SOMOS PRIMOS: Dedicated to Hispanic Heritage and Diversity Issues

A Nation at Risk U.S. News & World Report, 5-29-02, pg. 49
In 2000, more than 1.5 million children had a parent in prison, an increase of more than half a million since 1991. 78% of women behind bars are mothers; 64% of men, fathers. Children of incarcerated parents are five times more likely to end up in jail themselves.

National Hispanic Prayer Breakfast President Bush was the first president to address the National Hispanic Prayer Breakfast. He said that throughout history Americans of faith have turned to prayer for wisdom, resolve and strength. Bush praised Hispanic Americans, whose political support is increasingly being courted by both parties. He spoke of Hispanics' ``devotion to church, to the family and to charity. For some people, Jesus' admonition to care for the least of these is an admirable moral teaching,'' Bush said. ``For many Hispanic Americans, it's a way of life.'' NY Times - Latino Political Information Update - 5/22/2002

"American Family" PBS has picked up an additional nine episodes of the Latino-themed drama "American Family," with the new shows set to air as early as July. The order brings to 22 the total number of episodes ordered for the show's first season. The drama follows the daily life of a Hispanic-American clan living in East Los Angeles. Zeke Hernandez zekehern@juno.com http://www.hispanicvista.com

THE BRACERO CONTRACT By John P. Schmal During the early 1940s, labor shortages in the United States - primarily caused by World War II - initiated a new period of Mexican immigration. The Great Depression and the systematic deportations of Mexicans and Mexican Americans during the 1930s brought Mexican immigration to a standstill for several years. However, with the beginning of World War II and American involvement in the conflict (starting in December 1941), immigrant laborers from the traditional source countries in Europe and Asia were now in short supply, so the American demand for Mexican labor rose dramatically. In the spring of 1942, California farmers predicted that there would be labor shortages in the fall. For this reason, they called for the importation of between 40,000 and 100,000 Mexican farm workers for the September harvest. Arguing that crop losses caused by labor shortages would probably hamper the war effort, the farmers won the day against some opposition. In 1942, to facilitate the access of Mexican workers to the United States, the U.S. government established the Bracero program, which granted Mexican laborers temporary permits to work in U.S. agriculture. The Mexican government vigorously endorsed the Bracero program, hoping to provide a legal framework that would protect Mexican workers from exploitation by U.S. employers. In September 1942, the program was given its first test, as 1,500 Mexican farm laborers were contracted to help with the California harvest. The Bracero program - which remained in effect until 1964 - created a legal basis for temporary immigration to the United States. The number of Mexican workers admitted each year varied, usually determined by the prevailing economic conditions of the moment. Bracero migration reached its peak in 1956 when 445,197 Mexican workers were allowed to enter the United States. Between 1942 and 1964, 4.6 million Braceros were admitted to the United States. But, the Bracero program itself did not alleviate the migration of undocumented workers. During the same period, 4.9 million Mexicans were apprehended by the Immigration and Naturalization Service. Apprehensions peaked at 1.1 million during the July 1953 to June 1954 fiscal year. Eventually, the mechanization of American agriculture gradually reduced the need for temporary laborers, and support for the program declined. After considerable debate in the U.S. Congress, the Bracero program was abolished in December 1964. However, the Bracero program provided many Mexican laborers with their first introduction to the United States. One of these Bracero laborers was Jesus Pacheco Acosta from the Mexican state of Chihuahua. On October 19, 1949, at Fort Bliss, Texas, the 21-year-old laborer Jesus Pacheco-Acosta from the Barrio Carbajal in San Buenaventura, Chihuahua signed an Individual Work Contract (Contrato Individual de Trabajo) with the Chaves County Farm and Livestock Bureau of Roswell, New Mexico. The contract Jesus signed utilized U.S. Form I-100 and was given the number L 44284. The duration of this contract - which commenced October 19, 1949 and would end on June 19, 1950 - promised Jesus a wage of 40 cents per hour. However, for every 100 pounds of cotton he picked, Jesus would receive $2.00. Jesus - who was single at the time - listed his mother Manuela Acosta as his beneficiary. At the time of his release, Jesus was returned to Mexico as mandated by law and his contract. Several years later, Jesus returned to work as a Bracero. In June of 1955, 27-year-old Jesus Pacheco Acosta was employed by the Great Western Sugar Company in a job lasting from June 2, 1955 to July 13, 1955. After this, however, he was transferred to work as a laborer with a Livestock Bureau in Deming, New Mexico. So, on July 18, 1955, Jesus signed a continuation of a standard work contract. This contract would provide Jesus with employment in Hidalgo and Grant counties (Texas) from July 18 to December 31, 1955, at which time he would be returned to the Bracero Reception Center in El Paso. For the duration of this contract, Jesus would be paid 50 cents an hour for general labor and farm labor. He would be paid 60 cents an hour for work involving the driving of a tractor. In addition, Jesus Pacheco would be paid $1.20 per day to obtain and prepare his own meals. Jesus Pacheco's next contract as a Bracero lasted from September 6, 1956 to December 3, 1956. The signing of this contract (Number 2142937) took place on September 6, 1956 at El Paso, Texas. By this time, 28-year-old Jesus - still a resident of Valle de San Buenaventura, Chihuahua - had married Catalina Olivas, who was listed as his beneficiary on the contract. The employer during this latest stint as a Bracero was the Valley Cotton Association of Ysleta, Texas, a few miles east of El Paso. Jesus was paid $50 an hour for general and farm labor, but received between $1.55 and $3.00 for the pulling and picking of each 100 pounds of cotton. He was also provided $1.15 for furnishing his own meals. Jesus Pacheco's last contract as a Bracero was signed on June 16, 1957 at El Paso, Texas. Jesus was now 29 years old and listed his address as Barrio de Las Flores, San Buenaventura, Chihuahua. His wife, Catalina O. de Pacheco was listed as his sole beneficiary. Contract Number 2662625 - destined to last from May 16, 1957 to June 26, 1957 - gave Jesus employment with the Great Western Sugar Company of Denver, Colorado. According to the terms of his contract, Jesus would be employed in Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming and Montana as a laborer making 70 cents an hour, the minimum wage rate as mandated by an order of the United States Secretary of Agriculture. Jesus was also provided with $1.50 for each day's meals. Shortly after his last job as a Bracero ended, Jesus Pacheco became a permanent resident of the United States. He brought his family to East Los Angeles and in 1996, the former Bracero Jesus Pacheco became an American citizen. The following paragraphs represent the text of one of Jesus Pacheco's contracts during his employment as a Bracero in the 1950s. Each contract was provided in both English (left side of the page) and Spanish (right side of the page). This contract has been made available by the permission of Jesus Pacheco and Jaime Pacheco. *INDIVIDUAL WORK CONTRACT* 1. Incorporation by Reference. - This Individual Work Contract is subject to the provisions of the International Executive Agreement approved August 1, 1949, and the provisions of that Agreement are specifically incorporated herein by reference. 2. Lodging. - The Employer agrees to furnish the Worker, without cost whatever to the Worker, hygienic lodgings adequate to the climatic conditions of the area of employment and similar to those of the average type which are generally furnished to domestic agricultural Workers in the area of employment. 3. Occupational Risks. - The Employer shall provide for the Worker at no cost whatever to the Worker, the same guarantees with respect to medical care and compensation for occupational disease and accidents as may be provided for domestic agricultural Workers under applicable State legislation in the United States. In the absence of such legislation the Employer shall either obtain insurance to protect the Worker in case of occupational diseases or accidents, or where he can establish his financial responsibility to the satisfaction of the Mexican Government, he may assume such obligations himself. Coverage for the Workers shall, in the latter instances, be no less favorable than the following schedule:
Accidental death Loss of both hands Loss of both feet Loss of sight of both eyes Loss of one hand and one foot Loss of one hand and sight of one eye Loss of one foot and sight of one eye Loss of one hand or one foot Loss of sight of one eye Total loss of a digit Partial loss of a digit	$ 1,000.00 $ 1,000.00 $ 1,000.00 $ 1,000.00 $ 1,000.00 $ 1,000.00 $ 1,000.00 $ 500.00 $ 500.00 $ 50.00 $ 25.00
Cases not covered above shall be resolved between both parties in a spirit of equity and justice or by judicial decision. The employer agrees to pay for all expenses for hospital, medicines and medical attention necessitated by occupational accidents and diseases. Unless otherwise provided by statute or by applicable insurance policy where a policy is in force, any Worker who sustains an injury through an occupational accident or incurs an occupational disease shall within 10 days after such accident occurs, or if such accident causes a latent injury shall within 10 days after such latent injury or such occupational disease manifests itself, notify the Employer; provided, however, that if the Employer has actual notice of such injury the injured Worker shall not lose his right to compensation for failure to give notice to the Employer. If the Employer provides medical attention to the Worker because of acts of negligence of a third person, the Employer shall be subrogated to the rights of the Worker to recover the cost of such medical care. 4. Payment of Wages. - The Employer shall pay the Worker the prevailing wage rate paid to domestic agricultural workers for similar work and in the manner paid within the area of employment or the rates specified on the last page of the contract, whichever is the greater. Where higher wages are paid for specialized tasks such as the operation of vehicles or machinery, Mexican Workers shall be paid such wages while assigned to such tasks…. Where custom and prevailing practice have been to pay Workers on a piece-rate basis, the Worker shall be paid for the first 48 hours of employment in each type of work not less than the initial hourly rate specified in the contract, or the piece-work rate, whichever is greater. After completion of the first 48-hour period of employment in work requiring similar skills, the Worker shall thereafter be paid on a straight piece-rate basis. 5. Deductions. - No deductions shall be made from the Worker's wages for any savings fund or union dues. The Employer may make deductions only for the following reasons: (a) Those provided by law; (b) Advances against wages; (c) Payment for articles of consumption produced by the Employer which may have been acquired voluntarily by the Worker; (d) For meals supplied by the Employer, provided that the charge to the Worker shall be at cost to the Employer but in no event shall such costs exceed $1.75 per day for three meals. (e) For payments made in excess. The deductions under (b), (c), and (e) in each pay period shall not exceed 10 percent of the total amount of wages earned in that pay period; provided, that the Employer may deduct not in excess of 50 percent of the Worker's wages for any pay period for advances to the Worker upon the Worker's arrival at the place of employment for food and necessary clothing; provided further, that when the Worker abandons his contract prior to its expiration date, or at the termination of the contract, the Employer may deduct from the Worker's final salary payment any debts that may be due the Employer under subparagraphs (b), (c), (d), and (e) of this paragraph at the time the contract is abandoned or terminated. 6. Transportation. - Transportation of the Worker, including transportation from the contracting center to the place of employment and return to the place of contracting, as well as food, lodging and other necessary expenses en route, including up to 35 kilograms of personal articles, but not including furniture, shall be at the expense of the Employer. All transportation shall be by common carrier or other adequate transportation facilities provided that such other transportation facilities, when used to transport Workers, shall have sufficient and adequate seats for the transportation of passengers, adequate protection against inclement weather, meet the same safety requirements that are applicable to common carriers and shall be covered by adequate insurance to protect the Worker from injuries sustained from accidents en route. In no event shall the Employer be required to provide better than second-class transportation facilities. 7. Water and Fuel. - The Employer shall furnish potable water to agricultural Workers in sufficient amount to satisfy their needs, and, whenever necessary, sufficient fuel for the adequate heating of their quarters, without cost whatever to the Workers. 8. Length of Agreement. - The duration of this Contract shall be for the period of time hereinafter indicated and only in case the Worker may not have completed the specific job assigned to him may he be retained, with his consent, for a period of not more than 2 weeks after the expiration date of the Contract without being recontracted. The work period under this Contract shall begin on the day following the Worker's arrival at the place of employment in the United States or the day following the adjustment of the Workers' Immigration status, as the case may be. The Employer shall, after the expiration of the Contract, return the Worker to the point of contracting in Mexico as promptly as possible, except as otherwise provided in Article 30 of the International Executive Agreement, but in no9 event later than 15 days. While waiting for return transportation, the Worker shall be furnished subsistence at the expense of the Employer. 9. Employment Guarantee. - The Employer guarantees the Worker the opportunity for employment for three-fourths of the work days of the total period during which the individual Work Contract is, in fact, in effect, beginning with the date after the Worker's arrival at the place of employment and ending with the date on which the contract expires or is terminated in accordance with Paragraph 10. If the Employer affords the Worker, during such period, less employment than required under this provision, the Worker shall be paid the amount which he would have earned had he, in fact, worked for the guaranteed number of days. For the purpose of computing the guarantee under this Paragraph, 8 hours shall be considered a work day. Where wages are paid on a piece-rate basis, the Worker's average hourly earnings shall be used for the purpose of computing the amount due the Worker during his guarantee period. In determining whether the guarantee of employment provided for in this Paragraph has been met, any hours which the Worker fails during the eight-hour work day to work, when he is afforded the opportunity to do so by the Employer and all hours of work performed shall be counted in calculating the days of employment required to meet the satisfaction of this guarantee. The Employer shall utilize the good offices of the United States Employment Service to the end that the Worker will be afforded the maximum opportunity of employment during the entire period of the contract. For each work day (except Sunday) on which the Worker is willing and physically able to work and is not provided the opportunity for employment in excess of 4 hours, he will receive wages for the work actually performed during any such day and in addition subsistence, without cost to him. Subsistence is defined as three meals per day or, where the Worker has under paragraph 11 of this contract elected not to eat at the Employer's restaurant facilities, their equivalent in cash. 10. Termination of Individual Work Contract. - This Individual Work Contract may be terminated prior to its expiration date only after having complied with the provisions of the conciliation procedure set forth in the International Executive Agreement. If before the expiration of the Individual Work Contract the services of the Worker are no longer required for reasons beyond the control of the Employer, the Employer shall so notify the United States Employment Service, the Worker and the appropriate Mexican Consulate. If the United States Employment Service and the Mexican Consulate jointly determine that such is the case, the United States Employment Service shall attempt to transfer the Worker to other agricultural employment for which domestic Workers cannot be obtained. If such a transfer cannot be effected, the United States Employment Service shall, after notification to the Mexican Consulate, terminate the contract and the Employer shall pay all expenses incident to the return of the Worker to the place of contract in Mexico, or, if the contract was executed pursuant to Article 3 of the International Executive Agreement, to the appropriate place designated in Article 30 of that Agreement. 11. Meals. - The Employer, when he maintains the necessary facilities, shall provide meals to the Mexican Workers on the same basis as to domestic Workers. When the Employer furnishes meals to the Worker, they shall be furnished at cost, but in no event shall the charge to the Worker exceed $1.75 for three meals. The Worker, within 1 week after his arrival at the place of employment, shall decide whether he wishes to obtain his meals at the restaurant of the Employer, when the Employer maintains that facility, or whether he desires to prepare his own meals. If the Worker elects to prepare his own meals, the Employer shall not be responsible for furnishing him with utensils and facilities. Where, however, the Employer does not furnish restaurant facilities, he shall be furnished, without cost to the Worker, cooking utensils and facilities. 12. Discrimination in Employment. - The Employer shall not practice social or economic discrimination in conditions of employment against the Worker. 13. Responsibility of the Worker. - The Worker shall not, except as otherwise specified in this Contract and in the International Executive Agreement, accept employment with other than the contracting Employer and shall perform all agricultural work required of him with proper application, care and diligence, during the period of employment specified herein under the direction and supervision of the Employer. He shall not be required to work on Sunday. Where work is performed on Sunday, the Worker shall be paid for such additional work on the basis of the wage rate provided for in Paragraph 4 of this Contract. 14. Renewal of Contract and Transfer of Workers. - This Contract may be renewed in accordance with and subject to the provisions of Article 13 of the International Executive Agreement and transfer of Workers between Employers may be effected under the conditions specified in Article 18 of that Agreement or Paragraph 10 of this Contract. 15. Relation of Government Representatives. - It is agreed that the Consuls of Mexico, or their duly accredited representatives, for the purpose of discussing with the Employer alleged violations of this Contract, shall have free access to the place of employment… the United States Employment Service shall likewise have such free access for the purpose of carrying out their respective responsibilities under the laws of the United States, under this Contract and the International Executive Agreement. 16. Dependents Who Are Beneficiaries of Worker. - The person or persons specified in this Contract are designated by the Worker as his economic beneficiaries of any sums to which he may be entitled under law and under this Individual Work Contract. Any sums which become payable to his beneficiaries shall be liquidated in accordance with Article IX of the Consular Convention in force between the United States of America and the United Mexican States. 17. Arrangements for Workers to Enter the United States. - The Employer agrees to make all necessary arrangements for the entry and exit of the Worker to and from the United States at his expense. 18. Joint Determinations. - The Employer and the Worker agree to be bound by the joint determination of the Mexican Consul General and the United States Employment Service made pursuant to Article 22 of the International Executive Agreement or determinations made under Paragraph 10 of this Contract. 19. Expense of Litigation. - If litigation ensues out of any violations of the contract, the Employer, as a matter of contract, agrees to pay in those cases in which judgment is rendered against him, for actual litigation expenses, including a reasonable attorney's fee, which fee shall in no case exceed $50.00. 20. Gamblers and Intoxicants. - The Employer agrees to do everything possible to keep professional gamblers and vendors of intoxicating liquors away from the work centers. © Copyright 2002 by John P. Schmal, Jaime Pacheco and Jesus Pacheco. All rights under applicable law are hereby reserved. Reproduction of this article in whole or in part without the express permission of the copyright holders is strictly prohibited. For additional information, forms and addresses go to the National Archives and Records Administration website: http://www.nara.gov/genealogy/immigration/mexican.html

