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Dedicated to Hispanic Heritage and Diversity Issues |
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Content Areas |
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On July
25,1866 David Glasgow Farragut, was given the rank of Admiral, the first
Admiral of the United States Navy. Farragut was among the first truly American heroes of Hispanic descent. Admiral Farragut was born July 5,1801 near Knoxville, Tennessee. He was the son of a seafaring family. His father, Jorge Farragut emigrated from Minorca, Spain in 1776, served both in the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. David's mother was a North Carolinian, Elizabeth Shine. David went to sea at 8 years old, as the adopted son of David Porter. |
| In the War of 1812, Farragut was made prize master of a captured British ship. He was 12 years old. Admiral Farragut's place in naval history became assured in August 1864 at the Battle of Mobile Bay. Leading the attack on this Confederate supply port, Farragut lashed himself to the maintop of his flagship, the Hartford, so that he could better directed the battle. Maneuvering his fleet of ships through a field of mines, ordering "Dam the torpedoes. . . full speed ahead." |
| Information
on Admiral Farragut, search the internet, a google.com search came up
with 692 hits. In Subject window, write "Admiral David Farragut" include the quotes. http://thatman.homestead.com/farragut.html http://www.lonesailor.org/bronze47.php http://www.nps.gov/vick/visctr/sitebltn/farragut.htm http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brady/gallery/87gal.html |
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Navy Memorial Log http://www.lonesailor.org/log.php
The U.S. Navy Memorial Log is a non-governmental registry of Navy men and women past and present who have been enrolled by themselves or by their friends of family members. Names in the log are displayed on video screens located in the Log Room of the U.S. Navy Memorial Visitors Center and on the Internet. Successful searches return the name, branch of service, rate or rank, dates of service and date and place of birth. A photograph can also be displayed. Log enrollments cost $25 and an additional $25 is requested for inclusion of a photo. Anyone who served in the US Navy, Naval Reserve or with the Navy's
sister sea services Marine Corps, Coast Guard or war time Merchant Marine
is eligible for inclusion in the Log. |
| SHHAR Board Members: Laura Arechabala Shane, Bea Armenta Dever, Diane Burton Godinez, Peter Carr, Gloria Cortinas Oliver, Mimi Lozano Holtzman, Carlos Olvera |
| Staff:
Mimi Lozano, Editor John Schmal, Historian Johanna de Soto, Internet Surfer Submitters and Sources: Rick Aguirre Marissa Alanis Sandra Barlon Perez Fritz Cayetano E. Barrera Eva Booher Doug da Rocha Holmes Carmen Boone de Aguilar Roberto Camp Rosemarie Capodicci Felipe Castro Bill Carmeno Peter Carr Ray/Bettie Dall Jorge Durand |
Kathleen
de La Peña McCook Susan Gandy George Gause Lois Godfrey Rosanna Gonzales Eddie Grijalva Gabe Gutierrez Walter L. Herbeck Jr. Zeke Hernandez Win Holtzman Dr. Granville and N.C. Hough Antonio Ibarra Major Michael Kelley Carlos Lopez Dzur Cindy LoBuglio Carol Lutz Estella Martinez Zermeño Francisco C. Martinez Rojas |
Ruben MartinezDr. S. Raymond Mireles Guillermo Nañez Falcón Patti Navarrette-Larson Renna Orosco Anna Houston Price Sam Quito-Padilla G. Armando Romero Christopher Rosché Mira Smithwick Claudia Sobral Francisco Sola Frank Solchaga Kathy Tavoularis Homer J. Thiel Lorene Valdez Salgardo Doug Westfall Judge Nathan E. White, Jr. |
| Presidential
Thanksgiving Proclamation, 1863 Armistice Day, November 11 President George W. Bush, Proclamation, 2001 Latino Military Statistics Pledge of Allegiance Sgt. Ysmael R. Villegas Hispanic American Medal of Honor Recipients World War II Marines Escuadrón 201 Reparation for WWII Sephardim Mexico Border Crossing Records |
Looking for Passports American Folklife Center Latino Technology Network Family History Month Telemundo Abraham Lincoln Museum Colleges for Hispanics U.S. Trends Richard Chabran Driver's License Milwaukee Family Reunion |
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Presidential Thanksgiving Proclamation
1863 It is the duty of nations as well as men to own their dependence upon the overruling power of God; to confess their sins and transgressions in humble sorrow, yet with assured hope that genuine repentance will lead to mercy and pardon; and to recognize the sublime truth, announced in the Holy Scripture and proven by all history, that those nations are blessed whose God is the Lord. We know that by His divine law, nation, like individuals, are subjected to punishment and chastisement in this world. May be not justly fear that awful calamity of civil war which now desolates the land may be punishment inflicted upon us for presumptuous sins,, to the needful end of our national reformation as a whole people? We have been the recipients of the choicest bounties of heaven; we have been preserved these many years in peace and prosperity; we have grown in numbers, wealth and power as no other nation has ever grown. But we have forgotten God. We have forgotten the gracious hand which preserved us in peace and multiplied and enriched and strengthened us, and we have vainly imagined, in th3e deceitfulness of our hearts, that all these blessings, were produced by some superior wisdom and virtue of our own. Intoxicated with unbroken success, we have become self-sufficient to feel the necessity of redeeming and preserving grace, too proud to pray to the God that made us. It has seemed to me fit and proper that God should be solemnly,
reverently, and gratefully acknowledged, as with one heart and one
voice, by the whole American people. I do therefore invite my
fellow citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who
are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last
Thursday of November as a day of thanksgiving and praise to our beneficent
Father Who dwelleth in the heavens. Abraham
Lincoln |
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Dear Ms. Lozano, As communities across America are becoming stronger in their realization of the importance of uniting to help others, we are pleased to announce a very special "Spirituality Live" chat coming up on www.spirituality.com . On Monday, Nov. 5 at 3 p.m. EST, popular journalist and author Yolanda Nava will host an online chat entitled "Contributing to the Spiritual Atmosphere of Your Community" on www.spirituality.com. The online chat with Ms. Nava will discuss this new sense of community as well as ideas about how we can all contribute to the spiritual atmosphere of our communities in practical ways. Yolanda Nava, author of "It's All in the Frijoles," is an Emmy Award-winning television journalist, newspaper columnist, educator, communty leader and founder of the Los Angeles chapter of the Comision Femenil Mexicana Nacional and the Centro de Ninos, the latter an organization to assist working-poor families. She is also a featured writer on spirituality.com's Writers Corner section where you can read excerpts from her book and participate in her discussion forum. We hope you will post the event information along with a link to www.spirituality.com on your site, as we believe your site visitors will be interested in participating in this event. Additionally, www.spirituality.com has Spanish-language content available that features timely and inspirational articles. I will be more than happy to send you any additional information as needed. Thank you for your consideration. Regards, Marissa Alanis malanis@webershandwick.com Marissa Tip: When you access the chat, you need to create a user name and fortunately, it only takes a few seconds. You don't need to provide an e-mail address. Once you create your user name, you'll be able to participate in the live chat. |
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Armistice
Day, November 11, 1918 In 1938 Congress voted Armistice Day a federal holiday. It was set aside to remember the sacrifices that men and women made during World War I. In 1953 townspeople in Emporia, Kansas called the holiday Veteran's Day in gratitude to the veterans in their town. In 1971 President Nixon declared it a federal holiday to be celebrated on the second Monday in November. When World War I ended, more than four
million "Doughboys" had served in the United States Army with
the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). Half of those saw
service overseas. Although the United States participated in the
conflict for less than two years, more than 100,000 Americans lost their
lives. The 1973 fire at the National Personnel Records Center (NPRC)
destroyed U.S. Army personnel records created from 1912-1963, but it did
not damage U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps personnel files. |
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"Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and success of liberty." -- John F. Kennedy |
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Attorney Rick Aguirre,Chairman of the Celebration of Mexican-American Veterans on November 10th at Santa Ana College found that identifying Latinos who served and/or died in the Vietnam War was difficult because the Department of Army did not keep records of "Hispanics" during that period. It only kept statistics on "Whites" (which included Hispanics), "Blacks" or "Asians." However he and his wife Linda have gathered the following statistic: (more info) |
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| 100,000 Mexican-American and Puerto Rican served in the U.S. Armed Forces during WWII. |
Mexico sent a squadron of elite fighter pilots
to fight with the Allied Forces against the Japanese during WWII. |
| Hispanic Americans fought and died in every major battle during WWII including Pearl Harbor, Saipan, Iwo Jima, Leyte, Okinawa, Italy, Normandy, Battle of the Bulge, Rhineland and Ardennes. |
The 1960 movie "Hell to Eternity"
starring Jeffrey Hunter depicted the heroic acts of an 18 year old
Marine. Mexican-American Guy L. Gabaldon, captured, single-handedly, more than 1,000 Japanese soldiers during the Battle of Saipan. |
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"Latinos fighting in Vietnam had a 19%
casualty rate compared to a 12% rate for the U.S. soldiers as a
whole." Book: Latino Experience in U.S. History Press releases, October 24th/November 7, 2001 |
"One out of every two Hispanics who went
to Vietnam served in a combat unit." "One out of every five
Hispanics who went to Vietnam was killed in action." Book:
Vietnam Reconsidered |
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"El que dice la verdad no peca, pero encomoda."
Mexican dicho.
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The Pledge of Allegiance "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nations under God, indivisible with liberty and justice for all." |
History: 1892 Written by Francis Bellamy. 1923 "United States of America" was added. 1954 "under God" added. L.A. Times, 10-12-01 |
| Latinos account for 11.4% of the U.S. population. However, a 1999 study by the Washington-based National Council of La Raza found that 30% of the US infantry troops sent to Bosnia in 1997 were Latino. L.A. Times, 11-10-00 |
From a block-long neighborhood in Silvics,
Illinois, 22 Mexican American families sent 84 men off to fight in WWII,
Korea and Vietnam. L.A. Times, 11-10-00 |
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Hispanic American Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients Staff Sgt. Ysmael R. Villegas Riverside, California, South Pacific WW II In 1997 the Marine Corps honored the nation's 39 Latino Medal of Honor recipients, 13 of whom were Marines. No ethnic group in the United States has been awarded more Medals of Honor per capita, according to a Marine statement at the the time. "The sacrifice and contributions of Mexican Americans in wartime are often overlooked." Orange County Superior Court Judge Francisco P. Briseno, retired Marine colonel and tank commander in Vietnam. L.A. Times, 11-10-00 |
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CIVIL WAR Seaman Philip Bazaar U.S. Navy Seaman John Ortega U.S. Navy BOXER REBELLION Pvt. France Silva U.S. Marines WORLD WAR I: Davie Barkley, U.S. Army WORLD WAR II:
VIETNAM WAR: |
DATE EARNED June 15, 1865 December 31,1864 - - June 28, 1900 - - November 9, 1918 - |
PLACE OF BIRTH Chile Spain - - Hayward, California - - Laredo, Texas - - Port Arthur, Texas Villa de Castano, Mexico Alameda, California Pacoima, California El Paso, Texas Mission, Texas Taos, New Mexico Oklahoma City, Oklahoma San Marcos, Texas Loving, New Mexico Governador, New Mexico Casa Blanca, California - - Clairton, Pennsylvania Utuado, Puerto Rico Omaho, Nebraska La Junta, Colorado Colton, California Tampa, Florida Port Hancock, Texas Los Angeles, California San Bernardino, California - - Laredo, Texas East Chicago, Indiana Shelocta, Pennsylvania Albuquerque, New Mexico Edinburg, Texas Mexico City, Mexico San Antonio,Texas Caguas, Puerto Rico Chihuahua, Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico Ponce, Puerto Rico Salinas, Puerto Rico Winslow, Arizona Lodi, California |
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C. Douglas Sterner , Home of Heroes website at http://www.homeofheroes.com
http://www.homeofheroes.com/moh/citations_1862_cwa/bazar_philip.html |
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World
War II Marines buried at the Arlington National Cemetery The remains of 13 Marines killed on a South Pacific island in World War II will be buried August 17 at Arlington National Cemetery. The men were among 19 Marines from the 2nd Raider Battalion who were killed during a raid August 17, 1942, on the Japanese-held Makin Atoll, now known as Butaritari, in the Gilbert Islands. An unsuccessful attempt to recover remains on Makin was made in 1949. The search was renewed in 1998 by relatives of the dead and other world War II veterans; the break came when searchers found an island resident who had helped bury the bodies as a young boy. There are still 11 missing Marines who military officials believe were executed on Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands after being captured by the Japanese. Associated Press via O.C. Register, August 17-20 |
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Escuadrón 201
by David Uhler Extracts from San Antonio Express-News
Web Posted : 07/07/2001
duhler@express-news.net
07/08/2001 |
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Reparations fro Sephardim who Endured Forced or Slave Labor During WWII
for their Heirs Deadline for Application: December 31, 2001 Two-Hundred Thousand Sephardic Jews were killed in the Holocaust. Only their memory remains, but many who survived the war, from both Europe and North Africa, were forced to labor for the fascists. The German government has established a fund for those who endured forced ((in the territory of the German Reich or in a German-occupied area) or slave labor (work performed by force in a concentration camp, ghetto or other place of confinement under comparable conditions of hardship) during the Second World War. The existence of 5this fund has been advertised in the press, but we believe it remains unknown to many Sephardim who may be eligible. The deadline If
there are Jews in your community who lied through the Second World War,
it is essential they be made aware of the fund, which is administered by
the Claims conference. If you think you are eligible, obtain an
application form by calling 1-800-697-6064 or the American Sephardi
Federation will provide assistance and contacts if needed. Phone:
(212) 294-8350, fax: (212) 294-8348, |
Mexican Border Crossing Recordshttp://www.nara.gov/genealogy/immigration/mexican.html The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is currently
processing microfilmed immigration records of persons crossing the
U.S.-Mexican land border ca. 1903-ca. 1955. This article (1) gives
background information about the records; (2) describes the government
forms used to record information about persons crossing the U.S.-Mexican
border; and (3) describes available NARA microfilm publications
containing these records. This web page is adapted from Claire
Prechtel-Kluskens, "Mexican Border Crossing Records (3
parts)," National
Genealogical Society Newsletter, Vol. 25, Nos. 3-5 (May-Oct.
1999): 156-157, 159, 182-183, 287-281. On August 3, 1882, Congress passed the first Federal law regulating
immigration (22 Stat. 214-215); the Secretary of the Treasury had
general supervision over it between 1882 and 1891. The Office of
Superintendent of Immigration in the Department of the Treasury was
established under an act of March 3, 1891 (26 Stat. 1085), and was later
designated a bureau in 1895 with responsibility for administering the
alien contract-labor laws. In 1900 administration of the
Chinese-exclusion laws was added. Initially the Bureau retained the same
administrative structure of ports of entry that the Customs Service had
used. By the turn of the century it began to designate its own
immigration districts, the numbers and boundaries of which changed over
the years. In 1903 the Bureau became part of the Department of Commerce
and Labor; its name was changed to the Bureau of Immigration and
Naturalization when functions relating to naturalization were added in
1906. In 1933 the functions were transferred to the Department of Labor
and became the responsibility of the newly formed Immigration and
Naturalization Service (INS). Under President Roosevelt's Reorganization
Plan V of 1940, the INS was moved to the Department of Justice. |
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Book: Crossing Over, A Mexican Family
On the Migrant Trail by Rubén Martínez "All the people who are making decisions about the border should read htis sharp, gritty, true book. No other journalist could have written it; Martinez is truly our coyote." Sandra Cisneros, author of The House on Mango Street. November 5, Rubén Martínez will be
speaking at Libreria Martinez in Santa Ana, California. Link for more
information. |
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The Securities and Exchange Commission
launched a Spanish-language section, aiming to provide investor
education to the fast-growing U.S. Hispanic population. Hispanics
represent 12.5% of the population, but only 5% of the investing
public. http://www.sec.gov/investor/espanol.shtml Sent by Win Holtzman OC Register, 10-20-01 |
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US-
Border Crossers Need New ID cards |
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Looking for Passports All passport applications from 1791 to 1905 are in The National Archives. During this period, passports were not required except during part of the Civil War. However, many people obtained them. Without one, a US traveler visiting the old country could be drafted into military service. The earliest applications were simply letters of request, but sometimes other papers - such as expired passports, birth certificates, naturalization papers, etc., were filed with them. The application could contain name, place of residence, age, names of family members traveling with the applicant, the court of naturalization, date of arrival in the US, port of entry, vessel name, etc. If the passport is before 1906, write to the Diplomatic Records Branch, National Archives, Room SE, Washington, DC 20524. If the passport is after 1906, write to Passport Services, Research and Liaison Branch, Room 316, 1425 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20524 The Family Tree - December 1997/January 1998 |
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Passport Information: Research and Liaison Department U.S. State Department Archives 1111 - 19th St., NW Washington, D.C. 20524 |
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American Folklife Center in the Archive of Folk
Culture:
September 11, 2001 Project The Library of Congress' American Folklife Center in the Archive of Folk Culture is asking for people to send audio-tapes sharing their reaction, feelings and comments about September 11th. The September 11 interviews will be sorted by time, the way the Pearl Harbor recordings are, so researchers can track the way reactions evolve. Information: folklife@loc.gov or (202) 707-5510 L.A. Times, 10-7-01 |
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Latino Technology Network The Latino Technology Network (LTN) has been awarded a federal grant to establish a virtual private network to connect 12 diverse Community Based Organizations (CBOs) across the nation. The LTN project will facilitate information sharing, web hosting, education, health, public policy education, and promote cooperation among groups providing services to Latino communities. Community Technology Centers will be established within 11 of the organizations for educational and technology training. http://ntiaotiant2.ntia.doc.gov/top/2001/details.cfm?tiiap_no=10209 Sent by Kathleen de la Peña McCook kmccook@tampabay.rr.com |
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US SENATE PASSES HATCH BILL TO COMMEMORATE
OCTOBER 2001 AS FAMILY HISTORY MONTH
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| NBC to acquire Telemundo Network for $1.98 billion. "This is the most significant day in the history of Spanish-language television," said Jim McNamara, chief executive of the network. "This is the day that Spanish-language television came of age." "This marks a fundamental change in how corporate America is viewing the |
Spanish- speaking market," said Carlos Santiago, marketing experts. "The big picture is: If you want to be a leader in the media industry, you have to b positioned with key Hispanics, especially Spanish-speaking media outlets. . ."L.A. Times, 1012-01 |
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Springfield, Illinois will be the home for the an expansive, expensive
Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum. The center will
showcase memorabilia but at a cost of $115 million and possible loss of
historic buildings. The National Park Service has preserved an
entire block of old buildings surrounding the Lincoln family home. For
the first time, history buffs will have access to 46,000 priceless
historical pieces.
L.A. Times, 7-29-01 |
The University of Texas-Pan American is second to Florida International
University in total Hispanic enrollment at four-year colleges, based on
a national magazine's report of the 100 best U.S. colleges for
Hispanics. UTPA has 10,507 Hispanics out of 12,569 total
students. Florida International University in Miami has 16,469
Hispanics out of 31,293 total students. Los Arcos Spring/Summer 2001, Vol.7, No. 3, Sent by Granville Hough |
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74% of non-Hispanic whites,
48% of blacks,
46% of Hispanics own their own
homes, O.C. Register, 10-4-01 |
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American City and County, local
government, |
Web sites related to e-government for |
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Richard Chabran-
21st-Century Librarian For his massive contribution to building alternative Latino library collections and ameliorating the digital divide, Richard Chabran has been awarded Syracuse University's first 21st-Century Librarian Award. In 1997 Chabran set up a revolutionary site in the César Chávez Community Center in Riverside, providing open access and training to Latino communities on how to use technology. Source: CriticasNews, Fall 2001, Vol. 1, #3 |
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Georgia Governor
Barnes Supports Driver's Licenses for Non-Citizens |
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The Joy of a Family Reunion
Now is the time to start making plans for a
family reunion. Patti Navarette-Larson (rt) shared her great
rewards in arranging a family reunion in Milwaukee, August 11th, bringing
family together from all over the United States and Mexico. Seen here are
Patti and her Tia Maria Sotera Belmontes. |
| Dear Mimi: I am proud to share this attachment with you. This is just a piece of my family tree with some of the surnames in it. You will see that this is a LONG report, but covers just some of the 1077 family members that I have in it! Here are ALL the surnames I have in my tree: |
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ALVARADO ALVAREZ AMPARO ANAYA ARZATE BELMONTES CAHUE CARDENAS CASILLAS |
CORREA DUARTE ELIZARRARAS ESCOBAR FERNANDEZ GARCIA GONZALES GUTIERRER HEREDIA |
HERRERA HERNANDEZ LOPEZ MADRIGAL MONARREZ MORENO NARANJO NAVARRETE OROPEZA |
RAMIREZ ROCHA RODRIGUES ROSAS SANCHEZ SORIO SOTO TORRES UCARES VALDEZ |
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NAVARRETE with two "tt"'s is my surname due to an
error when my grandparents came to Milwaukee in 1926. I would be PLEASED to chat with others doing their
research. Feel free to pass on my email address. I am FAR from a pro, but
so happy to chat with people about their roots! I am SO proud of mine! I have also attached a copy of me and mi Tia Maria Sotera Belmontes. This is my gramma's sister. Gramma passed away on Cinco de Mayo, 1993. I miss her so. Tia does not speak English, but we really did not even need conversation to show our affection for each other when we met for the first time on August 11, 2001. Many people at the reunion were shocked to met her. Mimi, she is the spitting image of Gramma. When I took Tia by the hand and walked her over to introduce her to my Dad and his brother (AND, I was so proud of myself, I did it in Espanol), I had to walk away. I was just recovering from my emotional meeting with her and to watch all the tears between her and her sobrinos, was just too much for me to handle at that particular point. Tia and I continue to correspond. Me, from Milwaukee and she from Sanger, CA. I do need help with translating her letters, as well as she does with mine. I cannot tell you the excitement I get when I find a letter of hers in the mailbox! I only had the chance to meet this woman for 8 hours, but I already love her so. I cried as I looked over her letter and her statement that she is SO happy I had the reunion and she was able to meet so many family members before she passed away. I cannot even think of her passing away. We seem to grow them old in our Belmontes family. Tia Loreto (Sotera's older sister) just celebrated her 94th BD. She is still sharp as a tack! I hope my story inspires other to start searching for their extended family, NOW! Mimi, I have found so much family all over the U.S. I am bringing them together and everyone is thankful. My reward is just watching the joy it is bringing everyone! Patti tido@execpc.com (Patricia A. Navarrette-Larson Editor's note: The following is a brief small sample from the huge database collected by Patti. |
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Descendants of Jose Cruz Navarrete:
Generation No. 1
In 1883, eight years after the death of his first wife, Maria Dolores
Herrera, Jose Navarrete married Maria Jesus Navarrete. Jose was 50 years old,
Maria Jesus was 16. Children of JOSE
NAVARRETE
and MARIA
HERRERA
are: |
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i. MARIA YSABEL HERRERA2 NAVARRETE, m. TOMAS ARROYO, August 02, 1877, Chilchota, Michoacan, Mexico. More About MARIA
YSABEL HERRERA
NAVARRETE:Baptism (LDS): July 03, 1856,
Chilchota, Michoacan, Mexico, Marriage Miscellaneous: Source, LDS Film #0640986 |
More About TOMAS ARROYO and MARIA NAVARRETE:Marriage: August 02, 1877, Chilchota, Michoacan, Mexico 2. ii. JOSE RAMON HERRERA NAVARRETE, b. 1858, Chilchota, Michoacan, Mexico. 3. iii. ABELINO NAVARRETE, b. 1873; d. January 11, 1912, El Valle de Guadalupe, Michoacan, Mexico.
