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Dedicated to Hispanic Heritage and Diversity Issues |
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Content Areas |
Maximilian and Carlotta,
Wax-Museum Treasures Found The tragedy of the 1860s in Mexico is reflected in the eyes of the spectacular wax-figure of a priest crafted by Mexico City's Master of Wax, Jose Neria. The misery suffered by all of Mexico and the disastrous endings, Maximilan to a firing squad and Carlotta in the torment of insanity, are powerfully conveyed in a collection of life-size figures. In 1962 Allen Parkinson who founded & owned the Movieland Wax Museum In Buena Park, Calif. commissioned Jose Neria to recreate full-size figures of the people involved in the reign of Maximilian, his court, his execution, and his funeral. |
In 1965, 32 figures were completed and shipped to California: however, only recently have they been available for viewing . Don Presley, the new owner believes the figures could be a significant means to educate the public about Mexico's history. Don is joined by Frank Garcia in hosting a final grand public viewing with refreshments and music. |
Celebrate Hispanic Heritage
Month September 16 at a Fund Raising Event |
SHHAR
Board Members: Laura Arechabala Shane Bea Armenta Dever Diane Burton Godinez Peter Carr Gloria Cortinas Oliver Mimi Lozano Holtzman Carlos Olvera |
Submitters and Sources: ***Johanna de Soto*** Ruben Alvarez Stephan Aron Hon. Edward F. Butler Yvette Cabrera Roberto Camp Peter Carr Carol De Priest Bill Doty Margaret Driskill Francisco Escobar Anthony Garcia Frank Garcia Debra Graden Diane Godinez George Gause Odell Harwell Elsa P. Herbeck Sergio Hernandez |
Zeke Hernandez Dr. Nicolás Kanellos Elinor Kerklingh Svihla Elaine Macey Sheila A. Muniain Guillermo Padilla Origel Art Pedroza Dr. Lyman Platt Don Presley Sam Quito-Padilla Claudia Rivers Viola Sadler John P. Schmal Tania Scott Angel/Linda Sequín Laura Shane Mira Smithwick Carolyn Stober Pat Trujillo José Luis Vásquez Margarita Vélez Doug Westfall |
Submittals
very welcomed. .
. We are looking for articles that: 1) will assist Hispanics in their family history research, 2) expand awareness of the influence of the past on the present, and 3) link all Hispanics historically. Please send in the text of an email to mimilozano@aol.com Deadline for the next month's issue. . is the 25th of the preceding month. |
September 4, 1974, President Ford proclaim the week beginning September 10, 1974, and ending September 16, 1974, as National Hispanic Heritage Week. August 17, 1988,
100th Congress approved PUBLIC LAW 100-402 which authorized the
designation of National September 13 1988, Presidential
Proclamation 5859 approved to start observing Hispanic Heritage Month
as of January 1, 1989.
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Recovering the U.S. Hispanic Literary
Heritage Editorial by Nicolás Kanellos As a former member of the National Council
on the Humanities, I have been tracking the NEH's support, or lack
thereof, for projects run by or related to the national Hispanic
minority, now constituting our largest minority in the United
States. Recently, I went through the NEH's 1999 annual report, the
latest available, and attempted to assess the number and dollar amounts
of Hispanic-related grants, project directors and panel members. |
Spanish Surname Histories www.kolobfamilyresearch.com If you are just beginning or an advanced researcher, the Kolob Family Research Center may prove to be a valuable resource for you. It is a privately funded and operated facility, with an archives, research facilities, and guest quarters. Use is by appointment and invitation only. Among its collection of 650,000,000 surnames in its collections, there are 22,000,000 Hispanic names; thousands of microfiche, microfilm, compact discs, photographs, documents, maps and other research tools organized with a central index. The center houses significant family archive collections on the following families: Lazo, Vega, Yslas, and Zela. The prices for obtaining copies of these histories vary, depending on their size and on the number of surnames ordered. The cost goes down if several surnames are requested at the same time. The price for one surname is $12.00; two surnames $22.00; three surnames $30.00, four surnames $35.00.
The surname
histories range in size from 1-50, most
are now 2-5 pages in length. KFRC, 2191 S. 2200 E, Mt. Springs, Utah 84757.
Queries prior to purchase can be made to: lplatt@infowest.com. |
Another
support for observing Hispanic Heritage Month is through art. Los
Angeles artists, Sergio Hernandez (who shared his political cartoons
with Somos Primos) and Feliz Perez are producing, in a limited
collection, images reflecting and documenting not only social and
political events that occurred during the `60, and images of life in the
barrios of the southwest. The 25 images are available in different manners, as note cards, posters and magnets. For more information contact, Sergio Hernandez (661) 269-5301 or email chiliverde@earthlink.net |
Mambo
Fragrance Salvadoran Bread GI Joe, Roy P. Benavidez Barbie's Quinceañera Latino Polls and Census Information National Association for the Advancement of Hispanic People |
U.S.
Records Destroyed Sons of the American Revolution Migrant Workers Ex-Votos California Blue Book John Leguizamo |
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Mambo, a Latino Fragrance "Neil Katz, president of Liz Claiborne Fragrances, summoned marketing vice president Art Spiro into his office. "Latinos are the hippest and coolest people around," Katz raved. So why not put them in a perfume bottle?" The results of that conversation and ready to be seen on the shelves is Mambo, billed as the first-ever "Latino" scent. for young Americans. Five companies vied to make Mambo. |
According
to their marketing analysis, Latinos are good at fusing different
things: English with Spanish, "modernity with tradition,"
Christianity with pagan ritual. Armed with this is and other input,
a group headed by Spiro honed its profile of the quintessential Latino.
Their report concluded that Hispanics "play hard but work even
harder," have a "strong love of family" and like
"big --fiestas." The group further found that they are
"seductive," "passionate," "edgy,"
"pulsating," "spicy," "virile,"
"sexy," "hip" and
"flavorful." O.C. Register, 8-14-01
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Another example of fusing is shown in an article by Yvette
Cabrera (O.C. Register, 8-21-01) about a special Salvadoran Bread,
called quesadilla. The bread is a corn-bread square, sprinkled
with sesame seeds. Six years ago Sonia Sequeira, a manager of a
Los Angeles Winchell's decided to re-create her native dessert
bread "to pump up her store's sales." The product
was an immediate success and is now sold at 200 Winchell's Donut Houses
across the nation. |
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New GI Joe Immortalizes Hispanic Hero San Antonio --- Toymaking giant Hasbro Inc. will release a GI Joe doll in the image of the late Roy P. Benavidez, an Army sergeant who won acclaim for saving eight Special Forces soldiers during a jungle battle 33 years ago in Cambodia. He'll be the first Hispanic ever to appear as GI Joe when the 12-inch-tall doll goes on sale nationwide next month, and only the third Medal of Honor recipient. "He'd be tickled pink," said Benavidez's 28-year-old son, Noel, a Houston computer network engineer. "He'd be cracking jokes about it." Benavidez died three years ago at 63. »» Benavidez's GI Joe promises to make him a household name among collectors. Dressed in a combat uniform, with boots, belt and his trademark Green Beret, the $30 Benavidez action figure set will include representations of his M-60 machine gun, an AK-47 taken from an enemy soldier, a field radio, medic's bag, ammo belt, map, Ka-Bar knife and sheath, dog tags and the St. Michael medal he wore. St. Michael is the patron saint of paratroopers. Sent by Zeke Hernandez San Antonio Express-News, Tuesday, July 24, 2001 NEWARK, N.J. (AP) »» " 'A lot of Hispanics use the military service to advance themselves and their careers,'' said retired Army paratrooper Angel Cordero. ``Having a Hispanic G.I. Joe, they will be able to identify a little more with the armed services of this country at an even earlier age.' " http://www.politicomagazine.com |
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»»According to an analysis by a federal agency that researches alcohol-related problems, Latinos have the nation's highest rate of death from cirrhosis of the liver. | Number
of deaths per 100,000: Latinos - 13. Blacks - 8.7 Non-Latino whites - 6.8 |
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The
American toy icon, Barbie has now evolved to include a -
quinceañera dress. Said Lia Brandligt, brand manager for Mattell Inc.,
"Part of what makes Barbie so fantastic for little girls in their
relevance to them. Little girls will have a Barbie that looks like them
that they can pass to their little sister as a symbol of moving past
childhood. O.C. Register, 8-14-01 |
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Today more than 150,000 Avon sales representatives - 30 percent Hispanic
make up the western region of Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado,
Hawaii, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington and Utah. Nationally, 12
percent of the 550,000 Avon representatives are Hispanic. O.C. Register, 8-12-01 |
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On March 3, 2001, John Ruiz the first ever Latino heavyweight champion of the world. He won a unanimous decision victory over Evander Hayfield in Las Vegas, Nevada.. Ruiz was born and raised in Massachusetts of Puerto Rican descent. LULAC News, May/June 2001, The Mexican-born U.S. population has grown more than tenfold in 30 years, from about 760,000 in 1970 to almost 8.8 million in 2000. People from Mexico now make up 29% of the nation's immigrant pool, and 44% of California's. L.A. Times, 7-6-01 |
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»» About 10% of America's Jews are Sephardic, residing primarily in New York and Los Angeles, which has an estimated Sephardic population of 100,000. L.A.Times, 7-7-01 | |
»» Univision Communications
Inc., the
nation's dominant Spanish-language broadcaster, reported that its
second-quarter net income dropped 14% because of losses at its Internet
and music businesses. L.A. Times, 8-2-01 |
»» In
roughly a decade, the percentage of college and high-school students
studying Spanish has more than doubled, to 27 percent, and the number of
college registrations for Spanish has almost grown by 50 percent. O.C. Register, 8-20-01 |
»» WASHINGTON - Nearly one-fifth of America's school-age children speak a language other than English at home, says a Census Bureau report. The study also says more than 13.3 million immigrants landed in the United States from 1990 to 2000. The numbers reflect youngsters, age 5 to 17, who receive most of their formal education in English but speak a second language with their families: about 9.8 million, or 18 percent of that group, compared with 14 percent in the 1990 census. Close to seven in 10 of the children spoke Spanish at home, the 2000 survey found, and two-thirds of that group rated themselves as speaking English very well. Fluency declines as people get older, as 50 percent of those age 18 to 64 who spoke Spanish at home described themselves as speaking English very well. In the 2000 survey, more than 30.5 million Americans were foreign born, about 11 percent of the country's household population of 273.4 million. More came from Mexico than anywhere else. The survey did not offer estimates on the number of undocumented immigrants in America. Much of the recent attention on the census from Congress and the White House has focused on figures that showed the Hispanic population grew 58 percent over the 1990s to 35 million. Extracts from article published in the A-section section of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on Monday, August 6, 2001. Copyright (C)2001, St. Louis Post-Dispatch http://home.post-dispatch.com/channel/pdweb.nsf/pd/86256A0E0068FE5086256 AA000331D9F?OpenDocument&PubWrapper=A-section Sent by: Odell Harwell, Art Pedroza, and Ruben Alvarez |
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Population information for Latin American countries http://www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/laphb/laphb.htm http://www.inegi.gob.mx/ |
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»» National Latino Poll
Reveals - - »» Latino Identify:
Latinos who filled out the 2000 Census were first asked to identify
themselves as Spanish/Hispanic/Latino (Question 5)and then asked to
choose a racial category (Question 6). Many felt uncomfortable
with the possible racial combinations and chose "some other
race". Ninety-seven percent of all Americans who checked
"some other race" were Latino. |
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National
Association for the Advancement of Hispanic People http://www.naahpmember.org The NAAHP is an organization dedicated to the economic progress, political involvement and social advancement of Hispanics and Latinos in the United States. The mission is to achieve social and economic justice and equality for Hispanics and Latinos in order to advance their health, education employment, economic prosperity, standard of living, and public respect. The NAAHP is targeting the support of the current eight million Hispanics online and using a technology medium to drive users to its message. Source: El Cambio Hispano, Del 3 al 16 de Agosto, No. 31 To receive a free subscription to El Cambio Hispano email to: lacrest@c2i2.com and write in the Subject window: Subscriptions »» Few Minorities Becoming Law Partners - A survey of the 12 highest-grossing law firms in the United States by The New York Times shows that minority lawyers accounted for about 5 percent of the new partners in recent years even though law schools have been graduating more diverse students than ever before. Sent by Zeke Hernandez, source: http://www.politicomagazine.com |
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U.S.
