

104

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Fuerzas del citado regimiento fueron asignadas

a los distintos fuertes que jalonaban el río Misisipí

para reforzar la línea de defensa y comunicación fl uvial

por el curso del gran río entre Nueva Orleáns

y el puesto de San Luis de Illinois. Fue éste un importante

bastión para controlar los amplios territorios

comprendidos entre los Grandes Lagos y el río

Ohio, y en él merece destacarse la heroica actuación

del teniente coronel D. Fernando de Leyva, que junto

con algunas tropas americanas al mando del coronel

Clark, abastecido de armas y equipos por los

españoles, consiguieron frenar las incursiones inglesas

que bajando desde Detroit buscaban atacar la retaguardia

española. Otro de los éxitos españoles en

tas, uniformes y medicinas, en

particular quinina, que las tropas

americanas necesitaban. En

1778 Gálvez llegó a permitir la

entrada en Nueva Orleáns de

buques americanos con bandera

rebelde y decididamente se

propuso entorpecer la navegación

de los buques ingleses por

el curso inferior del gran río, incautándose

de un buen número

de ellos bajo la acusación de

contrabando, hasta que fi nalmente

acabó por prohibir la entrada

en la ciudad a los súbditos

británicos.

A fi nes de 1777 Bernardo

de Gálvez se casó con Felícitas

de Saint Maxent, hija de uno de

los más ricos comerciantes franceses

de Nueva Orleáns, y hermana

de Isabel, que años antes

había matrimoniado con Luis

de Unzaga. Otras dos hermanas

casaron con militares españoles:

Victoria con el marino

Juan Antonio Riaño, Mariana

con el teniente coronel Manuel

Flon y Mercedes con el capitán

Luis Ferriet. Sirvieron también

como ofi ciales del regimiento

Fijo de Luisiana los tres hijos

varones de Saint Maxent, Antonio,

Maximiliano y Celestino.

Gilberto Antonio de Saint

Maxent, padre de todos ellos y

suegro por tanto de Bernardo

de Gálvez fue uno de sus más

incondicionales e inestimables

colaboradores.

América del Norte. Library of Congress. Washington

105

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aquellas tierras septentrionales fue la destrucción

del frente de San José, muy cerca

de la actual Chicago, en el mes de febrero

de 1871, que supuso un importante éxito

estratégico.

El Misisipí tenía un gran valor estratégico

porque constituía una gran arteria vital

para los suministros a los americanos que

habitaban al otro lado de los montes Apalaches,

ya que las Trece Colonias estaban encerradas

entre la citada cadena montañosa

y el mar dominado por la fl ota inglesa. Por

ello el gran problema de Washington estaba

en las fuerzas enemigas que procedentes

del Canadá y de la Florida, confl uyendo

por el valle del Tenesse y por Georgia podían

concentrarse en su retaguardia. Consecuentemente

tanto como la ayuda material

y económica española las victoriosas campañas

de Bernardo de Gálvez resultarían

decisivas para el triunfo fi nal de los norteamericanos.

España mantuvo pequeñas guarniciones

en los fuertes de San Luis de Illinois

—ya citado— San Carlos de Arkansas y

San Marcos de los Apalaches, que permitían

controlar los posibles intentos ingleses

de acceder al curso del río y constituían los

puntos en los que los colonos norteamericanos

recibían los aprovisionamientos españoles

que les permitían mantener su lucha

contra las fuerzas británicas. Posteriormente

se crearon los puestos fortifi cados de Nogales,

junto al que nació la actual ciudad de

Viksburg, Nuevo Madrid, San Fernando,

en donde más tarde se estableció Menphis,

Miró o San Esteban, estos últimos ya a fi nes

del siglo XVIII.

La inmensidad del territorio de Luisiana

y su escasa población motivó que otra de

Brion de la Tour, 1720. Library of Congress. Washington

España. Ministerio de Cultura. Archivo General de Indias.

M.P. Florida y Luisiana, 139. Fuerte de San Marcos de los Apalaches

106

PeNDV LO

España. Ministerio de Cultura.

Archivo General de Indias.

M.P. Florida y Luisiana, 105.

San Luis de Illinois å

Fort Rosalia

(Panmure de Natchez).

Cap. Pittman.

Library of Congress

107

Bernardo de Gálvez & Oliver Pollock. Historia de una amistad • Pe N D V LO

las importantes tareas de Bernardo de Gálvez fuera el asentamiento de colonos,

emigrados desde la península y sobre todo de las Islas Canarias, así como de

franceses y alemanes que profesaban la religión católica, creando entre otras

las poblaciones de Galveztown —no confundir con Galveston en Texas—, Feliciana,

Tierra de Bueyes, Barataria, Valenzuela y San Bernardo, algunas de ellas

hoy desaparecidas.

Una de estos nuevos asentamientos fue Nueva Iberia, fundada por 82 personas

oriundas de Málaga que componían 16 familias, cuyas vicisitudes son

narradas en otro artículo del presente número de Péndulo.

Las relaciones entre Gálvez y Pollock, que había sido nombrado representante

del Congreso de los Estados Unidos en Nueva Orleáns, fueron cada vez

más intensas y fructíferas. Si Bernardo de Gálvez se volcó en ayudar a los colonos

por todos los medios, Pollock suministró a Gálvez la información precisa

para conocer las intenciones y los recursos de los ingleses.

España. Ministerio de Cultura. Archivo General de Indias.

M.P. Florida y Luisiana, 178. Fuente de San Carlos, Arkansas

España. Ministerio de Cultura. Archivo General de Indias. M.P. Florida y Luisiana, 270.

109

Bernardo de Gálvez & Oliver Pollock. Historia de una amistad • Pe N D V LO

A lo largo de tres años la amistad que se forjó entre ambos quedó defi nitivamente

cimentada cuando en el mes de septiembre de 1779, una vez que había

sido declarada la guerra entre España y el Reino Unido, Bernardo de Gálvez culminó

con rotundo éxito la audaz campaña que logró la conquista de todos los

fuertes que los ingleses tenían establecidos en la orilla izquierda del Misisipí.

Gálvez tenía un plan de guerra, concebido antes incluso de que la noticia

del comienzo de las hostilidades llegara a los altos cargos españoles en América,

plan que no coincidía plenamente con el orden en que el Gobierno español

había fi jado sus objetivos: para éste la reconquista de la Florida era prioritaria

a la expulsión de los ingleses del río.

Pero el Gobernador no quería enemigos a sus espaldas y ante las noticias de

la llegada de unidades alemanas que iban a ayudar a los ingleses, consideró prioritario

atacar los fuertes británicos pese a su manifi esta inferioridad numérica y

a la menor preparación de los efectivos de los que disponía. Bernardo de Gálvez

consiguió reunir bajo su mando a blancos, negros, mulatos, esclavos y libres; a

españoles, franceses y rebeldes americanos. A ello no solo contribuyó el generalizado

rechazo a la soberbia y a la crueldad de los ingleses, sino sobre todo sus cualidades

como líder, su bien ganado prestigio militar, el haber formado una familia

en Nueva Orleáns al casarse con una criolla y sus singulares prendas personales,

que le hicieron muy querido de todos.

El fuerte Bute de Manchac, en el que los ingleses quisieron crear un puerto

alternativo a Nueva Orleáns mediante una obra faraónica que una tempestad se

España.

Ministerio

de Cultura.

Archivo General

de Indias.

M.P. Florida y

Luisiana, 269.

Fuerte But en

Manchak

110

PeNDV LO

ciudad de Natchez, rendida tras la intimidación que

Oliver Pollock realizó a sus defensores en nombre

de Bernardo de Gálvez, y con este último episodio

quedó anulado el poder inglés en la orilla izquierda

del Misisipí.

En el breve plazo de tres meses, gracias a la audacia

y al temple militar de Bernardo de Gálvez, España

controlaba todo el curso inferior del gran río,

con lo que ya le era posible centrarse en la reconquista

de la Florida, campaña que supondría un nuevo

y brillantísimo capítulo en la historia militar de

este general español, cuya gesta personal en la bahía

de Panzacola le proporcionaría honor y fama, como

dejamos descrito en el artículo sobre el Galveztown

publicado en el anterior número de esta revista

Las victoriosas operaciones desarrolladas por Bernardo

de Gálvez en el Misisipí tuvieron en Oliver Pollock

un testigo excepcional por haber participado en

ellas desde su planeamiento. Como recoge la biografía

de Pollock escrita por James Alton James, al término

de esta campaña Gálvez le ofreció el nombramiento

de coronel del ejército español, pero el americano

prefi rió continuar su misión de gestionar la ayuda que

los americanos necesitaban recibir imperiosamente. A

encargó de destruir, fue tomado

al asalto antes de que llegasen los

400 soldados alemanes que los

ingleses esperaban. Gilberto Antonio

de Saint Maxent, suegro de

Bernardo de Gálvez, que estaba

al mando de la columna de Milicias

Blancas de Nueva Orleáns,

fue el primero en entrar en dicho

fuerte por una tronera.

Después cayó Baton Rouge,

con la estratagema ideada

por Gálvez de enviar a los negros

e indios de su “Real Compañía

de Pardos y Morenos

Leales” a distraer la atención de

los ingleses mientras el resto de

sus tropas protegía el silencioso

emplazamiento de la artillería,

que en la madrugada rompió el

fuego hasta que tras casi cuatro

horas de fuego los ingleses

levantaron bandera blanca y se

rindieron. Finalmente cayó la

Soldados españoles que lucharon en la guerra contra Inglaterra. Dibujo de Verger. Col. Anne Brown. Brown University

PeNDV LO

Pollock no puede aplicarse la defi nición de comerciante que, según el profesor

Nikolaus Böttcher, hizo el independentista argentino Manuel Belgrano: “alguien

que no conoce más patria, ni más rey ni más religión que su interés”.

Una pequeña muestra de ello y de la amistad de Oliver Pollock hacia Bernardo

de Gálvez es que le regaló el bergantín West Florida, que los americanos

habían capturado en el lago Pontchartrain, y al que impuso el nombre de Galveztown.

Con dicho buque Bernardo de Gálvez protagonizaría dos

años después la gesta de Panzacola.

La admiración de Pollock ante el gran éxito obtenido en la campaña

del Misisipí por el joven y brillante gobernador español quedó

refl ejada en una carta escrita en francés, que se conserva en el Archivo

General de Indias, y cuya transcripción al castellano dice así:

Por el conocimiento que yo tengo de sus favorables sentimientos hacia la gloriosa

causa de América, que he constantemente experimentado desde la primera

conferencia que tuve el honor de tener con Vuestra Excelencia poco tiempo después

de de vuestra llegada a este país a comienzos del mes

de enero de 1777; Por vuestra protección a nuestro pabellón

en diferentes ocasiones ante las hostilidades comenzadas

entre su Majestad Católica y la Corte de la Gran

Bretaña contra las demandas y las amenazas de los tiranos

ingleses, particularmente durante el tiempo que esta

ciudad estaba en una situación poco defendible; Unido

ello a vuestra última brava y bien conducida expedición

al frente de vuestras valientes tropas contra las armas

inglesas en Manchac y Baton Rouge, de cuyos distinguidos

servicios yo he tenido el honor de ser testigo ocular,

y de los cuales yo he sido vivamente penetrado. En consecuencia

solicito a Vuestra Excelencia que me permita

encargar que se le haga un retrato que haré enviar en la

primera ocasión que tenga a mi Jefe el Honorable Congreso

a fi n de perpetuar vuestra memoria en los Estados

Unidos de América, formando parte por vuestro elevado

rango como soldado y hombre de honor de los que han

prestado un particular servicio en la Gloriosa Disputa

de la Libertad.