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| Community
Events 5th Annual Veterans Day Celebration Some World War II Veterans |
Hispanic
Heritage Month Recognized Rigobeta Menchu |
| November
2, 7:00 pm Dia De Los Muertos, free An indigenous celebration to honor those who have gone into the spirit world. Presented by the Alianza Indigena Sin Fronteras, Unitarian Church, 511 S. Harbor, Anaheim, 714-758-1990 |
November
5, 7:00 pm, Rubén Martínez, an Emmy Award-winning
journalist will be at signing and reading excerpts from Crossing
Over, A Mexican Family On the Migrant Trail Libreria Martinez, 1110 N. Main St, Santa Ana |
| November 3, 2001,
Para Todos Family Fair at Historic Town Center Park
in San Juan Capistrano, Free Saturday,
from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. A Latin American Festival |
Nov 3
-Dec 10 Sundays Exhibit "Fire in the Morning" A
Pictorial Exhibit of the Mexican Americans of Orange Co, 2-4
pm Bradford House, 136 Palm Cir, Placentia, $2. |
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Some World War II Veterans |
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| Name | Unit/Branch | Campaigns | Career |
| Antonio Aguilar Sylvester Aguilar Alfred V. Aguirre Cruz P. Aguirre* Reyner Aceves Aguirre* Richard V. Aguirre* Herman C. Alaraz Cliff R. Almazan Nick Alvarez Raul R. Aparicio Reynaldo Aparicio John Armendariz Victor E. Armendariz* Louis V. Armijo Elario Banuelos Alfredo Bablot Rudolph Bravo Joe Bravo Frank Campos Louis J. Canedo Juan Cantu Philip L. Castillo Henry G. Castro Henry J. Castro Manuel Castro Vincent Castruita Albert Chapa* Oscar Chapa Bernardo Chavez Fred Corral Ramiro de la Rocha* Dionicio M. Diaz Porfi E. Durate Elbert Duran Henry Duran Gilbert E. Elias Pedro Elias Noe Espindola Manuel Esqueda Edward Figueroa Luis Franco David Fuentes Tony Gallegos Agustine Garcia Alfonso Garcia Leonard J. Garcia Ralph R. Gastelum Guy Gabaldon Basilio J. Glanis Hector Godinez David M. Gonzales* Edward T. Gonzales Hector Gonzales Rudy T. Gordines Manuel Grajeda Raymond Grajeda* Ismael Hernandez Risto Herrera Mac Jaramillo Joe Felix Juarez Maurice Juarez* Raymond Juarez Mel Jurado Gil Kuhn Pete Limon Joe V. Lopez Tony Lujan G.C. Luna SalvadorY Maldonado Eutiquio G. Martinez Florentino T. Martinez Salvador S. Martinez Frank Sosa Masuda Zeke Mejia Tony B. Miranda Diego R. Moreno Pete C. Ontiveros Andrew L. Ortega Manuel N. Ortiz Manuel Ortiz* Alvino L. Perez* Daniel L. Perez* Eusibio Perez Jack Perez James O. Perez Mateo L. Perez* Arthur M. Ponce Emilio M. Ponce Apolinar Ramirez Jesus G. Ramirez Manuel Reta Alvaro Rodriguez John H. Rodriguez Charlie Roman Alejandro Ruiz Nicho Salazar Salvador Sanchez Nick Sandoval Arthur R. Tellez Jesus G. Torres Celedonio Vasquez* Ysmael R. Villegas* Sal Zavala* |
Marine Corps 116th Cavalry 1901st Engineers 339th Airdrom Sq. Navy 96th Division 33rdArmored Division 1st Cavalry Division - 88th Division Air Corps 5th Marine Division 96th Division Air Corps 7th Air Force - US Constabulary 106 Gen. Hosp. 7th Division 96th Division Navy 5th Marine Division 11th Airborne - Marine Corps 491st M.P. U.S. Marines U.S Army Air Force - 96th Division 71st Division 20th Air Force 44th AAA 517th Division - Navy - 11th Airborne Navy 437th Bomb Square 8th Air Force 1st Cavalry Division 8th Air Force 24th Division Navy 98th Signal Batt. 55th Field Artillery 2nd Marine Division - - 127th Infantry Division 652D Tank Dest. 8th Air Force Navy 9th Division 83rd Buckeye Division Navy 11th ABN Engineers 12th Cavalry Division - 757 Military Police - 8th Air Force Navy 91st Division 101st Airborne 9th Air Force Navy 96th Division 76th Inf. Division 390th Anti-Aircraft Btn. 1st Cavalry Division 390th Anti-Aircraft Btn. 1st Cavalry Division 83rd Inf. Division 11th Army Division 49th Combat Eng. Btn. 501st Division Bataan Death March 24th Fighter Control Sq. 391st Infantry 2nd Armored Division - 1st Cavalry 422 Sig. Co. Aviation 1611th Engineer Forestry 155th General Hospital 610th Air Force Navy 1st Armored Division 384th M.P. Battalion 11th Airborne 82nd Airborne 27th Inf. Division 740th Field Artillery Army - Airborne Gliders 437th Med. Coll. Co. Navy 127th Inf. Division Navy |
Guadalcanal Rhineland Okinawa Philippines USS Arizona Okinawa Normandy Philippines Normandy Italy Stateside Iwo Jima Okinawa Tinian Island South Pacific - Occupation Europe Pacific Okinawa Pacific Iwo Jima Pacific - Okinawa Europe South Pacific Stateside - Okinawa Europe China/Burma Europe/N.Africa Battle of the Bulge Corregidor Europe/N.Africa - Luzon/Philippines USS Princeton Italy/France Europe Philippines/Japan Europe Pacific - Pacific Pacific Saipan - - Luzon Stateside Europe Pacific Europe St. Loe, France USS Ozark - Panama Canal Pacific Normandy Stateside - Europe Pearl Harbor Europe/N.Africa Normandy Europe USS Indianapolis Okinawa Ardennes/Rhineland Ardennes/Rhineland Asiatic Pacific Ardennes/Rhineland Philippines/Japan Ardennes/Rhineland Ardennes/Rhineland Normandy Normandy - - Pacific Normandy - Burma Burma/China NewGuinea/Philipp England Stateside Pacific N.Africa/Italy Austria Philippines - Okinawa Omaha Beach/Bulge - - Asiatic Pacific Normandy/Germany Pacific Philippines - Medal |
Ford Security Bricklayer/Councilman Construction - Construction - McDonnell Douglas - - Teacher/Accountant Engineer/LA Water - Teacher RTD Bus Mechanic Postal Service - - El Toro Marine Base Teacher Merchant Marine Police Officer McDonnell Douglas - Farmer - Legal Defender Concessionaire - - Businessman - Engineer Businessman Barber Accountant - Engineer/Ford VP Bank of America - - Tailor - Machinist - - Heavy Equipment Op Businessman - - Postmaster, MoH Cement Mason - Engineer/Northrop Engineer/City of LB - Engineer/Ford - - City of Fullerton - Businessman - Businessman Mortgage Broker Truck Driver Cement Mason - Bank of America Farmer/Custodian Merchant Marine Cemetery Supt. Dept of Water/Power Businessman Engineer/Contractor U.S. Steel Engineer/Apollo S.P. U.S. Steel United Rubber - - - - - Superior Court Judge - Aerospace Tech. Douglas Aircraft Construction Barber Cement Mason Occupation Teacher Senior Mechanic East L.A. College - - - - Railroad/Union - Glass Worker of Honor |
| Hispanic
Heritage Month is given recognition by the Orange County
Board of Supervisors. Chair Supervisor Cynthia Coad sent letters to each of the city councils within the county encouraging public recognition of the Hispanic presence within their communities. Supervisor Coad stated "
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RIGOBERTA MENCHU - The Nobel Peace Prize Recipient for 1992 October 17th, the Cross-Cultural Center of Santa Ana College hosted Rigobeta Menchu in recognition of Indigenous Day. A Maya of the Quich people, Guatemalan activist Rigoberta Menchu Tum, is internationally known for her work in the promotion of peace and the defense of human rights for indigenous peoples who have suffered by the hands of Guatemalan military. Due to her efforts, the United Nations declared 1993 the International Year for Indigenous Populations. In 1992, she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first Indigenous and the youngest person to receive this distinction. Her autobiography, Me Llamo Rigoberta Menchu Y As Me Naci La Concienca 1983; I, Rigoberta Menchu, 1984, has been translated into many languages. She has set up a Foundation aimed toward social justice and to improve the quality of life for the people of Guatemala, especially for Indigenous communities. For more information please call: 714-564-6161 (Funds provided by Partnership For Excellence.) |
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"I came here as a friend...let us stand together. Although we differ in color, we should not differ in sentiment." - LT Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, CSA, Memphis, Tennessee - July, 1875 |
| City of
Carson, November 11 Boyle Heights, November 18 David Alfaro Siqueiros Manuel Alvarez Bravo First Portuguese Settlers - Joe Rocha Tongva Peak |
Indian
Tax Rebellion Celebrating Rancho Dominguez Catholic Church Encylopedia Catholic Diocese Information Catholic Church's Latin Heritage |
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| Youth
Culture in Boyle Heights: Past and Present The Japanese American National Museum 369 East First St. Los Angeles, CA 90012 (213) 625-0414 Sunday, November 18, 2001, 2-4 PM, Free From swing to strikes, from mambo to punk, from conflicts to coalitions, celebrate the history of young people in Boyle Heights. A panel discussion will explore the youth cultures of Boyle Heights, during the 30s, 40s, and 50s. Considered one of Los Angeles' most dynamic and historic neighborhoods, Boyle Heights residents, scholars, and artists will all be on hand to pay tribute to the rich pasts and presents of their neighborhood. This program is being held in conjunction with the Boyle Heights Project, a multiethnic and collaborative approach to documenting a Los Angeles neighborhood. The project is an initiative of the Japanese American National Museum, International Institute of Los Angeles, Jewish Historical Society of Southern California, Self-Help Graphics and Theodore Roosevelt High School. Sent by Claudia Sobral, Director of Education csobral@janm.org |
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| This
is a portion of the
David Alfaro Siqueiros mural "Portrait of Present Day Mexico"
which has been removed from a private Pacific Palisades residence to the Santa
Barbara Museum of Art. The mural is valued at between one to two million
dollars. The 1930s mural, with the walls still attached was moved
in a solid block. Museum officials expect that it will take the rest of the year to
complete the mural's installation; they estimate that it may open to the
public in early 2002. L.A. Times, 10-12-01 |
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| Manuel
Alvarez Bravo: Optical Parables at the Getty Museum, November 13, 2001 - February 17, 2002 Considered the master of 20th century photography, this exhibit traces Manuel Bravo's transition and evolution to his later, emotion-driven imagery. This exhibition coincides with his 100th birthday on February 4, 2002. |
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| Mexican-American
Professional and Businessmen's Scholarship Association In 1962, a small of civic minded individuals started the organization. November 1964, MAPBSA's newsletter, The Prodigal Sun, was published in Los Angeles. In the first issue, Manuel Valenzuela, president, wrote: "For many years, since the influx of Mexican immigrants to the Southern California area, there has been a critical need for education among these people. Their initial exodus from Mexico brought forth an ethnic group who were unskilled and handicapped by language barriers -- their offspring suffered as a result, since economic conditions were poor, every able bodied male was conscripted into the army of labor: education was only for the privileged, as they know it. The years brought about a change in the community, second and third, generations now longed to have their children drink deep of educational wells. However many of these Mexican-Americans are still limited in their economics ability to further the education of their young, although their minds and souls are willing, the pocketbook is weak. It is to these individuals that this group of civic minded business, professional men, and college students sought to lend the hand of hope." Sent by Dr. S. Raymond MIreles |
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| Editor's
Note: It is sad that almost 40 years later, educator are still facing the same
problems; However, innovative approaches are being discussed. Superintendent of the Santa Ana Unified School District which has the highest percentage of Latino students of any large district in the state, has suggested a two-year kindergarten program, "This sure as heck beats retaining them in eighth grade," "This really makes up for the deficiencies of the situation in which students find themselves," said board member Nativo Lopez. "The immigrant experience. The poverty. The limited-English proficiency. Those are all tremendous obstacles our children are called to overcome." Other suggestions are full-day kindergarten and pre-kindergarten programs. L.A. Times, 10-22-01 |
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| First Portuguese Settlers The first Portuguese settler in California was Antonio Jose Rocha. He too deserted ship but was allowed to stay because of his blacksmith and carpenter skills. He was Catholic and was Portuguese, a kin to the Spanish, which made him more acceptable in Mexican California. In 1815, he was in Los Angeles and had a blacksmith shop. In 1821, Rocha built "El Molino" or the old mill for the missionaries at Mission San Gabriel. He also constructed the building which would later be the first headquarters of Los Angeles county and city governments. Rocha married Maria Josefa Alvarado, who was from a prominent California family, and had five children. He got a land grant in 1828 which was the 4,600 acre Rancho La Brea, and he raised cattle on it. He allowed the public to use the tar from the now famed La Brea tarpits to roof their houses. He and his family moved to Santa Barbara in the 1830's,8 and he died sometime shortly after that. J.J. Warner, an important early Californian, said this about Rocha: He was a pious man, quite a favorite with all the priests, a very industrious man, and one of the most respectable and esteemed citizens of Los Angeles from the time of my first acquaintance with him in 1831 until the time of his death.9 http://wwwlibrary.csustan.edu/bsantos/calif.html |
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Tongva
Peak A La Crecenta resident wants to name a local peak after the Gabrielinos, the region's original inhabitants. Richard Tryon has been hiking in the Verdugo Mountains since he was a youth. the tallest peak is the mountain he wants to officially designated as Tongva Peak. The Verdugo range stretches about 10 miles across the eastern San Fernando alley from La Tuna Canyon to Glendale. "It's a way to keep local history alive," said Toyon, who is half Native American of the Acjachemem/Juaneno tribe in Orange. "They'll have a better understanding of what the local history is - that it began many thousands of years before the Europeans came." LA Times, 8-13-01 |
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THE INDIAN TAX REBELLION OF 1851 http://www.thehistorynet.com/WildWest/articles/2000/1200_cover.htm
Sent by Johanna de Soto |
| Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles
All baptismal records for the Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles are kept at the parish of baptism (assuming the parish is still in existence). We put out a general listing once a month to all parishes listing the people who have requested baptismal records, but who do not know the parish. That search, unfortunately, only gets about a 5% positive response. (We have 287 parishes, and all is fruitless unless the one baptismal parish checks its records.) (Please note that, given the volume of requests, we usually restrict the search to living people. If you are doing genealogical work, please let me know. Even if we do not put the information in the general listing, I can still try to help you narrow down the possible parishes.) If you know the name of the parish, please contact that parish directly. If you have a general idea of which parish it may be, or know the geographic area, please check the web site of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, which shows maps of all of our parishes, with parish name, address, and phone number. To go to that site, please click here. Before (or instead of) sending information in the general monthly listing, we try to narrow down the search. Following, please find different avenues that may be of assistance.
We hope these questions help you in your search. If the previous steps still fail in producing the baptismal certificate, and you would like to be put on our monthly general mailing list to all the parishes in our area, please click here to fill out a form you can complete and e-mail to me. Please note that this general mailing only covers Catholic parishes in Los Angeles County, Ventura County, and Santa Barbara County--the area covered by the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. If you need further assistance or would like to be directed to your local diocese or archdiocese, please feel free to contact me either at 213/637-7618 or at eeobrien@la-archdiocese.org. (Please click on the underlined name to send me e-mail.) Thank you. Best wishes in your search. Eileen E. O'Brien http://operations.la-archdiocese.org/baptism.htm |
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Catholic Encyclopedia
includes historical information on the
founding of churches and development of areas and diocese |
Another
helpful site for Catholic Diocese information. http://cemeteries.la-archdiocese.org/5csh.html |
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The Catholic Church's Latin Heritage |
| Carlos
R. Moreno, Supreme Court Justice Some Alta California Pioneers Vietnam War U.S. Deaths Sharing Family Stories Salvadoran immigrants California Indian Radio Project Ethnic Resource Center |
Tulare County Nicoleño Indians Internet Use to Preserve Culture Jesus Hegara Nicoleño Indians Alameda County 1880 Census Orphan Colonist: Apolinaria Lorenzana |
| Carlos R. Moreno, formerly a U.S. District Court judge in Los Angeles has been sworn in as associate justice of the California Supreme Court, the first Latino on the court in 12 years. |
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Dear Hispanic Researchers, This is our official announcement that we will once again offer a limited printing of the 5 volume works by Dorothy Mutnick, SOME ALTA CALIFORNIA PIONEERS. These are five volumes, spiral bound, not available from any other source. Because the printing costs and retail price are so great and the demand so light we only offer the set once every two or three years. We plan to limit this run to 25 sets. We can however increase that number if we receive a larger number of pre-print orders. The Price is $300 which includes tax and shipping. You can mail your check payable to CCCHS with name and shipping instructions to: Kathleen Mero The History Center 610 Main Street Martinez, CA 94553 For more info call: [925] 229-1042 Fax [925] 229-1772 e-mail: cchistry@ix.netcom.com or kmero@ix.netcom.com The deadline for orders for this offer is November 15, 2001 Books will be shipped US Priority Mail November 30, 2001 This is an expensive but indispensable research aide for all those researching hispanic history and genealogy. It contains detailed pedigrees of hundreds of Hispanic pioneers. Mrs Mutnick was a meticulous researcher who spent several years compiling this unique work. Many of you are already familiar with the work and may have even found a copy in a repository near you. We suggest that you may want to gather several local researchers to contribute and buy one for your local library so many can have access to it. We are happy to accept private orders for delivery to public libraries or archives. Please don't hesitate to ask for further info if needed. The first offer for these reprints was made in 1999 and sold out all 25 copies immediately. Sent by Granville Hough, Cindy Lobuglio, and George Gause |
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Listing of the California
U.S. Military Personnel Who Died during the Vietnam War http://www.nara.gov/nara/electronic/cahrviet.html National Archives and Records Administration Center for Electronic Records U.S. Military Personnel Who Died (Including Missing and Captured Declared Dead) as a result of the Vietnam conflict, 1957-1995 Listed Alphabetically by Homestate, Homecity, and there under by Name as of November 1997 Sent by Johanna de Soto |
| The Cal
State Northridge University digital library project is to
make thousands of images from the San Fernando Valley available on a new
Internet site. On the following site you will find more than 2,000
photos, illustrations, maps, manuscripts and other visual records of the
Valley's past. http://wwwdigital-library.csun.edu L.A. Times, 10-16-01 |
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Sharing Family Stories
Findings of a statewide survey of the California public reveal that few
Californians feel there is a strong sense of community in their cities
or towns. The study revealed that 40 percent of the people surveyed
strong agreed that California would be a better place to live if people
were more aware of each other's history and background. And,
almost half of those surveyed strongly agreed that sharing stories and
histories is a good way to increase feelings of community. |
|
Almost one-quarter of Salvadoran immigrants
aged 25 or older have attended college, twice the percentage among
Mexican immigrants and 25% of families headed by one or more Salvadoran
immigrants earn more than $50,000 a year. The study by Dr. David
Hayes-Bautista, UCLA, found that there were almost 300,000 Salvadoran
living in California, mostly the Southland. L.A. Times 10-11-01 |
| Califormia Indian Radio
Project, a 13-part series in distribution over the Airos (American
Indian Radio on Satellite) Network, is feeding to public radio stations
through the public radio satellite system, as well as globally through
live audio streaming at www.airos.org.