destroyed records in Indian land-grab case
After fighting disclosure of a report which revealed the existence and destruction of 162 boxes of records potentially relevant to a large American Indian-rights case, the Treasury Department was forced to go public. The case involves potentially billions of dollars owed American Indians after their lands were taken more than 100 years ago. The government leased Indian reservation land to oil, timber, and other firms for a fee. Individual Indians were given 80 to 160 acres apiece but were not trusted by the government to supervise their own finances. So the government decreed it would serve as trustee. Funds from the leases on 11 million acres of land are held by the Treasury Department, and the money is managed by the Interior Department's Bureau of Indian Affairs. At any given moment, there is about $450 million in the trust-fund accounts, with roughly $300 million paid annually to 450,000 beneficiaries in recent years. The problem is that the government accounts are in a state of disorder. As many as 50,000 beneficiaries may be affected by the destruction of the records. Extracts from article by James Warren, Chicago Tribune, O.C. Register, 8-15-01
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Sons of the American Revolution
Invite Hispanic Involvement
Message from Judge Edward F. Butler, Sr.
Ambassador to Mexico and Central America,
I have been asked by the National Genealogical Society to submit an article about the Spanish involvement in the American Revolutionary War and the eligibility of their descendants for membership in the Sons of the American Revolution.
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Extract
from, Secretary Powell Praises Migrant Workers By George Gedda, Associated Press - August 10, 2001 WASHINGTON (AP) - Secretary of State Colin Powell praised the contribution of Mexican migrant workers to the American economy and said he wants ``safe, legal, orderly and dignified'' procedures to ensure they receive humane treatment.
Whatever reforms are instituted, Powell said they must respect ``the
enormously valuable role that Mexican immigrants continue to play in
helping us in building our nation.'' At the same time, he said the administration wants to ensure that the reforms do not disadvantage
American workers. |
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Ex-Votos Workshop at the Museum of Latin American Art
A new way to share your life
stories was explored by those that attended the August Ex-Votos Workshop held
at the in Long Beach, MOLAA. The
focus was to learn how to depict events from ones own life in a
spiritual way. The traditional ex-votos tell simple, honest and direct
stories in a powerful and moving way. The visual re-creation is
produced out of devotion and for the intercession of a spiritual
being. |
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"California Blue Book, or State Roster,
1899" compiled by Charles Forrest Curry, Secretary of State,
Printed at the State Printing office, Sacramento, (no date given). This
book contains a listing of over 13,000 state and municipal employees of
the State of California for the year 1899. The listing include all
governors (Spanish, Mexican & American), employees of various state
institutions and municipal governments down to the city levels. There
are listing of employees of most state institutions such as hospitals,
universities and prisons. There is also a listing of the national guard
and political parties. The records usually contain name, occupation or
position held, organization worked for and place of residence. This is
an excellent source of location of families at the time of the 1900
Federal Census. Book indexed by Debra Graden, Leavenworth,
Kansas. Copies of the page including the entry
are available by sending $2.00 and a LSASE (large self-addressed stamped
envelope) to Debra Graden, P. O. Box 281, Leavenworth, Kansas
66048-0281.
Source Information:
Graden, Debra, comp. California State Roster, 1899
Government and Military records. [database online] Provo, UT:
Ancestry.com, 2001. Original data:.California Blue Book or State Roster
1899. State Printing Office, Sacramento CA, 1899 or 1900. http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/inddbs/5733.htm |
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John Leguizamo sealed a seven-figure pact with CBS to take another shot at the small screen, becoming one of network TV's highest-paid Latino
star.
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We Give Thanks,
September 16 SHHAR Quarterly Meeting, September 29 Diane Godinez, new SHHAR Board Member Huntington Beach Library Genealogical Wing Mexican Cinema Festival at UCI |
Hispanic
Education Endowment Fund Non-Mexican Hispanics in Orange County The Latino Coalition Foundation National Archives and Records Administration History Books that Lead to our Past |
September 16, special event, We Give Thanks Enjoy the wax figures and help Tia Juana. | |||
September 29th An
open invitation to 9-10 a.m. 10-12 a.m. Viola Sadler will share a recent
research trip to Zacatecas, and earlier experiences of researching in
northern Mexico when she was honored by the city of Marin, . Viola
was given the key to the city for her outstanding research in tracing a
line back to Jose Martinez, an ancestor who was the city's
founder. Diane Godinez has researched Hispanic records in Canada and will surprise us with her findings. Peter Carr will speak on finding his ancestral records in St. Augustine,
Florida. |
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»» Introducing our
newest SHHAR Board Member
I found it hard to do my Canadian research and so
I did the Mexican side of the family. I went to a few
meetings with the SHHAR group and when I had a little
less responsibilities as a mother to 4 sons, I got more
involved. |
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The Huntington Beach Central Library, 7111 Talbert Ave., Huntington Beach has a whole wing dedicated to genealogy. The 35- year old Orange County California Genealogical Society has an extensive collection. Their latest newsletter lists several new books of interest to New Mexico Hispanic researchers. |
978.81 CO El Paso County, Colorado Cemetery Project, Vol. %
Tombstone inscriptions of Fairview Cemetery at Colorado Springs. 978.9 NM New Mexico Genealogist, Socorro Co. Probate Records, 1870-1874: Vital Statistics, 1892, Albuquerque Daily Citizen (A-G) Locating Catholic Church Records in New Mexico. |
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»» University of California Festival of Contemporary Mexican Cinema, September, 8-9, 15-16. All films will start at 7 p.m. at the Film and Video Center, for details, www.humanities.uci.edu/fvc/ For more information about upcoming events in Southern California, contact Anthony Garcia at: agarcia@wahoo.sjsu.edu |
»» In 1993, the Hispanic
Education Endowment Fund was started by local educators and business
leaders. It now has a $1.6 million endowment. The organization has
provided 329 scholarships varying in size from $500 to $2,500. O.C. Register, 8-15-01 |
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Non-Mexican Hispanics in Orange County in 2000: |
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Of the Spanish speaking in
Orange County, Mexican heritage people represent 82.89%. However, they are joined by Central and South Americans and are viewed
by most non-Spanish speaking as one group. O.C. Register, 8-15-01 |
Salvadoran Puerto Rican Guatemalan Cuban Peruvian Colombian Nicaraguan |
11,892 8,877 7.879 6,703 4,755 4,178 1,732 |
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»» The Latino Coalition Foundation U.S. Treasurer, Rosario Marin and six other presidential appointees were honored in Orange County August 30th at an event organized by local Board members of the D.C. based Latino Coalition Foundation. The goal of the foundation us to promote a better understanding of the various Latino communities throughout the country. Through the use of ethnic research; public forums, and publications, TLCF will educate American leaders on the sensitive balance - and differences - within the Latino communities. TLCF is a non-profit,
non-partisan organization. For more information, www.TheLatinoCoalition.com |
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»» Workshops to be held at the National Archives and Records
Administration September 10: Preparing for the 1930 Census September 12: Introduction to Military Records |
History Books That Lead To Our Past
Prisoners of the Civil War is a book I wrote this year on American history, detailing the lives of two men from opposite sides of the War Between the States. Not a reference that one would expect to find any genealogical record of Hispanic heritage. Yet there is a significant reference in the last chapter on one of the great ranchos of California and the relationship of that family to one of these Civil War veterans. From the book (p111): A land-bearing lawsuit evolved in 1868 in southwest Los Angeles County and the company of Chapman & Glassell took the case. This was the breakup of the great Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana, some 78,000 acres of choice land. Founded in 1801 by Juan Pablo Grijalva, a retired Spanish soldier, the rancho had been left to his grandson and namesake, Juan Pablo Peralta. The son of Grijalva’s daughter, Peralta, had partnered with Antonio Yorba, aged husband to the other daughter of Grijalva. This was three years after Grijalva had died, in 1806. Sixty years later, this was the State of California within the United States of America, and the great rancho was being divided up. Chapman & Glassell provided legal counsel for the Yorbas and received 1,300 acres of land as payment; small compared to their previous awards. The Glassell mentioned in the above paragraph, was the brother of the character in the book, Captain William T. Glassell. Their sister, Susan had married George S. Patton I before the Civil War and Patton died during the war: From the book (p111): Captain Glassell then sailed around Cape Horn to California with his sister, her four children, and his father, now aged 74. The trip took several months, and the family settled in Los Angeles in 1867. One of those four children, was George S. Patton II and later: From the book (p116): George S. Patton II married Ruth Wilson, the daughter of Benjamin Wilson - first mayor of Los Angeles in American times, and Margaret Hereford. Wilson’s previous wife however, was Romana Yorba, the daughter of Bernardo Yorba -- the owner of the Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana that Andrew Glassell helped take apart. So here we have a reference: The first mayor of Los Angeles in American times (Wilson,) had married into the prestigious Yorba family -- while they still held the vast Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana. Romona died five years later without having children and Wilson remarried. His daughter then married into the family that had broken up the rancho. Wilson (now called Benito) later became the grandfather of General George S. Patton of WWII fame. How do you find this? Check the index. Yorba and Grijalva are both listed with the page numbers. (Actually, you can get the E-Book of Prisoners of the Civil War for free, just by going to the website listed below and the index is actively linked. The point here is there are many, many books on American history, that contain significant references to our Hispanic heritage. By quickly checking the indexes of these books for Hispanic surnames you are tracing, you may discover a lost genealogical link and possible a famous ancestor. Don’t discount the title, topics or references to the content -- look at the range of years the book covers and check to see if there are states or countries listed in the index (like California,) that could be the birth place of one of your ancestors. From the information in Prisoners of the Civil War, is constructed the following genealogical tree that contains the Yorbas and Grijalvas and shows their relationship to the characters in the book. Make it part of your routine to check the index of every history book you can, looking for the surnames on your list. Copy the references -- and the book’s title page -- for further use. Douglas Westfall can be reached though his website: www.SpecialBooks.com |
Motor Vehicle Reflects Diversity Street Signs Reflect Spanish Influence The History of the Los Angeles Archdiocese |
San Gabriel Matrimonial Records Online Autry Western History Workshops |
»» One
of the most racially and ethnically diverse regions in the nation is Los
Angeles. The Department of Motor Vehicle serves a population that
speaks at least 120 languages. In California, the driver's
handbook is offered in five languages: English, Spanish, Chinese, Korean
and Tagalog. The written test is published in 31
languages. L.A. Times, 8-21-01 |
»» August
20 marks the emergence of the tilde in Los Angeles streets. One hundred
and fifteen streets signs will be replaced in the hills above Studio
City using the appropriate tilde. Santiago Pozo is providing the
leadership. A Spanish- born entertainment promoter who lives
in Studio city feels strongly that for him, "the whole issue
of the Ñ is to recognize our past, by having respect for the
history of this town."