Bernardo de Gálvez se sintió muy reconocido

por el gesto de su amigo y quiso mostrar su

agradecimiento ante tal propuesta contentando

PeND N D V España. Ministerio de Cultura.

Archivo General de Indias.

Papeles de Cuba, Leg. 112

112

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El hallazgo en el Archivo de Indias en el año

2006 de estos dos interesantísimos documentos, que

ya publicamos en el anterior número de PENDVLO,

nos hizo plantearnos la incógnita de qué ocurrió con

la petición de Pollock y si llegó a hacerse dicho retrato.

En consecuencia iniciamos la investigación que

ha motivado el presente trabajo, y cuyos resultados

expondremos más adelante, porque ahora debemos

continuar con un breve relato de los siguientes episodios

de aquella guerra.

Tras la conquista de La Movila el 14 de marzo

de 1780, Bernardo de Gálvez inició los preparativos

para el ataque al último británico en la Florida Occidental,

la ciudad de Panzacola,

defendida por

varios reductos fuertemente

artillados,

para lo cual tuvo

que superar grandes

difi cultades y

contratiempos, entre

los cuales no fueron los

menores los obstáculos

que le pusieron los militares españoles en envidiosos de los triunfos que el joven general había

obtenido. Don José de Gálvez, ministro de Indias, al

tener noticia de la actitud de aquellos mandos, los

califi có de “delincuentes” y ordenó su cese por haber

desobedecido las órdenes directas del rey Carlos

III.

Al conocer la importantísima victoria obtenida

por Bernardo de Gálvez al conquistar Panzacola

el 9 de mayo de 1781, Oliver Pollock le envió

desde Nueva Orleáns una encomiosa carta fechada

el 7 de julio de 1781, carta cuya traducción al

francés hemos localizado en el Archivo de Indias

y

que igualmente reproducimos junto con su versión

en castellano.

al día siguiente, 19 de diciembre de 1779,

con la siguiente carta:

Muy Sr. mío:

La recopilación de mis obligaciones y la

causa de América desde mi ingreso al mando de

esta Colonia, la protección que he dispensado a

su pabellón antes y después de la declaración de

la guerra contra la Gran Bretaña, la victoria

que consiguieron las armas de mi soberano contra

los fuertes ingleses de este río y la proposición

que V.m. me hace de enviar mi retrato a su Sr. el

muy ilustre y honorable Congreso, con todo lo

demás que comprende su carta de ayer, es una

evidente prueba que V.m. me da del afecto personal

que le merezco y del interés con que mira la

gloria de mi Nación. Por todo ello repito a V.m.

las más atentas gracias y pido a Dios guarde su

vida muchos años.

Nueva Orleáns, 19 de diciembre de 1779.

qu

m

en

ob

te

ca

be

lo

da

co

de

da

fra

sió

España. Ministerio de Cultura. Archivo General de Indias.

Papeles de Cuba, Leg. 112

n la Habana,

mo bastión

O

n

s

ul

m

Occins

los

mandos

Patrimonio Municipal. Ayuntamiento de Málaga

113

Bernardo de Gálvez & Oliver Pollock. Historia de una amistad • Pe N D V LO

Nueva Orleáns, 7 de julio de 1781

Señor,

Tuve el honor de dirigiros una carta el 9 de octubre último, en la que os

mencionaba la esperanza que entonces tenía de vuestro éxito y actualmente

estoy feliz de verlos confi rmados, aunque no sin las varias difi cultades que

entonces era casi imposible prever para la naturaleza humana o para mí ahora

describirlas. Baste, pues, que el asunto haya concluido. Y vos, fi nalmente,

habéis triunfado sobre la violencia de nuestros enemigos por vuestro coraje y

capacidad, y sobre la inconstancia y capricho de vuestros amigos por la fi rmeza

de vuestro ánimo, con el que vuestro rey, patria y aliados deben estar por

siempre en deuda; por vuestra bravura personal y buena conducta, de la que

no cabe dar mayor prueba a la posteridad que la casi certeza que tenían los

enemigos de obligar a vuestra excelencia a levantar el sitio de Pansacola [sic],

sobre cuya fuerza, enviaron emisarios a los Nachez. Medidas que, a pesar de

lograr el efecto deseado, pronto resultaron inútiles por vuestro intrépido celo y

actividad al reducir la guarnición de Panzacola [sic] el 9 de mayo. La gloria

y el honor que habéis adquirido allí para las armas de vuestro soberano y el

generoso trato que los enemigos han experimentado de vuestras manos añaden

nuevo lustre a vuestra persona y deben convencer incluso a vuestros enemigos de

vuestros sentimientos, que distinguirán siempre al Gran hombre.

Como actualmente estáis en vísperas de salir de este país, vengo ahora a

agradeceros todos los favores y la protección que constantemente he experimentado

desde nuestra primera entrevista en 1777. Tanto en mi estado particular

como en mi carácter público conservaré hasta la tumba la memoria de un gran

ejemplo de vuestro candor y justicia, el que habiéndoseme conocido cuatro años

con vuestra excelencia, no haya estado al alcance de ningún enemigo público u

oculto haceros pensar mal de mí, por más que la malicia y la envidia se hayan

empleado al efecto. Todo lo que puedo devolveros a cambio es una sensible gratitud

y la creencia de que hay pocos hombres en posesión de más bellas cualidades que

vuestra excelencia para cumplir y embellecer cualquier deber de un súbdito, de

un amigo y de un protector. Tenéis un millar de personas que pueden pretender

amaros con tanta apariencia como yo, de modo que, conforme a la común justicia,

no tengo más que una milésima parte de lo que me corresponde devolveros. Así,

pues, permitidme solamente deciros cómo deseo estar grabado en vuestra memoria,

como alguien que fue verdaderamente sensible al honor que le habéis hecho; como

alguien que no ha sido ni pretendiente, ofi cioso ni inoportuno; que nunca jamás

nadie os ha representado maliciosamente mis hechos.

Como según toda la apariencia de los acontecimientos me llamarán pronto

a vuestra corte, ruego a vuestra excelencia tenga a bien concederme una carta

de presentación para vuestro tío, como tengáis a bien honrarme con lo que os

3

e O

una España. Ministerio de Cultura.

Archivo General de Indias.

Papeles de Cuba, Leg. 2370

114

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plazca decir al honorable Congreso, deseando

que vos continuéis con vuestro

presente esplendor y virtud. Es lo que

desea, señor, vuestro muy agradecido y

humildísimo servidor.

Oliver Pollock.

¡Oh Rey, ojalá pudiera yo calmar

la ira de la nación inglesa! ¡Modera

tú mismo tu conducta conforme

a la experiencia que te da tu edad!

¡Dios, salvad a Gálvez, gloria de España

y baluarte de estas costas!

Traducción española

de Quintín Calle Carabias

Como podemos apreciar la

carta terminaba con unos versos

que, pese a presentar ciertas difi

cultades para su comprensión,

debidas a la defectuosa traducción

que se realizó del inglés al

francés, encerraban una emocionada

alabanza hacia Bernardo

de Gálvez testimoniando así

el gran afecto que sentía por su

fi gura y la enorme admiración

por sus heroicos hechos, que

habían conducido a la derrota

de los ingleses y que constituyeron

un factor clave para que los

Estados Unidos alcanzaran su

independencia.

Pocos meses después de escrita

la citada carta de Pollock,

España prestó en La Habana

un millón y medio de pesos

para que la fl ota francesa pudiera

aparejar y llegar a bloquear a

los ingleses en la bahía de Che-

España. Ministerio de Cultura. Biblioteca Nacional. Madrid

115

Bernardo de Gálvez & Oliver Pollock. Historia de una amistad • Pe N D V LO

sapeake, según publicó hace años nuestro amigo Eric Beerman,

gran investigador de la ayuda española a Estados Unidos. Este

préstamo resultó decisivo y determinante para la victoria de los

americanos sobre los ingleses el 19 de octubre de 1781 en la batalla

de Yorktown, que supuso el hecho de armas defi nitivo para el

triunfo de las Trece Colonias.

A instancias y con la garantía de Thomas Jefferson, futuro

presidente de Estados Unidos, Bernardo de Gálvez avaló a Pollock

durante su mandato de gobernador de Luisiana, y posteriormente

continuó apoyándolo. Muestra de ello es la carta a Jefferson, que

hemos localizado en el Archivo de Indias, y que fue escrita por

Gálvez el cuatro de mayo de 1782 en Nueva Orleáns, en los mismos

días en que Pollock fue nombrado representante comercial en

La Habana, de la que merecen destacarse algunos párrafos:

No puedo menos de hacer presente a V.E. los muchos servicios que ha contraído

a favor de la causa común por haber infl uido no poco en los primeros

prósperos sucesos de las Armas Españolas contra los establecimientos ingleses

de este río contribuyendo a que los habitantes de Natchez aceptasen gustosos

el dominio de S.M.C. sin la menor oposición. Tampoco debo pasar en silencio

el celo con que se ha prestado en obsequio de V.E. y particularmente por el

estado de Virginia, por cuyas urgencias se ha visto precisado a sacrifi car sus

intereses…

Queda así demostrado que la entrega de Oliver Pollock a la causa de la Independencia

de Estados Unidos le costó cara, pues prácticamente llegó a perder

su fortuna ya que por la grave crisis

que Norteamérica atravesó al término

de la guerra no pudo hacer frente a las

deudas contraídas.

Bernardo de Gálvez ponía el dedo

en la llaga: estimamos que lamentablemente

en Estados Unidos no se ha reconocido

sufi cientemente el esfuerzo

que personalmente realizó Oliver Pollock

ni tampoco la importancia de la

ayuda logística de España y lo trascendentales

que fueron sus victorias sobre

los ingleses para que pudieran alcanzar

su independencia. La correspon-

Vista de La Habana. Atlas Beudeker.

British Library. London

116

PeNDV LO

trick Henry, Jefferson… demuestra la estima que

tuvieron al joven y brillante general español, cuyos

éxitos fueron extraordinariamente celebrados

porque suponían importantes avances en su lucha

por su Libertad y su Independencia.

Volviendo al hilo de la cuestión, al término de

la guerra los comerciantes de Nueva Orleáns y de

La Habana solicitaron al Congreso el reintegro de

las cantidades prestadas a Pollock y otros comerciantes

norteamericanos. Al propio Bernardo de

Gálvez Pollock le debía la considerable cantidad

de 74084 Pesos, como consta en un documento

que se encuentra en los Archivos Nacionales de

Estados Unidos, que gracias a Internet hemos tenido

la fortuna de poder consultar, y cuyo contenido

hemos contrastado con otros localizados

tanto en el Archivo Histórico Nacional como en

el Archivo General de Indias.

Uno de las más claras muestras de amistad

hacia Pollock y del buen hacer de Bernardo de

Gálvez se produjo coincidiendo con la escala

que realizó en La Habana entre febrero y mayo

de 1785 en ruta hacia México para tomar posedencia

entre Bernardo de Gálvez

y los prohombres norteamericanos

que lideraron la rebelión contra la

crueldad y la arbitrariedad de los

británicos: Hancock, Morris, Pa-

Retrato de John Jay. Óleo de Gilbert Stuart. Diplomatic Reception Rooms,

U.S. Department of State, Wasington, D.C. De la obra Legado. España y los

Estados Unidos en la era de la Independencia.

117

Bernardo de Gálvez & Oliver Pollock. Historia de una amistad • Pe N D V LO

sión de su cargo de Virrey de Nueva España.

Por los problemas derivados de las

deudas contraídas, a las que acabamos

de aludir, Pollock y otros comerciantes

norteamericanos en Cuba fueron arrestados

en sus domicilios, y gracias a los

buenos ofi cios del Conde de Gálvez fueron

puestos en libertad.