There are more than 300 tribes in California, and this project is meant
to give listeners an understanding of the rich mixture that
characterizes California Indian life. To to the Web site for
archives and broadcast scheduling information. Humanities, Fall, Vol. 22, No. 4 |
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Ethnic Resource Center Of
the California State Library |
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Native Californians Use Internet to Preserve Culture The Southern California Tribal Chairman's Association, an organization of 18 tribes in the San Diego area, won a $5 million grant from Hewett-Packard (HP) to build a Digital Village. http://www.Wired.com reported that HP, UC San Diego, and the San Diego Supercomputer Center, among other, have established partnerships with the Indian organization to help them meet each tribe's needs. By easily connecting with other tribes and other resources on the Internet, the tribes hope to preserve their culture, build community, and stimulate their economies. The centerpiece of the plan is a high-speed, broadband wireless network between the reservations. Humanities, Summer 2001, Vol. 23, No. 3 |
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Jesus Hegara was listed in the Tulare County, California 1888 Great
Register listed as 46 years old, a native of Mexico,
naturalized by the Treaty at Queretaro, 4 October. Sequoia Genealogy Society, Inc. Newsletter, September 2001 |
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Nicoleño Indians Archeologist, Steve Schwartz, has uncovered relics and the story of the Nicoleño Indians on San Nicolas, an island off Ventura County coast. Schwartz was hired by the Navy a dozen years ago to meet federal environmental requirements and has become the expert on the island. One of the first things he did when he arrived was to find journal accounts of the Nicoleño. Thanks to those artifacts lining Schwartz's shelves, there are clues to what the people were like and how they lived. He believes that the Nicoleño sailed here and that they had perhaps yearly contact with civilizations on other islands. They were water people, Schwartz said, that is obvious in the cave paintings of whales and sharks. The relied on the sea but rarely the island. They had very little wood, because there are few trees. There was little good stone for making arrowheads. The islanders must have had a good life, Schwartz said. There was plenty of food - abalone and mussels that could be plucked from the rocks. The Nicoleño built shelters out of whale bones tucked into holes that would have kept them out of the island's fierce winds. L.A. Times, 9-21-01 |
| The Living Culture and History of
California Indians A collaboration among UC Berkeley's Interactive University Project, Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology, San Francisco and Oakland Unified School districts. The site includes a beautiful colored map showing clearly defined locations for each of the California Indian tribes. In addition, you can click on to Indian Groups, and learn about the history of the area and tribe, view artifacts and other photographs, http://www.qal.berkeley.edu/~kroeber/iup.ca.ind/ca_ind_index.html Sent by Johanna de Soto |
1880 Federal Census, Alameda County, California - Murray Township, Residents 3701-4173Reprinted by permission. © 2001 by Intellectual Reserve, Inc.Material in this database is reprinted by permission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In granting permission for this use of copyrighted material, the Church does not imply endorsement or authorization of this web site. The most massive data extraction effort ever undertaken by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) culminated on June 1, 2001 with the release of the 1880 U.S. Census database on compact disk. With 50.5 million names, it is a fully extracted record with every name indexed. As an indication of the magnitude of the effort, it required 11.5 million hours of labor by the extractors, spread over 17 years. A tiny fraction of the database - that pertaining to the home locale
of the Livermore-Amador Genealogical Society (L-AGS) - is presented on
these Web pages as a handy reference for local historians and
genealogists. Using the powerful search engine on the L-AGS home page
allows researchers to find any name - in fact, any word -
anywhere on the Web site. Any search will now include this 1880 census. http://www.l-ags.org/census1880/census1880.09.html |
| Soldados
· Spanish Colonial and Mexican Reenactors/Living Historians
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Soldados/message/956 Francisco Carlos Martinez RojasCuera del Rey, Cabo, Presidio de San Diego http://www.Soldados.org |
| Orphan Colonist of California: Apolinaria Lorenzana LORENZANA, Apolinaria. Was one of the foundling children sent to California from Mexico in 1800, and lived in San Diego. The name, Lorenzana, was that of the archbishop of Mexico, given to all foundlings. She never married, but was very charitable and known as la Beata [the sister of charity]. She claimed the Jamacha rancho, but lost it. She was in San Luis Rey in 1821-30, and later assisted Father Vicente at the San Diego Mission. In later life she lived at Santa Barbara, was poor and blind and supported by charity. She dictated for Bancroft her memoirs. [from William Ellsworth Smythe's History of San Diego, 1907, page 170, courtesy of Professor Steven Schoenherr, University of San Diego, Dept. of History] "nineteen illegitimate children were sent from Mexico under the care of Madre de Jesus, nine boys under 10 years of age, and 10 girls, some of them already marriageable, who were distributed in respectable families in the different presidios." From state papers we learn that 21 children left Mexico City for San Blas and one died on the sea voyage. The expense is said to have been $4763. There was a plan to send 60 boys and the same number of girls. Two of the girls were married before the end of the year. Considerable San Diego county history has gathered about one of these orphan girls who came with seven other waifs to San Diego. She was known as Apolinaria Lorenzana, named for the archbishop, as were all the ninos expositos. As an old lady she dictated her recollections: "'On our arrival, el gobierno repartio los ninos como perritos entre varias familias' - (The governor distributed the children like little dogs among various families)." One historian says: "Her mother came with her, but soon married an artilleryman and went to San Blas, so that Apolinaria never saw her again. The girl was placed in the Carrillo family, with whom she spent many years at Monterey, Santa Barbara and San Diego. Then she lived long at San Diego and other missions engaged in caring for the padres, tending the sick and teaching children. She soon gained the name of La Beata and has ever commanded the highest respect of those who knew her." In the third decade of the century she was at San Luis Rey mission, where she taught Indian women to sew. She was housekeeper for the padres and neophytes alike. She nursed the sick and now and then accompanied an invalid to Warner's Hot Springs (Agua Caliente) for baths. In 1840 Apolinaria asked for the rancho Jamacha and, having "obtained the necessary certificates from the padres" some years previously, the grant was confirmed to her by the land commission, but she lost it through "some legal hocus-pocus." This ranch contained nearly 9000 acres. Another small tract was granted her in 1843 by Governor Micheltorena. This was El Rancho de los Coches, afterwards the home of "Don Juliano" Ames. It was as a devoted church woman that San Diegans knew La Beata Apolinaria. One who remembered her 60 years ago said to me, "She was almost too good. She raised Indian girls for the church. When she baptized an Indian baby girl she always wanted it called Polinaria. If it was a boy she'd want him named Polinario." What became of the other San Diego waifs "de la cuna de Mexico," distributed among families at the same time Apolinaria was received into the Carrillo home is unknown, but the fact that their origins were lost argues that they became identified with the households where they were reared. No doubt they received much the same kind though strict upbringing that legitimate sons and daughters knew. One Valeriana Lorenzana became the wife of the San Diegan Desiderio Ybarra; and we find in 1806 an entry, Maria Getrudis Lorenzana, "widow of Jose Murillo." [from Carl Heilbron's History of San Diego County, 1936] In the military colonies of San Diego, Santa Barbara, Monterey and San Francisco, women helped each other learn to read and write. Manuel Carcaba, quartermaster for California, recruited Apolinaria Lorenzana, an orphan girl from the Mexico City Lorenzana orphange in 1797. Apolinaria had learned her letters in her native town. She went on to teach herself to write in California, imitating the letters on whatever white paper she found discarded. While living in the house of Doña Tomasa Lugo, Apolinaria taught some girls "the doctrine" of the Catholic Church. Dona Josefa Sal, a widow friend who later took in Apolinaria, opened a school to teach girls to read, pray and sew. (18) Through the Catholic church, women made a powerful impact on community life, female Indian converts and the presidio-mission economy. [by Kathy Hughart, University of San Diego] Armando Romero Unigen Corporation 45388 Warm Springs Blvd Fremont, Ca 94539 510-668-2088 ext.2071 aromero@unigen.com
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| Balangiga Bells | Sioux South Dakota |
| Balangiga
Bells September 28th marked the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Balangiga. A group of Filipino Americans have renewed efforts to resolve a long-standing dispute that has pitted Filipinos here and in the Philippines against American veterans and U.S. officials. The focus of their dispute: two cast-iron church bells that have been displayed in Cheyenne, Wyoming for almost a century as part of a memorial honoring American soldiers who died at Balangiga. The bells were originally from the local Catholic church in Balangiga, Philippines. They tell a part of U.S. history that barely appears in textbooks: The American colonization of the Philippines. For the Filipinos, the bells are a powerful symbol of psychological wounds that still permeate the U.S.- Philippine relationship and color the ongoing dispute about veterans benefits for Filipinos who fought for the United States during World War II. In 1901, U.S. Brig. Gen. Jacob Smith, infuriated with the success of Filipino guerrillas fighting for freedom from the Americans, ordered the island to be reduced to a "howling wilderness". In the following weeks, U.S. soldiers killed most male residents of Balangiga over the age of ten. Smith was eventually convicted of misconduct in a court-martial and cashiered. Extract from article by Cara Mia DiMassa, L.A. Times, 9-28-01 |
The Sioux of South Dakota refuse the half-billion dollars offered by the U.S. government, which has claimed ownership of the land since 1877. In 1868, the United States signed a treaty setting aside the Black Hills "for the absolute and undisturbed use and occupancy of the Sioux." Then gold was discovered there, and congress grabbed the land after negotiations to purchase it broke down. A century later, in 1980, the Supreme Court awarded eight Sioux tribes $160 million in compensation - the 1877 value of $17.5 million, plus interest. This was payment for what the court called "a taking of tribal property." The money sites in a government account, interest having swollen it now to $570 million. Regardless of the obvious need, opposition to taking the money consistently runs over 90% in newspaper surveys. Still the Sioux won't touch it. They say that would be a sellout of the Lakota nation, religion and culture. O.C. Register, 8-20-01 |
| Early
Marriage Records from Counties in the Western Part of the United States http://abish.byui.edu/fhc/gbsearch.asp Over the past decade, the BYU-Idaho Family History Center has been extracting early marriage records from counties in the western part of the United States. Virtually all of the pre-1900 marriages are included in the index for Arizona, Idaho and Nevada. Many Idaho and Utah counties have been extracted into the 1930’s and some, much later. A significant number of marriages from southwestern Wyoming, eastern Washington, eastern Oregon and selected counties in California are also included. For a more details see “List of Counties by State”. As of 23 August 2001, this file contains some 267,000 marriage records with additional entries being added nearly every working day. University students in the Special Collections area of the McKay Library in Rexburg, Idaho have typed the resulting manuscript information into an Internet database. The file represents an effort to share results even though the list is incomplete and further proofreading and editing may be needed. Continuing efforts are ongoing to add new counties and to make appropriate corrections. Users are invited to notify us when errors are found or corrections needed. Please review “Search tips” for additional suggestions in using the database. The index may not be comprehensive for the time period and/or locality described. Also, note that parents of the bride and groom are seldom mentioned in marriage records. As is the case for all indexes it is recommended that the original marriage record be reviewed for additional information not extracted and for transcription accuracy. Blaine R. Bake is the editor, bakeb@byui.edu Sent by Johanna de Soto |
| Desert
Archaeology, Inc. Hispanic America USA, Inc. Preservation Efforts New Mexico's Chile New Mexico Death Index Online Jesuit Historical Institute Sacred Objects Reading Dr. Seuss in Mutsun |
Presidio de San Agustin Return of the Buffalo Buffalo Commemorative Coins Native Americans (3) French-Canadians of the West San Pedro Martir de Verona Hispanic Heritage Center Annual Anza World |
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Desert Archaeology,
Inc.
The City of Tucson, AZ has developed a project to revitalize the downtown area. The project includes archaeological and historical research focusing on the community's Native American, Spanish, and Mexican heritage. |
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Hispanic America USA,
Inc.
A Non-Profit Organization providing an overview of Contributions of Hispanics & Spanish Speaking America - World and United States History Copyright © 1996-97 all rights reserved. Fernando Javier Rivera y Monacda By Michael R. Hardwick,hardwic2@juno.com C/O Judy Baca Romero, Hispanic America USA, Inc. P.O. Box 36693, Phoenix, Arizona 85067-6693 Sent by Johanna de Soto |
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Preservation
Efforts: A Legacy in Ruins
If you want to see the marvelous
preservation success of the Tumacácori mission in Arizona, click to
it. You will be impressed with what is possible. Many photos. Sent by Johanna de Soto |
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New Mexico's Chile With an annual crop valued at $150 million, New Mexico is the nation's largest producer of chile peppers. 15,000 laborers a day are hired during its peak season. Many of the laborers were from Mexico. However the tradition is changing, now, many of these workers are staying in Mexico. Mexico has taken 70% of New Mexico's production of jalapeño crop. Since the North American Free Trade Agreement, there has been a sixfold increase in chile imports from Mexico. L.A. Times, 10-22-01 |
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New Mexico Death Index On-Line On November 4th, 2001, genealogical history will been made when the New Mexico Death Index for the years 1899 to 1940 will go on-line for researchers to find lost or undiscovered relatives. Sam-Quito Padilla G., Head Project Coordinator for the NMDI Project started this project in August of 2000 with the help of a number of volunteers and donors to complete the huge task. However, the project is not yet complete. In early 2002, years 1941 to 1950 or section/book 3 will begin and your assistance is still need. If you would like to know more about the NMDI Project and a link to the death index, go to: http://www.nmia.com/~samquito/nmdi.html for more information. A BIG THANK YOU must go out to all the people listed below for their assistance with the New Mexico Death Index Project: Head Coordinator, NMDI Project: Sam-Quito Padilla G. NMGenWeb's Archives File Manager: Gina Heffernan Donors and/or Volunteers: Yvonne DeBow-McCord, William Hunter, Vivien Andrews, Vivian Chávez Tanis, Vincent P. Story, Van & Cassandra Eastwold, Tom Bombaci Jr., Tanda Baca, Tana Collis, Sylvia Todd, Susan S. Bellomo, Susan L. Thompson, Sheri A. Armijo, Sharon F. Linneer, Scott Sena-Inman & Bridget Montoya de Inman, Sandy Haar, Sam-Quito Padilla G., S. Raymond Mireles, Ruth Padilla, Ruth M. Allen, Rose Abeyta Emery, Ronald L. Jaramillo, Roger Torres, Robert Wadlington, Robert Turner, Robert England, Robert & Priscilla Greene, Robert Baca, Richard Pino, Richard Loya, Phyllis Gessert Garratt, Paul Cuni, Patti Pennington, Patryka Tachick, Patricia Childs, Patricia Black-Esterly, Patricia Bennett, Patricia Armijo, Patrick Smith, Norine L. Heinrich, Nancy Larberg, Nancy Strawder Bruce, Michelle A. Chávez, Mary Ann Chávez, Martha H. Davis, Margaret A. Kingsford, Manuel T. Chávez, Manuel J. Chávez, Lynn Cornett, Lynn Alexander Welker, Lucy A. Torres, Louie B. Chávez, Lorrie Muriel-Sutton, Lorraine I. Aguilar, Libby & Len Traubman, Leroy J. Moore, Leon & Kay Moya, Laura Hauser-Melton, Kit Betteridge, Karen Lermuseaux, Juanita Pino, Juan A. Saavedra, Joseph T. Rivera, José & Olga Padilla, José Albino Lucero, Joe F. Lucero, JoAnn Pinnell, Jerry & Andrea & Olivia & Julia Silva, Jeanette Tammy Baca de Montañez, Janine Crandell, Janelle S. Foster, James Sorrell, Mrs. J. Anne Vejar, Harold R. Williams, Harold Kilmer, Félix O. Gonzáles Jr., Gregory Romero, Glory Bee Richhart, Gloria Torres de Armijo, Gloria Saavedra Martínez, Gloria E. McCrary, Gina Heffernan, Georgiana Torres, Gail Knight, Ernest & Barb García, Elsa Altshool, Eller Chávez Klauberg, Elena L. Diaz, Eileen Cooper, Edwina R. Hewett, Donna Bradley, Donita Barnes, Dee S. Habeck, Darlene Tracy, Daniel & Rosa Florez, Cora Janie Edwards, Clarissa Cosgrove, Claire Ortiz Hill, Cindy Koegel, Cindy Fahrbach, Charles D. Binns, Charles & Janet Barnum, Celia Chávez, Carolyn Newcomb, Brent Banta, Beth Martín-Chan, Benigno L. López, Belva Whitfield, Aveli Padilla, Annette Wasno, Angela Lewis and Albert Vidaurre. If you would like to know more about the NMDI Project and a link to the death index, go to: http://www.nmia.com/~samquito/nmdi.html for more information. Sent by Sam-Quito Padilla G. samquito@nmia.com |
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American Division of the Jesuit Historical Institute
http://www.statemuseum.arizona.edu/drsw/adjhi/index.html In 1950 Father Ernest J. Burrus, S.J., of the New Orleans Province was transferred to Rome to work with the Jesuit Historical Institute. From the beginning his involvement was primarily with the history of the Society in the Americas, especially North America and Mexico. Over the twenty-four year period of his apostolate he produced more than forty volumes of historical documentation and commentary. During that same period he assisted in the microfilming irreplaceable and scattered Jesuit documents; the depository for those microfilms was chosen to be St. Louis University which helped substantially in their acquisition and maintenance. Sent by Johanna de Soto |
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Sacred Objects and Sacred Places by Andrew Guilliford An overview of the ways Native Americans try to preserve tribal traditions and their sense of identity after decades of federal attempts to assimilate more than 550 tribes into mainstream American culture. Guilliford helps readers to cultivate an understanding of why it is important for Native peoples to retain their languages, songs, dances, and use of sacred natural medicines and why human remains and ceremonial objects must be repatriated to tribes. National Museum of the American Indian, Volume 2, Number 3, Summer 2001 |
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Reading Dr. Seuss in Mutsun Quirina Luna-Costillas a 30-year old Mutsun Ohlone who grew up in California's Central Valley has spent five years piecing together her people's lost language from century-old grammar texts, various transcripts and wax recordings - in her spare time, while working as a cashier. Her son Jonathan may have been the first child in 100 years to say his first word - tatay, or "touch" in Mutsun. Congress in 1990 passed the Native American Languages Act, which
translated into money for language renewal projects all over the
country. That year, the National Parks Service gave nearly $15
million to Native American cultural preservation efforts. The
Administration for Native But despite the new attention to saving these languages, chances are
dismal that many will survive, experts say. Throughout the country,
about 175 are spoken, according to 1999 Senate testimony by Alaska
linguist Michael Krauss. But only a very few are spoken by enough
young people to give them a chance at survival. In 60 years, Krauss
predicted only 20 Native American languages will be left. Extracts from article by Robin Shulman, L.A. Times, 8-13-01 |
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PIONEER FAMILIES OF THE PRESIDIO DE SAN AGUSTIN: http://www.rio-nuevo.org/rionuevo/people/g_fam.htm The family
histories presented on the Family History web pages are a first draft.
Research will continue over the next few years and additional data will
be added and corrections made. For further information please contact
Homer Thiel at homer@desert.com.
This is a wonderful resource for Hispanic researchers with Arizona
roots. Examples of alphabetical listing. Check it out! Fernando Galas was a Private in the Cavalry on 1 September 1855, serving with the boundary escort (Officer 1989:332). On 20 January 1856, Fernando had the ownership of a house formally recorded by Joaquin Comaduran, commanding officer and civil judge of the military colony (Pima Co. DRE 1:2-3). The house had been sold by Jacinto Sotelo to Galas's wife (unnamed), who passed it to her husband. Julian Gales was stationed at the Presidio on 1 January 1817, working with the pack train (Dobyns 1976:160). GALLARDO Dolores Gallardo was born about 1817-1818 in Sonora. A Dolores Gallardo was living in Tucson in 1831 with a woman named Ana Mesa and a child named Ramon Castro (McCarty 1981:41, household #9). Dolores was married prior to 1847 to Maria Rita Granillo. Maria probably died prior to 1850. He was probably married about 1850 (probably as his second wife) to Trinidad Vilderray. Trinidad was born about 1832-1833 in Sonora, Mexico. In 1852, Dolores was the second Justice of the Peace in Tucson (Officer 1989:263). In July 1858, Dolores and Trinidad were godparents to Ynes Taco, daughter of Soledad Taco (Magdalena Church Records, UAL Microfilm 811 Roll 1). In 1860, the Gallardos lived in Tucson where Dolores farmed (1860 Census, New Mexico Sent by Eddie Grijalva |
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The Return of the Buffalo The animals which numbered 60 million in the early 1800s, were hunted and killed nearly to extinction during the settling of the West in the mid-to-late 1800s. Historians say the the number had swindled to about 1,500 at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1990 the Inter-Tribal Bison Cooperative, ITBC,was formed to assist tribes in returning buffalo to their lands. Today hundreds of thousands of bison roam in refuges and on reservations. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, a 3.5-ounce serving of bison steak has 2.4 grams of fat and 116 calories. the same amount of beef carries about 8 grams of fat and 161 calories. "We managed to reduce the rate of diabetes and we believe we're beginning to reverse the onset of diabetes," said Louis LaRose, past president of ITBC. |
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| NMAI announced that the entire run of 500,000 American Buffalo commemorative coins sold within to two weeks of the release - a record for the United States Mint. A $10 surcharge per coin raised $5 million for the NMAI to use toward opening events and public program for the Mall Museum. | |
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David Rockefeller
has made a second gift of $1 million
to the NMAI. Rockerfeller, a former trust of the Museum had made a
$1 million gift to the museum in 1994. National Museum of the American Indian, Volume 2, Number 3, Summer 2001 |
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One of the most debilitating diseases among Native
American populations is diabetes, often resulting in kidney failure.