Study Finds: Hispanic Judges Still in Short Supply Extract of an article by Arlene Martinez in El Reportero, 4-18-02 Latino judges are under represented at the state and federal levels, and New York is among the worst offenders, a report released March 18 by the Puerto Rico Legal Defense and Education Fund found. Based on data from 2000, Hispanics hold 3.7 percent of judgeships at the federal level and 3.8 percent at the state level, according to “Opening the Courthouse Doors: The Need for More Hispanic Judges.” It is not solely increased numbers of Latino judges that is important, but ones that have an understanding of the culture and involvement with the community, stated the report. “Besides being qualified—having experience, ethics, temperament—if someone is going to appoint someone who is the first Latino, whether at the Supreme Court level or at the state level, that person should have a real connection with the Hispanic community,” Angelo Falcón, senior policy executive for PRLDEF, told Weekly Report. Membership in Latino-based organizations or community involvement is key, he added. Hispanics and blacks are forced to deal with the justice system more often than individuals of other groups. Hispanics were victims of crime at a rate of 35.3 percent per 1,000 citizens, compared to a 32.7 percent victim rate for whites. There were 310,400 Hispanics incarcerated in 2000, according to the Justice Department. That’s 16 percent of the total prison population. Latinos comprise 11 percent of the U.S. adult population. *“We want our federal judiciary to look like our country,”* Hispanic National Bar Association President Angel Gómez said. “It’s necessary for confidence in our judicial system to have peers on the bench, on juries. We need a diverse pool of judges so they can address a wide array of issues.” There were 665 Latino federal and state judges in 1990. A decade later, that number had risen to 1,029. Latinos held 31 life-tenured federal posts, 3.7 percent of the total 835 authorized full-time active federal judges in 2000. Thirty-seven states and seven of 11 circuits have no Hispanic federal judge. Texas leads the country with 10 Latino federal judges, having added two from 1990 to 2000. Five of California’s 69 federal judges are Latino, despite a 32.4 percent state Hispanic population. Latinos held 998 of 26,196 state judgeships in 2000, up from 644 in 1990. More than 90 percent were in the lower-level trial courts. Of 10 states with the highest Latino populations, New York has the worst record of appointing Latinos to state positions. Of 3,505 state judges, 56 (1.6 percent) are Latino. In Brooklyn, with a 19.8 percent Latino population, two of 28 civil court judges are Latino. “There are more than 35,000 Latino attorneys, “ Gómez said. “The list is to counter the argument that there aren’t qualified Latino judges.” Judicial appointments, said Falcón, are largely a political process, and Latinos haven’t been able to translate numbers into political representation. “Pressure has to be put on presidents, governors, senators. If you’re courting the Latino vote, how are you going to deliver? One way is by doing concrete things, like appointing Latinos,” he concluded. Sent by Greg Bloom, Editor frontera@nmsu.edu (505) 646-6817

Citizenship Oath May be Simplified Rep. George Gekas, R-Pa. says he doesn't believe that "the oath really penetrates the consciousness of the new citizens to the extent it should." As new citizens recite the oath, they often stumble over such words as "abjure" "potentate" and "noncombatant," words Gekas said are not needed to convey the meaning of the oath - swearing allegiance to the United States alone and promising to defend it. He want to modernize the oath of citizenship and make the language more understandable. OC Register, 5-2-02
Naturalization Oath
Current Oath: "I hereby declare an oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state or sovereignty, of whom or which I have hereto- fore been a subject of citizen, that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United states of American against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I will bear arms on behalf of the United states when required by the law; that I will perform non- combatant service in the armed forces of the United states when required by the law; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law, and that I take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; so help me God."	Proposed oath: I hereby declare the following oath: With my hand raised and under oath, I pledge allegiance to the United States of America. In becoming a citizen of the United States, I hereby declare that I absolutely and entirely renounce all political allegiance and fidelity to any foreign state of sovereignty; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United states of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States of America when required by law; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by law; and that I take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; so help me God."
Naturalization is the process by which an alien becomes an American citizen. It is a voluntary act; naturalization is not required. Of the foreign-born persons listed on the 1890 through 1930 censuses, 25 percent had not become naturalized or filed their "first papers." An article adapted from Claire Prechtel-Kluskens, "The Location of Naturalization Records," The Record, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 21-22 (Nov. 1996) covers the history of Naturalization in the United States. National Archives and Record Administration http://www.nara.gov/genealogy/natural.html Sent by Johanna de Soto,

U.S. Latinos and Latinas WWII Oral History Project Department of Journalism, University of Texas at Austin http://www.utexas.edu/projects/latinoarchives/narratives/v3n1index.html
Volume 3, Number 1 Fall 2001 Volume 2, Number 2 Spring 2001 Volume 2, Number 1 Fall 2000	Volume 1, Number 2 Spring 2000 Volume 1, Number 1 Fall 1999 Sent by Johanna de Soto,
BACKGROUND World War II was a major turning point for U.S. Latinos, changing the worldviews of an entire generation. Many Latino soldiers returned home to find the same discrimination they had left behind; they began questioning a system that held Latinos to a lower status. Many veterans used the G.I. Bill to earn a college education. Latinas who worked in military installations and in other jobs previously denied them also questioned the status quo. Some Mexican citizens were brought in to fill jobs left vacant by departing soldiers. Few lives were left untouched--even those men who were unable to join the fighting forces would never be the same. In the following years, these men and women made astounding civil rights advancements for their people--in school desegregation, in voting rights, in basic civil rights. Powerful organizations grew out of this era, including the G.I. Forum and the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund. For Puerto Ricans, World War II brought new questions: the U.S. came to appreciate Puerto Rico's military importance in the Caribbean, especially as guardian to the Panama Canal. The U.S. had maintained that it needed to keep its sovereign power over the island for reasons of national security, and World War II strengthened that position. Accordingly, the U.S. dramatically increased the number of military personnel in Puerto Rico, a military presence that endures to this day. Even as soldiers from Puerto Rico came to the mainland, most of them for the first time, to train before heading off to fight in the war overseas, World War II found Puerto Rico isolated in the Caribbean. While the war created jobs in the U.S., unemployment rose in Puerto Rico. Later, the post-war economic boom in the U.S. helped to finance the industrialization and modernization program on the island, which led to the mass mirgration of Puerto Ricans to the mainland. Sadly, the stories of these men and women have been virtually untold, either in the mass media or in scholarly writing. The main problem has been the small numbers of U.S. Latino journalists, scholars and other writers who would document the stories of this generation. This project seeks to capture the stories of these men and women. This project is being organized by the University of Texas at Austin Department of Journalism.

----SEEKING WORLD WAR II VETERANS FOR ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEWS We are seeking veterans of World War II for oral history interviews. Archival materials are utilized to augment our new high school curriculum which is now operational for teachers, students and researchers at http://www.cmhep.org We will conduct the audio or video interviews at a convenient location for the veteran. It is urgent that we find as many World War II veterans as possible and secure their oral histories as part of our Project for the California Military Museum at http://www.militarymuseum.org. Our immediate focus are veterans of the Battle of Midway and those veterans who were involved in the Pacific and CBI theatres of operation during World War II, but we desire to record the histories of all World War II veterans. For further information contact Major Ralph Ramirez, Program Manager, California Military History Educational Project, project of the California Military Museum, at RRRram@earthlink.net or by telephone at (866) 603 2886 Fax 626 599 8831.Source: LatinoLA Amigos amigos@latinoLA.com

AOL New Latino line: Good source for mini-bios on outstanding Latinos. http://aolsvc.latino.aol.com/peopleconnection/roots.adp Click on Raices. Carlos Fuentes was the featured individual with links to other authors.

A Latino Census Recount Population: An analysis finds tally failed to identify 200,000 Central Americans in the area. Extract of article by Patrick J. McDonnell, Los Angeles Times Staff Writer, 5-9-02 According to an analysis of census data the number of people of Central American ancestry residing in the Greater Los Angeles area is almost 50% greater than reported in Census 2000. The PEW study tends to back complaints from representatives of fast-growing Central American, Dominican and South American communities nationwide that the census severely underreported their numbers by grouping them into a category with other Latinos. "We knew all along there were a lot more of us than the census counted," said Carlos H. Vaquerano, executive director of the Salvadoran American Leadership and Educational Fund in Los Angeles. The study dampens speculation generated by Census 2000 that growing ranks of U.S. Latinos were eschewing national labels and instead gravitating toward a "pan-Latino" identity. Rather, the report cites a change in the questionnaire as the likely reason so many Latinos failed to specify national roots. In asking about Latinos' origins, the 2000 census form included check boxes for respondents of Mexican, Puerto Rican and Cuban backgrounds--the three largest groups. Anyone not fitting into those categories was asked to check the "other Spanish/Hispanic, Latino" box and write in their groups. Whatever the reason, almost 18% of Latino respondents did not specify a national origin in Census 2000 and instead ended up in the generic "other" Latino category. That number is well above the 10% or so of Latinos who traditionally place themselves in the "other" group on government surveys. "These people were counted, but they were put in the wrong box," said Roberto Suro, executive director of the Pew Hispanic Center, which is based in Washington but is a project of USC. As a result of the statistical reshuffling, the study found that more than 340,000 people of Salvadoran backgrounds were living in the Los Angeles area--60% more than the 213,000 officially reported in Census 2000. Likewise, the study counted 186,500 residents of Guatemalan ancestry here, 58% more than the census number of 118,000. The numbers here correspond to residents of the federally designated Los Angeles metropolitan area, a vast swath that includes Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino counties. The region is home to the nation's largest Latino population. Central Americans began to arrive in great numbers during the 1970s, as civil strife overtook the isthmus. While growing briskly, their numbers are still dwarfed by a population of 5.3 million people of Mexican origin in and around Los Angeles, the new study shows. "We recognize that Mexicans are the majority here, but they are not the only Latinos anymore," said Vaquerano, of the Central American assistance organization. "Politicians have to recognize that we are here too and we have our own needs and deserve to be paid attention to." Nationwide, the study found that the more than 22 million people of Mexican ancestry account for more than 62% of all Latinos, a slight increase compared to Census 2000 calculations. An additional 10% of the nation's Latinos have Puerto Rican origins, 6.6% cite Central America as their ancestral home, almost 5% South America and 3.6% Cuba. In the New York City area, with the nation's second-largest metropolitan Latino population, the Pew study found that people who trace their ancestry to the Dominican Republic were underreported by almost 25%, and now number more than half a million. The Pew study is the latest to quell enthusiasm for a popular post-Census 2000 theory: that that the big jump in "other Hispanic" respondents may signal a turn away from national identifications among Latinos. Experts say there is no question that some Latinos do embrace a pan-Latino identity--a trend that many expect to accelerate, especially as intermarriage across national origins increases and Latinos are more removed from their roots. Sent by Howard Shorr Howardshor@aol.com

Place-Based Programs http://www.ruraledu.org Across the nation, place-based education programs exist in more than 700 rural elementary and secondary schools in 33 states. Place-based education is a movement "which takes the history, culture, economy and ecology of a community and uses them as both a textbook and laboratory. Place-based education is not new (similar techniques were used in the `60s in Appalachia), but today communities across the nation are applying it to teach a broad range of subjects, including science, history, geography, the arts and even math. In the tiny towns of Edcouch, Elsa or La Villa in Texas 90% of the households have incomes of less than $10,000, and 91% of parents lack a high school diploma. Yet in the last decade, Edcouch - Elsa High School has sent 45 students to elite colleges and universities such as Stanford, Brown, Yale and Princeton, while 65% of graduating students go on to some form of higher education - well above national norms for Hispanic students. "Our students don't inherit yachts, stores or stock options, but they live in a vibrant community with a wealth of human stories." explains Frank Guajardo, 37, history teacher. "I like my students to see history though the experiences of people they know," says Delia Perez, 27, a Yale graduate. The following are some examples:
In Clinton and Jackson, LA, students analyzed water samples from creeks to determine the flow of pollutants. In Mendocino, California, students restored a Chinese temple. Parade Magazine, 4-28-02, pg.16	In Santa Fe, N.M., students interviewed Pueblo tribal elders about traditional growing cycles and plan remedies. In 18 rural school in Vermont, students worked with community members to solve local problems.

Schools With Predominantly Hispanic Students Have More Unfilled Teaching Positions Extract: Schools serving majority Hispanic student populations struggle more to fill all teaching positions than schools with majority African American or majority Caucasian populations, according to a new report from Quality Education Data, Inc., (QED®), a leading education market research and database firm and subsidiary of Scholastic Inc. based in Denver, Colorado. The report shows a full 18.1 percent of the majority Hispanic schools surveyed reported unfilled teaching positions at the end of the 2000-01 school year, approximately twice the percentage of majority African American schools (9.3 percent), and nearly three times the percentage of majority Caucasian schools (6.5 percent). The newest report in QED's School Market Trend series, Teacher Attrition and Hiring 2001-2002, was compiled to identify patterns of movement among the country's more than 1.7 million K-8 teachers, and to gauge trends in hiring and attrition in the face of projected teacher shortages over the coming years. Conducted via a phone survey in the spring of 2001 of 1,229 randomly selected elementary (kindergarten through eighth grade) public schools on QED's National Education Database, the study's findings were then further analyzed by demographic segments such as region, metro status, affluence, teacher experience and school ethnicity. "The data in this report sheds light on specific staffing challenges within K-8 schools," said Jeanne Hayes, President and CEO of QED. "The difficulties that schools serving primarily Hispanic students encounter in filling all teaching positions may reflect a shortage of teachers who specialize in working with limited English proficiency students, or of Spanish-speaking bilingual teachers. Other annual research reports in QED's Market Trend series include QED's Teacher Buying Behavior & Attitudes 2001-2002, QED's District Technology Forecast 2001-2002 and QED's Internet Usage in Teaching 2001-2002. To purchase copies of these and other reports, please contact Quality Education Data at 1-800-525-5811 or e-mail QED at info@qeddata.com. Sent by Howard Shorr HowardShor@aol.com

Rural Technology and Information Project Extract from article in USA Today, 5-14-02 Rural Technology and Information Project (R-TIP), is an innovative program designed to help parents who speak limited English become more involved with their kids' schools by lending them computers and offering training on how to use them. The national model was first tested in an urban San Francisco neighborhood, before rolling out this year in Watsonville, a low-income rural community in Santa Cruz County, about 85 miles south of San Francisco. Also replicated in Los Angeles, it expands to Houston this fall, with a plan for Watsonville's inaugural class of 21 parents to grow to 250. The ultimate goal is student achievement, but the ''key is training and parent involvement,'' says program director Ana Montes, of Latino Issues Forum, a non-profit institute based in San Francisco that addresses social and economic issues of Latinos. Parents, who all have children at Alianza Charter School in Watsonville take 12 computer classes offered in Spanish and English over six months to teach basic use and navigating the Web. Refurbished desktop computers are loaned to families to keep through the school year, and returned to the program at summer's end. Student achievement is closely linked to parents' involvement with schools, but there are very few schools that ''really think through and implement this nexus between home and school for the largest immigration wave in the history of the country,'' says Marcelo Suárez-Orozco, professor at Harvard Graduate School of Education and author of Latinos: Remaking America (University of California Press and the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University, 2002). ''There is a tremendous need to make this happen.'' Contreras, the mother of two sons in second grade and another in fourth, says she didn't even know how to turn on a computer before she took the classes. Now she uses e-mail to communicate with teachers, and she is able to ''be partners for their homework and know about meetings and more things,'' she says. Problems with cultural differences are compounded for those families living in poverty. While computers proliferate in the nation's schools, 85% of families earning less than $15,000 a year don't own one. In Emma and Raul Barron's neighborhood, only one home had a computer, Emma says. Still, she believed that she and Raul should attend the classes. He was reluctant, she says, because he speaks very little English and needed to squeeze in computer classes while working sunrise to sunset, harvesting spinach. But he went, and before long, he was hooked, Emma says, and he attended more classes than she did. Sent by Howard Shorr Howardshor@aol.com

Community Leaders Join To Present The First Technology Conference For The Latino Community In Los Angeles, CA info@latinos-tech.com The Conference Partners and the Honorary Co-Chairs invite you to participate in the upcoming conference, Latinos & Technology: Challenges, Changes and Choices in Los Angeles, California on Thursday, November 7, 2002. The purpose of the conference is to educate and empower the Latino Community regarding information technology opportunities especially as we look to minimize the digital divide problem. The conference will help Latinos seize the full benefits of the information age and compete effectively in today's digital economy. The workshops will focus on four areas: Business, Education, Public Policy and Community Technology Centers, and are designed to enable Latinos to become cyber literate. Many elected officials recognize the need for such a conference. City of Los Angeles Council Members Alex Padilla, Council President, Council District 7; Mark Ridley-Thomas, Chair of Information Technology & General Service Committee, Council District 8; Nick Pacheco, Council District 14; Eric Garcetti, Council District 13; Ed Reyes, Council District 1; Jose Huizar, Board member of Los Angeles Unified School District, District 2; and California State Senator Martha Escutia, Senate District 30; and Assemblymember Marco Firebaugh, Assembly District 50 recognize the issues of cyber literacy in the Latino community and each one of these key leaders support the objectives of this conference. Proceeds from the event will go to the development of community technology centers within Latino communities. These community technology centers will provide Internet Access, Cyber Literacy, and Training to under-served communities throughout the Los Angeles area. It is our hope that by sharing knowledge and experiences about effective and innovative ideas, the conference will help to enhance the participation of disadvantaged communities in the technological revolution. Sponsorship opportunities available, contact Emily Robinson at 714-318-4263 or Ena Alcaraz at 818-707-5526

Latina Pilots American Airlines has 12,000 pilots overall, only 582 are women. Of the 6,003 captains, there are 80 female captains, three of whom are Latinas. 5-13-02

¿GOT LECHE? COOK-OFF The California Milk Processor Board (CMPB), creator of the GOT MILK? campaign, is asking people across California to warm up their ovens and frying pans and enter the first ever "GOT LECHE?" Cook-Off. The contest celebrates the unique tastes and ingredients in traditional and modern Latin cuisine. Women and men can submit their favorite Latino milk-based recipe, or any milk-based recipe with a distinct Latin "twist." Two Grand Prize winners will each walk away with a new Viking oven, a complimentary dinner at a renowned Los Angeles restaurant and GOT MILK? merchandise with a total value of more than $2,500. The CMPB will select 10 recipes based on 1) their originality, 2) simplicity and 3) use of milk. These finalists will be notified the week of June 3, 2002. Registrants can either visit the GOT MILK? website at http://www.gotmilk.com All entries must clearly list all ingredients and cooking instructions. Brief descriptions of the origin of or inspiration for recipes are ! welcomed.