Este gesto de Bernardo de Gálvez,

que Oliver Pollock se encargó de explicar

a su regreso a Nueva York en una

carta de cuatro folios enviada el día 6 de

julio de aquel mismo año desde Nueva

York a Richard Henry Lee, que entonces

presidía el Congreso de Estados Unidos,

y en la que justifi caba el porqué se había

llegado a tal situación:

Señor:

En mi carta de fecha 28 de agosto, tuve el

disgusto de informar al congreso de que me encontraba

en La Habana bajo confi namiento debido

a las deudas que contraje en Nueva Orleáns,

en el servicio de los Estados Unidos y del estado

de Virginia … yo consideraba que era bien sabido

por el Congreso que esas deudas fueron contraídas

por el servicio público, y que previamente

yo había invertido toda mi fortuna personal con

el mismo fi n … y no albergué ninguna duda sobre una rápida liberación del desagradable

estado judicial al que mi “Amor Patrio” me había conducido, pero ¡ay de mí con estas esperanzas!

Yo quedé enormemente decepcionado, el desentendimiento de mi país me dejó expuesto

al rencor de mis ofendidos e indignados acreedores. Solo Dios sabe cuánto tiempo habría pasado

en estas desagradables circunstancias de no ser por el alivio que me proporcionó la afortunada

llegada del General Galvez como Gobernador de la Isla de Cuba … cursé solicitud

a tan digno noble, pero antes de que él tuviera

tiempo … de efectuar mi liberación … fue designado

Virrey de Méjico, lo cual constituyó un

obstáculo para mi libertad, pero este generoso

noble compadecido de mi situación y habiendo

sido testigo de los esfuerzos y sacrifi cios que

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PeNDV LO

más que un comerciante: fue un verdadero patriota

que puso la causa de la Libertad por encima de

su legítimo benefi cio, y ello le causó serios inconvenientes,

que el gobierno de Estados Unidos no supo

reconocer en su tiempo, como lo demuestra la biografía

de James Alton James a la que hemos aludido.

La feliz conclusión del encarcelamiento de los

comerciantes norteamericanos en la Habana motivó

el efusivo agradecimiento del Congreso a Bernardo

de Gálvez, según consta en la carta que John Jay, Secretario

de Estado norteamericano, envió al Ministro

Floridablanca, que fue contestada por éste en términos

igualmente elogiosos, como puede comprobarse

yo había hecho en Nueva Orleans al

servicio a los Estados Unidos … generosamente

dio un paso al frente, y

se constituyó en mi garante , ante los

abogados de mis acreedores, a consecuencia

de lo cual me fue permitido

partir de La Habana en compañía del

Enviado Español, Sr. Gardoqui.

Merece destacarse que en

esta carta ella Pollock utilizó una

frase en castellano: amor patrio,

… Oliver Pollock fue mucho

Plaza de La Habana.

Ministerio de Defensa.

Instituto de Historia y

Cultura Militar. Madrid

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PeNDV LO

con la lectura de dichas cartas, que igualmente

reproducimos.

La precaria situación de la Hacienda de

Estados Unidos, que estuvo a punto de la bancarrota

al término de la guerra, como ya ha

quedado referido, el pago de alguna de dichas

deudas se demoró al menos hasta el año 1791,

lo que motivó numerosos escritos de los sucesivos

representantes españoles ante el gobierno

norteamericano: Miralles, Rendón, Gardoqui,

Viar y Jáudenes.

Dos años antes, el 10 de febrero de 1789,

Oliver Pollock elevó un escrito al Rey de España

en el que hacía historia de las causas del débito

y le exponía lo siguiente:

Para facilitar pues el pago de deuda tan sagrada y

cancelar las obligaciones que por ella tiene contraída el

que expone, si V.M. lo tiene a bien, celebrará contrato con

V.M. obligándose a entregar anualmente a disposición

de V.Rl. Hacienda tres mil barriles de la mejor harina

superfi na de Filadelfi a y cuatro mil común de buena calidad

de Kentucky al precio de dieciséis pesos fuertes el

barril, doscientos toneles de buen tabaco en rama a diez

pesos fuertes las cien libras…

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PeNDV LO

Ni la victoria norteamericana

ni la crítica situación económica

hicieron olvidar a Oliver

Pollock el compromiso que había

contraído con Bernardo

de Gálvez. Durante dos años

continuó insistiendo en que

su nuevo país reconociera los

méritos de quien tan brillantemente

había actuado en benefi -

cio de la independencia de los

Estados Unidos, y no desperdició

ninguna ocasión para recordar

al Congreso los méritos

que él había contraído no sólo

con el aprovisionamiento de las

tropas americanas sino su participación

junto a Gálvez en los

combates habidos en la campaña

del Misisipí.

Una nueva muestra de la amistad

entre ambos se produjo en el año 1785

como seguidamente veremos. Parece que

Pollock pudo ser propuesto para venir a

España con alguna misión diplomática o

comercial, como lo prueba la copia de la

carta de recomendación que Bernardo de

Gálvez escribió el 30 de abril de 1785 a su

tío José, Ministro de Indias, que se conserva

entre los papeles de Pollock en los

Archivos Nacionales de Estados Unidos.

Esta investigación nos ha permitido

localizar el documento que culminaba

la iniciativa de Pollock. El día 9 de mayo

de 1783 John Jay, en nombre del Congreso,

fi rmaba en Filadelfi a la carta que reproducimos

en la que informaba a Oliver

Pollock del acuerdo adoptado por dicha

institución sobre el retrato de Bernardo de

Gálvez, en los siguientes términos:

Pe N D V Nova Mexico, John Ogilby, en el libro America, being the latest, and most accurate description of the New World,…, Londres, Thos. Johnson, 1671.

121

Bernardo de Gálvez & Oliver Pollock. Historia de una amistad • Pe N D V LO

Tengo el honor de informarle, en respuesta a su petición, que el Congreso ha aceptado

con satisfacción el retrato de D. Bernardo de Gálvez, que fue Gobernador de la Luisiana, en

consideración a la temprana y profunda amistad que tan distinguido Señor demostró a estos

Estados Unidos, autorizando que dicho retrato sea colgado para su exhibición en la pared de

la Casa del Presidente. Con gran placer le comunico esta decisión.

No hemos alcanzado a averiguar qué ocurrió después, si es que ocurrió

algo. Hay dos retratos de Bernardo de Gálvez que pudieron ser pintados para

atender la petición de Oliver Pollock. Del primero de ellos tenemos una reproducción

en blanco y negro que nos facilitó la familia malagueña De Haya-Gálvez.

Al parecer se encontraba en manos de un coleccionista mexicano hace más

de veinte años, y pensaban que la fi gura retratada era Matías de Gálvez. No hay

datos de su autoría ni tampoco de su actual paradero.

Esta cita nos da pié a recordar que en el presente año 2010 se conmemora

el segundo centenario del comienzo del proceso de Independencia de México,

que tuvo su inicio el 16 de septiembre de 1810 en el pequeño pueblo de Dolores,

hoy en el estado de Guanajuato, al noroeste de México D.F. En la madrugada

de aquel día el sacerdote D. Miguel Hidalgo inició una revuelta popular

con la siguiente proclama:

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PeNDV LO

sangriento período que prácticamente se extendió a

todo lo largo del siglo XIX y sumió a México en un

larga y continua etapa de confl ictividad social.

El Virreinato de La Nueva España, junto con

Cuba, fue la más preciada joya de la Corona de España.

Es muy de lamentar que hoy, a punto de cumplirse

dos siglos de la citada efemérides, no haya

entre México y España el grado de sintonía que debiera

existir. Es tremendamente signifi cativo el contraste

con las relaciones mucho más fl uidas que unen

a Estados Unidos con Inglaterra.

Por ello las fi guras de Bernardo de Gálvez y de su

padre Matías de Gálvez, que fueron ejemplares go-

¡Viva la religión católica! ¡Viva

Fernando VII! ¡Viva la Patria y

reine por siempre en este continente

americano nuestra sagrada patrona,

la Santísima Virgen de Guadalupe!

¡Mueran los gachupines! ¡Muera el

mal gobierno!

Pero aquel levantamiento

derivó hacia otros derroteros,

y paradójicamente condujo

a la independencia de México,

conseguida tras un turbulento y

Pe N D V Fachada del Palacio Virreinal de México, hoy Palacio Nacional. Cortesía de D. Francisco Ledesma

Detalle de la campana de Dolores.

Cortesía de D. Juan Íñiguez

123

Bernardo de Gálvez & Oliver Pollock. Historia de una amistad • Pe N D V LO

bernantes, y que se ganaron el cariño del pueblo mexicano por sus extraordinarias

cualidades personales, podrían ser poderosos argumentos para reforzar

los muchos y variados vínculos que unen a México con España. En ellos se da

la circunstancia de ser malagueños, y además los únicos Virreyes cuyos restos

descansan en México, a los que el 29 de agosto del pasado año 2008 tuvimos el

privilegio de poder recordar y homenajear en un inolvidable acto celebrado en

España. Ministerio

de Cultura. Archivo

General de Indias.

Monedas-6.

Medallas de la

Academia

de San Carlos

124

PeNDV LO

La imagen que nos ofrece de Bernardo de Gálvez

representa a una persona con cierta obesidad,

y es muy parecida a la que se realizó en 1786 en

México. Por ello estimamos que este retrato, del que

sólo conocemos por una copia fotográfi ca en blanco

y negro, pudo ser pintado también en México.

Hasta aquí el relato de la amistad que unió a Bernardo

de Gálvez con Oliver Pollock, dos hombres

que lucharon con nobleza y con heroísmo por sus

ideales y por sus patrias. Queda desde ahora pendiente

que, pasados 227 años, el Congreso de Estados

Unidos cumpla la resolución que adoptó en

1783, y el retrato de Bernardo de Gálvez se exponga

en el Capitolio junto a los de otros destacados persola

iglesia franciscana del Colegio

Apostólico de San Fernando.

Y respecto al otro retrato

de Bernardo de Gálvez también

hemos tenido la fortuna de poder

localizarlo en un importante

centro cultural norteamericano,

aunque se trata de una reproducción

fotográfi ca en blanco

y negro. Tampoco hemos podido

averiguar quién lo pintó y

cómo llegó a dicho centro, pero

no desesperamos de alcanzar a

conocer su actual paradero.

l i f i d l C l i L i f d B d d Gál

125

najes cuya intervención resultó decisiva para que la joven nación

nacida el 4 de julio de 1776 lograse llegar a convertirse

en la primera Democracia de la era Moderna.

El día que ello se realice supondrá un reconocimiento a

la entrañable, leal y fructífera amistad que unió a aquellos dos

hombres que aunaron sus esfuerzos para que Estados Unidos

pudiera lograr su ansiada Independencia. Y también será un

nuevo argumento para estrechar los lazos entre dos naciones tan

lejanas en la geografía, pero tan cerca en los corazones de quienes

conocen las vicisitudes de aquellos años cruciales, y sienten

un sano orgullo por la indeleble huella que España dejó en

toda América durante tres siglos de Historia y en concreto por

lo decisiva que supuso para la causa de la Libertad tanto la importantísima

ayuda prestada por nuestra Nación como por las

extraordinarias victorias conseguidas por Bernardo de Gálvez.

Consideramos que la tarea que hemos realizado investigando

e intentando resumir en estas páginas tan excepcionales

documentos bien ha merecido el esfuerzo, por cuanto

tales documentos arrojan nuevas e importantes luces sobre

un período glorioso para la Historia de España y por supuesto

para la Historia de los Estados Unidos.