The rate of diabetes in the Gallup, New Mexico area is 12 times the
national average. The Southwest Indian Foundation, Autumn, 2001 |
Center for Greater Southwestern Studies and the History of Cartography http://www.uta.edu/southwesternstudies/ Old issues of the Center's newsletter Fronteras is available online, beginning with Vol. 1, No. 1 in 1992. |
| French-Canadians
of the West A Biographical Dictionary of French-Canadians and French Métis of the Western United States and Canada by Peter J. Gagné
http://www.quintinpublications.com/fcw.html Louis Robidoux was born 24 September 1791, one of the six sons of Joseph Robidoux père and Catherine Rollet dit Ladéroute - "a numerous family that had practically dug the Missouri."(1) Like his brothers Antoine and Joseph, Louis engaged in the fur trade. In addition to French and English, he spoke Spanish, Cahuilla and other Indian dialects. Louis and his brother Antoine led a caravan to Santa Fe for the first time in 1822, while Joseph saw to business in Missouri. For some time, Louis operated a gristmill and ironworks in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where Antoine operated a store. Louis, whose name is sometimes written "Luis," married Guadalupe Garcia in the 1830's. His wife, born in 1815 in Santa Fe, gave him four sons and four daughters between 1836 and 1851. Like many of the early traders who settled in New Mexico, Louis Robidoux became a Mexican citizen in order to take advantage of rights and privileges granted only to citizens. He also served as alderman and first alcalde (mayor) in Santa Fe. In 1843, Louis and brother Antoine Robidoux were part of a party of immigrants led to California by Don Jose Tomas Salazar. The next year, he brought his wife and children out in a prairie schooner, along with all of their belongings. Louis Robidoux's name, along with that of Jim Beckwourth and several other men of note, appears on a list of "two hundred foreigners shown by the records to have visited California in 1844," among which he is considered to be a "pioneer resident" by historian Hubert H. Bancroft.(2) Once settled in California, Robidoux settled on land that was known as the Rancho Jurupa. The Jurupa Land Grant - 32,000 acres along the Santa Ana River - was originally given to Don Juan Bandini(3) by the Mexican government on 28 September 1838. On 4 December of the same year, it was filed in the city of Los Angeles and officially patented on 8 December 1876 to Louis Robidoux. On 16 March 1844, Robidoux bought land from Santiago Johnson. Located in the San Timoteo Canyon, the land became known as the Robidoux Rancho San Timoteo. Louis and his family lived here for four years and continued raising cattle and horses on the property for 23 years. About 1844 or 1845, Louis Robidoux and Benito Wilson, owner of the Rancho Jurupa, built a grist mill along the Santa Ana River. Robidoux had previous experience building other mills in his travels, such as the one he operated at Santa Fe. Settlers from the surrounding area brought their grain to the mill to be ground. A plaque now marks the location of the mill, California State Historical Landmark #303. Louis Robidoux was actively involved in defending California during the Mexican War in 1846-47. In late September 1846, Don Benito Wilson was asked by Captain Gillespie to bring his force of 20 men to Los Angeles to help defend that city. Nearly out of gunpowder, Wilson and his men - including Robidoux - stopped along the way at Rancho Chino, where they found Colonel Isaac Williams and his men also low on powder. On 29 September, the Americans were attacked at Chino by Serbulo Varela, Jose del Carmen and a force of over 50 men. After the Mexicans set fire to the walls of the ranch, the Americans surrendered and were taken prisoner. They were taken to the camp of Commandante Flores outside of Los Angeles and promised their freedom if they agreed to not take up arms or otherwise support the United States, but all of the men refused these conditions. Robidoux and the others were apparently released in mid-January 1847 when General Frémont signed a peace with Andres Pico and the "National Forces of California." Click on to read the rest of the story:
http://home.earthlink.net/~djmill/robidoux_bio.htm |
SAN PEDRO MÁRTIR DE VERONA(1794-1806)
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http://pages.zdnet.com/cohwill/ANZAWEBPAGES.htm Juan Bautista de Anza was a major figure in the history of Northern New Spain, a vast region that once included much of modern Northern Mexico and the Southwestern United States. He was born of Basque descent in the military outpost of Fronteras, Sonora, in 1734. He joined the army as a cadet at the same presidio on July 10, 1755. Anza was later transferred to the Presidio of Tubac in Southern Arizona. He became the captain of that outpost in 1759. He was soon recognized as a leading military figure in the province. Anza fought with distinction in various campaigns against the Apaches, the Seris, and the O'odam. In 1774 and 1775, he organized and led two expeditions to Alta California by way of the Yuma Crossing. The second operation culminated in the founding of the Presidio of San Francisco. In 1777 he became the military governor (Comandante de armas) of Sonora. A short time later, Anza was sent to Santa Fe to become the civil and military governor of the Province of New Mexico. During his term he focused much of his efforts on improving defense and communications. In 1784, he was retired as governor under a cloud created by the complaints of various leading New Mexico families. After being exonerated he died suddenly in Arizpe, Sonora, on December 19, 1788. During his short life he had played a major part in the history of California, Arizona, Sonora, and New Mexico. Sent by Johanna de Soto |
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Don Manuel Becerra Marker, November 3, Monumento Tejano, Austin Austin Prints & Photos Texas Navy Segundo Barrio, El Paso Spanish Colonial Records in El Paso |
TexTreasures Oral Histories Sons of the American Revolution 37th Texas Cavalry Heritage of Color Texas Confederate Pensions |
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Texas
Historical Commission Historical Marker Dedication As a citizen under the flags of
Spain, Mexico, The Republic of Texas and the United States, Manuel Becerra
bore witness to many of the formative events in Texas history and played a
significant role in colonization efforts. He died in what is now
Refugio county about 1849. |
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Austin Gala Celebration of Tejano Legacy, November
10, 2001, reception to launch a campaign to build the Monumento
Tejano, a permanent monument to be erected on the State Capitol
grounds as a tribute to the original Spanish and Mexican explorers,
pioneers, ranchers, farmers and missionaries that dared to make Texas
their home. Information: (512) 451-1558 tejano@hollandrich.com or visit http://www.tejanos,com Executive Committee: Cayetano E.
Barrera, Homera S. Vera, Andres Tijerina, Richard P. Sanchez |
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The Austin Genealogical Society's speaker last month was John Anderson,
Preservation Officer Prints & Photographs Collection,
Texas State Library & Archives Commission, Austin, TX The Prints & Photographs Collection at the Texas State Library & Archives Commission consists of more than a half million images documenting the diverse history of Texas and Texans. In recent years, due to limited staff and storage resources, the Archives has had to limit the collecting scope of the collection to Texas government and its officials. In some cases the Archives may also accept original material which complements major collections that we already hold. The Archives does not accept copies of photos, photos with copyright or other restriction, or personal, family photos unrelated to Texas Government. Sent by Carol Lutz http://www.austintxgensoc.org/ 512-345-1422 Anna Houston Price shortyhouston@prodigy.net 512-231-0640 |
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Look at the Houston
Calendar. Events calendar varied: http://www.thehoustoncalendar.com |
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Did you know that the Republic of Texas had a Navy?
It was first organized in November 1835 and four schooners were
purchased. It was disbanded in 1837. By 1839, a new Texas Navy
was established. When the Republic joined the United States as the
28th State of the Union, the Texas Navy was transferred to the United
State Navy. |
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Segundo
Barrio: an el paso community-based magazine
The idea of this magazine began with a love for Paso and its community.
The Segundo Barrio Company is not a company at all, but a
non-profit, non-partisan effort founded in 2000 to share information on El
Paso with El Pasoans. Rather than get information through third parties,
who may or may not be informed on issues and well rounded in their
understanding of the community they cover, Segundo Barrio is
intended to evolve into a forum where El Pasoans directly involved with
isses can share their information. |
Spanish Colonial records in El PasoG. L. Seligmann (GUS@cas.unt.edu)Wed, 28 Jun 1995 09:22:07 CST6CDT
MF 495 Archivos del Ayuntamiento de Cd. Juarez (1726-1899) MF 513 Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Municipal Records (1750-1947) A partial card index is available for MF 495; a reel-by-reel guide for MF 513. The Archivos del Ayuntamiento de Chihuahua (MF 491) have a date range
of 1712-1941, but have no finding aid. They are voluminous (656 rolls) and
are in roughly chronological order. |
| TexTreasures The University of Texas at Arlington Libraries announce the receipt of a grant from the Texas State Library and Archives’ TexTreasures program. The $20,000 grant will partially fund a project called Tejano Voices, which will provide improved access to 77 oral history interviews conducted during the 1990s by U.T. Arlington political science professor, José Angel Gutiérrez. The interviews emphasize the personal stories and struggles of Tejano leaders, many of whom are the first individuals of Mexican descent in their communities elected or appointed to government office. The interviews uniquely reflect the history of the Tejano community as it pressed for an end to racial segregation in the state and access to political power in the post-WWII period. The interviews are housed in Special Collections at the U.T. Arlington Libraries and are available for use by the public during Special Collections’ normal operating hours of Monday 9:00 am-7:00 pm and Tuesday-Saturday, 9:00 am-5:00 pm. The project will run from September 1, 2001, through August 31, 2002. It will feature a web site which will provide access to streamed audio of the interviews and to the interview transcripts. Staff from the Libraries’ Digital Library Services program area will create digital files and will design and implement the project web site. In addition to staff resources, the Libraries will contribute the use of the equipment required by the project. Grant funds will be used to pay the salary of a professional cataloger, who will work on the project half-time for one year in Special Collections. The cataloger’s contribution to the project will include creating catalog records for the interviews and contributing information to the project’s database and web site. The purpose of the TexTreasures grant program is to assist public and academic libraries in Texas to provide access to their special or unique local collection holdings and to make information about these holdings available to library users across the state. The TexTreasures program is supported by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. The Tejano Voices Project will be under the direction of Ann Hodges, Special Collections Projects Manager at the U.T. Arlington Libraries. For more information, please contact: Ann Hodges Special Collections Projects Manager U.T. Arlington Libraries P.O. Box 19497 Arlington, Texas 76019-0497 E-mail: ann.hodges@uta.edu Telephone: 817/272-7510 Fax: 817/272-3360 |
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From: Judge Nathan E. White, JR., Pres. of the Texas Society, Sons of the American Revolution To: Texas newspaper editors Texas Society, Sons of the American Revolution Subject: New syndicated column on American history "Remembering Yesterday" Dear editor: This week President Bush asked that all Americans show their patriotism. An American history newspaper column would be helpful for us to understand our past. During the most recent term of the Texas legislature, a new law was passed that requires the testing of Texas students on social science, as well as math and English. This was caused in part by the lack of knowledge about American history reflected in many independent surveys. One such survey recently found that 22% of American teenagers did not know the correct answer to the grade school history question: "From what country did America declare its independence?" The Sons of the American Revolution (SAR) is a non-profit corporation under section 501 (c) 3 of the Internal Revenue Code. One of our objectives is to keep alive the memory of the founders of our great nation and the principles upon which our country was founded. We sponsor many Americanism programs in our Texas schools, such as the Outstanding American History Teacher Award; R.O.T.C., Oration and Essay Contests for high school students; and a poster contest for elementary school students. In the community we recognize everyday heroes, outstanding law enforcement and fire prevention officers and sponsor programs for our veterans, flag etiquette, etc. We herewith offer to you, without compensation, a monthly column, entitled "Remembering Yesterday", to be written by Judge Edward F. Butler, Sr. of San Antonio, TX. This program was specifically approved by our Board of Managers on Sunday, August 5, 2001. We will submit additional columns on or about the 15th of each month, commencing on October 15th, 2001. Judge Butler is a retired U.S. Administrative Law Judge. He has written two law books; dozens of articles in legal journals; and is the author of three family history books. He is a well respected lecturer and writer in the areas of American history and genealogy. Judge Butler has also taught courses in National Government, State and Local Government, Constitutional Law, and Legal Writing at the University and Law school levels. We think your readers will find his articles interesting and that teachers and students alike will learn from it. The column will include such topics as: a) Articles about the lives of our nation's founders: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin b) Some of the colorful men of the period, including Nathan Hale, Paul Revere, etc. c) Articles about the important documents in our history, such as The Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. d) The events leading up to and the causes of the American Revolution e) Freedom of the Press f) Our National Anthem g) Some of the battles in the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 h) Spain's efforts as an ally of the colonists during the American Revolutionary War i) The exploits of General Bernardo Galvez, for whom Galveston, TX is named. j) The involvement of colonial Spanish ranchers in the San Antonio area who provided cattle and horses for the revolutionary war effort. Attached at the bottom of each article will be a brief mention that the column is being sponsored by the SAR, with a notation of our web site, e-mail address and our telephone number for anyone seeking information about SAR. From time to time, we may also submit news releases about the activities of our chapters in your area, or about our state or national society. If you carry this column, we request that you provide us with a copy of the newspaper in which the article is printed, to be mailed to the following address: Judge Edward F. Butler, Sr. Vice President, Texas Society Sons of the American Revolution 8830 Cross Mountain Trail San Antonio, TX 78255 We plan to send the column to this e-mail address. All transmissions will be in Microsoft Word. Should you wish it sent in Word Perfect, Rich Text Format, or some other fashion, please advise. Should you wish it sent to a different e-mail address, please advise. For further information about the Texas Society, Sons of the American Revolution, I direct your attention to our web site at http://www.ultravision.net/hsfife2/. Although not required, we also request that you include a photo of Judge Butler and a copy of the SAR logo, both of which will be attached to the article in .JPG format. If you need them in some other format, please advise. Very truly yours, Nathan E. White For the Texas Society, SAR |
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37th Texas Cavalry, Civil War
re-enactor web site
To readers of Somos Primos . . .
may we invite you to visit with the 37th Texas Cavalry (Terrell's),
Confederate States Army, the leading historically-accurate, multiracial
Confederate reenactment unit and the only focal point on the Web for valid
research and documentation of the Forgotten Confederates: |
| Heritage
of Color The University of Texas has mounted a Heritage of Color/Herencia de Color exhibit in the Centennial Museum. Seven Masters: Ernesto Martínez, Carlos Callejo, Lupe-Casillas-Lowenberg, Antonio Castro,Gabriel S. Gaytán, Martha Arat and Paul Huereque. The exhibit will run until December 22. Information: (915) 747-6669 |
| Texas
Confederate Pensions Texas Confederate Pension Applications may be searched at: http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/arc/pensions/introcpi.html Remember: (1) One did not have to serve in a Texas unit to receive a Texas pension. All that was required was Confederate service (2) Confederate Pensions were also awarded to numerous African-Americans who could claim some service to the Confederate States of America such as accompanying owners to war or laboring on fortifications. These tend to be more detailed than applications from the soldiers as their names did not appear on muster rolls and had to be supported by affidavits from people who knew about their service. Paul R. Scott, Records Manager Harris County, TX SOURCE: Renée LaPerrière de Gutiérrez Reference/Special Collections Librarian rlaperriere@tamiu.edu http://www.tamiu.edu/~rlaperriere Texas A&M International University Killam Library #308 5201 University Blvd. Laredo, TX 78041-1900 Phone:(956)326-2404 Sent by George Gause |
Sent by Johanna de Soto |
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| Mexicans in New York | Mohegan Indian Tribe |
The Mexican population in New York has tripled in the last ten years. According to the U.S. Census, it is now the third-largest Hispanic group after Puerto Ricans and Dominicans. The burgeoning Mexican community is not limited to East Harlem; its growing presence can be felt across the city. Although census figures show record growth in the Mexican community, some community leaders say the numbers are too low. The actual count is probably twice as high, according to Joel Magallán, the executive director of Association Tepeyac, which works with undocumented Mexicans in New York. "Give us five more years and we will declare this Mexican territory," says Francisco Morales, a native of the Mexican state of Tabasco and owner of Olmeca, a restaurant that opened six months ago on 116th Street." Hispanic August 2001 |
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The Mohegan Indian Tribe
of Connecticut announced a $10 million
contribution for the construction of the National Museum of the American
Indian (NMAI) on June 5, 2001, in Washington, D.C.. Mark Brown, chairman
of the Mohegan tribal council stated, "There is no greater way for
Indian people to tell our story to the world than through this monument
located in the U.S. capital." This donation matches the Pequot
donation of 1994. National Museum of the American Indian, Volume 2, Number 3, Summer 2001, |
| Immigrants Send Money Home VW-Mexico Pact Discount Tickets for those that Sent Money Bracero Class Action Lawsuit Nuevo Laredo Nuevo Leon The Baptism of Pancho Villa Mexican Nationality Mexico Migration Project Morelos: The Land of Zapata The History of Lagos de Moreno |
A marriage in Jerez, Zacatecas From France to Sonora, Mexico Helen Serna's Family Tree Local Catholic Church Histories Gobierno de Estado de Sinoloa, Mocorito Tulare University, study of Mexican history University of Texas Mexican Archives Project Mexican flag Index of Mexican Records Ancestros.com.mx |
| The amount of money Mexican
immigrants sent home rose steadily in the 1990s but took a dramatic leap
in the first six months of this year, increasing nearly 50%.
Mexico took in $6.28 billion last year, making it the second-largest
recipient of remittances from citizens living abroad after India, which
received more than $10 billion, according to a recent United Nations
study. L.A. Times, 9-24-01 |
| VW-Mexico
Pact Labor demands at huge Puebla plant begin to trouble the auto maker. The factory, which opened in 1966 to serve the Mexican market, produces seven out of every 10 Ws sold in the United States and is the only global source for the New Beetle, which has proved to be one of the most noteworthy new-model roll-outs of recent years. The Mexican factory now is the only VW plant on the continent. Among 34 plants worldwide, it is second only to the headquarters factory in Germany. Frustrated with what they say are antiquated Mexican labor laws and unreasonable union leaders, Volkswagen executives say they have suspended a decision to invest $1.5 billion in the Mexico facility in coming years. L.A. Times, 10-24-01 |
| Discount
coupons totaling as much as $400 million will be given to customers who
sent money to Mexico. Plaintiffs in three states had claimed the
wire transfer companies - Western Union, Orlandi Valuta and MoneyGram
- charged hidden and excess fees to predominantly immigrant consumers,
leading to a federal court settlement last year in which the companies
agreed to give discount coupons to former customers. L.A. Times, 10-10-31 |
| Bracero
Class Action Lawsuit Attorney Jorge Cazares reports that there is a national class action filed on behalf of Mexican farm and railroad workers laboring in the U.S. during the 1940s. The lawsuit concerns wage deductions. The way it worked was that at the insistence of the Mexican government, the U.S. government deducted 10% of the Mexican workers' wages to be transferred to Mexican banks where the laborers would be able to withdraw their money. Half a century later, these Mexican workers, known as "braceros", say they never knew about the program and were never paid back the money withheld from their paychecks. Sent by Francisco Sola latinovoteriv@pacbell.net
10-16-01 |
| If
you know of any person working as a bracero in the U.S. during the years
1942 to 1949, they probably belong in the class. Typical members
would be in their 70s given the time frame of the program. If you
know someone who should be added to the class or would like additional
information, you should contact either: Dolores Ponce de Leon, 312-580-0100 or DPonceDeLeon@ghsltd.com Attorney Jonathan A. Rothstein at 312-580-0100, ext 1399 jrothstein@ghsltd.com Ms. Ponce de Leon and Mr. Rothstein are from the Chicago law firm of Gessler, Hughes & Socol, Ltd. who is heading the national class action in Chicago. |
| Nuevo Laredo
is one of 38 Mexican
cities currently confronting a severe water shortage and water utility
financial crisis, according to the Comisión Nacional de Agua (CNA).
Other cities on the CNA list include Reynosa, Hermosillo, and Ciudad
Juárez.
Because of a lack of water meters in the country - only one in four homes has a meter - it has been difficult for water utilities to correctly charge for their services. The CNA says this means that water users are therefore less inclined to pay for their water usage. New water meters need to be installed throughout the nation, according to the CNA. Source: Cambio Hispano, Del 3 al 16 de Agosto, No. 31 |
| Nuevo Leon
Excellent site set up by the Mexican Government, covering the different historical periods, and different states or areas. http://www.nl.gob.mx/pagina/Conozca/Historia/Independencia.htm División del territorio En Madrid se expidió la Real Ordenanza para el Establecimiento e Instrucción de Intendentes de Ejército y de Provincia del Reino de la Nueva España (1786).Se dividió el territorio en doce Intendencias: México como Intendencia General de Ejército y de Provincia Provincias: |
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THE BAPTISM OF PANCHO VILLA (JOSE
DOROTEO ARANGO -- July 7, 1878) English Translation.
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MEXICAN NATIONALITY: PRESERVATION OF MEXICAN NATIONALITYNATIONALITY LAW, EFFECTIVE MARCH 20, 1998 * It will strengthen links among
Mexicans at home and abroad.
* It will allow Mexicans to keep their
nationality after adopting another one from a foreign country.
* It will give individuals who may have lost
their Mexican nationality, an opportunity to recover it.
The Nationality law which allows the preservation of Mexican nationality, regardless of the acquisition of another nationality or citizenship, is effective as of march 20th, 1998. This law, which is based upon a constitutional reform approved unanimously by the Mexican Congress on December 1996, will allow Mexicans who live abroad and decide to adopt a foreign nationality or citizenship, to keep their Mexican nationality. It will also allow those individuals who were originally Mexicans and are now citizens of another country, to regain Mexican nationality. 1.- Background The Mexican provisions regarding nationality, in effect over the last decades, stated that any Mexican who obtained another nationality would lose their Mexican nationality.