L.A. Times, 8-21-01 |
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The History of the Los
Angeles Archdiocese Prior to 1822, those dying in the Pueblo de Nuestra Senora de Los Angeles were buried in the cemeteries of Mission San Gabriel Arcangel (est.1771) or the Mission San Fernando Rey de Espana (est.1797). In 1822 the first burial plot in the City of Los Angeles was established adjacent to Our Lady Queen of Angels Church, known to many as the "Old Plaza Church" or "La Placita" at 521 North Main Street. It served the area for about twenty years. A formal petition was presented to the Los Angeles Ayuntamiento on August 16, 1839 stating that the old cemetery was "totally inadequate to the present needs and endangering the health of the community." |
The San Gabriel Mission Matrimonial Investigation Records are significant because they offer a unique insight into the pre-statehood activities of the Mission. Also, they establish many facts concerning the individuals married at the Mission and provide much genealogical detail for descendants. There are 165 investigations in all, with 173 men and 170 women being interviewed. These can be found at: http://voxlibris.claremont.edu/sc/collections/marrinvest/matinvest.htm Source: Paulette Williams Sent by Sam Quito-Padilla samquito@nmia.com |
»» FALL SCHEDULE FOR AUTRY WESTERN HISTORY WORKSHOP September 20: Eric Avila, UCLA, "Race, Space, and the New, 'New Mass Culture' of Postwar Los Angeles" October 18: Louise Pubols, Autry Museum of Western Heritage, "Fathers of the Pueblo: Patriarchy and Power in Mexican California 1800-1880" November 15: Stephen Aron, UCLA, "American Confluence: The Meeting of Peoples and Empires at the Meeting of the Missouri, Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers" December 13: Roberto Lint Sagarena, USC, "Myth-Making Comes for the Archbishop: Literature, Religion, and Ethnicity in the Production of Histories of New Mexico" The Autry Western History Workshop brings together academics, students, public historians, and amateurs with an interest in western history for an evening of discussion on a work-in-progress. Sessions, which are held at the Autry Museum of Western Heritage in Los Angeles, begin at 7PM with a brief presentation by our featured historian. This leads into an open discussion of the session's paper. To facilitate discussions, the paper for each meeting is circulated by email in advance. At the conclusion of the seminar, light refreshments are served. If you are interested in participating in the Workshop or receiving emailed copies of the papers, please contact Stephen Aron at saron@history.ucla.edu Source: Carol De Priest depriest@azstarnet.com Sent by Sam Quito-Padillo »»For
the third consecutive year, The Procter & Gamble Company was
selected by LATINA magazine as one of the 50 best companies for Latinas
to work for in the United States. This was a result of a study looking
at over 600 of the most respected corporations in the United States. |
California
Preservation Foundation Torras/Torre Divided Loyalties California Special Indian Census Santa Clara County Ethnic Resource Center |
California
Historical Society California Websites Sign Designating Pioneer Cemetery San Francisco Presidio Tataviam Tribe A 7th Generation California |
»» The California Preservation Foundation is the only statewide, non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation and enhancement of California's historic built environment. The Foundation emerged in response to the need for a statewide organization which could focus on issues common to all, and provide the cohesive and vital link between state, regional and local preservation interests. CPF is a statewide network of its
members: individuals, businesses, organizations, and local governments
long committed to historic preservation. Through this network the
Foundation serves as a clearinghouse for preservation ideas, technical
information and advice, available to all. |
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»» Why were there
divided loyalties among Mexicans in San Diego?
As was true elsewhere in California, the Mexican elite was divided over whether or not to accept the American military rule. On one hand, some of the Californio landholders had married their daughters to Americans and family solidarity counted a great deal in their culture. Also some Californios stood to gain economically by the links they had forged with American traders and they believed that future prosperity would be assured under an American administration. On the other hand, the Mexican Californios felt a love of their patria chica, their homeland, and were fearful of what these foreigners would do to them and their families. Very few had abstract political loyalties to the Mexican government but most had a strong identity as Mexicans based in their language and culture. http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/dept/mas/chicanohistory/chapter04/c04s01.html |
»» California Special Indian Census,
1910, Larry S. Watson, edited from National Archives film, M595, roll 12.
Census is arranged by name of Indian Band, giving most precise location
and name of tribe, with Indian name, English name, sex, family
relationship and age. Call # 979.4 x29w, Yuma, AZ, Histree, |
»» Santa
Clara Co, California Reference Index |
»»
Ethnic Resource Center of California (ERCC) The California State Library today announced the unveiling of the Ethnic Resource Center of California (ERCC) website located at http://www.verc.org The ERCC emerged from a statewide need and was designed by the community, for the community. The objective of the ERCC is to provide 'survival' information for multicultural communities to improve their quality of life by offering online access to information and resources on selected topics and on the culture and history of California's diverse populations. The ERCC website is available for librarians and patrons alike and features English, Spanish, Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese languages. The site meets the literacy level and language needs of diverse, multilingual communities by facilitating access to information in a simple, user-friendly way. It leverages a cooperative model that libraries throughout the country use every day and is based to date on information contributed by California libraries. The entire press release is at http://www1.internetwire.com/iwire/iwpr?id=31225&cat=te Source: Phil pvc@vancamp.org Sent by Johanna de Soto |
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»» A new
California Historical
Society Website will be launched. The new CHS site will feature
online interactive projects and up-to-date access to information about
CHS programs, events, tours and resources. Contact webmaster@calhist.org Sent by Sam-Quito Padilla, samquito@nmia.com |
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»» California Websites http://bss.sfsu.edu/calstudies/ |
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»» Sign Designating Pioneer
Cemetery:
The California Historic Cemetery Alliance is working on the
production of a metal sign, to be produced in bulk, which would be
available at cost to alliance members to be produced in bulk, which
would be available to post at their cemetery sites. Wording
developed so far: California Historian, Vol. 47, No. 4, summer 2001 |
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»» The San Francisco Presidio The Presidio Trust, charged by Congress with figuring out how to make the former military base pay its own way by 2013, unveiled a draft plan aimed at mixing its current wild beauty with facilities for tourists and neighborhood residents. The San Francisco's Presidio, a the national park sits atop bluffs overlooking the Golden Gate Bridge, under a draft plan aimed at making it economically self-sufficient will be transformed into a complex of shops, museums, lodging and parkland. The Presidio was founded by the Spanish in 1776 and served as a U.S.
military base guarding the mouth of San Francisco Bay until it was
slated for closure in 1989. |
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Tataviam Tribe
Rita N. Rivera, an elder of the Tataviam tribe, whose ancestors helped build the San Fernando Mission, has died. She was 86 years old. At the time the Europeans arrived there were 500 to 1,000 Tataviam in the Santa Clara River Valley in a territory that included such modern-day towns as Piru and Newhall. Of the various Indian tribes that built the San Fe4rnando Mission, about 30% spoke the Tataviam language. Rita Rivera helped revive the Fernandeño-Tataviam Tribal Council to represent people with Tataviam roots attempting to get federal recognition. L.A. Times, 8-13-01 |
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»» A 7th Generation Californian
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We extend an invitation to historians, genealogists, archivists and others with interest in Hispanic history and genealogy to participate in the Jornadas with genealogists and historians from all over Latin America and the United States. The registration cost is $50.00 for those who present papers* and $30.00 for everyone else. This cost will cover the academic sessions, a visit to the Family History Library in Salt Lake City and a gala dinner among other
activities.
Direct questions to: George Ryskamp, Department of History, |
Somos
Familia Conference, September 13-16 Los Bexarenos Trip planned, October 23-25 Institute for Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Stories from the Barrio and Other Hoods Spanish Colonial Records in El Paso Classic Plaza Theatre |
First
International Film Festival Texas Confederate Pension Galveston Immigration Database Juan Sequin Stamp Catholic Southwest |
September 13-16, 2001 As always, this conference will be an outstanding event, bringing together scholars, historians and family researcher to explore Texas' rich Hispanic heritage and genealogical records. If you have not attended a Texas State Hispanic Conference, you are missing an opportunity of networking with national leaders in the field of Tex/Mex genealogical research. Among the speakers and presenters: Profesor Israel Cavazos Garza, Eng. Guillermo Garmendia Leal, Mr. Joel Rene Escobar, Dr. Carolina Castillo Crimm, Dr. Jesus F. de la Teja, Sr. Fernando Munos Altea, Mr. Michael Salinas, Dr. Benjamin Johnson, Professor Rafael Naranjo, Mr. Bruno Wolf, Cecilia Aros Hunter, Dr. Felix Almaraz, Dr. Aida Barrera. For more complete information, Schedule,
costs, etc. go to the website: http://www.hispanicgs.com
or
contact Joe Guerra at joguerra@brokersys.com »» Institute for Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso
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»» STORIES FROM THE
BARRIO AND OTHER 'HOODS |
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»» Spanish Colonial records in El Paso
G. L. Seligmann (GUS@cas.unt.edu)
The University of Texas at El Paso has a number of records from the
Spanish
colonial period on microfilm, notably the municipal records of both Cd.