The Historical Society of New Orleans Collection

The Kemper and Leila Williams Foundation

Agradecemos la colaboración prestada por D. Javier Olmedo Checa y por el Padre Pasionista Andrés San Martín.

FUENTES Y BIBLIOGRAFÍA

Archivo General de Simancas. Archivo Histórico Nacional. Archivo General de Indias. Archivos Nacionales de Estados Unidos.

Archivo General de la Nación de México.

Townsend Cummins, Light. Spanish Observers and the Americann Revolution (1775-1783). Louisiana State University Press,

1992. Barbier, Jacques A. The North American role in the Spanish imperial economy (1760-1819). Manchester University

Press, 1984. Montero de Pedro, J. The Spanish in New Orleans and Louisiana. Pelican Publishig Company. Greetna, 2000.

Beermann, Erick. España y la independencia de Estados Unidos. Mapfre, Madrid, 1992. James Alto, J. Oliver Pollock; the life

and times of an unknown patriot. New York, Appleton-Century 1937. Din, Gilbert C. The Canary Islanders of Louisiana.

Louisiana State University Press, 1998. Wall, Bennett H, Louisiana. A history. Harland Davidson, Inc, Wheeling. Illinois, 2002.

 

 

 

 

Spanish SURNAMES

 

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DNA

 

 

 

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A New York artist collects human DNA and feeds it into a computer program to generate 3-D models of faces.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEW44mqZBRw    

 

 

 

 

 

FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH

 http://www.familiaalvarez.biz/--ABOUTUS.html 

When I come across a website like this, I am always so pleased and happy for them.  This is the lovely introduction to the website which is filled with photos and family information about the children of . . . . .   

MIMI GET 

 

FamilySearch Adds More Than 145 Million Indexed Records and Images 
from BillionGraves, England, Russia, and the United States to its 3.5 billion records collection 
FamilySearch News and Press

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Searchable historic records are made available on FamilySearch.org through the help of thousands of volunteers from around the world. These volunteers transcribe (index) information from digital copies of handwritten records to make them easily searchable online. More volunteers are needed (particularly those who can read foreign languages) to keep pace with the large number of digital images being published online at FamilySearch.org.   Learn more about volunteering to help provide free access to the world’s historic genealogical records online at FamilySearch.org.  FamilySearch has more than 3.5 billion records available for free at FamilySearch.org.

 

FamilySearch is the largest genealogy organization in the world. FamilySearch is a nonprofit, volunteer-driven organization sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Millions of people use FamilySearch records, resources, and services to learn more about their family history. To help in this great pursuit, FamilySearch and its predecessors have been actively gathering, preserving, and sharing genealogical records worldwide for over 100 years. Patrons may access FamilySearch services and resources for free at FamilySearch.org or through more than 4,600 family history centers in 132 countries, including the main Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah.
BillionGraves Index added another 292,519 to the existing collection.  

 

 

 

 

Announcing the New FamilySearch Indexing Website

Indexing WebsiteSALT LAKE CITY-FamilySearch recently released a newly redesigned indexing website at FamilySearch.org/indexing, and we invite you to come and take a look. This new website integrates indexing with the rest of FamilySearch.org, making it easier for indexers to know how to get started and find the help they need.

FamilySearch indexing is the volunteer program that has already generated more than a billion freely searchable names on FamilySearch.org. Changes to the indexing program over time have greatly increased the number of records that FamilySearch is able to publish. Projects that used to take years to index can now be completed in a matter of months, and as the indexing program improves, the availability of searchable records will only accelerate.

Come and explore what's new:

  • Getting started with indexing just got easier. With an easy-to-navigate Overview page and an all-new Get Started page, the new website is the perfect introduction to indexing.
  • Looking for more indexing help? Check out the completely redesigned resource guide. Now called Help Resources, this page guides you to the help you need.
  • Find projects you want faster. In the old indexing website, you had to scroll through over 200 projects, now you can click on an interactive map and filter the project list based on language and country.

The change in the indexing website is just the first step in a total redesign and improvement of the indexing experience. The coming year will see the all-new indexing program become more integrated with FamilySearch.org, bringing indexing to your Internet browser, enabling indexing on tablet devices, and much more.

Join us at RootsTech in February to learn more about what's coming. Visit the FamilySearch indexing booth in the exhibit hall, which is free and open to the public, to get a hands-on experience with the new indexing program, or attend the session "Introducing the new FamilySearch indexing tool."

Why you should get involved with FamilySearch indexing?

Indexing is great for:

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Come and see what everyone is talking about; visit the FamilySearch indexing website today!


Contact for news media: Michael Judson
FamilySearch Indexing Workforce Manager
judsonmi@familysearch.org
1-801-240-0273

About FamilySearch

FamilySearch International is the largest genealogy organization in the world. Millions of people use FamilySearch records, resources, and services to learn more about their family history. To help in this great pursuit, FamilySearch has been actively gathering, preserving, and sharing genealogical records worldwide for over 100 years. FamilySearch is a nonprofit organization sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Patrons may access FamilySearch services and resources free online at FamilySearch.org or through over 4,500 family history centers in 70 countries, including the renowned Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah.

 

 

 

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ORANGE COUNTY, CA

 

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LOS ANGELES, CA


 

 

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Eduardo A. Lopez 
grecachiapas@hotmail.com
  

 

 

 

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CALIFORNIA 

 

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About

This collection contains 61,412 issues comprising 545,955 pages and 6,364,529 articles.

The California Digital Newspaper Collection is a project of the Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research (CBSR) at the University of California, Riverside.

The CDNC is supported in part by the U.S. Institute of Museum and Library Services under the provisions of the Library Services and Technology Act, administered in California by the State Librarian.

The CBSR has received three grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities to digitize California newspapers for the National Digital Newspaper Program. Titles digitized as part of the NDNP are available both here and at the Library of Congress Chronicling America website.

We are eager to know what users think of this site. Please email your comments to cbsrinfo@ucr.edu

 

http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=p&p=home&e=-------en--20--101--txt-txIN-farias    sent by Joan de Soto  GOOD, GET IT GRA[OC

 

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SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — The California Supreme Court granted a law license Thursday to a man who has been living in the U.S. illegally for two decades, a ruling that advocates hope will open the door to immigrants seeking to enter other professions such as medicine, nursing and accounting.

The unanimous decision means Sergio Garcia, who attended law school and passed the state bar exam while working in a grocery store and on farms, can begin practicing law immediately.

The decision is the latest in a string of legal and legislative victories for people who are living in the country without permission. Other successes include the creation of a path to citizenship for many young people and the granting of drivers licenses in many states.

"This is a bright new day in California history and bodes well for the future," the Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles said in a statement.

The court sided with state officials in the case, which pitted them against the White House over a 1996 federal law that bars people who are in the U.S. illegally from receiving professional licenses from government agencies or with the use of public funds, unless state lawmakers vote otherwise.

Bill Hing, a law professor at University of San Francisco, said the court made clear the only reason it granted Garcia's petition is that California recently approved a law authorizing the state to give law licenses to immigrants living in the country illegally, a measure inspired by Garcia's situation. The new law took effect Wednesday.

It was unclear how many people will qualify to practice law under the ruling and whether it will spread to other states. Legislatures and governors in more conservative states such as Alabama and Arizona are likely to be less receptive to the idea.
 

California grants law license 
to immigrant




Garcia, who plans to be a personal injury attorney in his hometown of Chico, said he hoped the ruling would serve as a "beacon of hope" to others in the same situation.

He "can hang up a shingle and be his own company," said Hing, who represented the state bar in the case. "Once he does that, a client can retain him as a lawyer."

But some questions remain unresolved, such as whether Garcia can argue cases in federal court or in other states. Federal law makes it illegal for law firms to hire him.

Chief Justice Tani Cantil-Sakauye, who wrote the opinion, said the new state law removed any barrier to Garcia's quest for a license.

"And there is no other federal statute that purports to preclude a state from granting a license to practice law to an undocumented immigrant," Cantil-Sakauye wrote.

The court also found that Garcia "possesses the requisite good moral character" to be admitted to the state bar.

Garcia arrived in the U.S. as a teenager to pick almonds with his father, who was a permanent legal resident. His father filed a petition in 1994 seeking an immigration visa for his son. It was accepted in 1995, but because of the backlog of visa applications from people from Mexico, Garcia has never received a visa number.

He applied for citizenship in 1994 and is still working toward that goal.

The U.S. Department of Justice argued that Garcia was barred from receiving his law license because the court's entire budget comes from the public treasury, a violation of the federal mandate that no public money be used to grant licenses to people who are in the country without permission.

Assistant U.S. Attorney Daniel Tenney, who argued the case, did not immediately return a call seeking comment.

The Obama administration's position in the case came as a surprise to some, since the White House has shielded from deportation people who were brought to the U.S. illegally as children, graduated from high school and kept a clean criminal record.

At a hearing in September, a majority of the state Supreme Court justices appeared reluctant to grant Garcia the license under current state and federal law, saying it prohibited them from doing so unless the Legislature acted.Garcia, 36, worked in the fields and at a grocery store before attending community college. He then became a paralegal, went to law school and passed the bar on his first try. His effort to get licensed was supported by state bar officials and California's attorney general, who argued that citizenship is not a requirement to receive a California law license.

Two other similar cases are pending in Florida and New York, and the Obama administration has made it clear it will oppose bar entry to immigrants unless each state's Legislature passes its own laws allowing it, Hing said.

California Attorney General Kamala Harris had supported Garcia's petition, and applauded the court's ruling.

Nick Pacilio, a spokesman for Harris, said California's success "has hinged on the hard work and self-sufficiency of immigrants like Sergio."
___
Associated Press Writer Elliot Spagat in San Diego contributed to this report.

Sent by Mercy Bautista Olvera

http://news.yahoo.com/california-grants-law-license-immigrant-184611205.html?soc_src=mediacontentsharebuttons 

 

 

NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES 

 

 

 

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SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES
   


 

 

Love is the Secret of the Great Mystery
                                                                             by Irene I. Blea                                                                               

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Irene I. Blea 
Photo by Gabriel Montes, Bosque Photography

I love the fact that on the night I was born, a wolf howled.
 I believe its spirit combined with mine on the top and back side of a northern New Mexico mountain. I love the fact that my father told me that, “A person born on a night the wolf howls is destined to live a solitary and independent life. This person will possess a resourceful spirit and will survive.” These words have given me guidance. I love that I have come to know that some tribes consider the wolf a pathfinder, the forerunner of new ideas who returns to the clan to share knowledge, wisdom. This is Wolf Medicine; I have Wolf Medicine. Wolf Medicine brings an understanding of the Great Mystery of life.

To obtain this knowledge is to walk many paths, encounter dead ends, retrace one’s experiences, start over, and move forward. Some say those with Wolf Medicine become writers and will attain great heights. Wolves have a great sense of family and are social animals, but they possess strong individualistic tendencies. They seek out lonely places, power places that allow them to think. In the isolation of their power place, they enjoy their true selves. The spirit of the wolf, its beauty and knowledge, are found in the essence of existing, and the power of place. For me this place is where and when I entered Mother Earth in 1946, in New Mexico ; and I love New Mexico .

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The wolf’s keen sense recognizes the moon as its powerful ally. The moon is symbolic of psychic energy. In its space, where it exists, are the secrets of wisdom. Baying at the moon indicates a desire to connect with understanding, new ideas, or return home. The wolf’s keen sense of knowing includes the recognizing the voice within, the voice of a person, a leaf, the rain, a stone, the wind, a tree, or an animal. The voice is that of the Great Spirit. This voice and the wolf will not approach unless one is willing to expand their world view and this takes courage. It takes courage to write, to expose one’s self to critique. I am not afraid to write, but there was a time when I was fearful. I spent too many days reacting, via the written word, to what others had written about my culture in New Mexico .