This is the beginning of a concise article on Aztlan explaining the
history, and what is required for gaining Mexican Nationality. Even
included are the locations of the Mexican Consulates for further
information on processing papers for Mexican citizenship. http://www.aztlan.net/dualcit.htm |
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Mexican Migration Project and Latin American Migration
Project EN LINEA : Bases de Datos y Proyectos sobre Migracion Latinoamerican Con mi firma abajo, están las direcciones de dos Proyectos : el Mexican Migration Project y el Latin American Migration Project. Se trata de una base pública de datos sobre migración. Es la mejor base de datos que existe sobre el tema y está disponible en internet. Jorge Durand, Universidad de Guadalajara, Investigacion sobre Movimientos Sociales jdurand@megared.net.mx Visita nuestros Home Pages del Mexican Migration Project y del Latin American Migration Project http://lexis.pop.upenn.edu/mexmig/welcome.html http://www.pop.upenn.edu/lamp/ Jorge Durand Argentina 374 Colonia Americana C.P. 44160 Guadalajara, Jal. Mexico tel.(523) 826 14 99 H-MEXICO, Grupo sobre historia de México afiliado a H-Net, Humanities and Social Sciences on Line http://h-net.msu.edu Moderadores Antonio Ibarra * Felipe Castro ibarrara@servidor.unam.mx fcastro@servidor.unam.mx CONSULTA NUESTRO SITIO WEB http://www.h-mexico.unam.mx ¡INSCRIBITE EN LA LISTA DE INVESTIGADORES DE LA PAGINA WEB! Sent by Peter Carr tcigen@worldnet.att.net |
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Morelos: The Land of Zapata |
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The state of Morelos, located in south central Mexico, occupies a total land area of 4,950 square kilometers (1,820 square miles), or 0.25% of the national territory. With a population of approximately 900,000, Morelos is one of the smallest states in Mexico and is bordered on the north and west by the State of Mexico, on the north by the Federal District, on the east by Puebla, and on the south and west by Guerrero. In addition to being very small in size, Morelos is a relatively young state, having been created in 1869 by President Benito Juárez in honor of the
independence leader, José María Morelos y Pavon. Morelos, most of which is located between 1,000 and 3,300 meters (2,900 - 9,800 feet) above sea level, has a very diverse topography: 42% mountainous, 16% hilly land, and 42% flat terrain. The majestic mountain peaks of the Sierra Ajusco in the north of the state divide Morelos from the neighboring Valley of Mexico. Roughly seventy percent of the state has a subtropical climate, providing ideal conditions for agriculture, in particular sugar cane. Today, Morelos farmers grow an extensive variety of vegetables all around the year. The chief products of Morelos fields are bananas, chimoyas, mameyes, melons, and tomatoes. The original inhabitants of the present-day state of Morelos were the Tlahuicas, a sub group of the Aztec Indians. The Tlahuicas are believed to have been an offshoot of the Toltec-Chichimec amalgam of tribes who first occupied the Valley of Morelos as early as the Seventh Century. It is believed that the Tlahuicas who first arrived in the region were related to the Aztec Indians who had arrived on the other side of the mountains in the Valley of Mexico at a later date. The Tlahuicas are considered a subgroup of the Náhuatl-speaking Aztecs Indians of south central Mexico. Although the Aztecs are best known as the inhabitants of the great city of Tenochtitlán and the conquerors of a great Mesoamerican Empire, the term Aztec actually represents a very large cultural group that was composed of many local ethnic groups, all linked together by a broader Aztec culture and by a common language. All of the Aztec groups shared a common historical origin and many cultural traits. Dr. Michael E. Smith, a Professor of Anthropology at the University of Albany in New York state, has done extensive studies on the Tlahuica Culture of Morelos and sponsors a website discussing Tlahuica culture at http://www.albany.edu/~mesmith/tlapeop.html . Peter E. Newell, the author of Zapata of Mexico describes the Tlahuica of Morelos as follows: "singularly large, dark, slightly odalisk eyes, perfect white teeth - the dogtooth bred out to flat incisor - finely articulated small hands and feet, slender, wiry physiques, with soft musical voices." The largest city of the Tlahuica Indians was Cuauhnahuac, which was later renamed Cuernavaca by the Spaniards (who were unable to pronounce the original Náhuatl name). Cuernavaca, boasting a population of approximately 500,000 inhabitants today, is now the state capital of Morelos and lay only 90 kilometers (52 miles) to the south of Mexico City. Cuernavaca, because of its favorable climate, has been referred to as "The City of Eternal Spring," while Morelos is sometimes called "Nearest Paradise." The Valley of Cuauhnahuac provided the Tlahuica Indians with a fertile land for agriculture. The Tlahuica also founded Huaxtepec, which today is called Oaxtepec. Another city in the region, Xochicalco, became an important center of culture, commerce, and agriculture during the pre-Hispanic era. By the early Fifteenth Century, the Tlahuica had been organized into about fifty small city-states that covered most of the modern state of Morelos, each one ruled by a hereditary king (tlatoani). Each Tlahuica city-state consisted of a central town and the surrounding countryside and villages. City-state towns were built around a public plaza. On the east side of the plaza was the temple-pyramid of the city-state's patron god or gods. On another side of the plaza would be the palace of the ruler. The rapidly expanding Mexica Empire, centered around Tenochtitlán, Texcoco, and Tlacopan, first conquered the Tlahuica city-states in the late 1430s and again during the 1450s. As a result, the Tlahuica were forced to pay tribute to the three imperial capitals. However, as subjects of the greater Aztec Empire, the local government of the Tlahuica was allowed to stay intact. As a general rule, the Mexica did not interfere in the affairs of subject city-states as long as the tribute payments were continued without interruption. Tlahuica culture was highly respected for its knowledge of astronomy and its highly developed agricultural system. Historians credit the Tlahuicas with developing a calendar based on the agricultural cycle and with perfecting techniques for growing cotton. Cotton was grown throughout Morelos wherever the land could be irrigated. Eventually, the land of the Tlahuica became the largest cotton-producing area in the Aztec empire. Tlahuica women learned to spin and weave cotton textiles in their homes. Although the cotton was used for clothing, cotton textiles also became the primary form of tribute that people had to pay to both the Aztec empire and their local city-state. All of the Tlahuica city-state towns had periodic marketplaces where professional merchants, petty artisans, farmers, and other people gathered once a week to buy and sell. Traveling merchants linked these markets together, and also linked them into the larger network of Aztec markets throughout central Mexico. Through the markets, the Tlahuica people, commoners as well as nobles, had ready access to a large variety of goods produced throughout Mesoamerica. On April 21, 1519, Hernán Cortés landed on the Gulf coast near modern-day Veracruz with a force of 11 ships, 550 men and 16 horses. In this year of the Aztec calendar, it had been prophesied that the legendary ruler Quetzalcóatl would return from the east. As Cortés marched westward to meet with Moctezuma II, the Emperor of the Aztecs, he met with the leaders of the various subject tribes of the Aztecs along the way. Once in Tenochtitlán, Cortés and his men were given a friendly reception. Soon after, however, through trickery and manipulation, Cortés was able to take Moctezuma as a hostage. Over the next two years, Cortés and a large force of allied Indians would lay siege and conquer Tenochtitlán. After the conquest of Tenochtitlán (renamed Mexico City by the Spaniards), the Spaniards arrived in the region. Morelos, at this time, had a diverse political nature and was subject to five principal rulers in Cuernavaca, Tepoztlán, Oaxtepec, Yautepec, and Yecapixtla, all of which were subject to Moctezuma and the Aztec Empire. Cortés himself arrive in Cuernavaca and built a palace for himself in the city. In 1529, the Spanish Crown granted a sizeable tract of land that included all of the present-day state of Morelos, as well as all the Indians living within this region. As the Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca, Cortés was granted extensive powers over all the people of this realm. The historian Ward Barrett writes that "the region now known as Morelos has a physical unity sufficient to define it and set it in strong contrast to other regions of Mexico. This unity derives from its basin-like nature… which ensures that relatively abundant supplies of water drain into it from the escarpment and are available for irrigation at its base." Mr. Ward adds that "the region is unique in Mexico, for there is no other one of similar size, offering similar advantages of climate, water, and large areas of flat land." With the arrival of the Spaniards, the Tlahuicas made adjustments to their economic activities, switching from growing cotton to growing sugar cane and refining the sugar in nearby mills. To compete with the island-grown sugarcane of the Caribbean that employed slave labor, the Spaniards had to establish the Hacienda System, which utilized vast areas of land and Indian labor, reducing the people, in effect, to servitude. From the Sixteenth Century until 1917, the Hacienda System thrived in Morelos as a practice inherited from the colonial period. The great hacendados became a powerful economic and political force, reaping great profits from the harvest of the sugar cane. After two hundred and eighty-nine years of colonial Spanish rule, the road to independence was initiated by two relatively unknown parish priests, Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos. On September 16 1810 Miguel Hidalgo led Mexico's Indians in a revolt directed against the rich Spanish plantation owners in Guanajuato State. His call to arms, El Grito de Dolores (The Cry of Sorrows), paved the way for the opening salvos of a twelve-year war for independence. The territory which would become the state of Morelos was a crucial battleground during the War of Independence. After the defeat and execution of Father Hidalgo in 1811, Jose Morelos took control of the revolution. In 1812, the Royal Army besieged the rebel-held town of Cuautla, which was defended by the forces of Jose Maria Morelos. Morelos and his men held out for fifty-eight heroic days, ultimately winning one of the vital early battles on the road to independence. Although Morelos continued to lead guerilla attacks against the Spaniards, he was finally captured by Royalist forces and hanged in 1815. His sacrifices, however, were not forgotten by the Mexican people who would eventually name a state in his honor. In 1821, Mexico achieved independence from Spain. In the post-war period, the sugar industry of Morelos made this region one of the richest parts of the Mexican Republic. Much of this sugar made its way to European markets. As a result, the city of Cuernavaca, serving as an important trade center for exports, became a well-established outpost along the Camino Real (Royal Road) to Acapulco. But the sugar cane estates were worlds unto themselves: great luxury for the (often absentee) owners and misery, debt and poverty for the workers. On April 17, 1869, President Benito Juarez issued a decree which gave Morelos the status of state, taking territory from the states of Guerrero, Puebla and Mexico to create the new political entity. During the long presidency of Porfirio Diaz (1877-1911) that followed the creation of the new state, the economy of Morelos continued to be dominated by the large sugar plantations. During this time, the sugar cane estates were modernized and began to use steam-driven mills and centrifugal extractors. These changes created a great new demand for the water and land resources needed to grow sugar cane. As a result, the haciendas expanded steadily, but only at the expense of the peasants, who were unfairly deprived of their land by the hacienda owners. The historian Samuel Brunk, in his biographical work Emiliano Zapata: Revolution and Betrayal in Mexico, writes that the Porfiriato had brought on a period of "order and progress" which "allowed Mexico a new degree of involvement in the world economy. Foreign investment and trade were encouraged by increasing fiscal solvency, by lower tariffs, and by laws that favored private enterprise. Railroads were built with dizzying speed; mining and industry prospered; the domestic market expanded. For the hacendados of Morelos - who largely produced for the domestic market - conditions were ripe for progress." To take advantage of the renewed economic boom, the plantation owners undertook massive new irrigation projects and began investing in modern milling equipment. Between 1905 and 1908, the hacendados of Morelos increased production by more than 50 percent. Early in the Porfiriato, some of the Morelos haciendas evolved into company towns, employing from 250 to 3,000 workers. Some planters were able to organize their own stores, powerhouses, schools and police. They employed bricklayers, blacksmiths, carpenters, and mechanics, and they recruited managers, overseers and skilled workers from Mexico City, Cuba and Spain. "Throughout the 1880s," writes Mr. Newell, "the Mexican government sold to the hacendados much of the common land left in the state, and also granted them favourable rulings on requests for titles to other requisitions. New Federal legislation jeopardised the previously held titles and water rights of many villagers." During the last decade of the Nineteenth Century, many important towns surrounded by plantations actually ceased to grow. Small haciendas had failed and were incorporated into the more modern enterprises of their larger neighbors. In some cases, whole villages located near railway lines, timber forests or well-watered areas were disappearing. By the late 1890s, in fact, seventeen families of Morelos owned thirty-six haciendas that made up 25% of the surface area of Morelos, including most of its cultivable land. By 1909, twenty-eight hacendados actually owned as much as 77% of the state's lands. The Hacienda System destroyed many of the small villages by forcing Indians to live on the hacienda. Mr. Newell comments that in 1876 - the year that Porfirio Díaz took power - the total number of villages in Morelos numbered 118. But eleven years later, this number dropped to 105. By 1909, less than a hundred pueblos were registered in Morelos, in spite of an overall increase in population. "Little by little," writes Mr. Newell, "the peones lost their ejidos, pastures, water supplies and common lands. Inevitably, they were driven into debt peonage, and into the cane fields of the great hacendados and planters. Dispossessed and destitute, many villagers began sharecropping the scrubbiest of plantation fields; then, when their debts mounted, they too were forced to hire themselves out to the hacendados as field hands, sometimes still living in their pueblos, but working in contracted gangs under a foreman." Professor Samuel Brunk writes that "while some legal resourse did remain, laws emanating from the Sixteenth Century that were designed to protect the Indians rarely worked as they were meant to, and legal procedures did little to stop the greedy hacendados." This situation was one of the causes of the Revolution of 1910 against President Porfirio Díaz. In many parts of Mexico, localized rebellions, led by regional leaders, broke out. From the state of Morelos came one of the strongest and most respected revolutionaries of this period: Emiliano Zapata. Emiliano Zapata was born on August 8, 1879 in the village of Anenecuilco, Morelos as the ninth of ten children of Gabriel Zapata and Cleofas Salazar, both mestizos of campesino (peasant) background. Professor Brunk writes that "Zapata enjoyed the work of a campesino, especially when it involved animals. Though most of Anenecuilco's land was owned communally, each family farmed its own plot." The Zapata family was able to hire extra labor "when it was needed, but hiring labor was expensive." The life of young Emiliano was "increasingly dictated by the rhythms of sunup and sundown," writes Professor Brunk, "of planting and harvest: preparing the ground in May, sowing the corn in June, three major weedings, and in November or December bringing in the crops." As a poor tenant farmer, Emiliano Zapata had occupied a social position between the peon and the ranchero. But Zapata was also a charismatic individual who felt very strongly the injustices suffered by his people. In 1909, the thirty-year old Zapata was chosen by his fellow villagers to travel to see the Governor of Morelos and try to reclaim the village lands taken by a local hacienda. Zapata was refused a visit and sent home. When Emiliano realized he would not be able to accomplish this task he and his brother, Eufemio, began to organize a guerrilla force of poor peasants. Initially, Zapata threw his support toward the diminutive Coahuilan hacendado Francisco Madero. Although the first rebel action of the revolution within the state of Morelos took place in December 1910, Zapata held his hand in the belief that Francisco Madero would be able to confer legitimacy on the movement. But, in March, Zapata decided to shift to armed resistance. In the beginning, Zapata's guerilla band numbered a mere seventy men. However, slowly recruiting natives from the plantations and villages of Morelos, Zapata's peasant force soon grew to more than 5,000 men. In northern Mexico two significant revolutionary forces had formed. One force, led by Francisco "Pancho" Villa (originally named Doroteo Arango), an ex-bandit, attracted many of Chihuahua's vaqueros (cowboys) into its powerful network. The second northern rebel army was led by Pascual Orozco, another peasant who was discontented with the political and economic situation in Mexico. In early 1911, as Pascual Orozco and Pancho Villa began attacking government garrisons in northern Mexico, the forces of Emiliano Zapata moved to establish their military superiority in Morelos. By mid-May 1912, Zapata's forces, numbering a thousand rebels, had encircled the government forces occupying the large city of Cuautla, just east of Cuernavaca. Suffering from a shortage of food and munitions, the soldiers of the mighty Fifth Regiment on May 19 broke through the rebel lines and escaped westward to Cuernavaca, where they arrived a day later. Once Zapata secured Cuautla, he was able to block the road to Mexico City from the south. In the north, meanwhile, Francisco Madero reached an agreement with the old regime at the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez, by which the fighting ended. A week later Diaz realized he was doomed and fled Mexico for Europe. In his wake he left a provisional President and a large federal army that was commanded by General Victoriano Huerta. On May 21, 1911, Cuernavaca was evacuated by government troops, leaving the entire state in rebel hands. Professor Brunk, describing Zapata's triumph, writes "On the twenty-sixth, at 4 o'clock on a bright Friday afternoon, Zapata rode triumphantly into that city at the head of four thousand troops. Waving images of the Virgin of Guadalupe overhead, these revolutionaries were a ragged lot in the eyes of the urbane. But to the throngs who greeted them - the common people of Morelos, the young girls with armfuls of bougainvillea - they were conquering heroes." In June, Zapata rode into Mexico City for his first meeting with Francisco Madero. Now that victory had been achieved, writes Professor Brunk, Francisco Madero "was most concerned with reestablishing order: he wanted Zapata's forces discharged." When Zapata expressed his demand that the land problem in Morelos be resolved to his satisfaction, Madero, always the moderate, could only respond that his suggestions would require both study and legislation. Zapata tried to convince Madero that he should disband some of the haciendas and divide the lands among the nation's farmers. Then Madero attempted to buy Zapata's loyalty with a large piece of land and a hacienda of his own. This offer only succeeded in turning Zapata against him. In fact, every aspect of Madero's agenda was an attempt to please everyone, which translated into complete inaction. "With the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez," writes Professor Brunk, "the cause of the planters received a considerable boost, because its terms hardly spelled the demise of the Porfirian system." The Federal Army was left intact and the conservative Porfirian politician Francisco de León assumed the interim presidency. With renewed confidence, the planters started to put pressure on Madero to release Zapata as his lieutenant and disarm his rebel forces. Soon after, the discharge of Zapata's rebel force took place on the outskirts of Cuernavaca. Each rebel received between ten and twenty pesos, depending on how far he had to travel to Cuernavaca and the amount of weapons he surrendered. Within days, some 3,500 rebels were disarmed and an equal number of guns were collected. However, the planters complained that the discharge of Zapata's rebels had not been complete. In August, General Victoriano Huerta, a full-blooded Indian, went to Morelos to finish the disarming of Zapata's men, by force if necessary. Professor Brunk describes Huerta as "arrogant, brutal, ambitious, and spoiling for a fight" as he crossed the border into Morelos on August 9, 1911 to seek Zapata's unconditional surrender and subservience to Federal troops. As Huerta proceeded to ransack the Morelos countryside, Zapata decided to rearm and resist. In September, as Zapata escaped near capture, the hostilities between the Zapatistas and the Federal forces were renewed with great vigor. In the meantime, Madero was elected to the Presidency in October and took office on November 6, 1911. In November, Zapata and his chief lieutenants formulated their own agrarian plan. This program, outlined in the Plan of Ayala, called for the return of the land to the indigenous people. According to Professor Brunk, "the Plan of Ayala presented Zapata's demands for land, liberty, and justice in a fairly straightforward way." The Plan, even as it sought for legitimacy within the revolutionary community, "proclaimed Madero just another tyrant who had betrayed the Mexican people in pursuit of personal power. The result of this betrayal was 'the most horrible anarchy in recent history.'" Articles six, seven, and eight of the Plan of Ayala dealt with the question of land reform, demanding that land and water taken by haciendas should be returned to the pueblos and citizens who had held title to them. Zapata's plan also called for the expropriation of one third of estate "monopolies." But Zapata was not out to destroy the Hacienda System and called for the indemnification of planters for the expropriated land. The Plan of Ayala ended with the slogan "Liberty, Justice, and Law." In the following year, this slogan was amended to "Reform, Liberty, Justice, and Law." Professor Brunk states that "the Plan of Ayala would serve as the movement's main statement of goals until 1917 or 1918, and in a sense still after that." In his search for support, Zapata forged a new alliance with Pascual Orozco, "the mule skinner from Chihuahua who had been Madero's most able lieutenant during the spring." Orozco - with Pancho Villa's support - had forced the Díaz regime to its knees the previous May when he attacked Ciudad Juárez against Madero's orders. By the autumn, Zapata was able to put together a new force of 2,000 Zapatistas. But Huerta and his forces continued to hunt down and brutalize Zapata's men. Suspected Zapatistas, upon capture, were usually lined up and shot by a firing squad without being provided with a trial. Villages that were believed to have offered refuge to the rebels were frequently burned to the ground. With this oppression, peasants in the Federal District, Mexico state, and Morelos flocked to Zapata's cause, partly as an opportunity to protect themselves and what little land they held. By the end of 1911, Zapata and his revolutionary compatriots controlled large parts of the countryside in the states of Morelos, Puebla, Mexico, Guerrero, Michoacán, Tlaxcala, Oaxaca and the Federal District. They were, as yet, unable to occupy any of the largest cities. On April 6, 1912, Zapata captured the southwestern town of Jojutla with a force of one thousand guerrillas. In the meantime, Pascual Orozco had finally opened up the northern front by initiating rebel action in Chihuahua. This action was able to distract the Mexican Government from concentrating its full force against the Zapatistas of the south and soon diverted government troops to the north. By the beginning of January 1912, Zapata's armed force had grown to about 12,000 men. Mr. Newell writes that the liberation army "had organized itself into small, largely self-supporting bands, based upon the villages which, in turn, could be marshaled rapidly into much larger contingents where and when necessary." Each band, numbering from a couple dozen to a couple hundred men, elected its own chief, who owed his allegiance to Zapata, the Supreme Chief of the Liberation Army of the South. In February 1912, 1,000 Federal troops and 5,000 rurales occupied Morelos. However, these forces could only control the towns and had no effective control over the countryside. Their lines of communications, especially the railroads, were frequently cut. On February 9, 1913, a coup broke out in the heart of Mexico City with a fierce frontal attack on the National Palace. Troops loyal to President Madero were able to repel the attack on the palace, but for the next ten days, more than a thousand civilians in the capital were killed in the fierce battles between Loyalists and Conservatives. By the end of the month, Madero had been captured and executed. Within days, Victoriano Huerta took control of the country, initiating a new offensive against Zapata's forces in Morelos. Immediately after Huerta came into power the amount of revolutionary violence skyrocketed. Huerta was hated because of his drunkenness and tyrannical rule. By this time, the three major rebel forces in the north were mounting new offensives. These revolutionary forces were led by Pancho Villa, Alvaro Obrégon, and Venustiano Carranza. Upon Madero's death, Carranza took control of the remainder of Madero's army. By December 1913, Huerta's dictatorship was in serious trouble. Faced with a precarious economic situation, Huerta closed down all the banks, effectively freezing most financial transactions. Huerta's army had begun to press-gang men in order to increase the size of the Federal Army. Men were pulled from their homes, cinemas and bullfights and locked into transport trains to serve in the Mexican Army. By this time, Pancho Villa actually controlled the whole state of Chihuahua, while Obregón had taken complete control of the state of Sonora. Through most of 1913 and the first