Juarez (previously called El Paso del Norte) and Chihuahua. There were
two filmings of the municipal records of Cuidad Juarez: The Archivos del Ayuntamiento de Chihuahua (MF 491) have a date range
of
1712-1941, but have no finding aid. They are voluminous (656 rolls) and
are in roughly chronological order. |
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»» Classic Plaza Theatre The City of Laredo is undergoing plans to refurbish the Classic Plaza Theatre. The current plans for the Plaza Theatre are to convert it into an Arts & Culture Center. The goal is to preserve the Plaza Theatre to what it was created to be back in 1946 a movie house, which for those of us who are old enough will recall the Saturday morning kiddy shows and bottle cap or milk tab entrance fees, among other memories. Those of you who are younger have other fond memories. Also those ahead of us should be given the opportunity of having fun memories they will also cherish. The Project Big Step's goal is to create a Dollar Cinema Theatre with an all dollar concession stand. But we need your help, together we can work to benefit not only the Lower income families, but everyone in general. Please take a few moments to reply to our survey, which will be presented to the Laredo City Council. If you wish to know the results of our survey or subscribe to our newsletter please include an e-mail address at the end of our survey. Before you submit the survey, please take the time to review the answers to the survey at least once so that your answers will reflect what you really want. http://www.indef.com, Mas Later, Walter |
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»» First International Film Festival The First International Border Film Festival was held August 1-5 under the auspices of a joint organizing committee from El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. The committee conducted an active fundraising effort that allowed it to make the events accessible to the general public in both cities. Los Paisanos de El Chamizal, support group for the Chamizal National Memorial, co-hosted the gala inaugural reception attended by 350 guests, among which was Pipina Salas-Porras of the Freedom Forum. The closing gala and special awards ceremony was held in Ciudad Juárez. This was the world’s first binational film festival, and the organizing committee is already at work on next year’s event. Enhorabuena. http://www.borderfilmfestival.org/ Sent by Roberto Camp |
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Texas Confederate Pension Applications may be searched at: http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/arc/pensions/introcpi.html Remember: (1) One did not have to serve in a Texas unit to receive a Texas pension. All that was required was Confederate service (2) Confederate Pensions were also awarded to numerous African-Americans who could claim some service to the Confederate States of America such as accompanying owners to war or laboring on fortifications. These tend to be more detailed than applications from the soldiers as their names did not appear on muster rolls and had to be supported by affidavits from people who knew about their service. Paul R. Scott, Records Manager, Harris County, TX SOURCE: Renée LaPerrière de Gutiérrez, Reference/Special Collections rlaperriere@tamiu.edu http://www.tamiu.edu/~rlaperriere/ Texas A&M International University, Killam Library #308 5201 University Blvd. Laredo, TX 78041-1900 Phone:(956)326-2404 Sent by George Gause |
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»»
Galveston Immigration Database http://www.tsm-elissa.org/immigration-main.htm Texas Seaport Museum (general) http://www.pearland.com/ Sent by Mira Smithwick, SAGA, Corpus Christi, Texas With updated information for the Texas Seaport Museum provided by David LaRo, San Antonio. |
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Juan Seguin
Stamp I would like to make a statement about the Stamp project the Cancellation Postage stamp was not issued at the Seguin family's request. It was requested by Linda Seguin Garcia. Of which I have proof. And also we would like you to recognize our 29th District Congressman Gene Green for his effort in getting this bill introduced. Along with others who back this tremendous effort. Also we would like to thank our state representative from the 145th district who wrote House bill 3460 in our effort to get Highway 225 Dedicated to Juan N. Seguin Memorial Highway, we also like to thank Senator Mario Gallegos for his sponsoring Senate Bill 1831 which was signed by the Governor on June 13, 2001 which a portion of 610 Loop and 225 will be named Juan N. Seguin Memorial interchange, and also park road 1836 will be called Juan N. Seguin Blvd. We feel that our Decendants should know that we are working to promote Col. Juan N. Seguin here in Houston, TX. All the news paper Articles that have come out are from our efforts. Along with the Tejano Association for Historical Preservation. their efforts have been very helpful. Thank You, Angel & Linda Seguin Gonzales Garcia |
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Catholic Southwest: A Journal of History and Culture The Texas Catholic Historical Society announces publication of volume 12, 2001, of Catholic Southwest: A Journal of History and Culture CONTENTS "Music and Popular Religiosity in Northern New Spain," by Kristin Dutcher Mann "Conversion to Christianity in Eighteenth-Century New Mexico: Pedagogy and Personhood in the Pueblo-Franciscan Encounter," by Tracy L. Brown "Parceling Out Their Salvation: The Good Death in New Mexican Wills, 1760-1850," by Martina E. Will de Chaparro "'Cathedrals of the Desert' and 'Sermons in Stone': Fray Angélico Chávez's Contributions to Hispano Church Architecture in New Mexico," by Ellen McCracken "The Champion of Zapata: Father Edward Bastien and the Fight for Just Compensation," by Maria F. Rollin Book Reviews For further information on _Catholic Southwest_, visit the site: http://www.history.swt.edu/Catholic_Southwest.htm For information on the Texas Catholic Historical Society, visit the site: http://www.onr.com/user/cat/TCHS.htm J. F. de la Teja, Ph.D., Associate Professor of History Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666 512-245-2149 http://www.history.swt.edu/Full-Time-Faculty/DelaTeja/Homepage.htm H-MEXICO, Grupo sobre historia de México afiliado a H-Net, Humanities and Social Sciences on Line http://h-net.msu.edu Antonio Ibarra * Felipe Castro ibarrara@servidor.unam.mx fcastro@servidor.unam.mx http://www.h-mexico.unam.mx |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14513b.htm
Catholic Encylopedia includes historical information on the founding of churches and development of areas and diocese.
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It is a great pleasure and satisfaction for me to be with you this
evening on the occasion of the viewing of the films about the life and
career of Bernardo de GÁLVEZ in Louisiana. In accepting the invitation
of the Louisiana Historical Society my address will deal with the
Spanish contribution to the cause of the American Revolution. Ask any American, with the exception of the trained historian, what he knows of the aid given by Spain to the United States in its struggle for independence during the Revolutionary War and the answer will be short and instantaneous = “Nothing”. As the same question of many students of American History and the answer will be the same. And yet, the Spanish contribution to the birth of the United States was enormously important. Let it be recognized frankly that neither France nor Spain entered the struggle for the independence of the American Colonies from pure altruism. Nations have always acted for reasons of state, as they do to this day. But this is not to say that the participation of the two countries did not substantially contribute to the winning of independence. The story of the contribution of France has often been told. But what of the contribution of Spain? That story has been sadly and inexplicably neglected. It is the purpose of this short address to reveal or remind you of that story, as dispassionately and objectively as possible. Modern research carried out in archives in Spain, France, and Washington reveal that the courts of Madrid and Paris had agreed, early in the year 1776, upon a plan for giving assistance secretly to the revolting colonies. It was agreed between them that in order to insure the secrecy, since neither Court was to appear as an ally of the insurgents, all monies and supplies should be handled by a third party and appear as open business transactions. (italics added). (Comment by GWH: Why was it feasible on 4 July 1776 for the American Colonies to declare independence? One partial answer is that the framers knew that France and Spain were in support and would presumably be trading partners for the future. Without such support, it would not have made sense to declare independence from one’s lifeline, and the war would have taken some other course.) Sympathy for the Americans, when they began open hostilities against the mother country, ran high throughout Spain. At that time, however, Spain was not in a position to make her sympathy openly known. She was engaged in a war with Portugal over possessions in South America that was costing her vast amounts in money and many men and ships. England, the open ally of Portugal, held the dangerous points of Minorca, Mahan, and Gibraltar. Her navy was the most powerful on the seas, second in numbers only to the Spanish fleet. Carlos III, was, at this time, diplomatically involved in peace negotiations with Portugal and could ill afford to enter into any alliance that might endanger the successful conclusion of these negotiations. To become openly engaged in the struggle of the American colonists against their mother country would certainly lead to a declaration of war against England and invite an immediate blockade of all Spanish ports, thus ending all possibility of signing the desired treaty with Portugal. Such was the position of Spain when the Americans began hostilities against England. It also sufficiently explains the reasons why Spain decided to keep secret her aid to the revolting colonies. It was arranged accordingly that, to start with, the two Bourbon Courts would make an outright gift of two million “livres tournaises,” one million to come from each Court. One of the first moves consisted of setting up a fictitious company to direct the aid program, make purchases of supplies, arrange for their shipment to the Colonies, contact American agents living in France, and account for the money spent. (Comment by GWH: the dummy company was the famous “Rodrigue Hortalese and Company,” and its main director was the French playwright and statesman Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais of France.) Thus, in June 1776, when the American Revolution had just begun, we find both Spain and France acting officially, though under the seal of secrecy, as allies of the English colonies against their mother country. Even before this date, however, supplies had been going out on a haphazard basis through the ports of Spain, France, and Holland, as ship captains from America picked up arms and ammunition in personal trading ventures. Moreover, much important trade of this nature had been going on through the Spanish ports in the West Indies. Using these same ports as bases, American captains had been able to prey upon British merchant vessels during the first months of the war. (italics added). By September 1777, Spain had already furnished the American insurgents with 1,870,000 livres tournaises, but before long, it became apparent to the court of Madrid that the funds which had been given equally by the two nations were being credited, by the Americans, solely to the Court of France. Nevertheless, Spain was still maintaining in 1777 the cloak of secrecy over its operations, a secrecy believed to be vital to the security of its (Spain’s) American dominion. For this reason, when Charles III decided to send Juan Miralles as an observer to the headquarters of General Washington in 1777, Miralles took up his duties under the patronage of the French Ambassador, following the instructions of the Spanish Court. Miralles’ position was humiliating. He felt, and not without reason, that the affairs of Spain were being adjusted to the indirect advantage of France. But it proved impossible to bring about a change in his status. Washington and Miralles became very close friends. The Spanish diplomat died in Washington’s headquarters, at Morristown, in April 1780. The highest military honors were rendered to him as if he had been a fully accredited ambassador. Washington paid his final tribute to his friend in a letter to the Governor of Havana saying of him “in this country he has been universally esteemed and (his death) will be universally regretted.” In the fall of 1777, Washington, his army short of clothing and war supplies, was facing the winter that might well decide the fate of his country. Desperate agents of the colonies were becoming more and more indiscreet, announcing openly the sources of aid to America. By giving the strong impression that Spain and France were actually their open allies, they hoped to weaken England’s will to continue the war. Finally, on the 21st of June 1779, Spain declared war against Great Britain. But before that happened, the hard-pressed Americans were being placed in possession of sorely needed supplies along the western frontier through the Spanish Governor of Louisiana in New Orleans, Bernardo de GÁLVEZ. New Orleans was this to become crucial to the cause of the American Revolution. There, the story of the collaboration between Oliver POLLOCK, who was well on his way to becoming one of the greatest financiers in North