Spanish linguist says, "We all speak dialects" EFE - 05/05/2002 ASUNCION - Saying "We all speak dialects," a member of Spain's Royal Academy of the Spanish Language lamented that most Spaniards do not comprehend that they make up only 10 percent of the people who speak the language worldwide. Jose Antonio Pascual, taking part in Asuncion in the presentation of the 22nd edition of the academy's dictionary, said that perception finally appears to be fading among young people, mainly due to a few decades of flourishing Latin American literature. "Considering the literary production of the 20th century, I don't think any Spaniard is so dense as to believe that Peninsular literature is superior to that of Latin America," Pascual told EFE. To see the whole story go to: http://www.thenews.com.mx/noticia.asp?id=24504 For more news and information go to: http://www.thenewsmexico.com Sent by Francisco Escobar lacrest@c2i2.com "First in Hispanic Markets" La Cresta / El Cambio Hispano 520-458-7337 520-378-2636 http://www.elcambiohispano.com

Language Preserves Culture In 1999, Westminster High, where 45 percent of students are Vietnamese, became the first public high school in Orange County, California [possibly in the nation] to offer Vietnamese as a foreign language. Vietnamese leaders said the classes would help future generations hold on to their native language and culture. Recognizing the cultural losses of the assimilating immigrant, Linda Paulsen, district board member said, "It's like what you see happening in the Hispanic community, where the kids grow up speaking Spanglish," said . OC Register, 5-28-02

"Amanda Castillo: Librarian of the Year" by Carmen Ospina, Criticas. For Amanda Castillo, library work goes far beyond the aisles of bookshelves and desks in her own building. As a librarian at the Tucson-Prima Public Library for 25 years, she has not only introduced library services to the Latino community, but has also been active in advocacy groups for Hispanics and in recognizing the cultural contributions of the Mexican American people to the American West. It is for this work that Críticas has chosen Castillo to be the first recipient of the Críticas's Librarian of the Year Award. On June 15, at ALA's Annual Conference (see p. TK), she will receive a plaque honoring her civic leadership and work for promoting Spanish-language usage in her community. Castillo worked as a juvenile court probation officer from 1977 to 1978, until REFORMA founder Dr. Arnulfo Trejo recruited her for the Graduate Library Institute for Spanish-Speaking Americans (GLISA). "It was a special institute that brought over 100 Latinos from around the United States to receive their masters degrees in library science," she recalled. URL for REFORMA web page: http://www.reforma.org/

First-Ever Report on Corporate Spending The Association of Hispanic Advertising Agencies' (AHAA) issued the first-ever report on the advertising spending patterns of major corporations targeting the U.S. Hispanic market. The study, Missed Opportunities: Vast Corporate Underinvesting in the US Hispanic Market, indicates that in the past three years nearly two-thirds (64%) of top companies targeting Hispanic consumers have invested less than 3.2 percent of their overall advertising budgets. Corporations in the study that received the top scores are approaching or exceeding the recommended target of eight percent of overall advertising budget. Key highlights of the report include: rankings of corporate spending; spending trends by industry; and corporate spending trends over time. This report, which can be viewed at the organization's website http://www.ahaa.org LatinoLA: Amigos is published weekly by LatinoLA.com, 548 S. Spring St., Ste. 1005, LA, CA 90013. 213 688-7695 (phone). 213 688-7791 (fax)

Extracts from: New Research About Latinos In America Latino Babies Healthier, Despite Poverty, (Harvard University) (U-WIRE) 5-20-02 CAMBRIDGE, Mass. -- Latino babies are healthier than their white counterparts even though Latinos are on average poorer, less educated and receive worse health care than whites, according to several major new Harvard University-sponsored studies. The finding is "perhaps the greatest scientific paradox of our time," said Marcelo Suarez-Orozco, professor of education and an editor of a new book that compiles the studies. The book, "Latinos: Remaking America," presents landmark research on Latino education, health, language and politics that was first unveiled last week. The current Latino population in the U.S. is more than 35 million. And the Bureau of Census has reported that by 2050 one-quarter of those living in the country will be of Latino origin. Among others in the book, a study of New York City teen-agers found that young Latino women are more upwardly mobile than men. For example, the study found Mexican-American women navigate the school system better than their male counterparts. Men attend local, ethnically homogeneous high schools that frequently lead to gang involvement. But women seek out more options for high school and frequently attend diverse schools. Women were also found to have more responsibilities in the home, including caring for siblings after school, that eliminate the free time that leads the men to join gangs. In related research, the authors looked to demonstrate the effects of these differences. They found that 17 percent of the women in their study were employed in technical or professional fields, compared to 9 percent of the men. An included study on language found that bilingual infants develop language skills at the same rate as infants who are raised to speak just Spanish. On average, bilingual infants showed the beginnings of speech four days earlier than the monolingual children and were able to learn new words just as quickly. The study's authors wrote that their findings dispel myths that bilingual babies develop slower. Suarez-Orozco said common misconceptions about Latinos, such as slower language development for bilingual babies, are due to insufficient scholarly research on Latinos. A related study of older children found that those who were exposed exclusively to Spanish in their homes until age 5 had stronger Spanish skills at age 10 than their bilingual counterparts. Sent by Howard Shorr Howardshor@aol.com

Extract from: Syndicate World By Dave Astor, www.EditorandPublisher.com 4-29-02 'Buenos Días' To Hispanic Creators, the Number In Syndication Quintupled In 10 Years Four such features were offered by major syndicates in 1992. But a decade later, the eight biggest syndicates distribute about 20 Hispanic-authored columns and cartoons. That's still not a lot for eight syndicates with 700-plus features -- "we need more," said Universal Press Syndicate editorial cartoonist Lalo Alcaraz -- but it's progress. "There's been a slow awakening," noted lifestyle columnist Ana Veciana-Suarez of The Miami Herald and Tribune Media Services (TMS). "There's still a long way to go, but the increase is encouraging," added Op-Ed columnist Ruben Navarrette Jr. of The Dallas Morning News and Washington Post Writers Group (WPWG). One catalyst for this is numerical: America's Hispanic population skyrocketed to 35.3 million in 2000 from 22.3 million in 1990, according to U.S. Census figures. "That really made us pay attention," said King Features Syndicate Managing Editor Glenn Mott, who last year asked Univision TV anchor Maria Elena Salinas to write a column that now runs in about 30 papers -- a good total during a down economy. WPWG Managing Editor James Hill said syndicates and newspapers alike are more conscious of the need for diversity. Hispanic-created features themselves are diverse. They're by women, men, liberals, moderates, and conservatives. Some creators often or periodically focus on Latino people and issues, including Alcaraz, "Baldo" comic collaborators Hector Cantu and Carlos Castellanos of Universal, and columnists Navarrette, Roger Hernandez of King, and Patrisia Gonzales/Roberto Rodriguez of Universal. Navarette said Hispanic columnists who write about Hispanic topics differentiate themselves from most other columnists, while adding that many Hispanic topics are now mainstream. "Somewhere along the line, they broke out of a niche and landed splat on Page One," he said, noting that many non-Hispanics are also interested in Hispanic issues. I Features that don't have Latino themes per se include the "Charlie" comic by Charles Rodrigues of Creators Syndicate, the "Vegetarian View" column by Orlando Ramirez of Copley, and "The Savings Game" column by Humberto Cruz of TMS. "There isn't a Hispanic approach to credit cards and investing," said TMS Sales Manager Doug Page. Interviewees said most features by Hispanics sell as well as other features. "It's a tough market out there right now, but we're happy with the list," said Hill, referring to the 50 or so papers publishing Navarrette, who came to WPWG early last year. Another opinion columnist, O. Ricardo Pimental of The Arizona Republic in Phoenix and TMS, has 20 to 25 clients. The most widely syndicated creator of (partial) Hispanic descent may be Los Angeles Times/Copley editorial cartoonist Mike Ramirez, in several hundred papers. "Baldo," begun in 2000, has about 150 papers. Universal Vice President of Sales John Vivona attributed this growth to both the strip's quality and its starring Hispanic characters at a time of rapid Hispanic population growth. "There had been a void on the comics page," he said. Hispanic creators also run in Spanish-language papers in the U.S. and abroad. Alcaraz, who entered syndication in 2001, said 20% of his 25 or so clients are Spanish-language. (A number of non-Hispanic features get translated into Spanish, too.) Sent by Howard Shorr Howardshor@aol.com

1998 Hispanic Dropout Project "The higher your educational attainment, the more money you make, the more taxes you pay, the higher your standard of living, the higher likelihood that you will be involved politically and in your community," said Louis Olivas, chairman of the Arizona Minority Education Policy Analysis Center and Arizona State University's vice president for academic affairs. Garcia said it's easy to assume there a cultural factor that prevents many Latinos from achieving academic success when, in reality, the problem is much more complex. He co-authored the 1998 Hispanic Dropout Project, a three-year study funded by the U.S. Department of Education. That project reported that many Latino students live in the nation's most economically distressed areas. Many attend overcrowded schools in physical disrepair, inadequately staffed and without sufficient instructional materials. The report cited immigration, language acquisition and poverty as the biggest factors leading to the high Latino dropout rate. Even so, wealthy Latino students are twice as likely as wealthy Anglos and wealthy African-Americans to drop out of high school without a diploma, the report said. It offered the possible explanation that many Latinos are negatively influenced by the limited employment opportunities and job ceilings faced by older generations of Latinos. They encounter stereotypes, personal prejudice and social bias that is part of larger anti-immigrant forces in society. That leads many Latinos to conclude that "the American Dream is not for me," according to the report, Why they quit.

NAVA by John P. Schmal

According to the "Population Research website http://www.pdom.com/population_research.asp?re=world, 19,300 persons living in the United States bear the last name Nava, giving it a rank of Number 1803 among American surnames. However, among Spanish surnames in the United States, Nava ranks Number 213. By comparison, Rodriguez - with a shared population of 631,000 persons - is Number 22 among all American surnames. Gonzalez - with a population of 457,400 - is Number 38, while Sanchez (with 231,500 persons) ranks at Number 99.

The United States Census Bureau - in its Technical Working Paper No. 13 - ranked Nava as Number 198 among Spanish surnames in America in 1996. According to "Population Research," the surname Nava is even less common in Spain, where it has a shared population of 1,900 individuals and is ranked at Number 599.

The surname Nava is a very ancient noble line that originated in Asturias in northern Spain. The etymology of the surname Nava is discussed in great detail by the García Carraffa's Diccionario de Apellidos. According to this source, Nava has the same origin and root as the Asturia y Alvarez line from Asturias. They share a common origin and history, stretching deep into the ancient northern kingdoms of Asturias and León.

Individuals with the surname Nava - over time - made their way southward into the Spanish provinces of Castilla, Andalusia and Extremadura. Andalusia, boasting almost 34,000 square miles in area, is the southernmost and most extensive region of Spain. Sevilla, Córdoba and Granada all lay within its boundaries. Castilla and Extremadura are located within Spain's arid central region, adjacent to Andalusia.

One of the Andalusian branches of the Nava surname, residing in Granada, earned noble status as the Counts of Noroña. This branch of the family is discussed in some detail in Diccionario de Apellidos. Alvaro Vásquez de Nava, one of the conquerors of Granada during the Fifteenth Century and a member of the Order of Santiago, served a distinguished career as a cavalryman. He was noted for his great valor and received by Queen Isabel several times. Alvaro and his son Alonso Vásquez de Nava established a new branch of the Nava line in Tenerife, Canary Islands in 1535.

The earliest known Nava to arrive in the Western Hemisphere from Spain was Diego de Nava who left Spain on September 23, 1512 for the West Indies. Diego had been born in Palencia in the northern part of Old Castilla. At this time, Spain had not yet discovered the existence of Mexico or Peru, so Diego's ultimate destination - if he left the West Indies at all - is not known.

The second Nava to set foot in the Americas left Spain on May 19, 1517. This pioneer's name was Diego de Nava and he was a native of Sevilla in southern Spain. He was followed in June 1527 by Juan de Nava, a resident of Quesada, in the land of Ubeda in the southern province of Andalusia.

Then in 1554, Alonso de Nava and his wife Juana de Godoy embarked from Spain for the young and prosperous colony of Nueva España (Mexico). Later in the year, Juan de Nava - the son of Juana de Nava and Maria Gonzalez and a resident of Sevilla - departed from Spain with his wife Gregoria Rodriguez. Both explorers left Spain with the intention of making their homes in Nueva España.

Three years later in 1557, Francisco de Nava, the son of Juan de Nava and
Catalina Gonzalez and a resident of Sevilla, arrived in Mexico. Not long after this, Juan de Nava, the son of Juan de Nava and Catalina Gonzalez, left Sevilla with his wife Maria Hernandez. On July 1578, Juan de Nava, a native of Santillana, Spain, the son of Pedro de Nava and Aldonza Pérez, left Spain for Nueva Galicia as a servant of Doctor Juan de Pareja, a judge of the Audiencia (Government) of Nueva Galicia.

Although several Nava's left Spain to go to Peru and Central America, it is believed that several settled the Nueva Galicia area of Mexico, which was then composed primarily of the present-day states of Jalisco and Zacatecas. It is likely that some of the Nava's living in the United States and Mexico today may be descended from some of these early voyagers.

Eventually, the newly-settled areas around northern Jalisco, Aguascalientes, and Zacatecas began to receive significant numbers of Nava's. A significant cluster of Nava's developed in southwestern Zacatecas near the towns of Jerez, Juanchorrey, and Tepetongo. The large population of Nava's living in Tepetongo seems to derive in large part from Rafael de Nava and his wife Maria Josefa Romana Correa, who lived around 1750. The lives and accomplishments of the Nava's in Tepetongo has been discussed in some detail by José León Robles de la Torre's 1999 publication Filigranas, Fundaciones y Genealogias, Tepetongo, Zacatecas.

Two notable persons bearing the Nava surname have earned an important place in American culture. These two individuals - the filmmaker Gregory Nava and the educator/writer Julian Nava - are discussed below:

The screenwriter and film director, Gregory Nava, was born on April 10, 1949 in San Diego, California of Basque-Mexican ancestry. He attended the University of California in Los Angeles, where he had studied filmmaking. At the age of 28, Mr. Nava directed Confessions of Amans, which he had cowritten with his wife, Anna Thomas. This movie - released in 1977 - described the tale of a tragic medieval love affair.

Mr. Nava and Ms. Thomas also wrote El Norte, which was released by Cinecom International in 1984. El Norte, which was Mr. Nava's third film, was praised by film critics and audiences alike. The movie depicted the journey of a Guatemalan brother and sister who flee their native land after the murder of their father (a spokesman for land reform) and travel through Mexico to the United States to find work. The film highlights the glaring contrast between a Third-World impoverished Mexico and the prosperity of the industrialized United States. After experiencing some problems with cultural adjustment, the brother and sister eventually find some measure of success in their adopted land.

In the mid-1990s, Mr. Nava wrote and directed Mi Familia, My Family and Selena, both of which featured the outstanding acting talents of Edward James Olmos, Jennifer Lopez, Constance Marie and Jacob Vargas. Mi Familia is the three-generation chronicle of the Sanchez family of East Los Angeles spanning a sixty year period that starts in the 1920s when the father leaves Michoacán.

Selena was released in 1997 to critical acclaim. The movie follows the life of Abraham Quintanilla as he molds and guides the career of his talented daughter, Selena Quintanilla. Nava's film brilliantly portrays Selena's charisma and perseverance as she climbs to the top of the Tejano music scene, only to be murdered in 1995 by the President of her fan club.