In 1980 I knew two things: I love my people, and I was tired of reacting to life. I had a Ph. D. in Sociology and was a university professor teaching Chicano Studies. I thought about the racism and sexism I so often experienced and found in the accounts of the place and people I knew. Then, it hit me: Why don’t I write my own truth? I realized I was in a defense mode, in a mode of struggle to refute stereotypes about my people. However, in reacting to what others were writing I was legitimizing their negative depictions. I needed to say what I wanted to write and let others critique, or defend my work. What was the matter with me? I had forgotten that I had Wolf Medicine. I wrote Toward A Chicano Social Science, seven university classroom textbooks, well over academic and popular articles, much poetry, one play, one novel titled Suzanna, with two books due to be released in 2014. I love that I over-came my fear. I love teaching. Love and courage characterizes teachers and most Spanish-Indian families. 

My family was indigenous to the land before we were citizens of Nueva España in the late 1500s, Mexican citizens in 1820, before the U.S. war with Mexico , which ended in 1848 and made us Americans. I write about our history, how few strangers visited my family on Guara Mesa, named after the French influence in my family history and where I was born. My great-grand uncle, Davíd Guara, also known as Nané, lived about twenty yards from my grandparents with his son, Davíd, his wife Estér, my mother’s eldest sister and, their four children. Our log cabin was about fifty yards from both houses. Nané personified la sierra. He was the mountain, the largest land owner in the region. As a very young man he and his brothers were forced to homestead their birthplace by the recently arrived Americanos. When adjacent land owners wanted or needed to sell, Nané bought their acreage. I loved the old man, and how he pronounced my name in Spanish.

I love my mama, who named me Irene because she liked the song "Good Night Irene," and she liked a little rich girl named Irene. This little girl’s family lived further down the mountain. I love my name, and that every one knew I would be a girl because mama carried me small, high, and pointed in her belly. My full name is Irené Isabél Bléa y Mondragón but, it was changed by the American school system to Irene Blea, it made me smaller. Nevertheless, names are important in northern New Mexico . They are a source of pride or shame. When a family member dishonors himself, he dishonors the family and, no family wants to live con verguenza. I say we have to get over being ashamed of who we are. We all have some truth we don’t want known. My mountain people ask three questions of strangers: Where were you born? What is your name? Who are your parents? A name represents much more than the individual. It informs whether one is trustworthy. This practice can be harsh but my family lineage retains a fine reputation. I try to behave myself.

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Just as important as our family name is our attachment to the spirituality and medicine of the land. My indigenous ancestors taught my Spanish family how to interact with the land, how to respect and love it. Land, especially mountain land, is life itself. It is sad when mountain spirits are wounded by humans who build condominiums, operate ski slope and, drive overland vehicles. My family used the earth much more carefully, taking up as little space as necessary, asking permission to consume only what we needed, thanking it for what it gave us. In 1680, Taos and other Pueblos , chased the Spanish out of the region, but the Spanish returned in 1692 and, learned sometimes begrudgingly, to live with Indians. Some of this part of our family memory is lost. The loss of historical memory, prejudice and discrimination forced us to disguise our native roots in order to survive. Thus, and I grew up mostly Spanish cultured, Genizaro, with some native tendencies.

When I was born, women still rendered fat and made lye soap outdoors in large black kettles. They drew water from a clear stream, and everyone prayed throughout the day. My extended family numbered about twenty-four people sustained mostly on venison and Rocky Mountain Rainbow trout. We got milk from a few cows, ate wild turkey, and berries that grew on the ground or on bushes. The Choke Cherries the women and children gathered from Capulín bushes was made into jelly. Grandpa made Choke Cherry wine. We also collected the precious piñon nut in October, roasted it, stored it, and ate it all winter. Our planting season was short and the women dried or canned fruits and vegetables in mason jars.

 

I love spring. In spring the women birthed children. Some babies like the sister who followed me, Juanita, died within a few hours. My papa said my grandmother prayed over the new born because Mama was too distraught to think of anything other than her loss. It was difficult to accept. I haven’t accepted it and still write poems to her. Juanita was born blue. My sister and I have a congenital heart murmurs, and I suspect Juanita had a heart abnormality. I shall see her in the spirit world, where she will tell me what caused her death.

“You were an easy birth,” says my mother. “I prayed you would be a girl. Your birth was the happiest moment of my life. I couldn’t believe you were mine.”

In summary, I was born in love a few minutes after nine o’clock on a May night. The room in which I was conceived and born was cold. Granma took me from my mother, wrapped me up quickly, and placed me in a box on the oven door of the stove to cleanse me, helped me breathe the earth's pure air by lifting me upside down, clearing my mouth, and washing my eyes with a mild tea made of a sacred herb. She was the first human to witness me. She heard the wolf howl. While I approached this world, my tall and broad shouldered grandfather, waited with his bronze chiseled features and his and grandma’s eleven children, my tias and tios, and their children in his home roughly seventy yards away from our cabin. He heard the wolf howl. My Tia Ester, Tio Davíd and their four children, lived in Nané’s house. When Nané heard the wolf call, I was told he smiled.

 

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I smile now, for I love my life. I love to write about my life. This is not an ego trip. It is my truth. I was fortunate enough to have wonderful people waiting for me to be born, family that smiled when I received the medicine of the Mexican Gray wolf. Mama birthed seven children after me. I love them equally. Over the years, Mama has repeated how she changed my diapers in the frigidity of our mountain den. She did it lit by the flame of a kerosene lamp while she was still in bed. “The steam and scent of your infant urine dispersed into the darkness as I lifted the blankets and undid the wrappings around your tiny bottom,” she says in Spanish. “You lay on my lap kicking and cooing, smiling into the night.” Her soft smile appears at this spot of the story, “I bundled you up and warmed you under my arm until you fell asleep.” The smile disappears when she adds in English, “For several months I lay still, listening for the wolves. I never heard them.” In fact, the Mexican Gray Wolf did not howl again in New Mexico for thirty-seven years, when it was reintroduced by people who cared about it.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:    Dr. Irene I. Blea is an author, a conference keynote address speaker, and a New Mexico Humanities Council Scholar, ireneblea@q.com  
Visit her on Facebook:  www.facebook.com/blea     

 

By the 1940’s, wolf hunters could not, would not, recognize the wolf’s contribution to the ecosystem, the balance necessary for a healthy environment. Out of fear, and a greedy need for trophies and profit, hunters shot, trapped, and poisoned the wolf. Hunters skinned the brown, black, and silver creatures then marketed its hide. Huntsman justified their actions by telling ugly stories about the ruthlessness of the wolf as mean and dangerous. It was no threat to us. Other than horses and a few sheep we possessed little livestock and the wolves did not bother it.  

There have been occasions when I felt hunted or trapped but, the spirit of the wolf kept me alive, even when it seemed necessary to gnaw off my own limb, crawl, or hobble to get away, but I love that I have been able to share knowledge. I strive for wisdom. When I die, I want be wise, to be buried where I was born. I and the wolf will howl at the moon because both of us will know that I have learned why I came to walk this earth: to learn love, to be loved, to give love. It is the secret of the Great Mystery.


A baby wolf learns to howl.http://www.wimp.com/babywolf/ 
Sent by Anne Mocniak

 

 

 

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TEXAS

 

 

Valentine’s Day, 14 February 1954

Sinceramente, 
Refugio and Sally Fernandez

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I was a fifth grader at Sacred Heart School, Corpus Christi, Texas. 99% of the students were Mexican American. The year before, I had attended a Public School, Elizabeth Street Elementary School in Corpus Christi, where 99% of the students were Anglo. At the public school, it was a custom to give valentines to everyone in class, boys and girls. So, my parents bought my sister and I, packages of valentines, which said, “Be My Valentine,” “You are my Valentine,” etc. We didn’t care what the cards said, just so that everybody in the room got one, and we got one from everybody.

The classroom at Sacred Heart School, had four grades: 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th. So, again, my sister and I got the packages of valentines and proceeded to place one valentine on top of the desk of each student. Everything was going just fine, until I got to the desk of Andres Rosas, the big man of the 8th grade.
 The top guy in the 8th grade was considered real macho, who fought against other guys from other schools with belts, fists and knives. So, this guy, immediately screamed, “I don’t want that!!” “Don’t give me that!” To top it off, the Valentine said, “I love you. Be my Valentine.” He had this scared look on his face. Sister Imelda was our teacher, and she became aware of what was going on, and she exclaimed to Andres, “Andres! Take it!” And Andres would yell back, “No! I don’t want this.” And Sister would again exclaim the same thing, and so on. I kept trying to give the valentine, then I would pull it back and repeat, give it and then take it back.  Andres was so red in the face from embarrassment, and Sister was so red in the face from laughing, that I think she took the Valentine from me. 

That was the last year I gave Valentines to anybody in school.
Sinceramente, Refugio and Sally Fernandez

 

 

My mother had six sisters and each one’s personality was totally different. In some ways, however, they were all the same, each was beautiful and each had a joy of life, an enthusiasm and playfulness that all us primos, I think inherited.  Each one of my tias influenced me in a different way. I learned from them, sometimes directly, sometimes by observing, and sometimes by imitating.

All the sisters were born in Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. They all immigrated to San Antonio, within a year of each other, between 1924-1925.  Grandfather Alberto Chapa brought the family to San Antonio in three different trips. The three older daughters, Deyanira, Adelpha, and Estella were the first to come to San Antonio.  Adelpha and Estella they were in their late teens,  Deyanira who was  in her early 20s.

Grandpa opened a small grocery store in a barrio section of San Antonio, then Grandpa returned to Mexico two more times to bring the rest of the family. He left the older daughters, (my Tias) with the responsibility to run and maintain the grocery store.
Behind the store were the living rooms, bedrooms and kitchen.   

My mother, Aurora, was with the second group. She said the family lived close to a railroad track where cattle were unloaded, and close to a slaughterhouse and canning facility owned by Gebhardt. With thanks to Google, I was able to find the address for the Gebhardt Mexican Food Plant, 1810 S. Laredo Street,  and a photo of the plant, showing the proximity of the railroad tracks to the plant, as Mom had remembered.

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Viewing the map, it appears that the Antonio Union Stockyards, at 1716 S San Marcos were walking distance to Gebhardt.   Two cuentos that Mom shared had to do with those two facilities.   

When Grandpa brought the third group of family members, the youngest Albert, Jr. was a baby in arms.  Grandpa took the responsibility for the grocery store and the three older sisters got a job with Gephardt.   It was quite a change for the family. In Mexico, Grandpa was the Superintendent of schools in Sabinas Hidalgo.  In addition he had served as mayor.  He owned a store in Sabinas Hidalgo, and they had household help. They were comfortable. The Mexican revolution changed all that.  

 

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=====================================================================================In 1896, Willie Gebhardt established Gebhardt’s Eagle Brand Chili Powder Company. For nearly a century, the company produced chili powder, canned chili, canned tamales, and many other Tex-Mex food products in San Antonio – first as an independent company, and then as a subsidiary of the Beatrice Food Company. Gebhardt’s is now owned by ConAgra Foods, and though the San Antonio plant has closed, a few of the products developed there are still available in stores. You can check what products are available in your local stores on the Conagra Web site: http://www.conagrafoods.com/consumer/brands/index.js 

When Gebhardt first started selling chili powder, his market was limited by the fact that Americans outside Texas did not know how to cook with it. In 1908, the company published Mexican Cooking, one of the first Tex-Mex cookbooks. This cookbook introduced Americans to what would become one of the most popular cuisines in the country and promoted the use of Gebhardt’s chili powder above similar products.