America, and the young Spanish Governor, Bernardo de GÁLVEZ, would remain forever a glorious affirmation of the friendship between Spain and the struggling new nation. It is not my purpose to go into the narrative of the campaigns which followed. I would rather mention very briefly some of its more relevant details. Fortunately the renewed interest in their own history awakened in Americans by the celebration of the Bicentennial year has reminded many of the decisive importance of the role played by Bernardo de GÁLVEZ in the unfolding of the American Revolution. Nevertheless, not many Americans know about the “Marcha de Gálvez” and about the fight which took place along the Caribbean (Gulf) coast of the United States or up the Mississippi Valley, in which Americans and Spaniards fought together against the common English foe. And this is so because there is a tendency to consider the American Revolution as a series of dramatic events taking place in a comparatively small area along the Eastern Seaboard, forgetting the crucial importance that the Mississippi River Valley and the Northeast Coast of the Gulf of Mexico did actually have in the success of the uprising. The celebration of the Bicentennial has been an excellent opportunity to bring back to the arena of the American Revolution the role played by Louisiana and the rest of the territories of North America which were once under the sovereignty of Spain (italics added.) Spain’s attitude in the first moments of the Revolution was clearly expressed by Don Bernardo de GÁLVEZ when he wrote Colonel MORGAN, at the time Commander in Fort Pitt, on August 9, 1997. After expressing his support for the colonists’ cause, GÁLVEZ said: “Your can count on me extending whatever aid is within my power to give, as long as I appear to be totally ignorant of it.” That cautious attitude was totally in line with the secrecy requested for the operation by the court of Spain, as was mentioned before. Spain’s entry into the War came at a time that was highly critical for the Colonists, who were trying to fight the strongest nation in Europe almost barehanded. In 1778, the center of gravity of the war had been transferred from the North to the South and there the fortunes of war were not exactly favoring the Colonists. That year the English took Savannah and Augusta, as well as other towns, causing severe setbacks for the American forces which had lost some 5,000 men. It was then the British hastened to put into action their long contemplated plans for the capture of New Orleans, and there is little doubt that their success would have given them permanent command of the Mississippi Basin, from Canada to the Gulf. It is very easy to imagine what the consequences of such a situation would have meant to the cause of the American Revolution. With the British already controlling all the Eastern Coast, Canada and Florida, their possession of the Mississippi Valley would have strangled the rebellion to death. Spain contributed to prevent this from happening by entering the Revolutionary War and providing the Colonists with secure Southern and Western borders, from its (Spain’s) bases in Louisiana and Cuba. This was extremely important since it prevented the American Revolutionaries from getting encircled. Supplies could continue to flow up the Mississippi and, from then on, the Colonists would be able to wage their war of Independence with their backs well protected. The Spanish Commander-in-Chief was Don Bernardo de GÁLVEZ. In September 1779, he led his forces 115 miles north of New Orleans in eleven days, in what is known as the “Marcha de Gálvez,” capturing Manchack (Manchac), Baton Rouge and Natchez, British posts on the Mississippi. Then he turned on Mobile, which he conquered by the end of March 1780, leaving only Pensacola, capitol of West Florida, that was to be surrendered to him by Brigadier General John CAMPBELL, together with 1100 prisoners, by the summer of 1781. Spain’s declaration of war on England forced the British to fight on several fronts at the same time, having to oppose the combined Franco-Spanish fleet of 90 vessels which was laying siege to Gibraltar, and (which) had even threatened to invade England itself. In this way, they tied up a sizeable percentage of the British fleet from the Indian Ocean to the Caribbean, making it impossible for England to effect a blockade on the American Coast, and so facilitating the operation of an ever-growing fleet of American and foreign privateers. The activities of Spanish privateers were also an important factor as they helped to cripple English means of communication and transportation. Among these privateers was the Spaniard Jorge Farragut, father of the first American Admiral. (Footnote: Jorge Farragut was actually father of David G. Farragut, famous for his capture of New Orleans in the Civil War, April 1862.) (The above was published by the Genealogical Research Society of New Orleans, P. O. Box 51791, New Orleans, LA, 70151, in its journal, New Orleans Genesis, vol 71( June 1779) 269-270, and used with permission.) Sent by Granville W Hough, gwhough@earthlink.net |
If you live in New York, be sure and connect with the Hispanic Genealogical Society of New York for assistance in your research, dues are low, benefits many. HGSNY distributes an outstanding newsletter, Nuestra Herencia, which recently received top honors in the "Major Genealogical and Historical Societies" from the National Genealogical Society. The group holds free beginner workshops at various locations throughout New York. In addition their website is a valuable resource of information. |
Patzcuaro
Michoacán Families, early 1700s Michoacán, from Kingdom to Colony Genealogical Research in Mexico Genealogía de Nochistlán |
Centro de Educación
Artística Water Shortage in Nuevo Laredo Query by Gandy Family in Mexico Ejército Mexico |
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Por Guillermo Padilla Origel
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Pátzcuaro, la bella ciudad de Mechoacán, sede del primer obispado de esta región encabezado per el ilustre Don Vasco de Quiroga desde el año de 1537, después de estar ubicado en Tzintzúntzan, cuando aún no se habia fundado la Antigua Valladolid, se asentaron a fines del siglo XVI y principios del XVII varias familias españolas enlazando con otras de la región , principalmente de Zamora, Taximaroa, (hoy Ciudad Hidalgo), Tlazazalca, Chilchota, Tangancícuaro, Uruapan y Valladolid. Con el tiempo algunas ramas de ellas emigraron hacia otras regiones del Hoy estado de Michoacán , Jalisco y Guanajuato. Entre las mas destacadas podemos citar a los: Diaz infante, Alejandre, Vitoria, Padilla- Barahona, Cáceres, Sotomayor, Carvajal Velásquez, Castrejón, Pantoja, de Alba y Zenteno, Borja, Burgos, Almonte, Guido, Origel, Arévalo, Infante-Samaniego, Gómez o Arias de Bedoya, Béjar, etc. etc. ABREGO I.-Don
Pedro de Abrego, se casa con Doña Beatriz de Castilleja, h.l.del
ConquistadorDon Francisco de Castilleja y Doña Maria de Iguatzio, su hijo
: ALEXANDRE I.-Don
Pedro de Alexandre, casado con Ana Pérez Navarro, sus hijos: ALMONTE I.-Don
Luis de Almonte, se casa con Doña Maria de Espinoza, vesc. De México,
después de Pátzcuaro, fue su hijo : ARÉVALO Don
Juan Hidalgo, se casa con Doña Catalina de Arévalo, orig., de Osuna en
Castilla, sus hijos: I.-Don Juan Gómez de Bedoya, alcalde ordinario de Zamora, se casa con Doña Ana de Cárdenas, y fueron sus hijos: 1.-Doña
Juana de Bedoya, murió el 3 de noviembre de 1655 en Zamora, y se casa en primeras
nupcias con Don Juan de Silva y fueron sus hijos: 2.-Doña
Maria de Bedoya y Cárdenas, se casa en primeras nupcias con Don Clemente
Martín y fue su hija Magdalena Martín y Bedoya, bautizada el 19 de
noviembre de 1613 en Zamora; y en segundas nupcias con Don Diego Méndez
de Torres, y fueron sus hijos a la vez
: 3.-Doña
Maria Francisca de Bedoya y Cárdenas, se casa el 27 de febrero de 1614 ,
con 4.-Doña
Beatriz Arias de Bedoya y Cárdenas, se casa con Don Pedro Martinez
Barragán. Y fueron sus hijos Don Pedro b. en 1625 4· Magdalena en 1636 MARTINEZ DE BORJA I.-Don
Fabián Martinez y Doña Mariana de Borja 3.-Doña
Maria Martinez de Borja y Rueda, b. el 18 de abril de l638 y se caso el 3
de agosto
de 1656 con Don Nicolás de Coria. CARVAJAL I.-Capitan
Don Juan de Carvajal, orig. De la villa de Placencia, Alcalde en la ciudad
de México,
llego en 1536 , vecino de Mechoacan, fueron sus hijos :
I.-Don Antonio de Castrejón, regidor , teniente de ciudad Mechoacán, se casó con Doña Leonor de Pacheco, y fueron sus hijos : l.-Don Francisco de Castrejón y Pacheco, luego vecino de Zacatecas, se casa con Doña Ignacia de Rivera en primeras nupcias y fue su hija Doña Petronila de Castrejón y Rivera, b. d 17 de julio de 1624, y en segundas nupcias con Doña Jerótima Altamirano y fué su hijo Don Antonio de Castrejón y Altamirano , b. el 14 de noviembre de 1627 2.-Doña Maria de Castrejón y Pacheco, se casa con Don Martín Rodriguez de Soto, el 22 de junio de 1631, h.l. de Don Martín Rodriguez y Doña Juana de Soto mayor y fueron sus hiios a su vez ; Jeróimima, b. el 23 de oct. de 1631 , Baltazar, b. el 15 de febrero de 1636 y Martín, b. el 9 de abril de 1642
DE ALBA Y CENTENO Don
Fernando de Alba y su primer esposa Doña Ana Centeno, fueron sus hijos : Don
Fernando, se casó en segundas nupcias con Doña Jerónima de Alba, y
fueron sus hijos: Don Juan Gómez de Tagle, se casa con Doña Ana de Guido, vec. De Pátzcuaro, Hermana de Don Fernando de Guido, estante en Guayangareo o Valladolid. Fueron sus hijos de los primeros: 1.-Doña
Maria de Guido, se casa con Roque de Santa Maria Rodriguez Torres, el 13
de agosto
de 1604 y fueron sus hijos a la vez; e.-Doña Maria de Guido, b. el 31 de diciembre de 1618 y se casa en primeras nupcias con don Francisco Martinez y en segundas con don Pedro de Arrízu el 16 de noviembre de 1634 y fué su hija Doña Juana de Guido que se casa en primeras nupcias con Don Bemardo de la Vega el 18 de septiembre de 1664 y en segundas nupcias con Don Mateo Gómez de la Madríz , el 17 de mayo de 1673 2.-Doña
Mariana de Guido, se casa con Francisco de Secadura el 2 de septiembre de 1607 de 1614 y fue su hija : Doña Maria de Guido, b. el 14 dr; enero de 1620 y se casa el 3 de marzo de 1642, con Don Nicolás de Origel y Velázquez. ORIGEL Don
Francisco de Origel, de Ascendencia Vasca , orig. De la Albuera,
Extremadura, España, salió a Nueva. España el 25 de Octubre de 1571 y
se casa con Doña Juana. Velásquez Coronado, en Pátzcuaro, sus hijos : PADILLA-BARAHONA Don Alonso Martín Padilla Barahona, orig. De Jeréz de la Frontera, España, fundó capellania en la hacienda de Xaripeo,(el grande y el chico )y Maravatío, en Michoacán en la ciudad de Pátzcuaro el 12 de noviembre de 1569, su hijo: l.-Don
Hernando de Padilla Barahona, orig. De Jeréz y vec. De Taximaroa se casa
con Doña
Gertrudis Hurtado de Mendoza, h.l. de Don Diego Hurtado de Mendoza. Y
fueros 7 hijos: a.-Doña
Leaner Padilla Barahona c.-Don
Diego de Padilla Barahona y Hurtado de Mendoza e.-Don
Agustin Padilla Barahona y Hurtado de Mendoza. (Esta rama de los Padilla Barahona, en México, no tiene nada que ver con la numerosa Rama de los Padilla Avila o de Avila , establecida en Guadalaxara y los altos de Xalisco) SOTO O SOTOMAYOR Capitan
Don Pedro de Sotomayor, el 21 de noviembre de 1586, vec. De Cd. Michoacán,
se casa con Doña Beatriz de Borja, y fué su hija: b.-Don
Juan de Sotomayor b. el 11 de febrero de l620 Doña Jerónima de Sotomayor, se casa el 5 de noviembre de 1631 con Don Nicolas de Avila h.l. de Juan de Sarria y Catalina de Avila y fue su hija : Jerónima, b. el 10 de oct. de 1632 VELÁZQUEZ I.-
Diego Velázquez Coronado y Maria de Ocaña. fueron sus hijos: 2.-Femando
Velázquez Ocaña, se casa con Maria de Olmedo el 6 de agosto de 1600 VITORIA Don
Francisco Diaz Infante, se casa con Doña Juliana de Vitoria, y fueron sus
hijos : Notas. -Bibliografia Archive
parroquial de Pátzcuaro, Michoacán ( primeros libros de bautismos y
matrimonios) León,
Gto. México, 26 de Junio de 2001
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MICHOACÁN: FROM KINGDOM TO COLONY |