Most critics agree that Mr. Nava, as a director of films, has an uncanny knack for capturing the epic drama of ordinary lives. Today, Gregory Nava continues to be involved in movie and television production.

Julian Nava - from the Tepetongo Nava family - is one of the most renowned and distinguished elder statesmen in the Hispanic community of the United States. The child of poor Mexican immigrants, Julian rose through years of hardship and hard work to achieve what no other Latino in the United States had achieved before him: he was appointed to serve as the first Mexican American ambassador to Mexico.

The great-grandfather of Julian Nava was Gregorio Nava Miranda, a resident of Tepetongo, Zacatecas. On June 6, 1818, the 23-year-old Indian Gregorio was married in Tepetongo to 17-year-old Margarita de Acosta, who was of Spanish descent. Gregorio was the son of José Maria Nava and Maria Gregoria Miranda. Gregorio and Margarita are believed to have had several children, including José Julian Nava, who was baptized on February 19, 1822 in the Tepetongo Church. José Julian Nava is the grandfather of Professor Julian Nava.

Among Professor Nava's ancestral surnames, the Salazar, Correa, Gusteo, Casas, Carlos and Bañuelos ancestors are believed to be of predominantly Spanish descent, while his Nava, Miranda, Rosales and Avila lines are believed to be predominantly Indian in origin.

Julian Nava was born on June 19, 1927 in Los Angeles California, as the second son of eight children of immigrant Zacatecas parents. His parents had fled Mexico during the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920). Young Julian attended public schools in the Mexican barrio of East Los Angeles, while helping his family with migrant agricultural work. He volunteered for naval service in World War II and served as a combat aircrewman.

Returning from the war, Julian first worked with his older brother in the auto repair business. However, as a veteran of World War II, Julian soon decided to utilize the G.I. Bill to get himself a college education. He attended East Los Angeles Junior College, where he became student body president. He moved on to Pomona College, where he received an A.B. degree in 1951.

Receiving two scholarships, Julian attended Harvard University, from which he received his Doctorate in History in 1955. Early on, he became an instructor in English and U.S. History. In addition to teaching history as an assistant professor at California State University at Northridge (1957-1961), Professor Nava lectured in Puerto Rico for two years.

Professor Nava became an associate professor in 1961 and received the status of full professor of history, starting in 1965. By this time, he had earned a very respected place in the Los Angeles academic community. So it was that, when he ran for a position on the Los Angeles Unified School Board in 1967, he won an impressive victory, garnering a larger majority than any Hispanic American candidate for office up to that time.

Julian Nava became the first Mexican American to serve on the school board, at a time when school walkouts, boycotts, desegregation and bilingual education were primary concerns to Los Angeles residents. He served in this capacity from 1965 to 1980, dedicating a great deal of time to the growing problems of a large urban school district.

With a growing concern about Mexican-American issues, Professor Nava became involved in the Chicano Movement and served as a member of the board of the Plaza de la Raza and the Hispanic Urban Center and on the advisory committee of the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF).

Julian Nava's commitment to education and to his community earned him the appointment as Ambassador to Mexico in January 1980 when President Carter appointed him to that office. He served in this capacity until the next year, when the newly-elected Reagan Administration replaced him with John Gavin. At this time, Professor Nava returned to his teaching position at Northridge.

In addition to his teaching and political careers, Julian Nava is the author of many books dealing with Mexican-American history and issues. One of his many works, Mexican Americans: Past, Present, and Future was published in 1969 and has been used as a public school textbook.

This month, Julian Nava's autobiography, Julian Nava: My Mexican American Journey will be published. His previously untold story is being made available in the hopes of inspiring others to a life of education, commitment and perseverance. Today, Professor Nava lives with his wife, Patricia Lucas, on a ranch near San Diego. He is the father of three children and four grandchildren and produces film documentaries on such topics as the Basques, Cuba, Zacatecas and Cinco de Mayo.

© Copyright 2002 by John P. Schmal. All rights under applicable law are hereby reserved. Reproduction of this article in whole or in part without the express permission of the copyright holder is strictly prohibited.

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John P. Schmal, The Ancestors of Professor Julian Nava (unpublished: Los Angeles, California, 2000).

David L. Word and R. Colby Perkins, Jr., Building a Spanish Surname List for the 1990s - A New Approach to an Old Problem, Technical Working Paper No. 13 (Washington, D.C.: Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census, March 1996).

ANNOUNCEMENT ON SURNAME RESEARCH: If your ancestors came from Central or Northern Mexico and you wish to find out more about a given surname, you can contact John P. Schmal at JohnnyPJ@aol.com. For a charge of $40, he will check citations for your surname in various published works, such as "Pasajeros a Indias", "Diccionario de Apellidos" and "Fundadores de Nueva Galicia." This is not to be construed to be an offer to trace one's own lineage, which is a more time-consuming endeavor. The report will be supplied by Email or by regular mail.

Delgadillo by John P. Schmal

According to the "Population Research" website at http://www.pdom.com/population_research.asp?re=world , 7,990 persons living in the United States share the surname Delgadillo, giving it a rank of Number 4131 among American surnames. However, among Spanish surnames in the United States, Delgadillo ranks Number 392. By comparison, Rodriguez (with a shared population of 631,000 persons) is Number 22 among all American surnames. Hernandez - with a shared population of 529,400 - is Number 29.

The United States Census Bureau - in its Technical Working Paper No. 13 - ranked Delgadillo as Number 427 among Spanish surnames in America in 1996. According to Population Research, the surname Delgadillo is very rare in Spain, where it is ranked Number 988. On the other hand, as many as 80,000 individuals are believed to carry the name in Central and South America.

The surname Delgadillo has been associated with the city of León, but - over time - extended through parts of Castilla. Delgadillo is believed to have evolved from the surname Delgado in the Valle de Toranzo of Santander in northern Spain. The surname also flourished in parts of Andalusia.

Several individuals with the surname Delgadillo traveled the long and perilous route from Spain to the West Indies during the Sixteenth Century. Many of the people who carry the surname Delgadillo in both Mexico and the United States descend from these early pioneers, some of whom settled in Nueva Galicia (the Spanish colony that eventually became Jalisco and Zacatecas).

On February 26, 1528, Sebastian Delgadillo, a native of Lora (Spain) and the son of Antón Martínez and Catalina de Delgadillo, left Spain with his wife Marina de Aguillar (a resident of Sevilla and the daughter of Lope de Aguilar).

When Gregorio de Villagran, destined to be the Alcalde Mayor of the Audiencia (Government) de Nueva Galicia, left Spain in 1554 for Mexico, Gonzalo Delgadillo, a resident of Granada (and the son of Hernando Delgadillo and Ana Gonzalez), accompanied his entourage as a servant.

On June 7, 1576, Don Antonio Delgadillo, a resident of Valladolid in Old Castilla, the son of the lawyer Jerónimo Delgadillo and Doña Ana de Rivadeneyra, left Spain for Nueva España (Mexico). A year later, on May 20, 1577, Miguel Delgadillo, a native of Jaén in Andalusia, a single man, and the son of Rodrigo de Balcácer and Maria Alvarez, left Spain for Nueva España as a servant of Fernando de Badajoz.

On July 18, 1590, Hernando Delgadillo, a single man and a native of Sevilla, the son of Francisco de Ecija and Juliana de la Vega, left Spain for Nueva España as the servant of Domingo Visca.

It is believed that a Francisco Delgadillo may have been one of the persons present at the original founding of Guadalajara in 1532 on the present-day site of Nochistlán. When Guadalajara was founded permanently on its present site a few years later, one Francisco Delgadillo, a native of the Valley of Santo Domingo in the Kingdom of Toledo, was among the founders.

This Francisco had arrived in Nueva España at the young age of 19. He was the son of Juan Delgadillo and Inés Vellosillas and was married to Doña Isabel de Avalos, by whom he had three children: Maria Delgadillo (married to Alonso de Avalos Saavedra); Luis Delgadillo (who became a lawyer) and Juan de Avalos Saavedra. According to several sources, this Francisco Delgadillo played a role in the conquest of Nueva Galicia.

Today, the surname Delgadillo is very common in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. However, the population of Delgadillo's in the United States is also growing. This surname has produced two notable persons in the United States: Los Angeles City Attorney Rocky Delgadillo and Theresa Delgadillo.

Rockard Delgadillo was born and raised in East Los Angeles. Called Rocky by his friends and associates, Rockard attended Harvard University, from which he graduated with honors. He played football in college and went on to a brief career as a football player, followed by a short stint as an inner city school public teacher.

Rocky then decided to pursue a law degree at the Columbia School of Law in New York City, where he received his J.D. in 1986. In 1998, Columbia University would award him its Medal of Excellence for the most distinguished young alumnus. Following his graduation, Rocky became a senior attorney at the law firm of O'Melveny and Myers in Los Angeles. However, after the Los Angeles Riots of 1992, Mr. Delgadillo joined the "Rebuild LA" effort. As project manager for business development, Delgadillo and his team attracted nearly $500 million in investment for neglected communities and spurred fifteen new private-sector training programs.

Rocky Delgadillo was appointed by Mayor Richard Riordan to serve as Deputy Mayor for Economic Development. In this capacity, he oversaw all city efforts to retain and attract business and jobs to the Los Angeles area. Rocky created the L.A. Business Team which worked with 2,000 companies representing 300,000 employees over a period of three years. In this capacity, he created and led the Minority Business Opportunity Committee's $1.4 billion earthquake recovery program and became the architect of the Mayor's Genesis LA initiative.

In 2001, Rocky Delgadillo was elected as City Attorney of Los Angeles. In spite of this great responsibility, he remains very active in the Los Angeles community, chairing the Latino Heritage Month and serving on the boards of several organizations.

Theresa Delgadillo, the writer and educator, was raised in Wisconsin, but moved to the southwestern U.S. as an adult. After several years in the working world, she returned to college to pursue an advanced degree. Working with a history professor during a summer research program for undergraduates at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Ms. Delgadillo found that she really enjoyed intensive research. In an attempt to develop research about African American historic sites, she spent a great deal of time studying in County Historical Society archives and visiting locations. It was at this time, that her passion for research became more pronounced.

After earning a Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing from Arizona State University, Theresa moved on to UCLA in 1995, attracted by the opportunity to work with its renowned faculty in American literature. With a special interest in Chicano/a and Native American literatures, she expanded her understanding of other cultures too.

During her dissertation work, Ms. Delgadillo developed a project on representations of hybrid spiritualties in Chicano/a literature, documentary film, and drama. She received her PhD in English from UCLA. She is presently working on a project that analyzes the transnational circulation of mestiza/o racialized identities in popular music and film.

Theresa Delgadillo's publications include Forms of Chicana Feminist Resistance: Hybrid Spirituality, Norman Mailer's Mexican: Enabler of the White Man's Quest in 'The Naked and the Dead, and Exiles, Migrants, Settlers, and Natives: Literary Representations of Chicano/as and Mexicans in the Midwest.

Theresa Delgadillo began her position as Assistant Professor in Women's Studies at the University of Arizona in August 2000. Today, she conducts research and teaches in the areas of Chicana/o Studies, Women's Studies, American Literature, and Media/Film Studies.

Sources:

Cristobal Bermudez Plata: Catalogo de Pasajeros a Indias - Siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII, Volumen I (1509-1533), Volumen II (1535-1538), Volumen III (1539-1559), Volumen IV (1560-1566), (Madrid: Archivo General de la Indias, 1930 - 1980). Found in Microfilms 0277577, 0277578, 1410933 and 1410934 of the Family History Catalog.

Theresa Delgadillo. Exiles, Migrants, Settlers, and Natives: Literary Representations of Chicano/as and Mexicans in the Midwest, JSRI Occasional Paper #64. (East Lansing, Michigan: The JulianSamora Research Institute, Michigan State University, 1999).

Alberto García Carraffa and Arturo García Carraffa, Diccionario heráldico y genealógico de apellidos españoles y americanos (Madrid: Nueva Imprenta Radio, 1952-1963), 86 volumes.

Francisco A. De Icaza, Conquistadores y Pobladores de Nueva España: Diccionario Autobiográfico Sacado de los Textos Originales (Madrid: El Adelantado de Segovia, 1923).

María del Carmen Galbis Diez, Catálogo de Pasajeros a Indias - Siglos XVI, XVII, y XVIII, Volumen VI 1578-1585 (Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, Dirección de Bellas Artes, y Archivos, 1986).

María del Carmen Galbis Diez, Catálogo de Pasajeros a Indias - Siglos XVI, XVII, y XVIII, Volumen VII 1586-1599 (Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, Dirección de Bellas Artes, y Archivos, 1986).

Luis Romera Iruela and Maria del Carmen Galbis Diez, Catálogo de Pasajeros a Indias - Siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII, Volumen V 1567-1577 (Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, Dirección de Bellas Artes, Archivos y Bibliotecas, 1980). 2 volumes.

League of Women Voters of California Education Fund, "Full Biography for Rocky Delgadillo: Candidate for City Attorney; City of Los Angeles," Online: http://www.smartvoter.org/2001/06/05/ca/la/vote/delgadillo_r/bio.html. ©2001 by Digital Coast, Inc.

José María Muriá and Jaime Olveda, Generalidades Históricas Sobre la Fundación y Los Primeros Años de Guadalajara: Lecturas Históricas de Guadalajara I (Guadalajara: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, 1991).

"Population Research." (Pdom.com). Online: http://www.pdom.com/genealogy_population.htm
©2000-2002 by Tetradom Limited.

"UCLA Graduate Division: Academic Departments: Theresa Delgadillo - English: Graduate Student Profile." Online: http://www.gdnet.ucla.edu/asis/profile/engl.htm. ©2000 by the Regents of UC. (Published in "Graduate Quarterly, Spring 2000).

"Women's Studies" Online: http://w3.arizona.edu/%7Ews/ . May 24, 2002, Women's Studies Department, University of Arizona.

David L. Word and R. Colby Perkins, Jr., Building a Spanish Surname List for the 1990s - A New Approach to an Old Problem, Technical Working Paper No. 13 (Washington, D.C.: Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census, March 1996).

ANNOUNCEMENT ON SURNAME RESEARCH: If your ancestors came from Central or Northern Mexico and you wish to find out more about a given surname, you can contact John P. Schmal at JohnnyPJ@aol.com. For a charge of $40, he will check citations for your surname in various published works, such as "Pasajeros a Indias", "Diccionario de Apellidos" and "Fundadores de Nueva Galicia." This is not to be construed to be an offer to trace one's own lineage, which is a more time-consuming endeavor. The report may be provided by Email or regular mail.

California Birth and Death Records
Senate Bill 1614

The California Senate is now considering legislation that would reduce the information available in the birth and death record indexes rendering them significantly less useful and/or limit the use and access by genealogical researchers and family historians. That which to date has been available as a matter of law, would be unavailable as a matter of law, except by restricted access through a limited index in California County Clerk's offices.

While we understand concerns raised about privacy and identity, we hope that those involved in determining the future accessibility of these records will balance their great and proven family history public value against privacy and identity concerns.

MyFamily.com considers these records to be primary to the pursuit of discovering an individual's heritage and history; in fact, central to the human need that answers the yearning deep inside each of us to know who we are and from where we came.

If you are concerned about this loss, and the fact that the legislation if passed might mean other states would follow suit, you can contact the relevant Senators and Senate Committees by sending an e-mail regarding your thoughts. This bill will go to the floor of the Senate for a vote very soon so do not delay in contacting your senator…

State Govenor: governor@governor.ca.gov
Senator Speier: senator.speier@sen.ca.gov
Senator Bowen: senator.bowen@sen.ca.gov
All of the above

Details on the status of the legislation can be found at:
http://info.sen.ca.gov/cgi-bin/pagequery?type=sen_bilinfo&site=sen&title=Bill+Information
Just type SB1614 in the space for "Bill number."

National Genealogical Society (NGS) and the Federation of Genealogical Societies (FGS)
speak out on this issue.

SB1614 The Closure of the Birth and Death Records INDEXES passed the Judiciary Committee on May 7, 2002. It has NOT been scheduled [as of 2 p.m. Wednesday, May 15, 2002] to be heard in the Appropriations Committee which does meet tomorrow May 15, 2002. Once it is heard and if it is passed in the Appropriations Committee it will then go to the Floor of the Senate for a vote. If it passes there it will go to the State Assembly. It must be heard by two rules committee in the Assembly also. Because of the nature of the bill it should be referred to the Judiciary and then to the Appropriations Committees in that order.

WHAT WILL SB1614 DO? It will close the INDEXES to the Birth and Death records. It will cause to be developed a 'non-comprehensive index' to be viewed at the Dept of Health Services [DHS] and/or in individual county recorders offices.

WILL THIS BILL CURTAIL IDENTITY THEFT?

Neither the State [Dept of Health Services-DHS] or counties which we have communicated with have found any incidents where present identity thefts could be linked to either the sale of birth or death certificates or to these indexes. Studies show that identity thefts are a crime of convenience, or occur with the theft of wallets, purses and mail, all of which contain documents with personal information [drivers license, identification, credit, Social Security cards, checks, etc.]; or by access to personal information in homes and businesses.

Originally on Television and in the Newspapers, Senator Speier voiced her concerns regarding the Birth Records Indexes because they included the mother's maiden names. The mother's maiden names are ONE OF A HALF DOZEN IDENTIFIERS used by banks and some credit companies for over the phone transactions. [Experts have for years cautioned the public not to use maiden names.]