part of 1914, Huerta and his army suffered one defeat after another. By March of 1914, Zapata's combined forces now totaled nearly 8,000. As the spring of 1914 progressed, four major revolutionary forces were beginning to converge on Mexico City. As the summer approached, Government forces in many parts of Morelos, Guerrero and Puebla were now on the run. In May 1914, Zapata, with a force of 3,600 men, took control of the southern Jojutla district. By this time, Cuernavaca was the only important town in Morelos that the Federal forces held onto. But, in late May, Zapata laid siege to Cuernavaca, at the same time that the Constitutionalist generals Pancho Villa and Alvaro Obregón marched closer to the capital of the Republic from the north. During June and July, Zapata began his own offensive against the Federal District, taking the city of Milpa Alta on July 20 with a force of 4,000 men. A sustained push on the capital from all directions began on July 25 as Zapatista forces were summoned from other battlegrounds to assist in operations against Cuernavaca and the Federal District. Zapata, flushed with self-confidence, declared that there would be no peace "while the land is not distributed among those who know how and want to cultivate it." As the summer drew to a close, General Victoriano Huerta, realizing the hopelessness of his situation, was forced to flee. On August 20, 1914, the hacendado Venustiano Carranza, the head of the northern Constitutionalist rebel faction, declared himself President of Mexico, against the objections of Pancho Villa. At the same time, Cuernavaca finally fell to Zapata's forces. With the fall of the capital, the entire state of Morelos was now in the hands of the Zapatista forces. Suddenly, however, new divisions within the rebel leadership led to renewed fighting. Soon after becoming President, Carranza and Pancho Villa began hostilities with one another. At the same time, Emiliano Zapata made up his mind about Carranza and decided that he was a man who could not be trusted. With this decision, Zapata threw his entire support to Pancho Villa. By the middle of November, some 90,000 troops loyal to the rebel forces of Villa, Zapata and Obregón faced some 70,000 forces of Carranza in the Federal District. The Zapatistas alone numbered about 25,000. By the night of November 24, 1914, the forces of Zapata had penetrated to the center of Mexico City. On December 4, Zapata and Villa met for the first time at Xochimilco in the Federal District. Two days later, to the applause of wildly enthusiastic crowds, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, with their combined force of 50,000 troops behind them, rode triumphantly into Mexico City. Immediately, Villa, Zapata and Obregón agreed to the installation of Eulalio Gutiérrez as Interim President of the Mexican Republic. Although peace was momentarily achieved, the revolutionaries quickly broke up into alliances. In December, Zapata and his troops withdrew from the capital to take part in the battle for the state of Puebla. Although Villa and Zapata remained loyal to each other and backed Gutiérrez, Obregón defected and sought and alliance with Carranza, supporting his claim to the presidency of the Republic. On January 28, 1915, Obregón's forces were able to occupy Mexico City as rebel forces retreated in disarray. In April 1915, at the Battle of Celaya, the forces of Obregón decisively defeated Pancho Villa, significantly reducing Villa's power. "From the summer of 1914 to the summer of 1915," explains Professor Brunk, "Zapatismo was triumphant. Zapata's national power had reached its peak, and he was able to enact his program of social reform - at least in his own region. Due in part to his fortitude and guidance, many of the villagers of Morelos, southwestern Puebla, Guerrero, Mexico state, the Federal District, and even farther afield were working the land for themselves. Miraculously, the hacendados of Morelos… had completely disappeared from the scene. For Zapata it was in many ways a time of great prosperity." In December 1915, Carranza embarked upon an offensive that retook significant parts of the state of Morelos. In the previous months, both Villa and Zapata had suffered significant strategic losses while fighting with the armies of Obregón and Carranza. By the spring of 1916, Zapata was forced to abandon several of his strongholds. The biggest loss came on May 2, 1916, when Zapata lost Cuernavaca to enemy forces, which now numbered some 30,000 troops. As Zapata continued to lose ground, his forces were forced to return to the guerilla warfare that they had waged a few years earlier. In the fall of 1916, Zapata's forces made several disruptive raids in the Federal District. In the following months, Zapata's forces once again made progress, retaking Cuernavaca in mid-January, 1917. By this time, however, war had begun to take its toll on Zapata's home state. "The Zapatistas themselves had begun to dismantle the haciendas as they scavenged for the resources needed to continue the war," writes Professor Brunk, "The destruction of war was deeply rooted. It had become a way of life, and it would be an ongoing process… the copper of the hacienda machinery would continue to be reworked into inferior ammunition in makeshift Zapatista factories or smuggled across Constitutionalist lines in exchange for munitions, money, and food." Morelos had fallen into a state of shambles. On May 1, 1917, Venustiano Carranza was formerly installed as President. By this time, Zapata had experienced a series of diplomatic and strategic losses, from which he was unable to recover. Then, in April 1919, one of Carranza's generals expressed an interest in defecting and becoming a Zapatista. On April 10, 1919, Zapata went to visit the defecting general. Only after he arrived did Zapata realize that the meeting was an ambush. Zapata was shot and killed moments after he arrived. To his enemies, Zapata was sometimes regarded as a despicable bandit. However, to many of the indigenous peoples of Mexico, he was a savior and the hero of the revolution. The people remembered very clearly that his agrarian movement had been the primary objective of his revolution. Many Mexican historians consider Emiliano Zapata the most significant figure of the Mexican Revolution. Even while he lived he became legendary, celebrated in innumerable tales and ballads. In the post-Zapata Morelos, the citizens of Morelos came to realize that "the mere ownership of land was no guarantee of a livelihood," writes Professor Brunk, "In the countryside of Morelos the expanding central government replaced the hacendados as the arbiter of campesino destinies, and the land reform process became riddled with corruption." The Morelos of the present-day represents a success story by virtue of several competitive advantages. Its strategic location and proximity to Mexico's largest market have provided many inhabitants of the state with an excellent quality of life, services and education. With 1,819 kilometers (1,130 miles) of roads and another 246 kilometers (153 miles) of railroads, Morelos' well developed transportation system is linked to both Mexico City and other surrounding states. For the immediate future, Morelos has a very favorable economic outlook. With a total of 42,716 firms located within her boundaries, Morelos' share of Mexico's gross national product is 1.38%. Manufacturing makes up 19.51% of Morelos' economic activity, while trade accounts for another 17.25%. The state's main export products are motor vehicles, tomatoes, sugar cane, honey and flowers. Secondary exports include pharmaceuticals, plastics, vinyl, cellulose, garments, and electromechanical equipment. Sources: Ward Barrett, "Morelos and Its Sugar Industry in the Late Eighteenth Century," in Ida Altman and James Lockhart (ed.), Provinces of Early Mexico: Variants of Spanish American Regional Evolution. Los Angeles: UCLA, 1976, pp. 155-175. Samuel Brunk, Emiliano Zapata: Revolution and Betrayal in Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995. Linda Cintron, History of Cuernavaca (Cuauhnahuac)," Online. http://dougsinc.com/LifeInMex/History.html . December 12, 1997. Peter E. Newell, Zapata of Mexico. Quebec, Canada: Black Rose Books, 1997. Dr. Michael E. Smith, Tlahuica Peoples of Morelos. Online: http://www.albany.edu/~mesmith/tlapeop.html. September 20, 2001. Dr. Michael E. Smith, Tlahuica Ruins Near Cuernavaca. Online: http://www.albany.edu/~mesmith/tlaruin.html December 12, 1997. State and Regional Information: Morelos. Online. http://www.mexicanshowroom.com/state/morelos.html . October 27, 2001. Copyright © 2001, by John P. Schmal. All rights under applicable law are hereby reserved. Reproduction of this article in whole or in part without the express permission of John P. Schmal is strictly prohibited. JohnnyPJ@aol.com |
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THE HISTORY OF LAGOS DE MORENO |
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Lagos de Moreno, located in the northeast corner of the Mexican state of Jalisco, is an important commercial hub in the central Mexico region. While Aguascalientes lay eighty miles to the northwest, the city of Leon (in Guanajuato) is only forty miles to the east, while Mexico City lay 445 miles to the south. Lagos de Moreno represents one of the twenty-four municipios that makes up the Los Altos
region of Jalisco, an area that is defined by its socioeconomic and geographic nature and shares a common cultural history. Although the literal translation of Los Altos conveys the image that the region is a "high land," it is actually a plateau which is bounded by Guadalajara's Valle de Atemajac on the southwest, the states of Aguascalientes and Zacatecas on the north, and the states of San Luis Potosí and Guanajuato to the east and southeast. Founded in 1563, the city of Lagos de Moreno is the capital of the municipio of the same name. As the third largest municipio of Jalisco, Lagos de Moreno has a total area of 2,849.36 square kilometers and a total population of 124,972 people, with a density of 44.1 inhabitants per square kilometer. A promotional booklet published by the municipio of Lagos refers to this jurisdiction as a "region of poor soil and industrious people." The climate of Lagos de Moreno is semiarid, with a rainy summer season and a mild, dry winter. The primary economic drivers of this municipio are agriculture and stock-raising, with a minor dairy industry of milk products, such as cheese and candies. Lagos is also well known for its manufacture of various high quality handicrafts, such as carved wood furniture, basket weaving, textiles, and dolls. Alfredo Moreno González, the author of Santa Maria de Los Lagos, tells us that the pre-Hispanic indigenous village occupying this area was called Pechititán. It is believed that the Guachichiles, Guamares, Tecuexes and other indigenous peoples occupied the area. The Guachichile Indians - whose primary territory included most of Zacatecas - were a particularly warlike group. With the discovery of silver near the city of Zacatecas in 1546, the "silver roads" leading from the mining camps to Mexico City became very strategic routes. Most of Jalisco and Zacatecas became parts of the Spanish province of Nueva Galicia. But, in 1550, the Guachichile started to attack caravans traveling along the strategic Zacatecas-Guanajuato-Mexico City road. In 1554, Indians attacked a caravan of Spaniards in the nearby Ojuelos area, causing significant loss of life and material. Not long after this, Viceroy Luis de Velasco called for the foundation of villas, forts and military prisons throughout Nueva Galicia to protect travelers, missionaries, and laborers carrying supplies to the mining sites and silver ore from the mines to refining sites. When Velasco issued an order for the establishment of these sites on March 13, 1563, the present-day area of Lagos de Moreno was earmarked for settlement. La Villa de Santa María de los Lagos was founded on March 13, 1563 at the crossing of two roadways to serve as a defensive outpost. Hernando de Martell was charged with the founding of the town and oversaw the settlement of seventy-three families of colonists in the small settlement. The earliest settlers of this town were resourceful people and, by May 3, they had already built twenty houses. However, with the Indian depredations hitting closer and closer to Lagos, fear took its toll on the population and economy of Lagos. By March 1574, Santa María was left with only eight residents. As the century progressed and the Amerindian attacks became less frequent, the Royal Crown started granting land titles to Spanish settlers in the Los Altos region. During the period between 1550 and 1555, Viceroy Velasco had sold a large number of land grants to cattlemen. Many of the Spanish people who first settled in the area of Lagos are believed to have come from Castilla, Andalusía and Extremadura. But the parish registers at the church during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries indicate a significant population of indios (Indians), mestizos (persons of both Indian and Spanish extraction) and mulattos libres (free people of African and Spanish descent). Ann L. Craig, the author of The First Agraristas: An Oral History of a Mexican Agrarian Movement, comments that "title-holders did not immediately occupy the lands. Instead the lands in the area of Lagos were first worked by renters or sharecroppers." The newcomers to Lagos found that the soils in the area were so poor that they were, for the most part, unsuitable for large-scale commercial agriculture. Thus, they became small and medium landholders with an emphasis on cattle ranches. By the end of the Sixteenth Century, cattle ranching had become the primary activity for both Santa María de los Lagos and Los Altos. Many of these cattle ranches became the primary suppliers of cattle for Guanajuato and San Luis Potosí. From the Seventeenth through the Nineteenth centuries, Lagos experienced many economic and political ups and downs. "With independence," writes Ms. Craig, "the political stature of Lagos within the state of Jalisco became apparent, reflecting its relative size and cultural and economic development." In 1824, Lagos received the title of ciudad (city). Then, in 1829, the National Congress authorized the change of the town's name from Santa María de los Lagos to Lagos de Moreno, in honor of the revolutionary hero, Pedro Moreno (1775-1817). The bitter and desperate battle between the Mexico's Liberals and Conservatives began with independence (1821) and continued into the Twentieth Century. During the political instability of 1829, 1831 and 1916, Lagos de Moreno served as the state capital of Jalisco. The liberal constitutional reforms, initiated in 1857 by President Benito Juárez's Reform Constitution, caused a great deal of polarization throughout Jalisco. "Violent social protest in the Jalisco countryside erupted without comparison in the years 1855-1864," writes the historian Dawn Fogle Deaton. "Jalisco's 'decade of revolt' witnessed massive peasant mobilizations more frequently and in greater numbers than during any other time in the state's history." From 1855 to 1864, seventeen peasant rebellions broke out in the state, leading to eighteen transfers of power in the state government. In April 1857, the political and military discord reached Lagos. Ms. Craig writes that "the intended image of architectural beauty, refinement of the arts, intellectual desire, and genteel living" of Lagos de Moreno coincided with the reign and dictatorship of President Porfirio Díaz (1876-1910). In these years, Lagos de Moreno became known as the "Athens of Jalisco." The large haciendas in the countryside near Lagos "reached their maximum size and the local aristocracy attained its cultural zenith." Starting in 1872, the city held a traditional August fiesta to commemorate Lagos' patron saint. This fiesta "became the social highlight of the year." The numerous religious celebrations and processes led to "extensive visiting between haciendas, country picnics, horse races, bull and cock fights, elegant dinners and balls, literary and musical contests, and poetry recitals." However, the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 was a period of demographic and economic change for Lagos. "Families of means," writes Ms. Craig, "abandoned rural areas and provincial towns. Prominent landowning families from Lagos went mainly to Mexico City." For Lagos, the years from 1914 to 1917 proved to be "the worst in terms of hunger, disease, and economic chaos." By 1917, however, many land-owning families returned to the city. "From 1900 to 1930," explains Ms. Craig, "the municipio as a whole retained its predominantly rural character: nearly two-thirds of the inhabitants lived outside of the municipio seat." But, during these years, there was a pronounced exodus from Lagos. According to the Dirección General de Estadística, Censo General de Población: Estado de Jalisco, the population of Lagos declined from 15,999 in 1900 to 12,054 in 1930. The population of the municipio declined even more dramatically, dropping from 53,205 people in 1900 to 35,933 in 1930. In 1926, President Plutarco Elías Calles took office as President of the Mexican Republic. A morose, stubborn man, Calles was a strongly anti-Catholic politician who decided to strictly enforce the anti-clerical articles of the 1917 Constitution. Article 3 had called for secular education in the schools, while Article 5 outlawed monastic orders. Article 24 forbade public worship outside the confines of churches, and Article 27 placed restrictions on the right of religious organizations to hold property. Article 130 actually deprived clergy members of basic rights. Priests and nuns were denied the right to wear clerical attire, to vote, to criticize government officials or to comment on public affairs in religious periodicals. In June 1926 Calles signed a decree officially known as "The Law for Reforming the Penal Code" and unofficially as the "Calles Law." The provisions of this law stated that priests were to be fined 500 pesos (about $250 at the time) for wearing clerical garb. In addition, a priest could be imprisoned five years for criticizing the government. Enraged by the Calles Law, the Mexican Episcopate called for a boycott and resistance. The boycott, aimed at recreation, commerce, transportation and schools, was very successful. Catholics in Lagos de Moreno stopped attending movies and plays, riding on buses or streetcars, and Catholic teachers refused to serve in secular schools. The Cristero Rebellion officially began with a manifesto issued by René Capistrán Garza on New Year's Day 1927. Titled A la Nación (To the Nation), it declared that "the hour of battle has sounded." On this day, ragged bands of ranchers, some armed with ancient muskets and others only with clubs, seized one village after another. "Between 1926 and 1929," explains Ms. Craig, "Laguenses became enmeshed in a complex set of conflicts which originated outside their communities but had severe local repercussions. Nationally, the Cristero rebellion was a critical confrontation between the revolutionary government, with its policies for social transformation and political centralization, and the Catholic Church and its devoted followers." Both the Revolution and the Cristero Rebellion provoked a steady outflow of Laguenses, in which Lagos saw a significant portion of its population emigrate to the United States during the 1910s and 1920s. This led, according to Ms. Craig, to "a pattern of regional economic dependence on wages brought or sent back by seasonal workers in the United States - a pattern which persists today." By 1930, the raising of livestock continued to be the mainstay of the Lagos economy. Beef and dairy cattle and sheep, however, required extensive grazing acreage. In 1930, 60% of the landowners in Lagos owned less than 1% of the land, while 1.2% of the landowners, each of whom owned at least 500 hectares, owned 74.5% of the land in the municipio. Such conditions led to the agrarian reform of the 1930s, a primary topic of discussion in Ms. Craig's work. Today, Lagos' economy continues to be dominated by livestock-raising. In the last four decades, the area has also become one of the principal dairy production regions in Mexico due principally to Nestlé's setting up a plant in the early 1940s inside the city limits of Lagos de Moreno. The establishment of the Nestlé plant prompted cattle ranchers to shift from meat production to milk production. Like many other regions of Western Mexico, Lagos de Moreno and Los Altos are still considered "traditional sending regions." The bond between Lagos and the United States has been strengthened by the city's one-hundred-year-old history of U.S.-bound migration. In spite of this steady outflow, the population of the city grew from 12,054 in 1930 to 33,782 in 1970, while the number of inhabitants in the municipio climbed from 35,933 in 1930 to 65,950 in 1970. From 1960 to 1990, the population of Lagos de Moreno grew faster than that of the state of Jalisco. The industrialization of Lagos began to attract laborers from neighboring rural communities. Sources: Michael P. Costeloe, The Central Republic in Mexico, 1835-1846. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Ann L. Craig, The First Agraristas: An Oral History of a Mexican Agrarian Reform Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983. Dawn Fogle Deaton, "The Decade of Revolt: Peasant Rebellion in Jalisco, Mexico, 1855-1864," in Robert H. Jackson (ed.), Liberals, the Church, and Indian Peasants: Corporate Lands and the Challenge of Reform in Nineteenth-Century Spanish America. Albuquerque: New Mexico Press, 1997. La Región de Los Altos de Jalisco. Online: http://www.cualtos.udg.mx/region/principal_region.htm June 12, 2001. Copyright © 2001, by John P. Schmal. All rights under applicable law are hereby reserved. Reproduction of this article in whole or in part without the express permission of John P. Schmal is strictly prohibited. JohnnyPJ@aol.com |
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A Marriage in Jerez, Zacatecas |
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France to Sonora, Mexico I know so little about my Great Grandmother Ma. Concepcion Bojorques. As far as I know she was born in France to a French mother and a Spanish father. She and her four siblings Andre, Juan, Sylvia, and Chono left France and came to Guaymas Mexico between 1830-1850's. My Great Grandmother and Grandfather Ramon Duarte's marriage were married in Guaymas, Sonora in February 1854. I have their marriage certificate. They had two children that I know of, Manuel Duarte my Grandfather born Abt 1867 and Adrian Duarte born 16 October 1873. My Great Grandmother Concepcion died in Hermosillo at the age of 101, somewhere between 1908-1920. I am trying to find the ports in Guaymas where my Grandmother might have entered into Mexico. I think it will help me gather more information and will help me in my family research. Thank you for your help, Rosanna Gonzales rosannagonzales@home.com |
| Helen's Family Tree
Congratulations to Helen Serna for developing a family web site. Her
genealogy surname list includes 891 surnames in California and
Jalisco, Mexico, mostly around the Tototlan and Ocotlan
area and also Chihuahua.: http://members.tripod.com/helens_familytree/ This page was produced by GED2WWW version 0.31 compiled on Sep 27 1999 at 13:23:34. GED2WWW © 1996-1999 Leslie Howard. GED2WWW is free software, distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License. For more information about GED2WWW or the GNU General Public License visit the GED2WWW webpage at http://www.lesandchris.com/ged2www . Sent by Renna Orosco frorosco@earthlink.net
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| Local Catholic Church
Histories and Ancestors in
Mexico http://home.att.net/~Local_Catholic/Catholic-Mexico.htm Catholic Documents, Texts, & Archives General History & GENEALOGY Links to Maps & Aids As an example
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Gobierno del Estado de Sinaloa -
Mocorito Excellent site, in additional to the history, touching on the indigenous, colonizer families and individuals are named. http://www.sinaloa.gob.mx/municipios/Mocorito/index.html |
Primary and Secondary Sources for the Study of Mexican History
Prepared by Guillermo Náñez Falcón - January 1999
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List of Collections Processed by the Mexican Archives Project for which Finding Aids exist on the Web
Please send comments or questions to the Benson Latin American Collection at: blac@lib.utexas.edu or call the Rare Books and Manuscripts Department at (512) 495-4578. In the body of your message, include your name, your e-mail address, and your post office address (street, city, ZIP code, etc.). Por favor envíe preguntas sobre estas colecciones a: blac@lib.utexas.edu o llame al Departamento de Libros Raros y Manuscritos al (512) 495-4578. Incluya en el texto de su mensaje su nombre, su dirección electrónica, y su dirección de correo (calle, ciudad, código postal, etc.). Genaro García collection (indented items which follow are subcollections of the García Collection)
Records of the San Miguel Almolonga hacienda and sugar mill Altamirano, Ignacio. "El Zarco: episodios de la vida mexicana en 1861-1863" Paul Bartlett drawings and photographs of Mexican haciendas William F. Buckley, Sr. papers Collection relating to the General Claims Commission, United States and Mexico Financial records of the Compañía Metalúrgica Mexicana and related enterprises Donald Cordry collection relating to Mexican masks René D'Harnoncourt photograph collection Joaquín and Mariano Degollado collection Records of the Ferrocarril Noroeste de México Joaquín García Icazbalceta manuscript collection Relaciones Geográficas of Mexico and Guatemala Juan E. Hernández y Dávalos collection Letters from Dr. Eyler Newton Simpson to Walter S. Rogers for the Institute of Current World Affairs Records of the Presidio de San Felipe y Santiago de Janos Latorre collection on the Kickapoo Indians of Mexico John McAndrew photograph collection on 16th-century Latin American architecture Muse collection relating to Mexico, Texas, and California Photograph collection on Pachuca, Hidalgo Thomas Wentworth Peirce, Jr. papers Records of El Potosí Mining Company Alan and Lillie M. Probert Collection Christian Heilskov Rasmussen Photograph collection of churches in Yucatán Jefferson R. and Lota M. Spell papers Libros de contabilidad de la negociación de pulques de la familia Tagle |
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The
Mexican Flag The flag consists of three bands of colors green, white in the middle and red, with the white part containing the symbol of the eagle and the snake. The indigenous heritage: The cactus, the eagle and the snake The symbol of the eagle standing on a cactus plant and devouring a snake comes from the times of the Aztecs.The Aztec people were guided by their god Huitzilopochtli to seek a place where an eagle landed on a prickly-pear cactus, devouring a snake. After hundreds of years of wandering they found the sign on a small swampy island in Lake Texcoco. Their new home they named Tenochtitlan ("Place of the Prickly Pear Cactus"). In A.D. 1325 they built a city on the site of the island in the lake; which is now Mexico City.