Michoacán, located in the west central part of the Mexican Republic, occupies 59,864 square kilometers (23,113 square miles) and is the sixteenth largest state in Mexico, taking up 3% of the national territory. With a population that was tallied at 3,548,199 in the 1990 census, Michoacán is divided into 113 municipios and has a common border with Jalisco and Guanajuato (to the north), Querétaro (on the northeast), the state of Mexico (on the east), Guerrero (to the southeast), and Colima (to the west). In addition, Michoacán's southeast border includes a 213-kilometer (132-mile) shoreline along the Pacific Ocean. Dominated by the mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Michoacán extends from the Pacific Ocean northeastward into the central plateau. The climate and soil variations caused by this topography make Michoacán a diverse agricultural state that produces both temperate and tropical cereals, fruits, and vegetables. Mining is a leading industry in the state, with significant production of gold, silver, zinc, and iron. For more than a thousand years, Michoacán has been the home of the Purhépecha Indians (more popularly known as the Tarascans). The modern state of Michoacán preserves, to some extent, the territorial integrity of the pre-Columbian Kingdom of the Purhépecha. This kingdom was one of the most prosperous and extensive empires in the pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican world. The name Michoacán derives from the Náhuatl terms, michin (fish) and hua (those who have) and can (place) which roughly translates into "place of the fisherman." Because the Purhépecha culture lacks a written language, its origin and early history are shrouded in mystery. Its stories, legends and customs pass from one generation to the next through oral traditions. A Tarascan origin myth relates the story of how Curicaueri, the fire god, and his brother gods founded the settlements along Lake Pátzcuaro. The primary source of information about the cultural and social history of the Purhépecha Indians is Relación de Michoacán (published in English as The Chronicles of Michoacán), which was dedicated as a gift to Don Antonio de Mendoza, the first Viceroy of Nueva España (1535-1550). Professor Bernardino Verástique's Michoacán and Eden: Vasco de Quiroga and the Evangeliztion of Western Mexico, frequently cites "The Chronicles" in his recent publication and and is an excellent source of information about the history of Michoacán in general. The Tarascans of Michoacán have always called themselves Purhépecha. However, early in the Sixteenth Century, the Spaniards gave the Purhépecha a name from their own language. The name of these Indians, Tarascos, was derived from the native word tarascué, meaning relatives or brother-in-law. According to Fray (Friar) Martín Coruña, it was a term the natives used mockingly for the Spaniards, who regularly violated their women. But the Spaniards mistakenly took it up, and the Spanish word Tarasco (and its English equivalent, Tarascan), is commonly used today to describe the Indians who call themselves Purhépecha. Today both the people and their language are known as Tarasca. But Professor Verástique comments that the word Tarasco "carries pejorative connotations of loathsomeness and disgust." "The Purhépecha language,' writes Professor Verástique, "is a hybrid Mesoamerican language, the product of a wide-ranging process of linguistic borrowing and fusion." Some prestigious researchers have suggested that it is distantly related to Quecha, one of the man languages in the Andean zone of South America. For this reason, it has been suggested that the Purhépecha may have arrived in Mexico from Peru and may be distantly related to the Incas. The Tarascan language also has some similarities to that spoken by the Zuni Indians of New Mexico. The ancient Tarascan inhabitants were farmers and fishermen who established themselves in present-day Michoacán by the Eleventh Century A.D. But, in the late Twelfth Century, Chichimec tribes from the north crossed the Lerma River into Michoacán and settled in the fertile valley near the present-day town of Zacapu. "The entry of these nomadic hunters, writes Professor Verástique, "was facilitated by the fall of the Toltec garrisons at Tula and the political vacuum created in the region by the city's fall." Once in Michoacán, the nomadic Chichimecs began to intermingle with the Purhépecha, to create what Verástique calls "the Purhépecha-Chichimec Synthesis." By 1324 A.D., they had become the dominant force in western Mexico, with the founding of their first capital city Pátzcuaro, located 7,200 feet (2,200 meters) above sea level along the shore of Lake Pátzcuaro (Mexico's highest lake). The name, Pátzcuaro, meaning "Place of Stones," was named for the foundations called "Petatzecua" by Indians who found them at the sites of ruined temples of an earlier civilization. Eventually, however, the Purhépecha transferred their capital to Tzintzuntzan ("Place of the Hummingbirds"), which is about 15 kilometers north of Pátzcuaro, on the northeastern shore of the lake. Tzintzuntzan would remain the Purhépecha capital until the Spaniards arrived in 1522. Tzintzuntzan, the home of about 25,000 to 30,000 Purhépecha, was the site of the Tarascans' peculiar T-shaped pyramids that rose in terraces. The Tarascans became skilled weavers and became known for their feathered mosaics made from hummingbird plumage. With time, these gifted people also became skilled craftsmen in metalworking, pottery, and lapidary work. In the Michoacán of this pre-Hispanic period, gold, copper, salt, obsidian, cotton, cinnabar, seashells, fine feathers, cacao, wax and honey became highly prized products to the Tarascans. Neighboring regions that possessed these commodities quickly became primary targets of Tarascan military expansion. When a tribe was conquered by the Tarascans, the subjects were expected to pay tributes of material goods to the Tarascan authorities. During the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, the Purhépechas grew militarily strong and economically prosperous. An early Tarascan king named Tariácuri initiated numerous wars of expansion. In addition to occupying and establishing garrisons in the western frontier (now Jalisco), he cut a wedge through the Sierra Madre into the tierra caliente (hot country) of the present-day state of Guerrero. With this acquisition, he incorporated Náhuatl people into his empire. However, the region was also a primary source of certain precious objects that were used in the religious cults of the time: copper, gold, silver, cotton, copal incense, cacao, beeswax, and vegetable fats. Eventually, the Purépecha Kingdom would control an area of at least 45,000 square miles (72,500 square kilometers), including parts of the present-day states of Guanajuato, Guerrero, Querétaro, Colima, and Jalisco. However, 240 miles to east, the Aztec Empire, centered in Tenochtitlán, had begun its ascendancy in the Valley of Mexico. As the Aztecs expanded their empire beyond the Valley, they came into conflict with the Tarascans. More than once, the Aztecs tried to conquer the Tarascan lands. But, in all of their major confrontations, the Tarascans were always victorious over the Aztecs. The Aztecs called the Tarascans Cuaochpanme, which means "the ones with a narrow strip on the head" (the shaven heads), and also Michhuaque, meaning "the lords of the fishes". During the reign of the Tarascan king Tzitzic Pandacuare, the Aztecs launched a very determined offensive against their powerful neighbors in the west. This offensive turned into a bloody and protracted conflict lasting from 1469 to 1478. Finally, in 1478, the ruling Aztec lord, Tlatoani Axayácatl, led a force of 32,000 Aztec warriors against an army of almost 50,000 Tarascans in the Battle of Taximaroa (today the city of Hidalgo). After a daylong battle, Axayácatl decided to withdraw his surviving warriors. It is believed that the Tarascans annihilated at least 20,000 warriors. In the art of war, the Purhépecha had one major advantage over the Aztecs, in their use of copper for spear tips and shields. In April 1519, a Spanish army, under the command of Hernán Cortés, arrived on the east coast of Mexico near the present-day site of Veracruz. As his small force made its way westward from the Gulf coast, Cortés started meeting with the leaders of the various Indian tribes they found along the way. Soon he would begin to understand the complex relationship between the Aztec masters and their subject tribes. Human sacrifice played an integral role in the culture of the Aztecs. However, the Aztecs rarely sacrificed their own. In their search for sacrificial victims to pacify their gods, the Aztecs extracted men and women from their subject tribes as tribute. Cortés, understanding the fear and hatred that many of the Indian tribes held for their Aztec rulers, started to build alliances with some of the tribes. Eventually, he would align himself with the Totonacs, the Tlaxcalans, the Otomí, and Cholulans. Finally, on November 8, 1519, when Cortés arrived in Tenochtitlán (the Aztec capital), he was accompanied by an army of at least 6,000 Aware that a dangerous coalition was in the making, the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II quickly dispatched ten emissaries to Tzintzuntzan to meet with the Tarascan King, Zuangua. The Aztec messengers arrived in October 1519 and relayed their monarch's plea for assistance. But Zuangua, after consulting with his sages and gods, came to believe that the "new men from the east" would triumph over the Aztecs. Unfortunately, the Aztec emissaries brought more than a cry for help. Apparently, one of them carried the disease smallpox into the capital city and into the presence of the King. With this initial exposure to the dreaded disease, King Zuangua became ill and died. In a matter of days, a deadly plague of smallpox ravaged through the whole kingdom. Horrified by this bad omen, the Tarascans threw the Aztec representatives in prison and sacrificed them to their gods. Shortly thereafter, as Tenochtitlán was locked in a life-and-death struggle for survival against a massive attacking force, the Purhépechas in Tzintzuntzan choose as their new monarch, the oldest son of Zuangua, Tangoxoán II. On August 13, 1521, after a bloody 75-day siege, Tenochtitlán finally fell to a force of 900 Spaniards and a hundred thousand Indian warriors. Almost immediately, Hernán Cortés started to take an interest in the surrounding Indian nations. Once in control of Tenochtitlán, Cortés sent messengers off to Tzintzuntzan. These messengers returned with Tangoxoán's emissaries, who were greeted by Cortés and taken on a canoe tour of the battle-torn city. The famous conquistador made a point of demonstrating his cavalry in action. In concluding his guided tour, Cortés assured Tangoxoán's representatives that, if they subjected themselves to the King of Spain, they would be well treated. They soon returned to Tzintzuntzan to report to their king. Convinced that the Spaniards would allow him to continue ruling and fearing a terrible fate if he challenged them, Tangaxoan allowed the Spanish soldiers to enter Tzintzuntzan unopposed. The only precaution the Purhépechas took was to sacrifice eight hundred slaves who they feared would join the Spanish if a fight did occur. In July 1522, when the conquistador Cristobal de Olíd, with a force of 300 Spaniards and 5,000 Amerindian allies (mainly Tlaxcalans) arrived in the capital city of Tzintzuntzan, they found a city of 40,000 inhabitants. Horrified by the sight of the temples and pyramids awash with the blood of recent human sacrifices, The Spanish and Tlaxcalan soldiers looted and destroyed the temples of the Purhépecha high priests. The occupying army, writes Professor Verástique, "required an enormous exertion of human labor and the preparation of vast quantities of food." During the four months that the occupying army stayed in Michoacán, it soon became apparent that the Spaniards were interested in finding gold and silver in Tangoxoán's mountainous kingdom. The discovery of gold in western Michoacán near Motín in 1527 brought more of the invaders. However, several of the Náhuatl tribes in the region resisted the intrusion vigorously. With the influx of adventurers and treasure seekers, more of the Tarascans were expected to help labor in the mines or help feed the mineworkers and livestock. On a visit to Mexico City, in 1524, King Tangoxoán II was baptized with the Christian name of Francisco. It was Tangoxoán II himself, on another visit to Mexico City, who asked the bishop to send Catholic priests to Michoacán. In 1525, six Franciscan missionaries, led by Fray Martín de Jesus de la Coruña, arrived in Tzintzuntzan in 1525. The next year, they built a large Franciscan monastery and a convent. They saved a great deal of labor by tearing down much of the Purhépecha temples and platforms, using the quarried stones for their own buildings. Augustinian missionaries would arrive in Michoacán during 1533. In the meantime, however, Cortés, seeking to reward his officers for their services, awarded many encomienda grants in Michoacán to the inner core of his army. The tribute-receiving soldier, known as an encomendero received a grant in the form of land, municipios or Indian labor. He was also obliged to provide military protection and a Christian education for the Indians under his command. However, "the encomienda grant," comments Professor Verástique, "was also fertile ground for bribery and corruption." Continuing with this line of thought, the Professor writes that "forced labor, especially in the silver mines, and the severe tribute system of the conquistadors" soon inflicted "extreme pressures on Purhépecha society." Concerns for the impending devastation of the indigenous people of Mexico soon reached the Spanish government. The Crown decided to set up the First Audiencia (Governing Committee) in Mexico in order to replace Cortez' rule in Mexico City and reestablish their own authority. On November 13, 1528, the Spanish lawyer, Nuño Guzmán de Beltran, was named by the Spanish King Carlos V to head this new government and end the anarchy that was growing in Nueva España. Unfortunately, writes Professor Verástique, "the government of Spain had no idea of the character of the man whom they had appointed as president of the Audiencia." Eventually it became apparent that the "law and order personality" of Guzmán would be replaced with "ruthlessness and obstinancy." As soon as Guzmán took over, "he sold Amerindians into slavery, ransacked their temples searching for treasure, exacted heavy tribute payments from the caciques, and kidnapped women." Guzman was "equally spiteful with his own countrymen," confiscating the encomiendas that Cortés had awarded his cronies. Almost immediately, the Bishop-elect of Mexico City, the Franciscan Juan de Zumárraga came into conflict with Guzmán. Appointed as the "Protector of the Indians" and inquisitor of Nueva España, Zumárraga initiated court proceedings to hear Amerindian complaints about Spanish injustice and atrocities. By 1529, Guzmán was excommunicated from the church for his defiance of the church and his abuse of the Indian population. Anticipating loss of his position as well, Guzmán set off for Michoacán at the end of 1529. Accompanied by 350 Spanish cavalrymen and foot soldiers, and some 10,000 Indian warriors, Guzmán arrived in Michoacán and demanded King Tangoxoán to turn over all his gold. However, unable to deliver the precious metal, on February 14, 1530, the King was