Senator Speier now has a bill SB1237 that would require banks [means: any institution engaging in financial activities] not to use MAIDEN NAMES as identifiers. If this bill passes then the maiden names on INDEXES [whether concerns were justified or not] become a NON-ISSUE.

The concern with the Death Records INDEXES was due to the fact that the Social Security numbers appear on the death certificate. Once a person dies, that Social Security file is rendered closed. There is a lag-time. But in the case of California Death Records INDEX, there is an even greater lag-time between the date of death and when that date appears on an index. On the CDs of Indexes sold by the DHS [and halted by the Governor's Executive Order] the most current
death date was 1999. In the files in the DHS offices for their own use the most current date is 2000. [Certainly, Social Security can close an account within a year and five months.] Does this also
make this a non-issue?

WHERE IS THE MONEY?

I just mentioned that the DHS is a year and five months from being current. Why? Because the department has for years not had the funds or manpower to update and keep current the indexes of
their certificates. In fact, the sale of the CDs of Indexes was to help offset that cost allowing them to bring their records up-to-date. When the Governor first found out about the revenue short fall, he
froze hiring and required all departments to cut expenses [I believe it was by 10%]. Do the math.

Now if the State is having problems meeting their obligations due to a shortfall of funds and not enough manpower. Consider the situation at the county level.

So, SB1614 will close the present [not current] indexes, require the State and counties to develop an entirely new indexing process. Would not that money, if there were any, be better spent to encourage and aid law enforcement to pursue 'White Color Crime' -- catch, prosecute and punish the offenders? Would not that money, if there were any, be better spent to allow the DHS to implement a more extensive tracking system to help catch offenders instead of developing an 'non-comprehensive' index that essentially closes those indexes to the public who need and use them for legitimate endeavors.

WHAT CAN YOU DO?

Write the author Senator Speier. Write the Governor. If you write before SB1614 is heard before the Appropriations Committee, write the members of the committee. Have your organization's president write indicating the displeasure of your organization. If the bill goes to the Floor of the Senate write your own Senator. I recommend written letters [snail mail]. Write what you think. [I would not be impressed with 'canned' or form letters, would you?]. Phone calls are simply tallied, I am sure that may be the case with Emails for many Legislators. Some Legislators simply do not regard communications of non-constituents important, unless they might run for state office.

WILL THEY LISTEN TO US?

Maybe not, but can we afford to lose another piece of our public records? In an effort to solve a difficult problem, should legislators punish entire groups of honest citizens, rather than find
ways to catch the criminals?

IF YOU RECEIVE THIS BY EMAIL, you have the ability to find on the Internet all the information you will need. The bills, the history of activities, schedules, information on the committees, leadership and members, and where and how to contact or own Senators. http://www.sen.ca.gov

---Iris Carter Jones, Legislative Coordinator, May 16, 2002---

The Committee: State Capital Bldg., Sacramento, CA 95814

Senator Dede Alpert (Chair), Room 5050; Fax 916-327-2188; Email
<senator.alpert@sen.ca.gov>
Senator Jim Battin (Vice Chair), Room 3024; Email
<jim.Battin@sen.ca.gov>
Senator Debora Bowen Room 4040; Email <senator.bowen@sen.ca.gov>
Senator John Burton, Room 205; no fax; no Email
Senator Martha Escuta, Room 5080; Fax 916-327-8755
Senator Maurice Johannessen, Room 5061; Fax 916-445-7750
Senator Ross Johnson, Room 3063, only in Irvine Office
Senator Betty Karnette, Room 5066; Fax 916-641-4395
Senator Bruce McPherson, Room 2054; Email
<senator.mcpherson@sen.ca.gov>
Senator Kevin Murray, Room 4038; Fax 915-641-4395
Senator Don Perata, Room 4061; Fax 916-286-3885
Senator Charles Poochigian, Room 5087
Senator Jackie Speier, Room 2032; Fax 916-327-2186;
<senator.speier@sen.ca.gov>

Governor Gray Davis, Fax 916-445-4633; governor@governor.ca.gov

University of California's 4-Percent Plan helps Hispanic and rural applicants most. Hispanic students made up 17.3 percent of those applicants guaranteed admission, compared with only 15.7 percent of the traditional pool. Source: Jeffrey Selingo, Chronicle of Higher Education, 5-14-02
Sent by Zeke Hernandez zekeher@juno.com

Three Lines of Osunas

I am researching the ancestry of the Osuna Family in Mexico, we know of three different unrelated branches of Osunas here in Mexico, One in the state of Coahuila latter from Tamaulipas, one in the state of Nuevo Leon later related to the previous by means of marriage of Gregorio Osuna Hinojosa ( descendant of Don diego de Montemayor by means of her mother, and the other of Paula Osuna García from San Nicolas de los Garza, and the other of Ismerio Osuna, a corporal with the Spanish army that arrived into California with Fray Junipero Sierra.

We are in touch with several descendants of this three branches and will try to connect them in their past. Jorge Hernandez Osuna hdz_hassell@enlace.net

Carrillo's of California

Dear Somos Primos readers, I just came across this bit of information on the Carrillo's of California and thought it was worth sharing. It was found in an old encyclopedia, The Illustrated Columbia Encyclopedia, page 133 volume 1 A-Apu.

The Carrillos of Aldornoz 1200
The California branch of the descendants of the Carrillo's of Albornoz has been documented since 1687. Padre Juan Maria Salvatierra a Jesuit friar arrived in Baja California with six soldiers to found the California Mission System at Loreto, Baja California. The Mission Nuestra Senora de Loreto was finally established in October of 1697 and remained headquarters for the Jesuit Mission chain for 70 years.

The Jesuits proceeded to explore both coasts of the peninsula, in 1767 sixteen friars of the Franciscan order led by Padre Junipero Serra arrived to replace the Jesuits. They remained only long enough to found one mission, San Fernando Velicata. Before delivering up the peninsula missions to the Dominican friars, who subsequently found ten known missions located in the upper half of the Baja California peninsula, the Franciscans moved north of the present Mexican border, which is now upper California.

The Carrillo y Millan family is documented as being stationed at the Loreto presidio and mission on the eastern side of the Baja peninsula, their descendants settled Alta California.

CARRILLO Y MILLAN
1. Juan CARRILLO m Lucia Efigena MILLAN
born before 1700 Loreto Baja born Loreto Presidio

2. Juan Mario RUIZ m CARILLO y Millan
born Loreto presidio Loreto Baja (Maria Ana Ysabel)

3. Jose Mario ESTRADA m Maria Y. RUIZ y Carrillo
born Loreto presidio Loreto Baja Buried Loreto Baja

4. Raimundo ESTRADA y Ruiz m VALLEJO y Lugo, Josefa
born Loreto presidio Monterey, Ca. Burried Monterey, Ca.

5. Jose ABREGO m ESTRADA y Vallejo
born 1812/13 Spain Monterey, Ca. (Josefa Casilda)

ALBORNOZ, Gil Alvarez Carriool de 1310-1367, Spanish and papal statesman and general, cardinal of the Roman Church. He was archbishop of Toledo before he received (1530) the red hat. Under Alfonso XI of Castile he distinguished himself fighting the Moors at Tarifa and Algeciras and was chancellor of Castile, but at the accession (1350) of Peter I (Peter the Cruel) he left Spain and entered the service of the Pope, then at Avignon. Put in charge of the papal armies, he was sent (1353) to the Papal States as Cardinal Legate. Using the prestige of Cola de Rienzi, Albornoz entered Rome with him. By skillful diplomacy and force of arms, he restores the Papal authority in the Romaga and the Marches, where the communes and petty local tyrants had enjoyed practical autonomy. He complied the law code of the Marches, known as the Constitution of Aegidius (1357), which was in use until 1816. He died soon after becoming Papal Legate at Bologna, where the college he founded for Spanish students still exists. His work prepared the way for the return (1378) of the Popes from Avignon to Rome.

Jim Hardy flyingrocks@mcsi.net

Public Schools Changing Mascots
California might be the first state to vote on legislation that would oust American Indian mascots from Public schools. The bill aims to rid school campuses of cartoonish mascots, tomahawk chops, totem poles and other symbols viewed as discriminatory to American Indians. Beginning January 1, 2003, names or mascots would be weeded out: Redskins, Indians, Braves, Chiefs, Apaches, Comanches.

Jim Perry, athletic director at La Quinta High School (Aztecs), said he sees how names like Redskins could be offensive. But he doesn't believe his school's Aztec name should change. "We have a population here that is 66% Asian," he said. ""If it weren't for our name, many of these kids would never know as much as they do about the Aztec culture. They're proud to be Aztecs. Through our curriculum, we've been educating all our students about the contributions in math and science the Aztec people have made to our society." OC Register, 5-13-02

California Stories, Reading the Grapes of Wrath
The California Council for the Humanities is in the first phase of the Council's Stories initiative: Reading The Grapes of Wrath. The Council is inviting people throughout the state to come together to read and discuss this archetypal California story. The statewide campaign will provide opportunities for California audience to draw connections between Steinbeck's masterpiece and the contemporary California experience. The project will be officially launched on June 7, encouraging Californians to read the book over the summer and to participate in the public events during October 2002.

Penguin Books will release Las Uvas de la Iras, the first Spanish language edition of the book to be published in the United States.

Anza Expedition: June 27, 1776 - June 27, 2002
Los Californianos again celebrates the birthday of San Francisco, the 226th anniversary of the arrival of the Anza Expedition party at the site now known as the San Francisco Presidio. The celebration will begin at 11:00 a.m. in the Presidio at the flag pole in Pershing Square. Honored guests will be introduced, and descendants of the original party will place flowers (provided) in honor of their ancestors as the roll is called. A catered lunch will be served in the Presidio Officers' Club at noon. If you wish to join the group for the lunch, send a check for $17. before June 20th to:
Betty Watts, 4901 Eldorado Dr., Reno, NV 89509.

New book: Rancho : A California Story by Douglas Westfall, Eddie Grijalva
Hardcover - October 2002 List price: $24.95
Click to Compare Price or Buy
Copyright 2000-2002 EveryBookstore.com. Contact us at webmaster@everybookstore.com.

    RANCHO DEL REFUGIO DE LA LAGUNA SECA and the CAPTAIN WILLIAM FISHER FAMILY

                                                       By Robert G. Fisher
                                                       3435 Yuba Avenue
                                                      San Jose, CA 95117
                                                          (408) 241-0224

                                         Sent by Jeanne Rudy, Mrrrcat@aol.com

Very little has been written about the Captain William Fisher family, which was an integral part of the growth and development of the Santa Clara Valley of the 1845-1900 era.

This writing about the family attempts to show how Captain William came to this area at an early age. He founded his family, first in Lower California, Baja, Mexico, by marrying a daughter of the Ceseñas, Spanish landowners of that area, and then later sailing to Upper California on his own ship (along with several other families), where he purchased the Laguna Seca Mexican grant in 1845.

RANCHO DEL REFUGIO DE LA LAGUNA SECA

This Mexican land grant was originally granted on July 22, 1834, by Governor Jose Figueroa to Juan Alvirez, former alcalde of San Jose (1812-1815). It stretched about a mile north of Coyote to Morgan Hill, averaging four miles in width. Coyote Creek flowed through this grant, entering it from the hilly region near the southeast corner and flowing westward past Coyote Station. The Southern Pacific Railroad ran from north to south through the grant near the middle. Miller and Lux, holders of vast tracts of land, later purchased the southern part of this rancho.

Captain Fisher, on one of his sailing trips to Upper California, purchased this four-league-square rancho of 19,973 acres at a Monterey auction for $6,000 in 1845 and later brought his family to the rancho. He used the land to raise livestock and grow grain.

Captain John C. Fremont, in his memoirs, says, "By the middle of February, 1846 we were all re-united in the Valley of San Jose, about 13 miles south of the village of that name on the main road leading to Monterey which was about 60 miles distant... The Place which I had selected for rest and re-fitting was a vacant rancho called the Laguna, belonging to Mr. Fisher. I remained here until February, in the most delightful spring season of a most delightful climate. The time was occupied in
purchasing horses, obtaining supplies, and thoroughly re-fitting the party." This occurred prior to the arrival of Captain Fisher's family from Lower California in April, 1846.

Although records are scarce, it is known that Captain Fisher lived in an adobe with his family on the site where the present house, built by his youngest child, Fiacro, now stands. In 1850, at the time of Captain Fisher's death, the rancho was left to this widow, Liberata, and their six (6) children.

Several of William and Liberata's children were born at the old Alvirez adobe, as was George Bull, son of Dr. George Bull and Liberata. The living room was a dirt floor, but the bedroom had redwood floors. The garden consisted of roses, verbenas, and carnations. The dried petals of the Castillian roses, mixed with dried elder blossoms, were used on the ranch for fevers and also as a laxative. To the "prairie schooners" that often made their way as far as Gilroy, the ranch people frequently sold fruit and watermelons.

Not much work was done on the ranch. Labor consisted largely of riding over the great fields and watching the horses, sheep and goats. Traders from merchant ships sometimes came and bought cattle. These traders gave them most of their money. The neighbors helped each other at harvest time, and after work, they danced to violins and guitars.

Saturday evenings they rode into San Jose to attend church at St. Joseph's. They had relatives in town, and they visited them. Saturday evening they went to confession, and Sunday they attended mass and took communion. Sunday evening they rode home to the rancho.

In April 1862, the Burnett Post Office was established inside the 12 Mile House, which was a store, hotel and blacksmith shop. This building was destroyed by fire in 1963; but long before that, the post office was moved and a new, small structure was built by Fiacro C. Fisher, Postmaster, in 1907, next door to the 12 Mile House. There, the Coyote Post Office operated without a break until 1974, even though in 1935 Washington, D.C. had forgotten where it was and had to be told. In 1974, the building built by Fiacro was moved to the San Jose Historical Museum in San Jose.

Near the close of the 19th century, Fiacro built the present Coyote ranch home south of Metcalf Road. Family historians relate that Gertrude (Hanks) Fisher suffered greatly from asthma, and Fiacro decided to leave the lowlands west of the railroad and build his new home east of the El Camino Hiway to Gilroy and Monterey. This two- story frame house has a porch that goes halfway around the house on the ground floor. It is of the early American classic style, influenced to some extent by the high Victorian Italianate style. The entrance hall is the highlight of the building's interior,
with a curving stairway and a parlor which has quarter/sawn oak paneling. The fireplace has solid ornamental oak, glazed ceramic tile, and cast iron decorative elements. Besides the parlor downstairs, there is a large dining room with a corner fireplace, a sitting room and a large kitchen. Upstairs, there are five large bedrooms and below the first floor a full basement. This house has subsequently been named a State Historical Landmark.

Fiacro improved the value of the old rancho through various interests such as stock raising, general ranching and fruit growing. He had a fine dairy with a creamery located on the rancho. He also devoted forty acres to the cultivation of French prunes, one of the earliest prune ranches in the valley. He also planted the first vineyard in the southern Santa Clara Valley sometime before 1881.

Fiacro was active in community affairs in Coyote. In 1892, the people of Coyote formed an association to build a community hall, and Fiacro deeded the land for the building to the Association. The building was completed in 1892 and taken over by the Coyote grange in 1949. It is still used by them today.

Following the death of Gertrude (Hanks) Fisher, widow of Fiacro, in 1914, the estate was divided up into equal shares and the remaining acres of Laguna Seca were sold. Of the original 19,973 acres, 4.3 acres remain, and along with the home and other buildings, is used for raising livestock, training horses and staging hayrides, dances and barbecues. As recently as the 1990's, the Fisher family has held reunions on these grounds. Verl and Margaret Lybbert live in the home and run the business and have refurbished the home with turn-of -the-century feeling with the contemporary
look of a working ranch.

Behind the main ranch buildings, 3/4-of-a-mile up the hill to the east, is an old stone building. The origins of the building seem to lie within the grain farming era of the rancho's economic life, having been built as a gristmill, possibly prior to 1850. The milling function of the building was relatively brief, twenty years at most, and has since been used for various other purposes, primarily as a milk cooling room for the dairy and as a residence for the rancho workers. Governor Micheltorena and his 150-man army and artillery made use of the rancho as a military camp in 1844 in his march
against the 200-man rebel army of Jose Castro and Charles Weber, a fracas that occurred as a result of the declaration of war between the United States and Mexico over the annexation of Texas. After three days of negotiating, the two forces signed the treaty of Campo de Santa Teresa, or Rancho Alvirez, or Laguna Seca, on December 1, 1844, and the General returned to Monterey. Because of the military operations of General Micheltorena, and later of Captain Fremont, on the rancho, this building is mistakenly called the "Fort". Although times were perilous and native
populations often hostile, it seems very unlikely that the building was originally constructed as a fort. There is no mention in the historic records of a fort ever being located on the Fisher rancho.