San Antonio Union Stockyards
To Close After 112-Year Run

SAN ANTONIO — A long and colorful era of San Antonio and Texas history comes to an end on April 18 when the Union Stock Yards — established in 1889 — holds its last livestock auction. All livestock operations will cease April 20, 2001.

1716 S San Marcos Rm 100, San Antonio, TX

 

Established in 1889 by a group of ranchers, San Antonio Stock Yards Company was formed at a major railroad intersection located near 1716 South San Marcos Street, where we are located today. Pens and ramps were installed to enable livestock to be loaded onto rail cars. With these improvement and others ranchers, buyers and sellers could ship their livestock to markets north of San Antonio.

In 1894, Dr. Amos Graves, Sr. became the principle owner of the livestock market. Dr. Graves was a doctor at Santa Rosa Hospital and chief surgeon for the railroad. He changed the name to Union Stock Yards San Antonio, bought more land and built more pens to accommodate the increase in the number of cattle brought by rail to San Antonio.

As the population grew, San Antonio became an important marketplace; this was the first market for cattle shipped in from the range along extended rail lines. Shipping cattle by train in the early years shifted to truck transport by 1930.

In 1950, over a million head of livestock a year moved through the gates of Union Stock Yards making it the largest cattle market in South Texas.

In April 2001, Union Stock Yards San Antonio, Inc. ceased handling livestock due to a combination of factors: the long decline in volume of livestock handled by the Stock Yards; increased operating costs and fundamental changes in how livestock are marketed.

While our business has changed from being a livestock market to a commercial warehouse hub, our goals and ideals remain the same. Those are to be good stewards to the land and a commitment to provide the best service to our clients as possible.

 

 

 

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MIDDLE AMERICA

Cuento: The Mean Streets of Washington Heights by Joe Sanchez
 

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CUENTO

 

The Mean Streets of Washington Heights
by Joe Sanchez 

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In 1989 through 1991 while working as a corrections officer at Sing Sing and Coxsackie Correctional Facilities, I came across many of the inmates I had arrested in Washington Heights. Some were doing time for selling drugs, others for robberies, murder, you name it. Here is one story of an inmate I met at Sing Sing, whom I had arrested while working with my partner Herman Velez during a midnight tour and patrolling the mean streets of Washington Heights: I was a "New Jack" { rookie corrections officer at age 42 }. During an 8 to 4 tour I was assigned to the medium security-wing, which is linked by an above-ground tunnel known as Tappan the living quarters and 
dormitory-style where inmates could come and go with less restrictions. Tappan looked like a white shoe type three story building, and housing over 500 inmates. Officers working at Tappan were responsible for supervising 40 inmates in one living quarter dormitory. Up the hill is the Maximum-security with over 2,000 inmates. 

I was assigned to work Tappan during an 8 to 4 tour. During the count of inmates and just before lunch time, another officer walked into the dormitory I was working at and approached my desk. He told me I was wanted down at the main office of Tappan and that he was there to relief me. As I walked down the stairs I heard a Hispanic inmates loudly telling the other 
inmates that I was son of a bitch and that I had been fired from the NYPD for being a corrupt cop. That I had been the cop who had arrested him and that when I arrested him I slapped him in the face. As I continued to walk down the stairs and proceeded to the office, I knew I would have to find out who this inmate was as soon as I got back to the dormitory. I finished my business at the office and proceeded up the stairs and enter the 
dormitory. Before the officer who had relieved left, I asked him to tell me who the inmates was who was making all the commotion. He pointed to the inmate's cube. 

I called the inmate to approach my desk, while the other inmates were now looking at both me and the one inmate who was talking trash about me. It was show time. How was former NYPD police officer going to handle this incident without making a fool out of himself. and causing a problem. The inmates knew I knew how to write a ticket when it came to writing up an inmate who got out of hand be it with another inmate or a corrections officer. The pen is mightier than trying to get into an argument with an inmate. 

After sizing up the inmates, I recognized him from the night Herman and I arrested him. I asked the other inmates if they wanted to hear the whole story. They all shouted, "Yeah!" as I began to tell them how this poor inmates was claiming to be the victim, and I the bad bully cop. I told him that I did remember him. That I was working a midnight tour with my partner Herman Velez and assigned to Sector Adam which was at the lower part of the precinct, when around 12:15 a.m. as I drove south on Broadway and Herman was the recorder, I spotted him and two other Hispanic young men flagging down a 
Gypsy cab going north. I immediately brought it to Herman's attention and told him that those were the tree Hispanic men I was tipped off, who were the bad guys who would follow other Hispanic men coming out of bars a bit drunk, and while on their way home would rob and beat them to the point where the victims would require medical treatment. 

As the three bandidos got into the Gypsy cab and headed north on Broadway, Herman and I continued south on patrol. Three hours later, Herman and I decided to head up north on Broadway for some good coffee and donuts. At around 162 Street and Ft Washington Avenue we heard what sounded like 
gunshots. Herman notified Central and told the dispatcher that we would investigate. As we cruised slowly and turned east on 164th Street toward Broadway, we noticed a male Hispanic by a tenement building waving at us. We cautiously approached him, guns ready, when he told us he was the super of the building and that there were some men hiding down in the basement. Herman notified Central that we had a pick-up and that we were doing a 10-10 investigate. We took the elevator down to the basement. With our guns ready, we heard a noise coming from a storage room. We pointed our guns toward the storage room and in a polite way told who ever was hiding there to come out with their hands up in the air. I'm lying. What we said was, " You guys better come out with your hands up in the air, or were are going to blow your asses up!" Lo and behold, who do you think came out from hiding? You got it. The tree bandidos we saw flagging down the Gypsy cab. As I'm telling my story, I can see the inmate sweating bullets, and the other inmates chuckling. 

Herman and I made it our business to carry two pairs of handcuffs. I covered Herman as he cuffed the three men and searched them for weapons. Non found. Herman then notified Central telling the dispatcher what we had. He then asked if we had missed a job where a robbery had been committed. Central said that Sector Eddie was at Presbyterian Hospital writing up a #61 complaint of a Hispanic man who was robbed and beaten. Officer Charlie Wigfall told us via his portable radio that he and his partner were responding to our location. When Charlie arrived he told us that the victim who was robbed and beaten after coming out of a bar where he had been drinking, was followed by three Hispanic men, who caught him as he entered his apartment building. I asked Charlie what they had stolen from him. He told me they stole his money and his wrist watch. Just then I heard something drop behind one of the bandidos. It was my inmate friend, who was now sweating more bullets, as the other inmates began to laugh. I picked up 
the watch and showed it to him. "Is this your reloj?" { wristwatch } I asked with a smile. "No es mi reloj", he nervously said. "Well, then, whose watch is it? I said. "Maybe it's yours", he said. "Oh, so not only do you like to rob men that are too drunk to defend themselves, but you're also a comedian, 
eh?" I told him. 

Well, here we are now at Sing Sing years later, and he was complaining that I was a corrupt cop, and for no reason slapped him when Herman and I arrested him and his two amigos for numerous robberies and beating up their victims. If anyone wants to believe that I gave him a well deserved slap for being a wise guy and seeing how it felt to be treated the way he treated innocent people he robbed and beat, be my guess. 


Now we have this situation I told the inmate. He is in the same prison I am working at, plus making accusations that when I arrested him I treated him badly. I told him that he was a threat to me. We could not be in the same prison. Someone had to be transferred out, and it was not going to be me. I know he loved being in Tappan, where he had more freedom than up the hill in 
A & B Block. His family could come and visit him every day if they wanted since Washington Heights where they lived was less than an hour drive. But being he was now a threat to me, I was going to write him up and and report that I was the arresting officer that sent him to Sing Sing, and was requesting he be put on the draft and be shipped out to another facility 
near the Canadian border. Let's see how many times his family and friends would go up to see him. Besides my wife would have to sue if I were ever hurt by him or anyone he gave the job to. I told him to get back to his cube. I then began to write the report, when I heard the inmate ask me if he could approach. The dorm was so quiet, you could actually hear one or two cockroaches crawling about. 

The inmates approached me and said, " Officer Sanchez, please do not have be transferred. I promise you I will never disrespect you again, nor talk behind your back. Please, do nor have me transferred. I looked at the other 39 inmates and asked them if I should give him a break. "Yeah, CO, give him a break", one inmates said. "You got him good", as I saw and heard other inmates laughing. 

I gave him a break. And every time this inmates saw me as he passed by, he would say hello and smile. But let me tell you... I'm not a big, strong man, who can kick ass, especially when it came to inmates who were big, strong, and lifted weights every day, and if they wanted could have hurt me or killed me. But God Almighty gave me a brain to use common sense in 
defending myself and others when the enemy was around and looking for trouble. 

These are my stories from the mean streets and while working in the Belly of the Beast at Sing Sing and Coxsackie State Prison after being unjustly fired from the NYPD for locking up some lying, treacherous drug dealers. 


Wishing you all the very best in this new year 2014. 


God bless, -Joe Sanchez www.bluewallnypd.com 

 

 

 


EAST COAST 

 

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AFRICAN-AMERICAN

 

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INDIGENOUS

 

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SEPHARDIC

China’s Hidden JewsThe Daily Beast
 

China’s Hidden Jews
 of Sephardic Roots 
The Daily Beast

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“Are you Jewish?” my Israeli boyfriend likes to ask me every time I do something like mumble oy va voy when I spill a bag of oranges outside of the grocery store. It’s a running joke, albeit not a very good one, since I’m ethnically Chinese.

But the premise of our joke—that the notion of a Chinese Jew is oxymoronic — is not technically true. Lately, Chinese Jews have been coming out of the woodwork, and, because of the obvious novelty factor, are getting a decent amount of media attention. In November, Tablet covered the return of a 28-year-old Chinese Jew, Jin Jin, to Israel, where he now lives. Haaretz has been following the conversion of several Chinese Jews in Israel, including Yaakov Wong, who is studying to become the first Chinese Rabbi in over 200 years. 

And Israeli friends like to remind me that Eli Marom, who is a quarter Chinese, was the first Chinese Jew to hold a top military post in Israel, as the head of the Israeli Navy from 2007 to 2011. Marom’s brother, Moshe Marom, served as the first representative to China for the IDF.

As it turns out, scholars estimate that there are nearly 1,000 Chinese people of Jewish descent alive today—most of whom originate from Kaifeng, an area of the Henan Province in Eastern Central China. According to Irene Eber, a Professor of Asian Studies at The Hebrew University who has written extensively on the topic, the first Jews arrived in China along the Silk Road in the early 12th century and built their first synagogue around 1160, with the help of Han labor.

“Since the Jews in China were Sephardic, they were polygamists, and depending on how wealthy they were, some took several Chinese wives and the children became Chinese,” she said. “Jews became a part of Chinese society, but they also took what fit their religious belief from the Chinese environment and were considered part of the syncretic sectarianism, characteristic of large portions of Chinese society in parts of North China. They prayed, had dietary restrictions and religious writings that only they read.”

At their peak in the 16th and 17th centuries, Eber says there may have been well over 1,000 members of the Jewish community in Kaifeng (others estimate as many as 10,000).  By 1900 though, the city’s Jews had lost most of their heritage.
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 By 1866, there was no longer a synagogue in Kaifeng, a problem that persists to the present day, and religious scrolls were dispersed.

“Despite this, they never forgot their identity,” said Eber. “They were Han Chinese and also Jewish. This Jewish identity is again being affirmed today with the help of Jews that travel to China and guide them into a Jewish direction.”