tortured, dragged behind a horse and finally burned at the stake. Guzmán's cruelty stunned and horrified the Tarascan people who had made their best efforts to accommodate the Spaniards and Tlaxcalans. Fearing for their lives, many of Purhépecha population either died or fled far into the mountains to hide. Guzmán's forces plundered the once-grand and powerful Purhépecha nation. Temples, houses, and fields were devastated while the demoralized people fled to the mountains of Michoacán. Guzmán now declared himself "King of the Tarascan Empire" and prepared to leave Michoacán. However, before moving on to plunder Jalisco, Guzmán drafted 8,000 Purhépecha men to serve as soldiers in his army. News of Guzmán's blatant atrocities rippled through the countryside and reached the ears of church authorities. While Guzmán moved on in an attempt to elude the authorities in Mexico City, Bishops Bartolomé de Las Casas and Zumárraga prepared a case against Guzmán. Eventually he would return to the capital, where he was arrested and shipped to Spain for trial. Guzmán's cruelty had destroyed the relationship between the Spanish and the Tarascans. In a short time, the grand and powerful Purhépecha nation had been completely devastated. Had it not been for the effort of one man whose ideals, good judgment and ability to put into practice the morals that he preached, it is possible that the Purhépechas would not have survived this catastrophe. This man was Don Vasco de Quiroga, who at the age of 60, arrived in Mexico in January 1531, with a mandate to repair both the moral and material damage that had been inflicted upon Michoacán by Guzmán. A Spanish aristocrat born in Galicia, Don Vasco de Quiróga was trained in the law but would play an important role in the evangelization of the Purhépecha people. According to Bernardino Verástique, the primary task assigned to Quiroga was to assume "the pastoral role of protector, spiritual father, judge and confessional physician" to the Purhépecha. On December 5, 1535, Vasco Quiroga was endorsed by Zumárraga as Bishop-elect of Michoacán. The nomination was approved on December 9, 1536, and in 1538, he was formally ordained by Bishop Zumárraga in Mexico City. Quiroga, upon arriving in Michoacán, very quickly came to the conclusion that Christianizing the Purhépecha depended upon preserving their language and understanding their worldview. Over time, Quiroga would embrace the Tarascan people and succeed in implanting himself in the minds and hearts of the natives as "Tata", or "Daddy" Vasco, the benefactor and protector of the Indians. To attract the Indians to come down from their mountain hideouts and hear the Word of God, Don Vasco staged performances of a dance called "Los Toritos", a dance that is still performed today in the streets of local villages during certain festivities. All the dancers wear colorful costumes and masks, one of which is a great bull's head. The bull prances to the music of guitars and trumpets as the others try to capture him with capes and ropes. Little by little, small groups of natives came down from the hills to investigate this strange phenomenon and Don Vasco befriended them with gifts. He treated the Indians with "enlightened compassion" and soon many families came down from the hills to settle near the monastery, as much for protection as to embrace the new faith. Don Vasco stood at odds with the cruel treatment the Spanish soldiers meted out to the Indians, and with his influence and personal power, he was able to put an end to the crippling tribute system the Spaniards had inherited from the Purhépecha kings. Don Vasco ensured that the old boundaries of the Purhépecha Kingdom would be maintained. He began construction of the Cathedral of Santa Ana in 1540. He also established the Colegio de San Nicolas Obispo. As a Judge (oidor) and Bishop, Quiroga was driven by a profound respect for Spanish jurisprudence and his desire to convert the Purhépecha to a purified form of Christianity free of the corruption of European Catholicism. He strove to establish "New World Edens" in Michoacán by congregating the Purhépecha into repúblicas de indios, or congregaciones (congregations) modeled after Thomas More's Utopia. Guided spiritually by the friars, the natives of these communities became self-governing. Under this system, Augustinian and Franciscan friars could more easily instruct the natives in the fundamental beliefs of Christianity as well as the values of Spanish culture. Quiroga's efforts to raise the standard of living for the Tarascans gradually took hold. Labor in the communal fields or on the cattle ranches was performed on a rotating basis to permit the people to become self-supporting and to allow them free time for instruction, both spiritual and practical, and to work in specialized industries. Gathering the dispirited Purhépechas into new villages made possible the development of a particular industrial skill for each community. Soon one town became adept at making saddles, another produced painted woodenware, and another baskets, etc. In time, the villages developed commerce between one another, thus gaining economic strength. Don Vasco de Quiroga finally died on March 20, 1565 in Pátzcuaro. On February 28, 1534, King Carlos issued a royal edict, awarding Tzintzuntzan the title of City of Michoacán, and in 1536 it became the seat of a newly created Bishopric. However, Tzintzuntzan lost its importance when the Spaniards changed their administrative center to Pátzcuaro in 1540. Then, in 1541 the Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza issued an order to raise a city called Valladolid, 185 miles northwest of Mexico City. This town - originally known as Guayangareo by the indigenous people - was elevated to the status of a city in 1545, with the approval of the King of Spain. Almost three centuries later, in 1828, Valladolid, the birthplace of Jose Maria Morelos was renamed Morelia in honor of the revolutionary patriot who served in the War of Independence. Although Tzintzuntzan remained the headquarters of the Franciscans, it soon dwindled in size and significance as the royal title of City of Michoacán passed to Pátzcuaro. During the colonial years, thanks to Quiroga's efforts, Michoacán flourished and came to occupy an important position in regard to its artistic, economic and social development. The prosperity that flourished in Michoacán has been explored in a number of specialized works. Professor Verástique has suggested that "Vasco de Quiroga's ideals of humanitarianism and Christian charity had a critical influence on the conversion process." Unfortunately, the repercussions of Guzmán's cruelty also had long-range effects on Michoacán's population. Professor Verástique writes that "three factors contributed to the loss of life in Michoacán: warfare, ecological collapse, and the loss of life resulting from forced labor in the encomienda system." Between 1520 and 1565, the population of Michoacán had declined by about thirty percent, with a loss of some 600,000 people. Today the Purhépecha descendants number about 200,000 in Michoacán. About 75% of the Tarascans are bilingual, speaking both Spanish and Purhépecha, while 25% speak only Tarascan. Many of these people live in small rural communities who supplement agricultural production with craft specializations (including weaving and embroidery). Through their endurance and fortitude, the Purhépecha have managed to maintain their cultural identity with great pride. Sources: Access Mexico Connect, The Tarasco Culture and Empire. 1996-2001. http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/history/tarasco.html . August 22, 2001. Eugene R. Craine and Reginald C. Reindorp, The Chronicles of Michoacán. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., Familia Tarasca : Tarascan Family. 2001. http://www.sil.org/americas/mexico/tarasca/familia-tarasca.htm . August 14, 2001 Bernardino Verástique. Michoacán and Eden: Vasco de Quiroga and the Evangelization of Western Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000. J. Benedict Warren, The Conquest of Michoacán: The Spanish Domination of the Tarascan Kingdom in Western Mexico, 1521-1530. Norman, Oklahoma: Un of Oklahoma Press, 1985. Copyright © 2001, by John P. Schmal. All rights under applicable law are hereby reserved. Reproduction of this article in whole or in part without the express permission of John P. Schmal is strictly prohibited.
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Genealogía de Nochistlán Antiguo Reino de la Nueva Galicia |
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Our neighbor to the south, Mexico, is a land rich in historical, cultural, and religious significance. It is also the ancestral homeland of almost one out of every ten Americans. Boasting a total area of 756,063 square miles, a large part of Mexico sits on an immense, elevated plateau, flanked by mountain ranges that fall off sharply to the narrow coastal plains of the west and east. The two mountain chains, the Sierra Madre Occidental to the west and the Sierra Madre Oriental in the east, meet in the southeast portion of the country. The Federal Republic of Mexico is made up of 32 states and the Distrito Federal (federal district). Each state is divided into municipios. According to the 1990 census, the population of Mexico was 81,249,645, with a population density of 107 persons per square miles. Almost 71% of these people lived in the urban areas. The population is composed of three main groups: the people of Spanish descent, the Indians, and the people of mixed Spanish and Indian heritage (mestizos). Of these groups, the mestizos are by far the largest, constituting about 60% of the population. Today, the Indians only make up about 30% of Mexico's population. However, 500 years ago before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, the area that is now called Mexico was inhabited by as many as 25 million Indians. The study of pre-Hispanic Mexico and its numerous Indian tribes would fill volumes and no amount of discussion could hope to tell the story in its entirety. Mexico's remarkable diversity, in large part, led to its conquest by the Spaniards. Speaking more than 180 mutually alien languages, the original Mexican Indians viewed each other with great suspicion from the earliest times. When Hernan Cortés (1485-1547) arrived on the east coast of Mexico in 1519, he found a large but fragmented collection of tribes. The delicate political balance that existed among the indigenous groups for centuries was forever altered as Cortés and a combined army of Spanish soldiers and Indian warriors slowly made their way to Tenochtitlán, the island capital of the formidable Aztec Empire nestled deep within the heart of the continent. Within two years, Cortés, with an army of 2,500 Spaniards, assisted by tens of thousands of Indian allies, captured the imperial capital. With the collapse of Tenochtitlán and the subsequent disintegration of the highly centralized Aztec Empire, much of central and southern Mexico automatically fell into the hands of the Europeans. However, the Aztecs had never conquered the northern half of Mexico. For this reason, the Spanish authorities sent expeditions into this vast unknown territory to gauge mineral resources, Christianize the Indians and, where possible, to develop trading and military alliances with the indigenous people. However, in 1529, Nuño de Guzmán, a lawyer from a noble family with powerful connections, led a large force of Spanish soldiers and Indian auxiliaries northward into the territories now known as Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit and Sinaloa. Cutting a bloody path through central and western Mexico, Guzmán burned villages, murdered tribal chiefs, and enslaved the Indians he subdued. Although Guzmán had claimed a great deal of territory for the King of Spain, it soon became apparent that the subjugation of the central and northern Indians would be more difficult because of their fragmented political structure. Furthermore, a decade later (1540), the Indians, still reeling from the cruelty of Guzmán, began a massive uprising. This rebellion, which is usually referred to as the Mixtón War, started in 1540 and lasted almost two years. The intended goal of the war, which was to drive the Spaniards back to the Gulf of Mexico, failed. Although this insurrection did not succeed in driving the Europeans back into the eastern sea, the complex landscape of Jalisco, combined with the tenacious resistance of some bands of Indians, kept the Spaniards from totally securing the area of Jalisco until 1591. Although the Spaniards discovered silver in Zacatecas in 1546, their rush to the newly opened mines led to a major confrontation with the Indians of Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Aguascalientes, and northern Jalisco. This conflict, referred to as the Chichimeca War started in 1550 and lasted until the last decade of the century. In other parts of Mexico, the same pattern was repeated over and over again. The Spaniards discovered and exploited rich mineral resources, Christianized indigenous peoples, and forged alliances with friendly Indians against hostile groups. The Spanish also enacted a "peace through purchase" policy, in which they distributed gifts of clothes, food, and agricultural implements to those Indians who would make peace and settle down in the towns. The Spanish ruled over most of Mexico for 300 years up to 1822. During this time, the rigid and authoritative colonial administrations were meticulous in their record-keeping. Whether it be military records, taxes, local parish census, ecclesiastic documents, or church records, Mexico is a goldmine of information to the genealogical and historical researcher. The Mexican church and civil documents following independence are, for most parts of