Line of Title Rancho Laguna Seca 1834-1909

Date Grantor/Grantee Acres Cost
7/22/1834 Mexico to Juan Alvirez 19,972.92 --
1845 Juan Alvirez to Wm. Fisher 19,972.92 $6,000
4/5/1850 Wm. Fisher (dec'd) to 19,972.92 -- L. Fisher, et al
7/8/1857 L. Bull to D. Murphy approx. 9,986 $20,000
7/26/1858 D. Murphy vs. Fisher Heirs
Decree: T. Fisher 1,498.76
C. Fisher 1,789.97
W. Fisher 1,795.20
E. Fisher 1,348.48
F. Fisher 1,783.63
D. & M. Murphy 11,551.88
6/8/1876 E. Fisher Rota to F. Fisher 1,348.48 $25,000
4/4/1909 F. Fisher (dec'd) to Fisher approx. 3,000 Heirs

CAPTAIN WILLIAM FISHER

History books differ on the exact birthplace and birth date of William Fisher, the founder of the family in the United States. It is generally believed that he was born in England, probably Bristol, from where he sailed to America in the early 1800's. His father was known to be Thomas, his mother unknown. In 1984, I employed an English researcher to check records of churches and other records in the area around Bristol, England. Hopefully, this research will lead to information regarding William's (or George William) family and history.

William's tombstone in the Santa Clara Mission Cemetery indicates he was born July 25, 1810, and his name was William J. (J. may have stood for Jorge, the Spanish equivalent of George) Fisher. The tombstone further reads: Native of Boston, Mass. Subsequent inquiries at the Boston Register of Vital Statistics has indicated that there is no record of a birth. Family members at the time of his death may have presumed his birth was in Boston, Mass., because he had shipped from there
to Lower California.

William suffered from poor health and went to sea at an early age (14 years) and sailed to Boston, Mass. In 1830, he left Boston for the West Coast, making the voyage as mate of a vessel. He located in San Jose del Cabo in Lower California, where he owned a ship (brigantine), the "Maria Teresa," with Julian Hanks. Captain Fisher, and Captain Hanks, his partner, sailed the "Maria Teresa" from Cabo San Lucas to Mazatlan on the Sea of Cortez and up and down the coast of Lower California and to California as far north as San Diego, Monterey, and possibly, San Francisco, carrying goods to the early settlers. The Larkin Papers have a number of accounts involving the ship and Captain Fisher, as he apparently brought food and supplies as ordered through Thomas Larkin. John Coffin Jones at Santa Barbara on May 23, 1845, wrote to Thomas Oliver Larkin: "Mexico has declared war against the U.S. This news comes by Mr. Fisher from the Cape. He arrived some short time since at San Diego. Mr. Fisher received this news from a gentleman of his acquaintance direct from Mazatlan." Merchantmen, in those days, were the bearers of news, whether written or by word of mouth; and when ships arrived at port, they were the
center of great interest. Seventy-Five Years in California (1831-1906) by William Heath Davis related that the "Maria Teresa" entered Monterey Bay as early as 1835.

During one of William's illnesses while in Lower California, he was cared for by a Spanish family, named Ceseña, who had extensive land holdings in the southern tip of the Baja peninsula. It was here that he met the daughter of Cipriano and Juana Ceseña. In order to own land and marry a Catholic girl in those days, it was necessary to be baptized in the Catholic faith. He took the name of Jose Guillermo Ceseña, after his future father-in-law, Cipriano Ceseña, in 1829. He and Liberata were married in 1834 and settled on a ranch near San Jose del Cabo while he continued his shipping
business. It was in 1980 that I visited this ranch while traveling on the Baja peninsula. The ranch is located just north of San Jose Viejo ("old San Jose") and is an oasis in the desert area. At that time, vegetables, avocados and citrus were being raised there, and they were watered by a stream that ran through the area.

During the period 1835-1845, William made several trips to Northern California and was attracted to the area just south of the Pueblo of San Jose. He attended a land auction in Monterey in 1845 and found that the Rancho Laguna Seca (a Mexican grant) was being auctioned for debts of Juan Alvirez, the former alcalde of San Jose from 1812-1813, alcalde of Monterey in 1826, and alcalde of San Jose, again, in 1837. William participated in the bidding for this 19,973-acre grant, along
with Charles Weber, John Gilroy, and a number of other Americans, and astonished them by bidding $6,000. They did not believe that any "sane" man would pay such a sum for a paltry four-league grant of land while there was more available land than
anyone knew what to do with.

From 1834 to 1846, William continued his business in Lower California, and it was while in this area that his first four children, Mary, and the twins Thomas and Cypriano, and William were born. It was in 1846 he decided to return, with his family, to Upper California and establish his home in the San Jose area. Making the voyage northward on the "Maria Teresa" were about five families, including Julian Hanks and Ramon Ceseña. They landed at Monterey on May 11, 1846, where some time was
spent visiting cousins of the Ceseña family. In that year, they settled on the Coyote rancho, and the five families from Lower California created a nucleus of a settlement that provided the necessary labor force for the large estate.

In December of 1846, William, Julian Hanks, William Gulnac (Captain Fisher's brother-in-law), and several others were called upon to form a committee in the Pueblo of San Jose "to sit and decide on anything that may be required for the benefit of the Pueblo." William Fisher was offered, but declined, the office of alcalde, probably because of continuing poor health and his involvement in raising cattle on the rancho and operating his mercantile business in the Pueblo.

William Gulnac had come from the East to San Jose in 1827. He was for many years the majordomo of the Mission of San Jose in Alameda County. He married a daughter of the Ceseñas.

The early years of the Pueblo (1845-1850) were perilous times for the settlers trying to farm and raise cattle and horses because of the threat of Indian activity. Commandant General Castro of San Juan had been antagonistic to the activities of the Californians in this area and had excited the Indians against foreigners in general and made them promises of valuable presents if they would burn crops and destroy the people. Bernal, a neighbor, and William Fisher lost several hundred head of horses to these marauding Indians. It was during this troublesome time that Captain William was instrumental in the forming of a mounted group that participated in the controlling of the Indians.

During the years 1846-1850, William and Liberata had two more children, Eulogia and Fiacro. In 1849, because of deteriorating health, William sold his mercantile store to his clerk, Josiah Belden, and returned to Coyote, where he lived until his death on April 5, 1850, at the age of 40. He was buried in the Catholic cemetery in Santa Clara, CA, and in later years many members of his immediate family
were interred there as well.

Captain William died intestate, that is, he died without a will, and as a result, Augustus Redman and Thomas B. Parks were appointed by the Judge of the County of Santa Clara to prepare an inventory of his estate for appraisal purposes. The estate included real property of the Laguna Seca grant and improvements, less the homestead of twenty (20) acres, one-fifth ownership of a sawmill, one-tenth of Lot #2 of Hutton's survey, and two-thirds of the mill Canoas. His personal property included horses,
mules, carriages, tools, silverware, furniture, rifles and pistols, 1400 head of cattle, oxen, and cash. The entire estate was valued at slightly over $70,000.00.

In 1847 Alcalde Burton contracted with William Campbell to survey 70 "Blocks of ground, 200 yards in length and 100 yards in breadth". A second survey in the same year was made by James D. Hutton on unoccupied Pueblo lands into 500-acre lots. The family head who drew #1 got first choice of the lots. Captain Fisher, who had bought four lots of Lot #2, thought he had 2000 acres. However, Hutton
had "run some of his lines with a variation of eight or nine degrees, or 40 rods in a mile" and, as a result, he (Fisher) actually possessed 1275 acres. The inventory of Capt. Fisher's estate at the time of his death indicated that he held a 1/10 interest in Lot #2, or 127.5 acres.

The 500-acre-lot idea was ill-starred from the start. Military Governor Richard B. Mason questioned its legality and the Supreme Court ultimately declared invalid the resultant "Five Hundred Acre Titles."

Chester Smith Lyman later came to San Jose and surveyed the Pueblo and the Laguna Seca grant as well. He joined Captain Fisher in 1849 in selecting the burial ground now known as Oak Hill Memorial Park.

LIBERATA G. CESENA FISHER

Liberata was born on January 6, 1818, in Cabo San Lucas, B.C., Mexico. She was the daughter of Cipriano and Juana (Ojeda) Ceseña, a pioneer Spanish family of Cabo San Lucas. The Ceseña family was formed during the 18th century by Juan Ygnacio Ceseña and Maria Antonia Valle. Juan was probably a Spanish soldier. Two of his descendents helped to populate the southern tip of Lower California: Cipriano, lord of Cabo San Lucas, who married Cornelia Castillo of Gastelum, and Juana Ojeda in a second marriage; and Juan Jose, lord of San Jose del Cabo, who married Luz
Talamantes. It is from this second marriage of Cipriano that Liberata was descended.

During one of Captain Willliam Fisher's trips to Lower California, he contracted a serious illness and was nursed in the Ceseña family home. At the age of 16, Liberata married Captain Fisher in Cabo San Lucas in 1834.

In early 1846, Liberata traveled to Monterey, CA, with her husband and small children, Captain Julian Hanks, Ramon Ceseña, and several other families, to start a new life in the Pueblo of San Jose and Coyote. The first years (1846-1849) must have been spent living in San Jose, where the children attended school and Captain Fisher owned a mercantile store. When her husband's health forced him to give up the store in 1849, they returned to the rancho in Coyote. It was here that her youngest children were born and where William spent his last days, dying in 1850. Liberata and William's children included Mary Murphy Columbet, Thomas, Cipriano, William, Eulogia Rota and Fiacro.

Liberata continued to live in Coyote following William's death and raised her children, who were under the guardianship of Daniel Murphy, her son-in-law, and later William Gulnac, her brother-in-law, and still later by Caesar Piatti of Italy. On November 23, 1851, Liberata married Dr. George Bull, a medical doctor out of Troy, New York. They were married in San Jose, CA, on the 23rd of November, 1851, by Rev. Jose Maria Pingaro. This marriage produced a son, George, born August 24, 1853, who was raised on the Coyote ranch with the youngest of the Fisher children.

On June 20, 1875, son George married Elizabeth A. Murphy, daughter of James and Ann Murphy. They had three children: George L. born July 19, 1876; James R., born June 29, 1878; and Anita B., born August 5, 1883.

After the death of Dr. Bull in 1854, Liberata married Caesar Piatti on July 2, 1858. Caesar, in a census of 1882, was listed as a General Agent. The New Historical Atlas of Santa Clara County by Thompson and West of 1876 lists Caesar Piatti as a farmer and fruit grower from Italy. During her marriage to Caesar, Liberata ran the hotel at the 12-mile stage stop in Coyote from 1871-1874, and eventually returned to San Jose to live. From the union with Caesar, Liberata had a son named Primitivo J.
Piatti, who later lived in Salinas, California.

On December 4, 1905, at the age of 87, Liberata died and was buried in the Santa Clara Catholic cemetery in the Fisher plot. She is buried beside William; her daughter, Mary Murphy Columbet; her son-in-law, Daniel Murphy; Hiram Morgan Hill; her granddaughter, Diana Murphy's, husband; and two infant children. The San Jose Mercury of December 5, 1905, reported the death of Liberata as follows:

"Mother of Mrs.Murphy-Columbet Passes Peacefully Away.

Mrs. Liberata C. Piatti died yesterday morning at 10 O'clock at her home, 314 South Sixth Street. She was the mother of Mrs. Murphy-Columbet, Thomas Fisher, C. Fisher (of Mexico), Mrs. E. Rota (San Jose), Fiacro Fisher (S.J.), George Bull (San Jose)and P. Piatti (Salinas).

Her death was caused by a severe attack of pneumonia which disease had her in its grip but 2 days and from which she could not escape, owing to her advanced age which was 87 years, 10 months, 28 days. She was probably the oldest pioneer in California and was known from one end of the state to the other.

Mrs. Piatti was born in Cape San Lucas, Lower California, where she met and married her first husband, William Fisher, who had come in his own vessel around the horn in 1843 to California where he landed at Monterey. He went into Lower California exploring the country and later met his bride. With her he came to Monterey in May 1846 on the ship Maria Teresa. Mr. Fisher died in 1850 and several years later she married George Bull. Again misfortune met her when Mr. Bull died in
1854. In the course of time she met and married Mr. Piatti, a native of Milan, Italy. With her first husband she laid out the great Laguna Seca Rancho on which she resided until the death of Mr. Piatti in 1899.

The funeral will be held at St. Joseph's Church tomorrow morning at 9:30 o'clock. All the children will be present except C. Fisher who is now in Mexico. A solemn requiem mass will be sung for the repose of her soul. Interment will take place at Santa Clara."

It is known that Liberata had a number of brothers and sisters. One sister, Loreto, married Juan Pedro Pedrin (pronounced Pedran). He was a Frenchman and they had many descendants. A second sister, Ysabel Ceseña, married a Dutchman, rebaptized at San Jose del Cabo in 1824 under the name of Jose Guillermo Pedrin, and they had several children. Ramon Ceseña, son of Cipriano, was known to have sailed to California with his brother-in-law, William Fisher, in 1846. The Great Register of Santa Clara County of 1867 lists Ramon as Ramon Satero Ceseña of 27 years - a rancher, his residence as City of San Jose, and a citizen naturalized by the Guadalupe Treaty. William Gulnac, for many years majordomo of the Mission of San Jose, married another sister of Liberata, Maria. They had six children. He was born in Hudson City, NY, in 1801, and came to the Pueblo of San Jose in 1833. He was elected as regidor in 1839 and died in 1851.

No parochial archives prior to those of the government of Registro Civil of Baja exist before 1861, which makes research of the early families of Lower California difficult.

The sisters and brother of Liberata listed above were presumably the offspring of the first marriage of Cipriano Ceseña with Cornelia Castillo of Gastelum. Liberata's half-sister, Rosario, married Andrew Mohr, and they were the parents of seven daughters. One of these daughters, Eliza, married William, son of William and Liberata. When son William was killed in Baja, his widow married William Medici,
who was the grandfather of Evelyn Osborn of San Jose, California.

Dear Mr. Hardy:

For a list of California land grants, go to: http://www.ss.ca.gov/archives/archives_e.htm and then double-click on "Spanish and Mexican Land grants." You more or less have to do this twice as the first time it will take you further down the page to another "Spanish and Mexican Land grants"
and clicking that one will get you to a list of grants, indexed by name of the rancho, as well as an introduction outlining the contents of the collection.

This list is not the same as those held by the Federal Government. Much of the material within the expediente, etc. is the same, but the Federal film has a great deal of testimony, evidence submitted by various claimants, etc. etc. For instance the first roll is entirely devoted to what the Federal Government numbering system labeled #1, and that is the Las Mariposas, granted to Frémont. I remember from reading it years ago that it even includes a couple of lists of unclaimed mail at the
Post Office in the area. Another one I read outlined exactly what went on at a roundup and branding time on a rancho--testimony by the vaqueros to help prove the claimant's title to the land.

The Federal film was available through Inter-Library Loan from San Bruno and Laguna Niguel for Federal Land Commission hearings on the California Landgrants and I believe they are all itemized on the NARA site--but you have to work your way through at http://www.nara.gov/alic/ in order to get the film number of what you may be interested in; or you can contact The Bancroft Library who have copies of all the films concerning land grants, as well as a useful manuscript entitled (the following pasted over from Melvyl):

============
ARCHIVE/MANUSCRIPT. Survey of Federal Archives (U.S.). Documents of Spanish
and Mexican land grants. [n.p., 1936?] 8 (i.e. 11) numb. l., 2 l. 28 cm.
Language: English
[Long Display] Library Call Number Other Information
UCB Bancroft F862.1.S9 \m\
Circ Status: please check at circulation desk for information
==============
I believe that while the manuscript mentioned cannot be loaned, you can borrow a film of it through ILL directly from The Bancroft Library. Los Californianos has a complete set of the State documents and they are for sale. The prices vary of course, according to content, and if interested
I can give you the address of the people in charge of reproduction. I hope this is of some help. Various people on NorCal and SoCal (neither of which GenWeb list I belong to any more as I cannot handle the traffic) are often able to help out on individual requests, particularly if the
land grant was in the area of Monterey County and the person who sees the request has
access to the Monterey County Historical Society records.
Best wishes and happy hunting,
Rudecinda (Cindy) Lo Buglio

The Bancroft Library http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/reference/genealogy.html
Before making a trip to Berkeley check their resources. The indexes are quite complete.
The Bancroft Library is the primary special collections library at the University of California, Berkeley. One of the largest and most heavily used libraries of manuscripts, rare books, and unique materials in the United States, Bancroft supports major research and instructional activities and plays a leading role in the development of the University's research collections.

Bancroft's holdings include:

more than 500,000 volumes
50,000,000 manuscript items
2,800,000 photographs/pictorial materials
43,000 microforms
23,000 maps

Sent by Johanna de Soto

H.H. Bancroft interviews of Californios to be on the Web.

I learned last week that the interviews that H.H. Bancroft, had done of the Californios and
that are in the Bancroft Library collection, will be on the web.

The Bancroft Library, is starting, I repeat THEY ARE JUST STARTING TO WORK ON THIS. They are planning to digitalize the copies of the interviews that they have so that they then can put them on their web site.

I believe this will included the 5 volumes of the History of California, that General Vallejo, wrote and
then gave to H.H. Bancroft, with the understanding that they would be published, and they were not. For most if not all, none of these have been published in full. They were used in bit and pieces in the
different books that Bancroft published.

So when this happens, it will great to read their side of the story, for I heard what General Vallejo, sister felt about the way the man who were in the "Bear Flag Revolt" behaved, to her and other people. She did not think very highly of them, actually she felt they were not much better than savages.