But whether or not the descendants of this ancient Jewish community—which is referred to as qi xing ba jia in Mandarin and consists of eight lineages and seven Chinese surnames, adapted from original biblical names like Levy (now Li) and Adam (now Ai) —are actually Jewish, is cause for controversy.

Yiyi Chen, the Director of the Institute for Hebrew and Jewish Studies at Peking University, is not convinced. “Regardless of how you define Jewishness—either in conservative or liberal terms—I don’t think there are any Jews currently living in Kaifeng,” he said.

“Some claim that they are Jewish with historical ties, but nothing has been preserved other than the newly learned Jewishness following the opening of China in the late 1980s and 1990s. 

The only tangible heritage they have is that since the 1980s— some of them are called the ‘blue kippas’ for example, and are being mixed together with the Muslim community in terms of their dietary restrictions. But other than that, there’s nothing that they observe.”

Chen describes the current phenomenon of rediscovering a long-lost Jewish heritage as a small but prominent trend among young Kaifeng residents, born in the 1970s to 1990s, who are attempting to reclaim a forgotten culture. “But it consists of no more than a few dozen people,” he said. “I don’t think they can safely claim that there is a Jewish community there. There is not.” Instead, Chen points to financial motivators behind those promoting the notion of Chinese Jews, including academic, entrepreneurial and local governmental efforts to attract foreign tourists to Kaifeng and expand local revenues.


http://news.yahoo.com/china-hidden
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Officially, the Chinese government does not recognized Judaism as a minority religion, a status that would allow Jewish citizens to frequent synagogues and potentially have more than one child. A recent Chinese documentary on the ancient Jewish community in China interviewed families in Kaifeng with Jewish ties and concluded that Chinese Jews simply no longer exist.

Nor do Kaifeng Jews meet the criteria for Israel’s Law of Return, in which at least one grandparent must be Jewish. So those that consider themselves to be “Chinese Jews” still have to complete a lengthy conversion process in order to become an Israeli citizen.

Even Yecholiya Jin, the Kaifeng Jew profiled by Tablet, concedes that Kaifeng Jews did not abide by religious laws throughout much of their history. 

 

“It’s only in the last 10 years that we began to pick up more of our condition and understand the traditions. Before then, [critics] are right in that we didn’t really keep kosher or know Hebrew or much of the beliefs— we only knew we were Jewish and we didn’t eat pork.” 

Though Kaifeng citizens of Jewish descent are not recognized as Jewish by the Chinese government, Jin says that on a local level, members of her family and other members of the communities are able to pray together and meet regularly for Shabbat and holiday meals in Kaifeng. Her father even wears a tzitzit.

Regardless of their hazy history, once converted, Chinese Jews are considered Jewish by the Israeli Rabbinate, and several have been granted Israeli citizenship. 

Sent by John Inclan
fromgalveston@yahoo.com 

26-year-old Yuguang Shi is one of a handful of Kaifeng Jews that arrived in Israel in 2009 with the help of Shavei Israel, an organization that assists “Hidden Jews” seeking to return to the Jewish community. He is one of just over a dozen Kaifeng Jews to convert in Israel after several years of studying. He became an Israeli citizen earlier this year.

“My identity as Jewish, from the time my grandmother told me about it when I was a child in China, was the start of everything in my life today,” he said. “I feel Israel is special. It is the place I should live because it is a Jewish country and I am above all Jewish.”

Perhaps Shi and others like him have a reason to feel special. Being from Kaifeng and of ancient Jewish descent—whether or not Beijing or Israel recognize him—still makes him, at least statistically, one in a million.

 

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ARCHAEOLOGY

 

 

 

 

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1,500-Year-Old Ceremonial Site is Explored in Mexico

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Most of the structures at Teocaltitan are buried and offer great research potential, the INAH said.

“We are talking about a site with high potential, both from a tourism standpoint and research,” Teocaltitan project director Marisol Montejano said.

The ceremonial center could become a destination for the 6 million pilgrims who visit the Cathedral of the Virgin of San Juan de los Lagos, located 18 kilometers (11.1 miles) away, each year.

“The interesting thing about Teocaltitan, aside from the fact that it has Teotihuacanian influence in its architecture, such as the use of sloped tops, is that it has many elements common to the region, characterized by square architecture, sunken patios and in a ‘U’ form, pyramids with enclosed patios, ball courts,” Montejano said.

The digs at Teocaltitan will continue in 2014 and “it is possible that archaeologists will find a burial zone for the site’s elites,” the archaeologist said.

 

Archaeologists are exploring Teocaltitan, a 1,500-year-old ceremonial site located in the western Mexican state of Jalisco near the San Juan de los Lagos Church, the National Anthropology and History Institute, or INAH, said.

The Teocaltitan archaeological zone covers 20 hectares (49 acres) and has at least 23 structures built between 450 and 900, the INAH said in a statement.

 

 

 

 

 

 

   


MEXICO

 

 

 

Stakeholder 2013 Genealogy Year End Report by Crispin Rendon

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I am happy with 2013. It was a good year. The database has grown to over 303,000 records, up 32,000 records from the year 2012. Over 600 records, on average, were added weekly. Most of these new records come from the research required to produce the upcoming 12 volume series on the Families of Saltillo, Coahuila. Additional records came from the research required to publish 9 volumes of Families of Salinas Victoria, Nuevo Leon and volumes 4 and 5 of Families of Santiago, Nuevo Leon. The plan is to publish a Saltillo volume every month this year. Some database records came from family trees submitted in return for ancestor reports. I very much enjoy creating them. Thanks all of you that referred your friends. Anyway, those reports ranged in size from a three page 5 generation report to a 669 page 52 generation book. The number of ancestor reports dropped from 80 in 2012 to 78 in 2013. Some ancestor books were converted from English into Spanish. 

The Top 20 mtDNA list expanded and with interest should continue to do so. There is more funding than needed candidates. A new report will be out in April. As you probably know I do this research because I enjoy it not for money. Some un-named people sent me unsolicited money again this year. Those funded were deposited into the Mexican DNA Project for mtDNA testing. There are more funds in a Kiva account for when the need arrives. Until then, much of those funds are helping Mexican businesswomen obtain loans.
The image numbers found in the 16 volume series Families of General Teran are no longer accurate. When the books were published the General Teran images were found in 4 separate familysearch ---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Crispin Rendon <crispin.rendon@gmail.com>
Date: 2014/1/7
Subject: Stakeholder 2013 Genealogy Year End Report
To: 

The image numbers found in the 16 volume series Families of General Teran are no longer accurate. When the books were published the General Teran images were found in 4 separate familysearch.org folders. Sometime last year, all of those images were put into one folder. That is why the image numbers need to be updated. I may republish the series with updated image numbers later this year if time allows.
ch.org folders. Sometime last year, all of those images were put into one folder. That is why the image numbers need to be updated. I may republish the series with updated image numbers later this year if time allows.

This email is going out to the 516 people found in my genealogy address book (stakeholders).

Crispin Rendon  crispin.rendon@gmail.com 

 

Documentos de la Dir. Gral. de Arch. e Hist.- S.D.N.

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El 19 de Enero de 1827 el Sr. Juan José Espinoza de los Monteros de la Secretaría de Estado Departamento del Interior, firmó el documento que consta de 4 páginas y que en la primera dice " Acaba de aprehenderse al Religioso Dieguino español Fray Joaquín Arenas que se ocupaba de propagar audazmente un plan de conspiración dirigida a reestablecer el Gobierno Español y que la República volviese al estado de Colonia, apoyaba la seducción asegurando que en este plan se hallan comprometidos varias personas de los estados, que dentro de la República existe un comisionado Regio de Fernando 7°. etc. etc.", Así mismo el General Don Ygnacio de Mora Comandante General de Mexico firma un documento de fecha 31 de Mayo de 1827 que dice: " Corridos sus tramites la causa seguida contra Fr. Joaquín Arenas por el delito de conspirador contra la Yndependencia y Libertad de la Patria, fué sentenciado al último suplicio, y al efecto ha sido oy puesto en capilla, cuya execucion se verificará el inmediato sabado 2 de Junio entrante "

El siguiente registro corresponde a uno de los ejecutados por conspirar contra la República Fuentes. Family Search. Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los últimos Días.

SAGRARIO METROPOLITANO DE LA CD. DE MÉXICO


En siete de Abril de mil ochocientos veinte y siete, hechas las exequias en esta parroquia se le dió sepultura eclesiastica en el campo santo de San Lazaro al cadaver de Manuel Segura, natural de la peninsula de España, casado con Teresa Camiñez, quien por delito de lesa nacion; fué sentenciado a la pena de muerte que hoy se ejecutó en la plazuela de Mixcalco,habiendo recibido el dia anterior la Sagrada Eucaristia. Manuel Posadas

Investigó y paleografió
Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo R. Palmerín Cordero duardos43@hotmail.com
Miembro de Genealogía de México y de la Soc. de Genealogía de Nuevo León  http://www.Genealogia.org.mx
Para publicar una entrada en este grupo, envía un correo electrónico a genealogia-mexico@googlegroups.com.
Para obtener más opciones, visita https://groups.google.com/groups/opt_out.

 

 

 

 

 

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One of the highlights of the upcoming Historic Organ Festival in Oaxaca, will be the evening concert on FridayCin the Basilica de La Soledad of Oaxacan folk music, presented and played by Festival Director Cicely Winter.
Those of you who wish to attend the festival are encouraged to register as soon as possible since places are filling up fast. You may do so through the web site:

 

TENTH INTERNATIONAL
ORGAN AND EARLY MUSIC FESTIVAL
OAXACA, MEXICO

PRESENTATION OF THE NEWLY RESTORED ORGAN

IN SANTA MARÍA DE LA ASUNCIÓN TLACOLULA

FEBRUARY 20 - 25, 2014

Richard Perry
rperry@west.net
ESPADANA
PRESS
Exploring Colonial Mexico
http://www.colonial-mexico.com
http://colonialmexico.blogspot.com/

If you have never been to Oaxaca before, we invite you to read a description of the Ninth Festival on our web page:
http://iohio.org.mx/eng/fest2012.htm

Restored organs to be presented in concerts during the Festival: Cathedral, Tamazulapan, Tlacolula, Soledad, Zautla, Yanhuitlan, Tlaxiaco, Tlachochahuaya.


Once again, the IOHIO is offering another fantastic organ adventure! Besides the usual varied and exciting fare offered by our festivals, this time we will officially inaugurate the organ in Tlacolula, recently restored by the Gerhard Grenzing Company (el Papiol, Spain) and the first restoration project organized by the IOHIO. In addition the festival will feature concerts on the other seven restored Oaxacan organs; visits to twelve unrestored organs with guided tours of their churches, many of which are usually inaccessible to the public; a guided tour of the archeological sites of San Martín Huamelulpan and Sta. María Atzompa; the presentation of a series of postage stamps depicting Oaxacan organs; an exhibit of manuscripts related to music in Oaxaca from local archives; the opportunity for organists to play some of the organs; and a chance to sample the local cuisine and revel in the fiesta traditions in the villages.

We are honored to present the renowned Spanish organist Roberto Fresco, who returns to Oaxaca after participating in our First Festival in 2001, as well as the following Mexican musicians:

Unrestored organs to be visited during the Festival: Jalatlaco, Tlalixtac, Huayapam, Tamazulapan (G), Teotongo, Tlacolula (P), Ixtaltepec, Yucucuí,
Teposcolula, Yucuxaco, Tejupan, Tiltepec,

organists Rafael Cárdenas, Jesús López Moreno, José Francisco Álvarez and Cecilia Winter; soprano Lourdes Ambriz, baroque violinist Vladislav Badiarov, trumpet player Juan Luis García, the Terceto Cuicacalli classical guitar ensemble and an early music choral ensemble; and percussionists Valentín Hernández and Gabriela Edith Pérez Díaz. Art historian Richard Perry, author of various books on Mexican colonial art, will join us once again to guide the church tours, and archeologist Marcus Winter (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, INAH) will lead the tours of the archeological sites.