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REGISTRO PRELIMINAR DE CAJAS ©Dra.
Linda Arnold, Junio 2000 BREVE
INTRODUCCIÓN La documentación conservada en las cajas del Fondo Guerra y Marina abarca una parte del Archivo de la Secretaría de Guerra y Marina entre 1821 y 1863; la mayor parte del archivo del Estado/Plana Mayor del Ejército y las inspecciones y direcciones - los órganos administrativas del ejército y los cuerpos activos de las milicias entre 1821 y 1860- en asuntos de revistas de inspección; una parte del Archivo de Hacienda Pública, lo referente a las comisarias de guerra y marina - o sea, instituciones de contabilidad militar que llevaron las revistas de comisario o de contabilidad militar; el archivo de la Fortaleza de Ulúa entre la década de los 1840 hasta 1915; el archivo de correspondencia del Ejército del Norte/Operaciones sobre Texas entre 1836 y 1843; y cuatro secciones del archivo de la Comandancia Militar de México entre 1868 y 1911. La lista de la procedencia de la documentación, que se encuentra más adelante, sirve para orientar tanto a los archivistas como a los investigadores de la procedencia y la variedad de los documentos dentro de las varias miles de cajas del Fondo. También se incluye una bibliografía para que los estudiosos puedan iniciar proyectos de investigación sobre las estructuras institucionales de las cuales provenía la documentación en las cajas aquí registradas.
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Ancestros.com.mx mexicangenealogy@ancestros.com.mx Actualmente contamos con 422 Ligas Interesantes registradas en este sitio, divididas en 51 categorías. A las categorías marcadas como ¡ Nuevo !, se les han añadido sitios relacionadas con el mundo de la Genealogía. Apellidos (12) Archivos Nacionales - National Archives (16) Argentina (7) Belice (3) Biblioteca de todos los paises del Mundo (1) Bolivia (3) Brasil (4) Canadá (1) Catálogos de Páginas y Bases de Datos (7) Cementerios - On Line (1) Centros de Historia Familiar (1) Chile (2) Colombia (1) Cuba (2) Diarios - Periódicos del Mundo (27) Diccionarios (General) (1) Diccionarios de palabras en otros idiomas (2) Dispensas Matrimoniales On Line (1) El Salvador (2) España (15) Estados Unidos (31) ¡ Nuevo ! FamilySearch - Servicio Genealógico por Internet (11) Francia (1) Genealogía Real y de Nobleza (1) Hága su Arbol Genealógico - Software (32) ¡ Nuevo ! Heráldica (32) Iglesias - Investigación Genealógica (7) Información de los Paises del Mundo (1) Inmigrantes (10) Internacional - International Societies (2) Italia (14) ¡ Nuevo ! Librerias Especializadas en Genealogia (8) Ligas Interesantes (9) ¡ Nuevo ! Localizador de Sitios Genealógicos (12) Mapas, Gazetas, Geografía, Clima, etc (10) México (53) ¡ Nuevo ! Obituarios (5) Origen de los Apellidos (1) Palestina (3) Panamá (2) Perú (1) Puerto Rico (3) Recursos Genealógicos por País (1) ¡ Nuevo ! República Dominicana (3) Sitios Familiares - Personal Web Pages (28) ¡ Nuevo ! Sociedades Genealógicas - Genealogical Societies (21) ¡ Nuevo ! Sociedades Históricas (4) Sociedades y Fraternidades (2) Sudamérica (1) Teléfono - Guía Telefónica Mundial (2) Uruguay (2) www.ancestros.com.mx |
| Mambí
Army Partidas Campesinas Armadas de 1898 David Masnata Spanish/Cuban Genealogy |
Spanish Patriots
of Trinidad and Margarita Spanish, French, Dutch and American Patriots of the West Indies |
Cuban Liberation Army 1895-1898 "Mambí Army" Data Basehttp://www.cubagenweb.org/mambi.htmNote: This alphabetical listing data base is being compiled a little at a time by a dedicated group of volunteers. If you would like to help in the transcription project contact the website for more details.
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David Masnata Collection, Spanish/Cuban GenealogyThe David Masnata Collection includes approximately 1,300 titles relating to Spanish and Cuban genealogy and heraldry. Masnata left Cuba in 1959 and compiled this collection in the United States. The David Masnata Papers, also houses a book collection and include research files and documentation on the origins and history of Spanish and Cuban family names.http://www.library.miami.edu/archives/collections/masnat.html |
| Partidas Campesinas Armadas de
1898 by Carlos Lopez Dzur Carlos is the Editor of MINIONDAS and a dedicated historian. These are the URLs concerning his websites on the Puerto Rico 's movimiento campesino armado during the Spanish American War (1898) http://www.geocities.com/baudelaire1998/comevacas1.html http://www.geocities.com/baudelaire1998/comevaca2.htm http://www.geocities.com/baudelaire1998/pepino2.html This is a Bibliography of the first 2 urls. http://www.geocities.com/baudelaire1998/pepino3.html This a PORTAL to see monographies and presentation: http://www.geocities.com/baudelaire1998/indexPepino.html
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Spanish
Patriots
of Trinidad and Margarita |
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Some Patriots of Trinidad and Margarita who served in Spain's 17790-1783 War with England - During the American Revolution - are out in Legajos 7293, 7294, and 7295, LDS Film Roll 1156354, which includes service for each soldier up to the years 1787, 1788 and 1789 . . Age, place of birth, and martial status were also shown. Only wartime service is shown below, but the soldiers were stationed in Trinidad or Tobago when the records were made. On this Legajo, only the officers and key personnel are shown, giving records for about ten percent of those who actually served in the units. It is probable that any descendant of those soldiers would be accepted into the National Society, Sons of the American Revolution. (The present King of Spain, Juan Carlos I, and his son, the Crown Prince of Asturias, are already members, based on their descent from King Carlos III, the wartime King of Spain. As they have been accepted, it seems logical that descendants of others who fought the English will be accepted. Francisco Alburquerque
(1752 Ceuta, Galicia -) married in 1787. Distinguished service, in
January 1779, Ayudante Mayor, Infantry veterans of Maracaibo,
Venezuela. Sgt. Mayor, grad Lt. Col, Bn Inf Mil Discip, Vol
Blancos Valles de Aragua, 1799, Legajo 7295;II:12. |
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Granville and N.C. Hough have
just completed their 7th study: |
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Since the work of the Franco-American Commission 100 years ago, the Sons
of the American Revolution extended its definition of patriots beyond
those who merely fought on American soil, in American waters, or on
American ships. About 1925, SAR began accepting descendants of
Spanish soldiers and militiamen who served in Louisiana during the
1776-1783 time period. In January 2000, the SAR inducted as a
member King Juan Carlos I of Spain, descendant of King Carlos III who
declared war on England as King of Spain. SAR members now include
descendants of Spanish soldiers who served in California, New Mexico,
Texas, and Louisiana.
We know there were 100,000 persons involved in the West Indies in the
various army, naval, land and mariner units of Spain, France, and the
Netherlands, with about 2500 of that number coming from the militia,
Indian, or other forces living in territory within present-day United
States. |
| Earthquake
Recovery In El Salvador Tratado de Paleografia Espanola (Spanish) Diócesis Españolas ICOMOS Mexicano (Spanish) AudioLibros |
Anillo de Genealogia Hispana Colonial Cataluña Soldiers in Canada (Spanish) Altamira Museum in Cantabria Pico Island Marriages - Portuguese Website Website: Portuguese Making of America |
| Earthquake Recovery in El
Salvador In collaboration with El Salvador's National Council for Culture and Art (CONCULTURA), a team from the Getty Conservation Institute has been providing emergency assistance in assessing and stabilizing historic buildings in El Salvador damaged by major earthquakes in January and February 2001. In June, the Institute organized a seminar on rain protection a seminar on rain protection and emergency structural shoring of historic buildings, selecting national monuments in three Salvadoran cities for conservation work. These sites included the unique vaulted masonry church of Nuestra Señora del Pilar in San Vicente, Izalco's Casa de la Cultura, a colonial-era courtyard house, located in the heart of this historic town, and in Santa Tecia, a church built in a style developed to withstand earthquakes without total collapse. This Month at the Getty , September 2001 |
| Tratado de Paleografia
Espanola:
New acquisition for UTPA Library http://www.panam.edu/2000/news/index.cfm?newsid=2035&curtype=release&curbar=news Sent by Johanna de Soto |
ALBACETE
Obispado. ALCALÁ
DE HENARES
Obispado. |
| Estimados colegas y amigos de ICOMOS Mexicano: Adjuntamos al presente mensaje, el programa de nuestro XXI Symposium Internacional de Conservación del Patrimonio Monumental que se efectuará del 7 al 10 de noviembre en la Ciudad de Pachuca. Esperamos contar con tu presencia y participación. Arq. Ramón M. Bonfil Castro, Presidente Sent by Carmen Boone de Aguilar |
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Two growing U.S. companies are bringing old and
new Spanish-language literature from Spain and Latin America, as well as
translations of U.S. titles to life through the power of the spoken word.
Since 1989, Fortuna Calvo-Roth, co-owner of Nueva Onda, has made it her
mission to provide Spanish speakers in the United States with audiotapes
of valuable books. For more information contact: Nueva Onda, Audiolibros en Español 880 Fifth Ave., Suite 8F New York, NY 10021-4951 Source: CriticasNews, Fall 2001, Vol. 1, #3 |
| Anillo de Genealogia
Hispana, http://elanillo.com 3593 Surnames, message board, archives and dioceses, resources, how to make a web page. http://www.docuweb.ca/SpainInCanada/spanish/heritage/soldiers.html Sent by George Gause |
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Embajada de España
en Canada |
LOS SOLDADOS DE
NOOTKA: |
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Cuando España estableció un puesto permanente en Nootka en 1790, envió allí una compañía de guarnición, la Primera Compañía franca de Voluntarios de Cataluña. Este fue el primer grupo relativamente importante de europeos que llegaba a la isla de Vancuver con el propósito de permanecer en ella durante más que una temporada. Militarmente hablando, esta unidad fue la primera apostada en lo que hoy es la Columbia Británica, y construyó la primera fortificación al estilo europeo -una batería de artillería- en lo que hoy es la costa canadiense del Pacífico. El establecimiento de Nootka desencadenó una crisis que estuvo a punto de provocar una guerra entre Gran Bretaña, España y Francia. Afortunadamente, prevaleció la templanza. La solución diplomática a la crisis de Nootka, resuelta en Europa, preveía que la plaza debería evacuarse puesto que nadie deseaba ir a la guerra. Pero en el interin, los Voluntarios Catalanes sirvieron en Nootka durante varios años, luego reemplazados por un escuadra de 19 hombres bajo el mando de un sargento de la Compañía de San Blas, que la evacuaron al retirarse finalmente en 1795. LOS VOLUNTARIOS DE CATALUÑA. Este cuerpo colonial se formó en abril de 1767, como una compañía independiente. Sus 4 oficiales, 4 sargentos, 2 tambores y 94 cabos y soldados fueron destacados del Segundo Regimiento de Voluntarios de Cataluña, en Barcelona. El Segundo regimiento metropolitano había sido reclutado cinco años antes en la montañosa provincia de Cataluña, al nordeste de España, vestido y equipado conforme al tradicional estilo de los Migueletes, unidades de infantería ligera de montaña. Como resultado, la nueva Compañía asumió las tradiciones del 2º Regimiento. Aunque formada en 1767, la colonial Compañía Franca de Voluntarios de Cataluña reclamaba su precedencia desde 1762, fecha de creación del 20 Regimiento, y llevaba el mismo uniforme azul con divisa amarilla y botones en plata.1 Hubo variaciones en algunos detalles, como se verá más abajo. La nueva Compañía Independiente estaba originalmente prevista para servir en La Habana, pero se juzgó más urgente la necesidad de tropas en Nueva España y los Voluntarios Catalanes zarparon de Cádiz, a finales de abril, con destino a Méjico. Tras una escala en La Habana, desembarcaron en Veracruz en agosto y marcharon al interior del país. El cuerpo fue destinado a Tepic pero poco después sería empleado en la expedición de Sonora, donde encontraron a otra unidad colonial catalana: los Fusileros de Montaña. 2 En 1769, un destacamento de Voluntarios de Cataluña exploró la Alta California (actual estado de California, Estados Unidos), colaborando en la construcción de San Diego y Monterrey, y formó parte de la expedición que descubrió la Bahía de San Francisco en octubre del mismo año. El 12 de noviembre de 1772 se enviaron instrucciones desde España para fusionar las dos unidades catalanas en un único cuerpo de dos compañías de Voluntarios de Cataluña. De acuerdo con ellas, las dos compañías fueron organizadas a principios de 1773, consistiendo cada una de 3 oficiales y 80 hombres. En adelante, la unidad fue definitivamente incluida entre las tropas coloniales regulares de Nueva España. Guadalajara se convirtió en la base de las dos compañías catalanas, alternándose en el servicio de las provincias fronterizas hasta que una era relevada por la otra, mientras que la compañía que quedaba en Guadalajara aportaba pequeños destacamentos a San Blas y Real del Monte.3 Otros fueron enviados para la exploración de la Alta California junto a la caballería presidial. Las misiones se sucedían y, paulatinamente, los Voluntarios de Cataluña se convirtieron en una verdadera unidad colonial. A finales de agosto de 1789, la primera compañía permanecía tranquilamente en Guadalajara cuando se recibieron órdenes de Ciudad de Méjico para que preparasen su marcha a la base naval de San Blas, con vistas a una expedición al Pacífico Norte. Mandaba la Primera Compañía el Capitán Pedro Alberni, que tenía algunos hombres enfermos y el equipo en deficiente estado para acometer tal expedición. Finalmente rehecha, a falta de un oficial que quedó enfermo, la compañía partió hacia San Blas el 2 de enero de 1790. El Capitán Alberni y su compañía embarcaron en la fragata Concepción, al mando del Teniente de navío Francisco Eliza, que zarpó el 3 de febrero hacia Nootka, junto con el San Carlos y la Princesa Real. El 25 de marzo, la Concepción y el San Carlos anclaron en Nootka. Pronto desembarcaron 80 hombres que comenzaron a trabajar en la reparación y mejora de los barracones, empalizadas y plataformas de los cañones que había construido el Capitán Martínez el año anterior. Hacia mediados de abril, una batería de artillería dominaba la entrada a la Ensenada de Nootka desde una posición eminente. Se la llamó Batería de San Miguel.4 La Princesa Real permaneció anclada en la rada y, eventualmente, fue utilizada como batería flotante de apoyo a la de San Miguel. Estos trabajos defensivos eran relativamente modestos, como en todos los presidios españoles al norte de Méjico. Ninguno habría resistido el asedio de una fuerza europea bien equipada, más bien eran avanzadillas de la civilización en los confines del mundo conocido. La batería de Nootka habría podido oponerse a mercantes bien armados o, incluso, a una fragata. Realmente, era todo lo que se necesitaba ya que la probabilidad de encontrarse con grandes buques de línea en el Pacífico Norte era muy remota en aquella época. Las fortificaciones fueron diligentemente mejoradas y, para el verano de 1792, los cañones de la batería de San Miguel estaban protegidos por troneras y también se había construido una nueva residencia de paredes encaladas para los oficiales, mucho más confortable. Un interesante aspecto de las fortificaciones de Nootka era la ausencia de defensas contra fuerzas de desembarco de posibles enemigos, o contra indios que atacaran por tierra. Claramente, el ataque terrestre no fue considerado como la mayor amenaza. La estancia de la Compañía de Voluntarios Catalanes en Nootka -quizá uno de los puestos más desamparados del Imperio español- fue muy dura. La zona era de gran belleza escénica, pero ello debía ser de poco consuelo para unos hombres acostumbrados al cálido y soleado clima de Méjico mientras soportaban el frío, el viento y las lluvias invernales en la Isla de Vancuver. No todos se quedaron en Nootka, algunos fueron destinados para servir como marines a bordo de los veleros que partían de exploración mucho más al Norte.5 En 1791, 10 soldados fueron destacados para la expedición de Francisco Eliza a Mount Elias (Alaska). En 1792, un grupo de catalanes fue repartido en varios buques: 45 en la Princesa, 43 en la Virgen de Aranzazu, 40 en la Activa y 3 en la Mexicana. A pesar de las precauciones tomadas para el servicio en el Pacíficio Norte, muchos perecieron de enfermedades y otros desertaron. En marzo de 1793, la compañía había quedado reducida a 59 soldados, frente a su máximo de 80. De ellos, solo había 14 en Nootka, los supervivientes de un crudo invierno que había causado muchas víctimas; los demás estaban a bordo de los buques de exploración. De todas formas, llegaron órdenes de reducir la guarnición de Nootka a 10 hombres, bajo el mando del Alférez Saavedra. En junio de 1794 fueron relevados por un contingente de 19 soldados, bajo el mando del Sargento segundo Virueta, destacados de la compañía de guarnición de la base naval de San Blas, en Méjico.6 Así concluyó el periplo de servicio de los Voluntarios de Cataluña en lo que hoy es una parte de Canadá. La unidad fue destinada después en California y, más adelante, contra los insurgentes en Méjico. Allí recibió los elogios del Virrey Calleja por su buen historial de servicios, pero había perdido demasiados hombres y poco después de 1815, fue amalgamada entre otras unidades realistas. El armamento, equipo y uniformes de los Voluntarios de Cataluña en Nueva España ha sido a menudo confundido con el de su gemelo en España, o a veces con el de otras tropas coloniales. Se ha dicho que llevaban escopetas, pero tanto el regimiento peninsular como las compañías de Nueva España llevaban un mosquete militar estándar, modelo 1757, provisto de bayoneta. Inicialmente, la compañía enviada a Nueva España estuvo armada con pistolas, como era tradicional entre las tropas montañesas catalanas, pero solo quedaron unas pocas tras la expedición de Sonora y no se entregó ninguna cuando el cuerpo fue rearmado en 1773. Como resultado, el regimiento peninsular continuó llevando pistolas, pero no así los Voluntarios catalanes en Nueva España. En 1788 se solicitaron mosquetes nuevos, que se entregaron en 1790. Los 69 soldados recibieron mosquetes y bayonetas; los 6 cabos tuvieron además un sable corto, los dos tambores llevaban un tambor y un sable corto y los 3 sargentos estaban armados solo de espada, como los oficiales.7 A simple vista, el uniforme colonial de la Compañía franca de Voluntarios de Cataluña puede parecer similar al de su gemelo metropolitano, pero un examen detallado revela numerosos detalles diferentes.8 Sus casacas tienen el cuello vuelto, pero no forro amarillo; llevaban medias pero sin polainas. A partir de los estados de vestuario es posible reconstruir su uniforme.9 Cada soldado colonial de los Voluntarios de Cataluña llevaba un tricornio negro, bordeado de galón blanco, con la escarapela roja. El gambeto era de lana azul, con cuello y bocamangas (vueltas) amarillas, portezuela de la bocamanga azul y botones de metal blanco; el forro azul era de una lana más ligera. El gambeto era una casaca amplia, cuya faldilla no se replegaba atrás mostrando el forro, como en las casacas militares ordinarias. La chupa, de lana amarilla, tenía el collarín y los puños azules con botones pequeños de metal blanco. El pantalón era azul, las medias blancas y los zapatos negros; la camisa blanca y la corbata negra. Disponían también de un gorro de cuartel, probablemente azul vuelto de amarillo, pero no se conocen detalles. Los cabos tenían el mismo uniforme, pero con un galón plateado al borde del cuello como distinción de rango. Los cabos primeros llevaban dos galones y los segundos solo uno. Los sargentos llevaban esencialmente el mismo uniforme que los soldados, aunque de mejor calidad. Sus sombreros tenían un galón plateado en lugar de blanco, como también la habitual escarapela roja. No llevaban gambetos, sino una casaca militar estándar, de color azul, con cuello y bocamangas amarillas, portezuela de la bocamanga azul, forro azul, faldilla replegada y botones plateados. Sus insignias de rango eran charreteras trenzadas de seda amarilla y plata sobre los hombros de la casaca. El cordoncillo de la espada también era de seda amarilla y plata. Los oficiales debían llevar el uniforme del Cuerpo, aunque de mejor calidad. Consistía de un tricornio con fino lazo de plata y escarapela de seda escarlata; casaca azul, con cuello y bocamangas amarillas, portezuela y repliegues azules, botones plateados; chupa amarilla con collarín y puños azules, pantalón azul, medias blancas, zapatos negros, camisa y corbata blancas, de lino fino. Las insignias de rango para los oficiales subalternos eran charreteras plateadas: una en el hombro izquierdo para el alférez, una en el hombro derecho para el teniente y dos para el capitán. Los oficiales superiores no llevaban charreteras sino galones en las bocamangas: uno el mayor, dos el teniente coronel y tres el coronel. Los Voluntarios de Cataluña no tenían oficiales superiores, excepto el Capitán Pedro Alberni, que estaba al mando en Nootka, cuyo rango militar era de teniente coronel y cuyas insignias de rango llevó en Nootka: dos galones plateados alrededor de cada bocamanga. En servicios tales como al mando de la guardia, los oficiales llevaban una gola, un distintivo plateado en forma de media luna con las Armas de España en el centro, que se llevaba suspendido del cuello por una cinta.10 Los tambores debían llevar la librea real, conforme había sido regulado por Carlos III en 1760.11 Los estados de vestuario de los Voluntarios de Cataluña en Nueva España reflejan una estricta obediencia a la orden real en relación a los tambores. El gambeto era azul, como antes, pero con cuello y bocamangas carmesíes, y la chupa también era carmesí con puños y collarín azules. Tanto el gambeto como la chupa estaban guarnecidos con el galón de seda carmesí de la librea real. El resto del uniforme era como el de los soldados. La bandolera del tambor era probablemente azul, guarnecida con el galón de la librea y la caja del tambor estaría pintada de azul, con las Armas reales en el frente y las argollas pintadas de rojo. El uniforme colonial de los Voluntarios de Cataluña permaneció igual hasta finales del siglo (hacia 1800), cuando los gambetos fueron reemplazados por las habituales casacas -azul con cuello y bocamanagas amarillas-, a las que se añadieron solapas amarillas. Desde 1809 hasta el momento de su incorporación en otros cuerpos, el uniforme fue una casaca azul, con cuello, solapas, vueltas, forro y repliegues amarillos, botones de metal blanco, sombrero sin galón, chupa amarilla y pantalón blanco de lino.12 Para el puesto de Nootka, el Teniente coronel Alberni solicitó alguna ropa de abrigo, que recibió antes de la partida hacia el Pacífico Noroeste, aunque no hemos conseguido encontrar su descripción precisa. Creemos que podría tratarse de algo similar a lo que usaban los marineros: un gorro de lana, un capote grueso con capucha y un par de pantalones de lana.13 LA COMPAÑIA FIJA DE SAN BLAS.Al contrario que el cuerpo anterior, esta unidad no fue reclutada en España sino en México. Ciertamente, la mayoría de las tropas coloniales del Imperio español fueron reclutadas localmente, aunque los empleos superiores eran normalmente servidos por españoles provenientes de la Vieja España. La "Fija", o Compañía de guarnición de San Blas fue levantada en virtud de una orden fechada el 8 de noviembre de 1788, cuya regulación se completó el 22 de noviembre de 1790. Esta especificaba su fuerza como sigue: 1 capitán, 1 teniente, 1 alférez, 1 sargento primero, 3 sargentos segundos, 2 tambores, 5 cabos primeros, 5 cabos segundos y 89 soldados. Aunque debían proteger la base naval de San Blas, algunos hombres fueron ocasionalmente embarcados como marines. La historia de la compañía fue generalmente tranquila. Todavía existía en 1815 y, poco después, fue igualmente absorbida por unidades mayores del ejército realista.14 El servicio de guarnición en Nootka de los 20 hombres de
este cuerpo terminó el 23 de marzo de 1795. De acuerdo con
las formalidades previstas por los comisionados
hispano-británicos,
las últimas tropas españolas embarcaron en la Activa y
abandonaron el Estrecho de Nootka a sus originales dueños; el
jefe Maquina y sus súbditos. inusual no vuelve a mencionarse después y hemos optado por
mostrar la usual chupa sin cruzar en nuestra reconstrucción.