So I will try to keep you up to date on this project. George Rushton, g_r_rushton@yahoo.com
Sent by Rita GoElRio2

NEW RESEARCH - NORTHERN MEXICO

The Portuguese of early colonial Parral in Nueva Viscaya are a topic of great interest to historians and genealogists alike. For the better part of the last twenty years, Jerry Mandell and Rick Hendricks, New Mexico researchers have been researching the subject and will be publishing their work in the very near future. Also, the July issue of the New Mexico HIstorical Review will publish their article on Francisco de Lima, a prominent Portuguese resident of Parral. Other Portuguese of Parral, they write about, include Manuel Jorge, Domingo Gonzales (Goncalves), Simon Martinez(Martins), Goncalo Rodriguez, among others.

Between 1562 and the early 1600's a large number of Portuguese migrated
to Nueva Viscaya and became highly successful merchants. Some married into old, well-established Spanish families. Mandell and Hendricks include in their work fascinating information concerning the relationship of the Spanish and Portuguese during the Inquisition and the struggles of the old Christians/new Christians and Crypto Jews. Their work will shed light in many
areas for Family historians with ancestors in Mexico, Spain, Portugal, and Northern Africa. The trafficking of black slaves from Angola and other African countries into New Spain is included in this research.

Ivonne Urueta Thompson kennetht@constant.com

Tucson's Origins The 1797 Census of Tucson
http://www.rio-nuevo.org/rionuevo/people/records/tucson_1797.htm

Files include:
The People of Early Tucson
Early Historical Records
First Presidio Families
Tucson's Ethnic Heritage
Get Involved Web Links Search Emails

The Tucson Presidio had been in existence for 21 years when Father Pedro Arriuibar compiled a detailed census of the military and civilian residents of the fortress in 1797, most likely between 21 January and 25 January. This time frame saw the Vicar general of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sonora visiting Tucson. Arriquibar also prepared an inventory of the military chapel on 21 January 1797, and it is likely the census was made at the same time¹.

Arriquibar found 395 persons in the community. There were 102 soldiers staffing the fort, a typical number (during the 1816 to 1818 period the number of soldiers ranged from 98 to 106). Many of the soldiers were married and had children, a few, typically officers, had servants. Twenty one civilian families were present, with a large number headed by former soldiers. The Spanish custom was for women to retain their maiden names and at least 89 adult women were present in the community, as well as well as five maidservants and 14 manservants. It is unfortunate that the names of children (89 sons and 77 daughters) were not given, although research in other records, such as military enlistment records, has allowed some of the sons to be identified.

The census was published in The Journal of Arizona History in 1970 in an article by Karen Sikes Collins². Collins mistakenly attributed the census to the year 1820, with a second article by Henry Dobyns correcting this error in 1972³. Tom Barnes examined a copy of the original census and prepared notes discussing his interpretation of the spelling of certain names⁴. Many of his corrections appear in the present transcription.
Sent by Johanna de Soto

First Bookless Library opens on South Side of Tucson

Extract of an article by Tricia McInroy and Joshua Cole in Tucson Citizen, 4-16-02

The Tucson-Pima Public Library in April opened its first bookless branch. the Santa Rosa Learning Center Library, 1075 S. 10th Ave, will have no books. It features 34 new computers with LCD flat screens for Internet access, research, writing and classes.

The library offers the community the technology to help people improve their job skills as well as their computer skills, said Elaine Valenzuela, manager of Outreach Services, a community service network operated through the library system. The Santa Rosa library is an extension of services provided at all of its branches, which provide limited computers for library users.

The new library is funded in part by a government program that revitalizes poor neighborhoods.
Many classes at the 8,400 sq.-foot Santa Rosa library will be taught in English and Spanish, said Martin Rivera, librarian and instructor at the library.

"I think (the library) is revitalizing the community," said Alberto Ramirez, a family literacy instructor. "It's something they've needed for a long time
"
The adult education program plans to use the 18 computers in the library's computer classroom for English lessons and basic computer lessons, Ramirez said.

Source: Tony Arroyo Antonio.Arroyo@pima.edu Sender: reformanet-admin@lmri.ucsb.edu

Border Asthma Study

A study of asthma in minors has been expanded from Laredo, Texas to include Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, according to an article in the Nuevo Laredo newspaper, El Mañana.

Gladys Cronfel-Keene, a Laredo doctor and the head of the Respira (Breathe) project, said that the number of asthma cases in Laredo have doubled over the past fifteen years and are a serious problem for thousands of families. Additionally, the number of minors that die every year from asthma is growing by 6%. Most of these deaths occur between the ages of 5 and 14.

Cronfel-Keene said that a 1997 study of asthma in Laredo found that 26% of 95 children had symptoms suggestive of the disease.

Source: El Mañana (Nuevo Laredo), May 20, 2002. Article by Francisco Díaz.
Frontera NorteSur On-line news coverage of the US-Mexico border. FNS is an outreach program of the Center for Latin American and Border Studies New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico. To subscribe for free daily news service go to: http://frontera.nmsu.edu

Sent by Greg Bloom, Editor frontera@nmsu.edu (505) 646-6817

Hispano Music and Culture http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/collections/hispano/hmintro.html

Hispano Music & Culture of the Northern Rio Grande documents the religious and secular music of Spanish-speaking residents of rural Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado. In 1940, Juan Bautista Rael of Arroyo Hondo, New Mexico, recorded regional alabados (hymns), folk dramas, wedding songs, and dance tunes. In addition to these recordings, the collection includes manuscript materials and publications authored by Rael. The collection provides insight into the rich musical heritage and cultural traditions of this region. Sent by Johanna de Soto

NM State Records Center & Archives, Collections online: www.state.nm.us/cpr/srca_top.htm http://www.nmculture.org/cgi-bin/instview.cgi?_recordnum=SRCA

Mexican Archives of New Mexico
New Mexioc District Court Records
Spanish Archives of New Mexico
Spanish Archives of New Mexico,
Series I (Land Transactions)
Territorial Archives of New Mexico

Archives Historical Services Div. Director: Sandra Jaramillo, 505-476-7951
E-mail: SJARAMI@rain.state.nm.us

Narratives and Handbook Pertaining to 18th Century New Mexico Presidios,
1765-1990 (bulk 1765-1795) Collection Number MSS 658 BC

http://elibrary.unm.edu/oanm/NmU/nmu1%23mss658bc/nmu1%23mss658bc_m2.html
University of New Mexico. Center for Southwest Research

This collection is comprised of narratives written by Spanish military explorers in the 1700s, as well as a handbook based upon the aforementioned explorations for the presidios of what is now New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and parts of northern Mexico. Sent by Johanna de Soto

New Mexico Death Index 1899-1940

http://www.rootsweb.com/~usgenweb/nm/nmdi.htm?New+Mexico+Death+Index=http:/
/www.rootsweb.com/~usgenweb/nm/nmdi.htm+

A Brief History of the New Mexico Death Index Project
The NMDI (New Mexico Death Index) Project was a private project started by Sam-Quito Padilla G. along with a number of generous volunteers and donors. With the California Birth and Death Index being on-line for researchers to use, Sam-Quito inquired about the New Mexico Indices at the Special Collection Library in Albuquerque. One of the librarians had the answer to that question: we have two microfilms of the death index.

Sam-Quito asked NMGenWeb about taking on the task of transcribing the index to put on-line. Since other important issues needed to be addressed by NMGenWeb, the project was started privately by Sam-Quito. He sent out the request for volunteers and donors. Several of NMGenWeb’s County Coordinators along with other wonderful people came to the rescue and the NMDI Project began in August of 2000. Sent by Johanna de Soto

New Mexico Spanish Archives 1621-1821
http://elibrary.unm.edu/oanm/NmAr/nmar%231959-200/nmar%231959-200_m10.html

The documents in this roll are official Spanish Archives which were not among those sent to the Library of Congress in 1903, returned to New Mexico in 1924,and listed by Ralph Emerson Twitchell in The Spanish Archives of New Mexico, Vol.II. The originals are to be found in the special collections of the ArchivesDivision of the State Records Center and of the Zimmerman Library of theUniversity of New Mexico. Each item is designated by the name of the following special collection in which the original is located. Sent by Johanna deSoto

New Mexico Genealogical Society http://www.nmgs.org/znmgs.htm A diverse variety of articles of interest to any New Mexico researchers. Mora County Marriages 1875-1890 Grant County Marriages 1868-1872 Sent by Johanna de Soto

The New Mexico Genealogical Society have published a second edition of GenealogicalResources in New Mexico. This 100 page, soft-coverpublication is a must for New Mexico researchers, divided into threedivisions: Repositories, Record groups/collections and Societies
Ordering information: http://www.nmgs.org
Sent by LeRoy L. Garcia, President, New Mexico Genealogical Society


"*Indigenous Mexico: 400 Years of Resistance and Assimilation" by John P. Schmal* I have compiled a 140-page book entitled "Indigenous Mexico: 400 Years of Resistance and Assimilation." It is a collection of 12 separate articles (each its own chapter) published in www.somosprimos.com between June 2001 and May 2002. "Resistance and Assimilation" are both very relevant to the subject because one of the important topics I discuss is the alliance of Christian sedentary Indians with the Spaniards and their influence on the assimilation and cultural extinction of some of the other Indians of Mexico. The chapters in this book are listed as follows (along with associated maps): I - The Diversity of Indigenous Mexico -- Two Maps: "The Distribution of the Uto-Aztecan Languages about 1700" and "Distribution of Languages in Oaxaca." II - The Indigenous Languages of Mexico III - The Mexica: From Obscurity to Dominance One Map: "Native Cultural / Linguistic Areas" of Central Mexico IV - Michoacán: From Kingdom to Colony V - Morelos: The Land of Zapata VI - The History of Veracruz One Map: "Distribution of Indigenous Languages in Veracruz in 1565" VII - The History of Hidalgo VIII - Northwest Mexico: Four Centuries of Indigenous Resistance Two Maps: "Native Groups of Northwest Mexico" and "Incursions of Apaches and Comanches" (into Sonora and Chihuahua) IX - The Indigenous History of Oaxaca One Map: "Indigenous Groups of Oaxaca" X - The History of Indigenous Zacatecas One Map: "The Distribution of the Chichimec Indians" XI - Sixteenth Century Indigenous Jalisco One Map: "The Native Languages of Center-West Mexico" XII - The Indigenous Languages of Jalisco Two Maps: "The Indigenous Languages of Mexico" and "Geographic Distribution of Huichol and Cora" This book concentrates on various aspects of Indigenous Mexico not discussed or written very much about, including: 1. The Chichimeca War of 1550-1590 which held of the Spanish and Sedentary Indians in Zacatecas and Guanajuato for 40 years. 2. The incredible diversity of indigenous peoples in both Jalisco and Oaxaca in the pre-Hispanic and early colonial period. 3. The Rise to Power of the Mexica Indians and their eventual dominance of the Aztec Empire. 4. The unique experience of the Tarascan (Purhépecha) Indians, the only people who actually defeated the Aztecs over an extended period of time, but who yielded early to the Spanish conquistador Guzmán and lived to regret it. 5. A chronicle of the many Indian wars fought with the Mayo, Yaqui, Apache and Yaqui Indians from 1740 to 1902 in Sonora and Chihuahua. 5. A discussion of the linguistic diversity of all Mexico and of Jalisco itself. 6. A discussion of assimilation and how it took places in some parts of Mexico, especially in Zacatecas. This book is an unpublished work at this point in time. You can receive a copy for $25 (including postage and package expenses). If you would like to receive a copy in person, the charge is $20. For persons who wish to receive the book in person, please arrange a meeting at the Los Angeles Family History Library in Westwood. I am available to meet people on most Saturdays and some Tuesday and Thursday nights (by appointment). You can contact me either by Email correspondence or telephone - 310- 392- 9832. Sincerely, John P. Schmal Email: Johnnypj@aol.com P.O. Box 108, Santa Monica, CA 90406

Where are all the Indians at? Try Orange County Lupe Lopez and Lori Gonzalez Contributing Writers "Our mission is dedicated to the protection and continued development of indigenous communities and promoting cultural identity, language, sovereignty, and dignity, to all Indigenous Peoples." On February 1, 2002 a gathering of women with strong indigenous identities came together to form an organization called "Alianza Indígena". We knew that we were not all of "Mexica" identity, but that we were from different tribal backgrounds of Mexico and the United States such as P'urepecha (Michoacán), Pame (San Luis Potosi), Raramuri (Chihuahua), Apache (Arizona), and Yaqui (Sonora). But we all did have a common identity: Xicana Indígenas. Knowing well our strong Indian identity and how much we try to go back home for ceremonies or become adopted into other Indigenous religious ceremonies, it is hard for us to say that we will live in our Indian communities when we have made our lives in these urban areas. The fact is that we are urban Indians in Orange County with no land base to hold prayer and ceremonies just like many other Indians who have migrated from their homes into Southern California. In order to ensure that Indigenous do not lose their identity and traditions, the Alianza emphasizes consciousness of identity and helps people maintain it. We have educated Indian people to keep their identity as Indians in their schools, birth certificates, and at all levels of applications that they need to fill out. Whatever border you crossed, whether it is your Indian community, reservation, pueblo, rancheria, mesa, US/Mexico Border, or island, you are still Indian. We are what many Indigenous peoples from Mexico and South America will be in the future. They are migrating into the United States just as we have been as a people who always migrated from North to South-South to North. To facilitate this, the Alianza Indígena has worked with tribal members at an international and national level. We have become a part of an intercontinental network of Indigenous Women, from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego and are working towards attending the next gathering in Lima, Peru, in 2003. The purpose of this gathering is to highlight our issues, as Indigenous women, to an international level We advocated for urban Tohono O'odhams, Akimal O'Odham's and Salt River Pima's living in Southern California, by bringing in the Chairman of the Tohono O'odham Nation and his council representatives to address the needs of the urban Indians of their nations. On a more local level, we have helped organize numerous events; among them is the Xicana Indígena Gathering, scheduled for May 31-2002 in Los Angeles. It is for all those Xicanas who identify themselves as Xicana Indígenas. Our struggle to maintain an Indigenous identity is continuous. You may help by supporting our events our joining our struggle. Our meetings are every other Monday at 7pm at the Alianza office. It is open to all Indigenous Peoples' and persons of conscience. One upcoming event is a screening of the film Going Back to Where We Came From by syndicated columnist Roberto Rodriguez. The screening gives testimonies from many different tribal members, in how we are already back where we came from. The screening will be Friday, May 24th at 8pm, with a reception at 7pm, located at the Alianza Indígena office (housed under the Unitarian Church of Orange County) 511 S. Harbor, Anaheim (cross streets are Harbor/Santa Ana St.). All proceeds go towards the Xicana Indígena Gathering of 2002. For contact information: 714-758-1990 Sent by LOPEZ1212

The focus on some Orange County, California mascots reflects a growing trend statewide. American Indian Cultural Support opposes the following mascot names in California. A total of 185
Apache: 2 Braves: 26 Chiefs: 11 Indians: 55 Warriors: 86 Redskins: 5		May 21st, 20 protestors urged Fullerton Joint Union High School District trustees to retire Fullerton Union High's Indian mascot and Sonora High's Zapata Raider. The Raider is named for Mexican revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata.
On May 29th, the State Assembly rejected a bill banning the use of native American mascots for public schools. AB2115 garnered 29 of the 41 votes needed to pass. OC Register, 5-29-02