The IOHIO festivals are unique, one of the lures being the personal rather than institutional flavor of the event. Unlike most organ festivals worldwide, we do not present the organs solely as concert instruments, but also as part of a broader cultural panorama which includes their churches, their villages, and their geographical regions. Our festivals attract not only professional organists, but also organ builders, restorers, writers, musicians, experts in Mexican history and art, teachers, and, not least, those who simply love music and Oaxacan culture.

NOTE: Most concerts are free, but some will have an admission fee of $100 pesos. If you would prefer only to attend the concerts and not participate in the programmed activities, you may buy your ticket at the door of the church just before the concert.

 

MASCOG
  Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo Raúl Palmerín Cordero  
duardos43@hotmail.com  

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Estimados amigos y amigas, Genealogistas e Historiadores.
Envío las imágenes del registro del bautismo efectuado por el Sr. Cura Don José Trinidad García en la Iglesia Parroquial de San Pedro de Villaldama, N.L. el día 16 de Enero de 1866 de un hombre como de 22 años de la parcialidad MASCOG ( Encarte de Seminole y Africano ), fué su padrino Don José Antonio Ayala vecino de la Ciudad de Monterrey; así como también la transcripción del mencionado registro el cual localicé hace varios años.
Fuentes. Family Search. Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los últimos Días.

Investigó y paleografió.
Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo Raúl Palmerín Cordero.
Miembro de Genealogía de México y de la Sociedad de Genealogía de Nuevo León.
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“ En San Pedro de Villaldama el 16 de Enero de 1866, se presentó ante el infrascrito, Parroco Propo. de esta, un hombre, como de 22 años de la Parcialidad Mascog ( encarte de Seminole y Africano ) é hizo presente, que habiéndole faltado sus padres naturales, desde su infancia, los que lo auxiliaron hasta que llegó a la edad de poder subsistir por si mismo, no le enseñaron ningunas reglas de religión; pero que hallándose en estos pueblos católicos de Santa Rosa, San Fernando y Lampazos, hace cosa de catorce años, advertido en su interior de un placer muy agradable, quando vé a los fieles que se reúnen en los templos á adorar a Dios Todopoderoso que para dar mas estension á esas mociones de su corazón y esperar con algún fundamento participar de las gracias que Dios concede al que lo busca de todo corazón há deseado siempre recibir el Santo Sacramento del Bautismo, preparándose con aprender algunas oraciones, y comprender los misterios mas esenciales de la religión cristiana; que su interez se aumenta desde que la autoridad lo destinó de Soldado, por el peligro en que anda de perder la vida; que por tanto, pide con todo su corazón le ministre el Santo Sacramento del Bautismo.

Le hize ver los embarazos que se presentaban, para dar cuenta al Prelado de su solicitud, pero insistiéndome, segunda vez, con espresiones, que parecía emanaban de lo mas profundo de su corazón, y la tercera aun vertiendo algunas lagrimas, pasé a examinarlo en todo lo que debe saber y entender un hombre que se quiere adscribir en la familia de Jesucristo, y haviendole encontrado medianamente instruido: investigué si en su pueblo havia alguna costumbre de practicar algunas ceremonias religiosas con los que nacían, dijo que ninguna, absolutamente, havía visto el, todo el tiempo que vivió entre  los de su parcialidad; Recordando además que S.S.Y. ; El Señor Verea me dirigió una comunicación, para que por si, o por el Vicario de Sabinas pasara a la Escondida de los Cárdenas ( hará 5 o 6 años ) a bautizar a todos los de la parcialidad,  que acaudillaba Juan Caballo ( a donde pertenecía este ) que pidieron estos Santos Sacramentos, accedí a su petición, y en testimonio de verdad está la partida siguiente.

En San Pedro de Villaldama, el 18 de Enero de 1866, el infrascrito, Parroco propio de esta: en función solemne y dando el nombre de Mariano de Jesus, bautizé y puse el Sagrado oleo y Chrisma á un hombre de cosa de 22 años de la tribu Mascog; creado entre los de aquel pueblo hasta la edad de 8 años y de ahí en los lugares de Santa Rosa, San Fernando de Agua Verde, Nava y Lampazos: ignora los nombres de sus padres, y el punto donde nació, fue su padrino Don José Antonio Ayala, vecino de Monterrey, á quien advertí sus obligaciones y parentesco, para con su ahijado. Para que así conste lo firmo “.

José Trinidad García.
Nota. Transcribo tal como está escrito.

Fuentes. Libro de Bautismos de  la Iglesia Parroquial de San Pedro de Villaldama, N.L.  Family Search. Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los últimos Días. árgen izquierdo. 1702. Je. Mariano de Jesus N. de la parcialidad Mascog.



San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. a  6 de Septiembre de 2009.

 


Dos sepulcros de la familia Muzquenze Galán Benavides

Hola Sam y Mimí.

Estimados amigos genealogistas e historiadores.

A principios del año 2009 fuí a conocer el Panteón del Saucito de la Cd. de San Luis Potosí, en mi recorrido ví magníficos mausoleos que nos hablan de la riqueza de sus moradores, localicé dos sepulcros de la familia Muzquenze Galán Benavides, fueron ellos Ysmael y su hermano Luis, nacidos en Múzquiz, Coah, hijos de Don Rafael Galán y Doña SanJuana Benavides.

Ysmael fué bautizado de tres meses el 12 de Enero de 1891 y Luis de un año el 12 de Junio de 1898, efectuó los registros el Sr. Cura de la Parroquia de Santa Rosa de Múzquiz Don Francisco de Paula Andres.

Don Ismael era Coronel su epitafio dice " A la memoria del Insigne Coronel Ismael Galan B. "

Don Luis era Capitán 2°. " Se suicidó a la edad de 20 años, su madre, sus hermanos y su primo le dedican este recuerdo ". " Adios hermano querido, el destino pudo apagar muy pronto la llama de la vida pero no logrará borrar de nuestros corazones tu recuerdo ".

Descansen en paz estos hermanos originarios de Múzquiz, Coah. " Tierra de Generales ", quienes combatieron durante la Revolución.

Envío los registros de sus bautismos y dos fotos de sus tumbas, después tomaré otras que salgan mejor y las enviaré.

Muchas felicidades amigas y amigos.

Investigó.
Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo R. Palmerín Cordero
Miembro de Genealogía de México y de la Sociedad de Genealogía de Nuevo León.

CARIBBEAN/CUBA

 

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CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA

 

 

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 PHILIPPINES

 

 

The Filipina World Beauties, Part 2

Eddie AAA Calderón, Ph.D.

 

This is a sequel to my Januiary, 2014 article entitled: The year 2013 was good for our Philippine Beauties. Another international beauty contest, the Miss Tourism International, was held on New Year's eve in 2013 in Putrajaya, Malaysia.
Miss Angeli Dione Gomez, from the province of Cebu in the Philippines, was crowned Miss Tourism International on New Year’s Eve in 2013. She won the Miss Philippine Tourism crown in July, 2013. Miss Gomez was also crowned 2012 Reyna ng Aliwan (Queen of Entertainment) in a competition showcasing the country’s different festivals. She placed fifth in the 2012 Miss Resorts World Manila contest and joined the 2013 Binibining Pilipinas pageant in April.

In the 2013 Miss Tourism International Miss Gomez competed with 59 beauty candidates for the beauty crown.

Shown above are the following: the Miss 2013 Tourism International ,Angeli Dione Gomez, at the center;
first runner-up Sunidporn Srisuwan from Thailand who is second from the left of Miss Gomez;
second runner-up Sarah Czarnuch from Australia, second from the right;
third runner-up Michelle Alexis Torres, left, from the Dominican Republic;
and fourth runner-up Thaarah Ganesan, right, from Malaysia.

It was a very astonishing victory for the Philippines as the Miss Tourism International in 2012 was also from the Philippines and her name was Miss Rizzini Alexis Gomez. The reigning 2013 beauty queen then inherited her country mate's 2012 beauty queen title. It is very interesting to note that both beauty queens in 2012 and 2013 share the same last names but they are not related to each other. They also come from the same province which is Cebu in the Philippines.
http://www.misstourisminternational.com/mti-winners-2012/

The two above Filipina beauty queens for this contest are not the first Filipina to ever win it. Miss Maria Esperanza, Manzano won this title held in the year 2000. So far the Philippines has three beauty queens in this international beauty contest. The Miss Tourism International beauty pageant started in 1994 and its first winner was Miss Michelle Holmes from Australia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Tourism_International

Angeli Dionne Gomez, the reigning Miss 2013 Tourism International, has long been a fashion model. She has been a movie and television actress in Cebu. Her winning the international beauty crown in the eve of the year 2013 followed the 2013 triumphs of Miss Supranational Mutya Johanna Datul, Miss World Megan Young and Miss International Bea Rose Santiago.

There are lots of international beauty competitions and hardly do we see a Filipina beauty not becoming the queen or the winner. Though there have been lots of international beauty queen winners which have included Filipina beauties, I have only personally seen two of them so far. The first one was 1960 Miss International, Stella Marques from Columbia married to a Filipino by the name of Jorge Araneta, as she and husband were attending late Sunday mass at Sacred Heart Parish in Kamuning, Quezon City, Philippines in 1962. Kamuning, Quezon City was my birth place and continued to live there until I came to the USA in September, 1964. The second one was Gemma Cruz, the 1964 Miss International from the Philippines, when she was riding the float representing our country during the yearly parade in Pasadena, the famous Rose Bowl Parade, in January, 1965. Gemma Cruz was also married to an Araneta (Antonio Araneta) like Stella Marquez.

 

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SPAIN

 

 

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INTERNATIONAL

 

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  01/09/2014 02:14 PM
TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNITED STATES
Jordan Romero is the youngest person to climb Mount Everest.

HISTORIC TIDBITS
HISPANIC LEADERS
LATINO PATRIOTS
EARLY LATINO PATRIOTS
Asociación Cultural Bernardo de Gálvez y Gallardo Conde de Gálvez
España y Estados Unidos, en el mascarón de Bernardo de Gálvez


SURNAMES
DNA
FAMILY HISTORY
FamilySearch Adds More Than 145 Million Indexed Records and Images 


EDUCATION
LEAD Summit - March 2014   
State Board of Education Plans Mexican-American History Course 

CULTURE
40 years since The BIRTH of SALSA by Izzy Sanabria 


BOOKS AND PRINT MEDIA
ORANGE COUNTY, CA
LOS ANGELES COUNTY

CALIFORNIA
California grants law license to immigrant


NORTHWESTERN, US
SOUTHWESTERN, US
TEXAS
MIDDLE AMERICA

EAST COAST
Cuento: The Mean Streets of Washington Heights by Joe Sanchez

AFRICAN-AMERICAN
INDIGENOUS
SEPHARDIC
Chinese Jews of Sephardic Roots 

ARCHAEOLOGY

1,500- Year Old Ceremonial Site is Explored in Mexico

MEXICO
Stakeholder 2013 Genealogy Year End Report by Crispin Rendon
Documentos de la Dir. Gral. de Arch. e Hist.- S.D.N.
Feb 21 Historic Organ Festival in Oaxaca
MASCOG,  Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo Raúl Palmerín Cordero
Dos sepulcros de la familia Muzquenze Galán Benavides

CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA

PHILIPPINES
The Filipina World Beauties, Part 2, Eddie AAA Calderón, Ph.D.      


SPAIN
INTERNATIONAL