Los dos tambores tenían un uniforme de similar corte y
composición al resto del cuerpo, pero sus casacas cortas
azules debían tener cuellos y bocamangas rojas, guarnecidas
con el galón de la librea real. Sus tambores y bandoleras
fueron generalmente similares a los de los Voluntarios
catalanes. Deseo expresar mi gratitud por su ayuda en la preparación de este artículo al malogrado Dr. Detmar Finke, que amablemente puso en mis manos su información sobre los Voluntarios de Cataluña, al Conservador John P. Langellier, del Gene Autry Western Heritage Museum, a la Biblioteca del Canadian Parks Service, al Museo Nacional de la Historia y al Archivo General de la Nación, en México, al Archivo General de Indias, en Sevilla, a la Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection, en la Universidad de Brown y a la Biblioteca del Congreso en Washington.
Sent by Johanna de Soto |
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Pico Island Marriage Database If you have Portuguese ancestors, please look at this website. The dedication and vision of the webmaster is apparent. After years of part-time work on this project to extract all the marriages of everyone from the island of Pico since the beginning of the records, I now have 11,000 marriages from all the villages which exist on Pico, covering the years 1593 to 1876. But the project is still not nearly complete. Recently, I began to concentrate on the marriages from 1850 to the final year available on microfilm, which varies from 1873 to 1876 in the 15 parishes which comprised the island then. After I completed those, I combined all the separate village databases into one Pico Island Index, which now allows me to do island-wide searches for people. The years 1850 to 1876 represent a high percentage of the years when
our ancestors who migrated to the U.S. were born, and therefore the
majority of the years their parents were married on Pico. I had in mind
the people who only know their ancestor came from Pico, but don't know
which village. So by completing these years for the entire island, I can
rather quickly check for the ancestors who were, until now, so elusive. Doug da Rocha Holmes rocha@dholmes.com |
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Altamira Museum in Cantabria. The new attraction in northern Spain is the Altamira Museum in Cantabria. The Altamira Museum contains what the museum contains the Neocave. It's a masterful and faithful reproduction of the authentic Altamira Cave that introduced modern man to prehistoric art. The discovery of the Altamira Cave art in 1879 brought international attention to the region. %The red-and-yellow bison painted on the ceiling of the cave some 14,000 years ago startled scientists, who until then thought prehistoric man too primitive for art. It took 20 years and the discovery of similar caves in France before its legitimacy was established. Altamira was closed to visitors for five years because the heavy traffic was damaging the cave art. Since its reopening in 1982, only 8,500 visitors a year, by reservation only, are permitted in the cave for a 10-minute gaze at the paintings. Reservations are back up by three years. Extract from article by Kernan Turner, OC Register, 9-16-01
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The Portuguese Making of America and also the Portuguese
version Os Portugueses na Formacao da America. This
book is available from the Portuguese-American Historical and
Research Foundation, Inc., 277 Industrial Park Rd, Franklin
NC 28734. the book is free when you join PAHR Foundation, Inc.
The membership is $15 with $3 for shipping and handling of the free
book. Source: Vol. IX, #2 Portuguese Ancestry July 2001, Editor: Rosemarie Capodicci |
| National
Trust for Historic Preservation American Indians in the U.S. Armed Forces Civil War History Registering America's Men Spanish Origin of Indian Rights Christianity Among the Indians of America |
Spanish
Frontier of North America Medieval Culture and the Mexican Borderlands Slavery in New England The Price of Freedom |
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National
Trust for Historic Preservation
The National Trust is the only national organization that regularly goes to court to protect America's heritage. The National Trust Legal Defense has defended America's historic places in some 100 court cases to date and works closely with preservationists throughout the county. For information, www.nationaltrust.org call 1-800-765-6847 or write: Law Department c/o, National Trust for Historic Preservation 1785 Massachusetts Ave, NW Washington, DC 20036 |
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American
Indians in the U.S. Armed Forces, 1866-1945, by John P.
Langellier, Greenhill Books, London, distributed by Stackpole
Books, Mechanicsburg, Pa., $13.95. http://www.thehistorynet.com/reviews/bk_wedec003.htm Extract of review by Jon Guttman In this special installment of an ongoing series, "G.I.: The Illustrated History of the American Soldier, His Uniform and His Equipment," John P. Langellier focuses on the native American, with the greater part of American Indians in the U.S. Armed Forces, 1866-1945 devoted to those who served in the West. Uniforms and equipment varied from Indian soldiers wearing regulation uniforms and sabers to Apache scouts dressed virtually the same as the hostile Chiricauhuas they tried to track. Sent by Johanna de Soto |
| Civil War Soldiers History
Available
Civil War soldiers histories of every Civil War soldier, Union and
Confederate are available for $15 a unit. Each history contains
organizational data, higher command assignments, engagement lists, maps
and much more. More than 7,500 units are available. |
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Uncle, We are Ready! Registering America's Men, 1917-1918, written by archivist John Newman, is an extensive guide to researching World War I draft registration cards, which gives valuable genealogical information for over 24 million Americans born between 1872 and 1900. It's the first book-length study of the WWI draft registration process including a detailed history and explanation of the drafts, as well as a complete series of research sources available. Local History & Genealogy Librarian - A Heritage Quest Newsletter, Summer issue, 2001 |
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Spanish Origin of Indian Rights in the Law of the United States Spanish Origin of Indian Rights in the Law of the United States by Felix S. Cohen (1942) http://srd.yahoo.com/goo/spanish+origin+of+indian+rights/1 The Spanish Origin of International Law: Francisco De Vitoria and His Law of Nations. London: Humphrey Milford, 1934 by James Brown Scott http://legalminds.lp.findlaw.com/list/newlawbooks-l/msg01304.html Francisco de Vitoria [c. 1483-1546] is widely considered to be a founder of international law. Scott holds that Vitoria's 16th century school of international law and his important Reflectiones, De Indis Noviter Inventis and De Jure Belli (the text of these are included in the appendix) are in fact the origin of the law of nations, which was to become the international law of Christendom and the world at large. In Vitoria's writings described herein he held that pagans had the right to freedom and property, declared slavery to be unsound, upheld the rights of Indians, questioned the Spanish conquest of the New World in the time immediately following Columbus' discovery of America which gave rise to his thesis that the community of nations transcends Christendom. Walker, Oxford Companion to Law 1279-1280. Armando Romero aromero@unigen.com |
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Tip from Lorene Valdez
Salgardo valsal@mediaone.net |
Christianity Among the Indians of the AmericasSpecial Collections and Archives at Marquette University Libraries The Marquette University Archives is committed to documenting the
ongoing story of Christianity in Native North America. Since 1977, the
department has acquired the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions records and
16 other collections. This material documents the histories of urban and
rural missions and parishes; the values and attitudes of clergy,
religious, and laity; the history and customs of Indian tribes; and the
cultural interaction between Native Americans, church leaders, and U.S.
government officials. Documentation is significant for tribes within
Alberta and Ontario, Canada; Chiapas, Mexico; and 17 states: Alaska,
Arizona, California, Idaho, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana,
Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota,
Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. In addition, the library's general
collection holds over 30,000 related titles. |
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Spanish Frontier of North American
Go back in time to the period of 1521 -1821 and discover some interesting facts about the area. This is a great site, wonderful variety of historical events in varied locations. Many links. |
| Medieval Culture ad the Mexican
American Borderlands by Milo Kearney and Manuel Medrano Book Review in Texas A&M University Press - - 256 pages, $34.95 The land along the U.S. - Mexican border is often portrayed as the place where two separate cultures meet - or indeed collide. Yet this is not the first meeting of the two cultures, not their first collision, and not their first confluence. Their respective ancestral cultures in England and Spain, argue scholars had common roots in medieval Europe. Kearney and Medrano explore three interlinking themes. First, they assert that Mexican American borderlands culture cannot be fully understood without knowledge of its medieval underpinnings in both Castile (and pre-Castile Spain) and England. Second, they argue that certain parallels in the medieval evolution of Hispanic and Anglo societies make the two culture much more closely related than is often realized. Finally, the authors show how, despite these similarities, the origins of Anglo-Hispanic tensions trace back to the Middle Ages. The authors conclude that many of the foundations for the interaction of Hispanic and Anglo societies were laid by the year 1500. From science and learning through literature and music to art and architecture, medieval cloture has defined many elements of borderlands creativity. While the hostilities and negative stereotypes generated by the Hispanic-Anglo warfare of the Middle ages passed on prejudices and problems that are still not entirely overcome, a recognition of the interlinked past can draw Hispanic and Anglo subcultures in the borderlands together.
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| Slavery
in New England Most people do not think of New England as a "massive landscape of slavery," but that's what archaeologist Gerald Sawyer sees when he looks at documentary and archaeological evidence from the site of an eighteenth-century plantation in southeastern Connecticut. The 30-square-mile plantation, called New Salem by its owner, Colonel Samuel Browne, operated from 1718 until 1780. New Salem was one of many New England plantations that were part of the so-called triangle trade, in which rum was shipped to Africa and exchanged for slaves, who were brought to the West Indies and exchanged for molasses, which was shipped back to Rhode Island to produce more rum. Some ten percent of slaves brought to the New World ended up in the north. Sawyers believes that freed and escaped slaves lived on the periphery
of the New Salem plantation and intermarried with Native Americans and
poorer whites. He has found remnants of hillside rock structures
on the edge of the plantation that resemble dwellings of
African-Jamaicans.
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| The price of freedom... Have you ever wondered what happened to the 56 men who signed the Declaration of Independence? Five signers were captured by the British as traitors, and tortured before they died. Twelve had their homes ransacked and burned. Two lost their sons serving in the Revolutionary Army; another had two sons captured. Nine of the 56 fought and died from wounds or hardships of the Revolutionary War. They signed and they pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor. What kind of men were they? Twenty-four were lawyers and jurists. Eleven were merchants, nine were farmers and large plantation owners; men of means, well educated. But they signed the Declaration of Independence knowing full well that the penalty would be death if they were captured. Carter Braxton of Virginia, a wealthy planter and trader, saw his ships swept from the seas by the British Navy. He sold his home and properties to pay his debts, and died in rags. Thomas McKean was so hounded by the British that he was forced to move his family almost constantly. He served in the Congress without pay, and his family was kept in hiding. His possessions were taken from him, and poverty was his reward. Vandals or soldiers looted the properties of Dillery, Hall, Clymer, Walton, Gwinnett, Heyward, Ruttledge, and Middleton. At the battle of Yorktown, Thomas Nelson Jr, noted that the British General Cornwallis had taken over the Nelson home for his headquarters. He quietly urged General George Washington to open fire. The home was destroyed, and Nelson died bankrupt. Francis Lewis had his home and properties destroyed. The enemy jailed his wife, and she died within a few months. John Hart was driven from his wife's bedside as she was dying. Their 13 children fled for their lives. His fields and his gristmill were laid to waste. For more than a year he lived in forests and caves, returning home to find his wife dead and his children vanished. A few weeks later he died from exhaustion and a broken heart. Norris and Livingston suffered similar fates. Such were the stories and sacrifices of the American Revolution. These were not wild-eyed, rabble-rousing ruffians. They were soft-spoken men of means and education. They had security, but they valued liberty more. Standing tall, straight, and unwavering, they pledged: "For the support of this declaration, with firm reliance on the protection of divine providence, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor." They gave you and me a free and independent America. The history books never told you a lot about what happened in the Revolutionary War. We didn't fight just the British. We were British subjects at that time and we fought our own government! Some of us take these liberties so much for granted, but we shouldn't. So, take a few minutes and silently thank these patriots. Remember: freedom is never free! |
| Map Web
Site for a Global Perspective Hard to Read Documents Artcom Museum Tour by States and Cities Genealogy Scams, Frauds and Hoaxes |
Postcards Herencia de España Day of the Dead Using Obituaries |
|
Map web sites for a Global Perspective compiled by Michelle Maltais, L.A.Times http://www.atlas.dhs.org/RealWorld/Applicatio/WorldAtlas http://www.library.yale.edu/MapColl/curious.html http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/map_sites/country_sites.html http://www.embassyworld.com/maps http://www.maps.com/explore http://www.mapquest.com/cgi-bin/ia_find?link=school/worldatlas_index&atlas http://www.countrywatch.com http://www.school.discovery.com/homeworkhelp/worldbook/atozgeography http://www.geography.about.com/cs/blankoutlinemaps |
Artcom Museum Tour®
|
| Do you
have hard-to-read documents or microfilm photocopies? Let
computer enhancement remove sports and stains, reconstruct handwriting
and improve contrast. We can print to paper, transparencies or
film.
Ancestral Transcriptions, P.O. Box 1051, North Bend, WA 98045, (206) 888-1856 |
| Genealogy Scams, Frauds and
Hoaxes http://www.ancestordetective.com/watchdog.htm As a public service to the genealogical community, Ancestor Detective® lists Web sites which provide misleading or inaccurate genealogical information. Of even more interest are the links they provide to sources for various codes and standards, specifically: APG's Guidelines for the Use of Credentials & Postnominals in Professional Genealogy, the APG Coded of Ethics, The Board for Certification of Genealogists' Code of Ethics and conduct, The National Genealogical Society's Genealogical Standards. There are also links to sites specializing in copyright information. Don't miss an important section near the bottom of the page which deals with certification and accreditation of genealogists and how to find out if someone is entitled to use those descriptives. California State Genealogical Alliance, Vol. 19, No. 9 (September 2001) |
| POSTCARDS
FOR FAMILY HISTORY
During the first several decades
of the twentieth century photographers swarmed over the globe capturing
images of people, building, street scenes, etc. for publication on
postcards which enjoyed an enormous popularity. Postcards of
people were produced in small quantities and mailed to friends and
family. They are to be found among private family photo
collections.\Street scenes, pictures of public buildings, schools,
libraries, churches, and local attractions were produced in much larger
quantities for sale to the general public. http://patsabin.com/vintagepostcards/ |
| The
Flood New evidence may support theory of a massive flood. Archaeologists have found eid4ence that appears to support the theory that a catastrophic flood struck the Black Sea region more than 7,000 years ago, turning the sea saline, submerging surrounding plain and possibly inspiring the flood legends of Mesopotamia and the Bible. In their first scientific report, the expedition leaders said a sonar survey in the sea off Sinop, a city on the northern coast of Turkey, conducted in the summer of 2000, revealed the first distinct traces of the pre-flood shoreline, now about 500 feet under water. At one site, the sonar detected more than 30 stone blocks on a gently sloping but otherwise featureless bottom. The blocks did not appear to be part of a natural geological formation, expedition scientist reported in the Oct. 1 issue of the American Journal of Archaeology. |
|
HERENCIA DE HISPAÑIA Special thanks to Doug
Westfall of www.SpecialBooks.com
for sharing this List, Part 1 ADIOS Saying goodby in Spanish means more than just farewell. Adiós is really A Dios, or To God, or To Go With God. A much better rendition of the meaning. AMERICA Americ was the native Indian name for the mountain range in what is now Nicaragua. Spanish sailors adapted it into Amerique the source for the word America. In Latin Amer-rica means rich love. AVOCADO From the Spanish aguacate, a Nahuatl word ahuacatl meaning testicle, from the shape of the fruit. BARBADOS Fig trees on this island, appeared to be bearded to early Portuguese sailors, who named the island Barbados. CAESAR SALAD Cæsar Cardini, a Tijuana restaurant owner, created the Cæsar Salad on July 4, 1924. With Prohibition in effect in the United States, many people from the Los Angeles area were traveling to Tijuana to obtain liquor. Short of food for the American holiday weekend, he improvised his salads with Romaine lettuce, garlic dressing, parmesan cheese and fried bread cubes. Cardini eventually left Mexico for the US, and by 1948 was bottling Cardini’s Cæsar Salad Dressing. CALIFORNIA Caliph is the Arabic (or Moorish) term for supreme ruler and -ornais the adornment of that ruler. First coined in the novel Las Sergas de Espplandian by Garci Rodriguez Ordonez de Montalvo; circa 1510, California was not discovered until 1530 by Cortez. "California is the only place ever to be named before being discovered." (William Kindig) CANASTA A card game, started on the vast pampas of Argentina in the 1950s by the vaqueros; gauchos in Argentina. On the open plain, they played in a basket to prevent the wind from blowing the cards around. Canasta means basket. COCONUT When early Spanish and Portuguese sailors made their way to tropical islands, they noticed the large palm tree nuts looked like a contorted human face. They named them for their appearance; coco is Portuguese for grimace. CHOLO Many times during early California pobladors (settlers) were brought to start villages and towns. During the Spanish period, Villa Brancaforte was founded with pobladors, fresh from prison. The Spanish slang word for scoundrel is cholo, and after that time, cholo is what most settlers called, regardless of their origin. Today cholo is used to refer to friends and acquaintances as a scoundrel, a friendly form of greeting. CIMARRON On Caribean islands in spanish days, African slaves who fled to set up free communities in the hills were called ‘maroons. In the spanish southwest the Cimarron river region also was a refuge for those who were wanted by the law. Cimarrón means wild, untamed or a runaway slave. FRITOS Texan Elmer Doolin gave a Mexican border cook $100, for a corn chip recipe in 1932 and coaxed it on its way to become the multi-million-dollar commodity Fritos. Fritos means fried. FOODS No plant cultivated in ancient Mexico was known anywhere else in the world then: tomatoes, sweet potatoes, avocados, red & green peppers, chili, vanila... LMB GALAPAGOS The islands of the Galapagos looked like a saddle to the Spanish discoverers. An early form of special saddle is shaped like a fresh-water turtle. A galapago is fresh-water turtle. GRINGO From 1846 to 1848, during the Mexican-American War, some fighters from the north went over to the Mexican side. Many were Irish and named themselves the San Patricios. In the camps at night, they sang "Green Grow the Lilacs." So others called them "the greengrows" - Los Gringos. LMB GUACAMOLE A Nahuatl word ahuacamolli meaning avocado sauce. The word is also spelled: guachamole & guaçamole. A molé is a sauce. |
|
Day
of the Dead Traditionally in pre-Hispanic Mexico, during the first week of November buried their dead with offerings to help them get by in the afterlife. In modern Mexico, people spend hours decorating the tombs of loved ones, and creating home altars to honor those relative. Festive celebrations some times includes picnicking at cemeteries. For more information: www.mexicansugar-skull.com |
|
Using
Obituaries |
| Obituary
Links Page Thousands of links to online obituaries, cemetery inscriptions, birth, marriage, and death notices, arranged by state and county! Obituary
Archive Search Engine Family
Surname Obituary Archives Online Today's
Obituaries |
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11/3/01
.
Historical
preservation and stabilization at Tumacácori is a never-ending task.
Over 2,000 man-hours per year are required to maintain the authenticity
and safety of the ruins. In the preservation process, the highly
skilled preservation experts use only historically accurate building
materials, such as local clay, silt and gravel and limestone plaster.
http://www.google.com/url?sa=U&start=19&q=