Mexico, equally detailed. For the last century and a half, war and economic instability throughout Mexico became a catalyst for northward immigration. For this reason, many Americans today look to the Mexican Republic as the land of their ancestors. For those who seek to trace their roots in Mexico, the best source of genealogical information is the Family History Library (FHL) in Salt Lake City. Through this library and its associated Family History Centers scattered around the United States, you can access some 150,000 rolls of microfilm dealing with Mexico. According to the International Collections Department of the FHL, approximately 65% of these rolls are church records. In addition, the library holds nearly 900 books and maps dealing with Mexico. You can access the FHL catalog at http://familysearch.org/search/searchcatalog.asp. By virtue of its large size, the Mexican state of Jalisco has contributed its fair share of immigrants to the United States during the last century. Located along the Pacific Ocean and extending eastward into the north central portion of the Republic, Jalisco has the second largest population of any Mexican state. With a total area of 31,152 square miles, Jalisco borders eight other Mexican states. From Jalisco come many of the images that represent Mexico, most notably tequila, the Mexican rodeo, broad-rimmed sombrero hats, the Mexican Hat Dance, and Mariachi music. Boasting a population of six million people, Jalisco has the third largest economy in Mexico and exports almost $5 billion in goods to over eighty-one countries each year. As the fourth largest recipient of foreign investment, Jalisco is a hub for high-tech production. According to the Secretaría de Promoción del Estado de Jalisco, electronics made up 54% of Jalisco's exports in 1994. Tequilla, the legendary liquor distilled from the mescal plant, represented only 3% of total exports in 1994. The name Jalisco is derived from the combination of two Nahuatl words, Xalli (sand or gravel) and ixtli (face, or plain). Thus, the literal translation of the state name in English would be sandy face, or by extension, sandy plain. In pre-Columbian times, many indigenous groups, - most notably the Cazcanes, Cocas, Coras, Cuyutecos, Huichols, Tecuexes, Tepehuanes, Tochos, Pinome and Guachichiles - made their homes within the bounds of what is present-day Jalisco. For the state of Jalisco alone, the Family History Library owns almost 20,000 rolls of microfilm, covering 198 distinct localities. Of the 165 towns and villages whose Catholic churches are represented in this collection, 46 have registers going back to the 1600s while another 37 have records stretching back to the 1700s. Each roll of microfilm in the FHL collection can be ordered from any local Family History Center for $3.77. That roll of film will stay "in-house" for one month and can be renewed at the end of that period. Most of Jalisco's 124 municipios are also represented in the FHL catalog. Although Mexico enacted civil registration in 1859, most of the municipios of Jalisco did not start keeping birth, marriage, and death records until 1867 or later. In addition, the 1930 Mexican census is available for almost one hundred of the municipios. Another invaluable resource for the Hispanic researcher is the International Genealogical Index (IGI). In this database, many of the church records held by the FHL have been indexed. Of Mexico's 26 million baptism and marriage entries in the IGI, Jalisco accounts for 3.5 million. In my own research, I have found this powerful and dynamic database to be of enormous value. Guadalajara, the second largest city in Mexico, is the capital of Jalisco. Founded in 1542, Guadalajara became the administrative capital of the province of Nueva Galicia. As the second largest tourist destination in Mexico, the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area enjoys the highest quality of life in Mexico. With a present-day population of almost 1,700,000, it is not surprising that many Mexican Americans search for their roots in the parish registers of Guadalajara and its immediate vicinity. The FHL owns an impressive 3,400 rolls of microfilm dealing with Guadalajara. Fifteen Catholic churches, some with baptism and marriage registers stretching back as far as 1635, are represented on 1,500 rolls of film. Padrones (local census lists) from 1639 to 1875 comprise 48 rolls of film and can be a very useful resource. Property and water rights records can be found on 269 rolls of microfilm and date back to 1584. Notarial and probate records, dating back to at least 1583, make up almost 1,300 rolls. For the most part, the baptism and marriage records of the Jalisco parish registers are remarkably detailed. With few exceptions, starting around 1800, the baptism records listed the abuelos paternos (paternal grandparents) and abuelos maternos (maternal grandparents). It is interesting to note that, as one goes back in time, the records of some cities actually become more detailed. For instance, a researching exploring the marriage records in Lagos de Moreno between 1650 and 1670 will find that they are amazingly detailed, even for Indian couples who have no surnames. Even Aguascalientes (Hot Waters), one of the smallest states of the Mexican Republic, has a significant representation in the Family History Library. With an area of 2,113 square miles, Aguascalientes has a population of 619,000 and was a part of Zacatecas until 1835, when it was given the status of territory. Twenty-two years later, Aguascalientes would be declared a state within the Mexican Republic. The capital of Aguascalientes is the city by the same name which had been founded by the Spaniards in 1575 as a small mining settlement during the height of the Chichimeca War. Some have referred to the city as La Ciudad Perforada (The City of Holes) because of the labyrinth of tunnels created by one of the Indian tribes in pre-Hispanic times. Although small in size, the state of Aguascalientes is an important element in Mexico's economy because of its textile, electronics, and auto parts industries. The state is also known for its production of silver, zinc, copper, gold, cattle, fruits and fine wines. The FHL owns almost 1,900 rolls of microfilm that have been extracted from the churches and municipio offices of Aguascalientes. With twenty-five distinct localities represented, many of the municipio records are available to researchers. The Catholic church records for the city of Aguascalientes are contained on 531 rolls of film and date back to 1616. During the middle part of the Seventeenth Century, the padres at Nuestra Señora de Asunción Church in Downtown Aguascalientes kept very detailed records of marriages for Spaniards, Indian laborers, and African slaves. The municipio records for Aguascalientes date back to 1859 and are found on 460 rolls of film. From one end of Mexico to the other, there are many resources available to those seeking to find out more about their Mexican heritage. But a successful search is contingent upon your own preparation. There are three preliminary steps to take in a successful search for your Mexican ancestors. First, you need to locate your ancestral town on a map. Secondly, you need to find out the name of the municipio in which the town was located since civil records were usually recorded in the capital city of each municipio. Thirdly, it is important to be aware of the names of adjacent villages where your ancestors may have attended church or baptized their children. The civil records and the church records for some of your Mexican ancestors may be kept in two separate towns. For the first step, it is important to realize that maps of Mexico in atlases and tourist brochures usually only show the largest and most historically significant cities. For this reason, I strongly advise that you visit a college or university map library to locate a large scale map (preferably 1:250,000). If you have an ancestral community which you have not been able to locate on a conventional map or in the FHL catalog, you will understand the reason for this course of action. Two years ago, when my friend Donna Morales and I were working on her family tree, we learned that some of her maternal ancestors had come from the small Hacienda de Santa Monica, Zacatecas, during the Nineteenth Century and the first decade of the 1900s. However, I was unable to find the hacienda on any conventional maps of Zacatecas. My next step was to pay a visit to the UCLA Map Library where I located a gazetteer of Zacatecas. Having pinpointed the geographic coordinates of Santa Monica in the gazetteer, I subsequently consulted a large-scale present-day map of Zacatecas, which showed Santa Monica as a small town. I made note of the fact that Santa Monica belonged to the municipio of Sain Alto and was a short distance from the small town of Rio de Medina. Once I had become familiar with the terrain surrounding Santa Monica, Zacatecas, I was able to check the FHL catalog. I found that the Catholic church records for Rio de Medina went back to 1899. I also checked the FHL inventory for Sain Alto and found that Sain Alto's civil records went back to 1862. I was able to locate the family in question in the records of both towns. Since most municipio records in Mexico started in the 1860s, the only way you will be able to trace your ancestors back into the 1600s or 1700s is by searching Catholic church registers for baptism and marriage records. For this reason, locating the church your ancestors attended is crucial to a successful search. During the course of our research, Donna and I had discovered that some of her ancestors came from the small pueblo of Villa Hidalgo in northern Jalisco. The parish register at La Santisima Trinidad church in Villa Hidalgo starts in 1814. At this point, we thought that we may have reached the end of the line for this branch of Donna's family. However, after consulting a large-scale map of Jalisco, I found that a small town named Cieneguilla lay a few miles northeast across the border in Aguascalientes. In Cieneguilla, the baptism records started in 1716. Looking to the southeast, I found another nearby town, Teocaltiche. For this old settlement, the FHL had parish registers that date back to 1627. This analysis succeeded and we have found Donna's ancestors in both of these towns before 1814. For the beginning researcher, tracing your ancestors back to Mexico is like a search for ethnic identity. Before Mexico gained independence, the Spanish padres at each parish would categorize each baptized child or newlywed with an ethnic label. Some of the most commonly used classifications were español (Spanish/White), mestizo (half Indian/half Spanish), indio (Indian), negro (African descent), mulato (half Spanish/half African), zambo (half Indian/half African), and lobo (three-quarters African/one-quarter Indian). Over the last two centuries, China, the Philippine Islands, France, Italy, and the United States have contributed significant numbers of immigrants to Mexico. Along with the numerous Indian groups who occupied pre-Hispanic Mexico, these settlers have given Mexico its remarkable and fascinating diversity evident in the faces and features of Mexican Americans today. If your family has been living in the United States for many years, your research needs will be quite different from immigrants or first-generation Mexican Americans. It is absolutely mandatory that you locate the exact name of a town or village in Mexico from which your ancestor came. In this respect, your dilemma is no different from that of a German-American, Irish-American, or Italian-American. If you do not have a name of a place, you have nowhere to go. However, there are many avenues of research in the United States that may yield the information you need. One source of information is the National Archives website, which you can access at http://www.nara.gov/nara/searchmicro.html . If you give as much information about your immigrant ancestor as you can, you can ask them to check their immigration indexes. Naturalization records can be extremely valuable in determining a place of origin. There are several facilities around the country and the website can provide you with the Email addresses of all of them. When making requests, please remember to post your street address or post office box. During the Twentieth Century, many Mexican immigrants did not become American citizens. However, if they lived as aliens within the United States from 1940 to 1944 and were 12 years of age or more, they would have been required to fill out an Alien Registration Form. Like naturalization records, alien registration can also be remarkably informative. If you would like to write to the INS for an Alien Registration Form, you may submit your inquiry to: INS Freedom of Information 2nd Floor, ULLB 425 I Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20536 Recently, Donna Morales and I signed a contract to publish Mexican-American Genealogical Research: Following the Paper Trail to Mexico. We designed this book to be a help-guide for Mexican Americans. In addition to making research suggestions and offering addresses of government offices, our book contains many documents: death certificates, Alien Registration, naturalization, and border-crossing records. We included baptism and marriage records from various churches in Mexico. And, in the back of the book, we present an outline, detailing suggested actions. Heritage Books of Bowie, Maryland has scheduled a tentative publication date of May 2002. Happy hunting. Copyright © 2001, by John P. Schmal. All rights under applicable law are hereby reserved. Reproduction of this article in whole or in part without the express permission of John P. Schmal is strictly prohibited. |
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