Animal Totems Source: "ghwelker" nativelit@earthlink.net http://www.angelfire.com/tn/earthhealing/totems.html Native and tribal peoples believe that all living things have lessons to teach us. By observing the characteristics and behaviors of our creature and feathered relatives, we can become aware of these lessons. Many native peoples carry or wear carvings of animals or birds (fetishes) as a reminder of the wisdom, experience, understanding and medicine power of that animal or bird. These likenesses honor these teachers, as well as inspire us toward a clearer understanding of our own strengths and remind us of where we may need to concentrate more effort in our own lives. The following is a list of animals and birds and a very brief explanation of the medicine power associated with them. Much of this information came from *Animal Speak* by Ted Andrews. I recommend reading this book to get more indepth information on totems. http://www.angelfire.com/sys/popup_source.shtml Loretta Mitakuye Oyasin Ant: patience, stamina, community-mindedness Antelope: knowledgeable action, speed, rapid growth, grace Armadillo: knowledge of boundaries, objectivity Badger: aggressiveness, persistence, centeredness Bat: releasing old habits, new growth, rebirth Bear: strength, introspection, self-knowledge Beaver: balance, alterations, building, shaping Bee: service, gathering, community Bird: unity, freedom, community Buffalo: abundance, prayer, healing, good fortune Butterfly: transformation, courage to change, balance, grace Caribou: travel, mobility Cat: grace, independence, sensuality, psychic vision Cougar/Mt.Lion: balanced leadership, cunning, wit Coyote: humor, trickiness, adaptability, reversal of fortune Crow: council, intuitive knowledge of universal law, assertiveness Deer: gentleness, sensitivity, alertness, peace Dog: loyalty, courage, unconditional love Dolphin: harmony, love, wisdom, connection with self Dragonfly: refinement of skills, illusion, need for change, relentlessness Duck:female-mothering energy, male-coping with stress Elephant: memory, learning abilitly, health, good luck Elk: stamina, friendship, pride, power, majesty Falcon accuracy, rapid progress, restraint Fox: cleverness, adaptability, cunning, subtlety, discretion Frog: emotional healing, cleansing, peace Goat :tenacity, diligence Goose: safe return, love of home Gopher: gathering, preparation for the future Grouse: completion, sacred spiral dance, fulfillment Hawk: messenger, truth seeker, clear vision, heightened awareness Hedgehog: self-preservation Horse: inner power, freedom, safe movement Hummingbird: beauty, wonder,joy, agility Lion: association with the sun, courage, nobleness, prosperity Lizard: caution, regeneration, renewal, growth Loon: communication, serenity Lynx: subtlety, silence, secretiveness, elusiveness Manatee: serenity, gentleness, trust Moose: self-esteem, confidence, strength, spontaneity, unpredictability Mouse: scrutiny, caution, success, awareness of danger, illusion, charm Opossum: peaceful alternatives, deception Otter: playfulness, efficiency, female energy, healing power of laughter Owl: wisdom, insight, psychic vision Pidgeon: romantic love, loyalty, peace, innocence Porcupine: self-protection, memory, security, innocence, humility Quail: protectiveness, group harmony Rabbit: conquering fear, safety, gentleness with self Raccoon: curiosity, skillful investigation, playful energy Raven: prophecy, clairvoyant vision, magic, mystery, exploring unknown Salmon: determination, persistence Sandpiper: quickness, foraging, scavenging Seagull: observation, swift action, opportunity,carefree attitude, versatility Seal: contentment Skunk: reputation, self-preservation, respect Snake: transmutation, fertility, regeneration, life force, sexual potency Spider: creativity, balance, interconnectedness, industry Squirrel: planning ahead, playfulness, trust Swan: grace, faithfulness, committment Tiger: caution, appropriate timing, stealth Turkey: setting limits, appreciation, renewal Turtle: protection,grounding,longevity,healing,symbol of the bounty of Mother Earth Vulture: resolution of problems Weasel: stealth, seeing beneath the surface, supernatural power Whale: intelligence, self-expression, intuition, creativity Woodpecker: sacred heartbeat, rain caller, growth, fertility, cleansing Wolf: eliminating weakness, committment, family loyalty, teaching skill Zebra: power, alertness, community BIRDS: Blackbird: understanding of the energies of Mother Nature Bluebird: modesty, unassuming, confidence and happiness Blue Jay: proper use of power Canary: power of song and voice. heightened sensitivity Cardinal: renewed vitality through recognizing our importance Catbird: language and communication Chickadee: cheerful expression of truth Chicken: fertility and sacrifice Cock: sexuality, watchfulness and resurrection, optimism Cowbird: parent and child relationships, resolving old issues Crane: longevity and creation through focus, exression of feminine energies Crow: magic, creation, spiritual strength Cuckoo: heralding new fate, intuitive ability Dove: feminine energies of peace, maternity, prophecy and promise of future Ducks: emotional comfort and protection Eagle: spiritual enlightenment, clarity of vision, transcendence, messengers, healing and creation Finch: energy of variety and multiplicity, increased potentials Flicker: rapid growth and trust, increased healing love, new sensitivity of heart Goldfinch: awakening to the nature spirits- fairies, elves and devas Goose: call of the quest, travels to legendary places, search new dimensions Grackle: overcoming excess, dealing with emotions Grosbeak: Healing the family heart Hawk: Awakening visionary power, guardianship, awareness, truth Heron: Aggressive self-determination, self-reliance Hummingbird: Tireless joy, accomplishing the impossible, beauty, agility Kestrel: Mental speed, agility, grace, control Kingfisher: New warmth, sunshine, prosperity, and love Loon: Lucid dreaming and re-awakening of old hopes, wishes and dreams Magpie: The proper use of intelligence, familiars, and occult knowledge Martin: Good luck and community peace, peaceful living energies Meadowlark: Cheerful journey inward, discovery of intuition, innate abilities Mockingbird: Finding your Sacred Song (soul purpose) and recognition of your innate abilities Nuthatch: Grounding of faith and higher wisdom, teaches true path to realization is learning to manifest the spiritual within the physical Oriole: The weaving of new sunshine, can open doors to positive relationship with all members of nature realm Ostrich: Becoming grounded Owl: The mystery of magic, omens, silent wisdom, and vision in the night; symbol of the feminine, the moon and the night Parrott: Sunshine and color healing; teaches power of light and colors Peacock: Resurrection and wise vision (watchfulness) Pelican: Renewed buoyancy and unselfishness; teaches how not to be overcome by emotion Penguin: Lucid dreaming and astral projection Pheasant: Family fertility and sexuality Pigeon: Return to the love and security of home; very gentle and loving energy Quail: Group nourishment and protection Raven: Magic, shape shifting and creation Road Runner: Mental speed and agility Robin: Spread of New Growth in a variety of areas of life Sparrow: Awakening and triumph of common nobility; shows how to survive Starling: Group behavior and etiquette; clear communication Stork: Birth and unspoken communication Swallow: Protection and warmth for the home and proper perspective Swans: Awakening the true beauty and power of the self Swift: Speed and agility in the great quest; responding to opportunity Swisher: Awakening to the Fairy realm Turkey: Sharing blessings and harvest Vulture: Purification - death and rebirth - new vision Waxwing: Gentleness and courtesy Woodpecker: The power of rhythm and determination; stimulates new rhythms Wren: Resourcefulness and boldness


Royals' Hiring of Pena speaks to their needs By Gordon Edes, Boston Globe Staff, 5/19/2002 That may be so, as Royals general Allard Baird said yesterday, that Tony Pena's Latin American background had ''zero'' to do with his hiring as manager of the Kansas City Royals last week. But in a sport in which so many of the game's biggest stars are from the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela, it is a highly encouraging development -- and a necessary one -- that having an accent is no longer considered an obstacle to becoming a manager. Pena became the second manager of Latin descent to be hired this spring, Luis Pujols being the first by the Tigers after Phil Garner was fired. Felipe Alou, who is now the Tigers' bench coach, had said he felt compelled to interview for the Red Sox job this spring until other Latins were given a chance. With Milwaukee hiring Jerry Royster, three of the last four managerial hirings have been minorities, the exception being Clint Hurdle by the Rockies. Pena was hired ahead of three other finalists - Buck Showalter, interim manager John Mizerock, and Bucky Dent - with the A's apparently denying the Royals permission to interview former Pawtucket manager Ken Macha, though Baird did not confirm that. He did say, however, that the Royals gave some thought to waiting for the mystery candidate to be available before deciding that Pena was the man. Pena managed the Astros' Triple A team in New Orleans and also won the Dominican championship in winter ball before joining Williams's staff as bench coach this season. ''What took him over the top was his ability to create belief on an individual basis as well as on a team basis,'' said Baird, speaking by phone from Cleveland, where Pena recorded his first win Friday night. ''That's very powerful. ''He also has an ability to cross-culture communicate. People say to me, `Well, you guys have a lot of Latin players and Latin guys coming up, that's why you hired Tony, because he's Latin.' That had zero to do with it. ''It goes beyond the fact that he speaks Spanish. It's his ability to cross cultural lines and talk to people. I'm not sure that's something you can teach. You either have it or you don't.'' Sent by Howard Shorr Howardshor@aol.com

History of Louisiana ¿Como se dice Luisiana?: Source: Office of Tourism, http://www.louisianatravel.com In 1782, French King Louis XV gave the Louisiana colony to his cousin, Spanish King Charles III, thus igniting a proud Hispanic legacy that continues to glow throughout our state. The exchange that took place between two cousin-kings perpetuated an important tradition of celebrating that is as much a part of Louisiana's heritage as gumbo and jambalaya. The Spanish influence - along with that of the African and the French - creates an exotic blend of cultures that can be found in families all over Louisiana. Sent by Bill Carmena JCarm1724@aol.com

1717 In order to minister to the Adaes Indians, the Spanish establish the Mission San Miguel de Los Adaes in northwestern Louisiana. At this time the area is primarily French. 1719 War rages between Spain and France, and Los Adaes is captured by the French from Natchitoches. Two years later the Spanish take back Los Adaes and add a fort. 1762 As a result of treaties between France and Spain, Spain gets all of Louisiana west of the Mississippi (including New Orleans). 1768 Unhappy under Spanish rule, the French settlers retake New Orleans and banish the Spanish governor, Don Antonio de Ulloa. 1769 The Irish expatriate General Alejandro O'Reilly is sent by Spain to reclaim Louisiana. In the next year, Governor Luis de Unzaga y Amezaga is left in charge of the Spanish colony. 1775 Governor Unzaga allies with the Americans at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. 1778 Governor Bernardo de Gálvez, who succeeded Unzaga, brings in settlers from the Canary Islands to populate Spanish Louisiana and protect New Orleans from a British invasion. 1779 The British declare war on Spain and her possessions. In reaction Governor Gálvez, captures Baton Rouge, Manchac and Natchez. Settlers from Malaga, Spain are brought to New Iberia. 1783 The area of Louisiana known as West Florida (generally accepted as the present-day parishes of East and West Feliciana, East Baton Rouge, St. Helena, Livingston, Tangiapahoa, St. Tammany and Washington, as well as parts of Mississippi and Alabama) is recognized as a Spanish possession by the British.	1784 Don Esteban Rodriguez Miro becomes governor. 1788 New Orleans is devastated by a fire started by an unattended candle. 1794 Another great fire again destroys most of New Orleans. 1800 A treaty returns most of Louisiana back to the French while West Florida remains Spanish. Baton Rouge becomes its sear of government. 1803 The United States buys Louisiana from France in what would become known as the Louisiana Purchase. 1805 Many Spanish settlers move to Spanish Baton Rouge rather than live in American territory. 1810 Americans in West Florida capture Baton Rouge, and that settlement becomes a part of the United States. Spanish authorities flee to Pensacola. 1822 Border disputes between American Louisiana and Spanish Texas continue. 1800s Throughout the 19th century, refugees from Latin America emigrate to Louisiana to escape political turmoil. The Mexican/Spanish War in 1829 is an example. Early 1900 The early years of this century see a tremendous increase in commerce between Louisiana and Latin American countries. Many Latin Americans come to Louisiana to work in the fruit, lumber and sugar cane industries. 1970s and 1980s Many people fleeing the civil strife and wars in Latin America come to Lousiana.

Immigration in Arkansas: Harmony here, Tension there Arrival of large numbers of Hispanics changes face of U.S., two small towns Extract of article by Andrew A. Green, Baltimore Sun National Staff, 4-17- 02 DE QUEEN, Ark. - Whenever he leaves town to visit family, Pete Nunez has to stock up at La Estrella, the new grocery store off the courthouse square. The thick, handmade corn tortillas they sell there are so good, he says, even his relatives in Texas can't live without them. A small town in the timber country near Arkansas' border with Oklahoma, De Queen seems an unlikely place to go for good Mexican food. For decades the town was virtually all white and largely isolated. But by 1990, thanks to a shortage of native workers willing to take the notoriously awful jobs at the local chicken processing plant, Mexicans and Central Americans started to move in, a few men at first, then wives, children and extended families. Now the town's population of 5,765 is 40 percent Hispanic - a rate higher than in Houston, Dallas, Phoenix or San Diego. "They didn't come here to see how things would turn out," said Nunez, the minister of a Spanish-language Baptist church in town. "They came here to work, and they'll do things nobody else will do." Hispanics now account for 12.5 percent of the U.S. population, their numbers are growing rapidly, and they are spreading out. The highest growth rates for Hispanic populations in the 1990s weren't along the border but in states not known as hotbeds of immigration - North Carolina, Arkansas, Georgia and Tennessee all saw their Hispanic populations grow by more than 200 percent in the past decade. In raw numbers, the trend is small, but because many of the new immigrants have been attracted to rural industries such as poultry processing and textiles, they have had tremendous impacts on small towns across the South and Midwest. In some places, like De Queen, the change has gone relatively smoothly. Members of both the Hispanic and non-Hispanic communities in town say they've had occasional problems over loud music and parties, but overall, the two cultures seem to be melding nicely, especially in the churches and schools. Elsewhere, things have not gone so well. Three hours north in Rogers, Ark., anti-immigration groups started springing up in 1997, helping in 1998 to defeat the pro-immigration mayor, a 17-year incumbent, and to elect one who promised crackdowns on undocumented workers. Shortly thereafter, the Immigration and Naturalization Service housed officers in the Rogers police department, leading to charges that local police - barred from immigration enforcement - were trying to catch illegals at traffic stops. Then, the Mexican-American Legal Defense and Education Fund rolled into town and filed a class action lawsuit, which is still being litigated. As the nation's Hispanic population spreads out, small towns and rural communities that have seen little change in decades will suddenly have to adjust to new faces in grocery stores, schools and churches. The story of these two towns in Arkansas, one headed for harmony and inclusion, the other for division and mistrust, shows that small things can make all the difference. One Saturday afternoon, Faron Rogers, the pastor at First Baptist Church in De Queen, was in his office finishing up his sermon. A Hispanic family had bought the house across the street, and Rogers could look out his window to see some men hooking up a light on the roof and carrying a pool table out into the back yard. "I figured they were just going to be playing some pool that night, but when I looked out again, there they were, shooting craps," Rogers said, grinning. "They were slapping some serious money down on that table." Not everyone - certainly not every Baptist minister - is amused by that sort of thing. Loud music, big parties, drinking in public and slaughtering the occasional goat for a backyard barbecue have been major friction points in Arkansas towns dealing with immigrants. De Queen has eight gas stations and 23 churches, a ratio that's fairly common in rural Arkansas. When Hispanics first started coming to De Queen in large numbers, members of Rogers' First Baptist congregation and others responded in the way that was natural for them: welcoming the newcomers into the church. First Baptist members who didn't speak a lick of Spanish started teaching Sunday school to immigrant children, and they collected money to start a new mission with Spanish language services. That's where Nunez came in. He had been a minister at a megachurch in Dallas, but he and his wife, a blond Texan named Matilda, moved to De Queen to help with the fledgling congregation. Over the years, Nunez, who is equally well known at the Rotary Club and the third shift at the Pilgrim's Pride chicken plant, became an unofficial liaison between immigrants and natives. "You can take these two cultures and blend them into a beautiful third culture, which is what I experienced in my family," he said. Leaders in the Anglo community have also worked to improve relations because they have identified that as a matter of self-interest. Jay Bunyard, who owns a string of radio stations in the area, heard at a Rotary Club luncheon five years ago that enrollment in De Queen schools was 30 percent Hispanic. He had been broadcasting the same country music on KDQN AM and FM, but he saw an opportunity and switched the AM station to an all-Spanish format. He's also used the station to broadcast a feature called "What you need to know," giving tips in Spanish about local laws and customs and practical advice on things like how to hook up utilities. It's also been a big outlet for advertising, as local banks, insurance agents, used car dealerships and mobile home manufacturers try to tap a valuable market, Bunyard said. "Hispanics, culturally, pay cash. They shop locally, and they value their debt," he said. "If a business extends them credit, they pay." County Judge Dick Tallman (the local equivalent of a county executive) said the influx has taxed the infrastructure somewhat - the roads weren't meant to carry this many people and the schools are laboring to keep up, especially with the need for instruction in English as a second language. On the other hand, he said, unemployment has been low in Sevier County, and sales tax revenues have continued to climb. A lot of rural Arkansas communities can't say that. "Where would De Queen be without the Hispanics?" he said. "Without the Hispanics, we'd be a small, stagnant or dying town in southwest Arkansas." Therein lies the biggest difference between De Queen and Rogers. Part of Arkansas' booming northwest corner, Rogers' population went from 25,000 in 1990 to 39,000 in 2000. Hispanics made up a large part of the growth, but most of it came from non-Hispanics. Partially due to growing retirement communities and partially due to major corporations in the area - including Wal-Mart and Tyson chicken - Rogers and several other towns nearby filled out fast, with endless strips of gas stations, fast food restaurants and video stores, and subdivisions of big new houses hidden behind every hill. Downtown, near the old railroad station, Gary Townzen holds court over the lunch hour in his barber shop, every surface on the walls and ceiling covered with memorabilia from the St. Louis Cardinals' glory days in the 1980s. When conversation turned to Hispanic immigration on a recent Tuesday, the half-dozen men in the room got quiet for a while. One man said he worked with a bunch of Hispanics at the chicken plant and noted that they were hard workers. Almost all Arkansans remark with awe on the Hispanic work ethic. Slowly, though, a certain unease emerged. The influx has been a drain on the infrastructure, they said. The Hispanics just send their money back to Mexico and don't spend it in Rogers. They crowd two or three families into one tiny apartment. The adults don't want to learn English. Townzen said he doesn't blame the Hispanics - if he lived in Mexico, he'd want to move to Rogers, too. He doesn't think ill of them, and he doesn't resent them, per se. But he's lived in Rogers nearly his whole life. He's taken two vacations in the past 30 years and hasn't even been down to Little Rock since barber school. It's change he doesn't like, and the Hispanics are a major part of Rogers' change. "I have nothing against anybody," he said. "But if I could have it the way it was 40 years ago, I'd have it the way it was 40 years ago, and most people, if they were honest about it, they'd tell you the same thing." The open conflict over immigration has largely settled down since the 1998 mayoral campaign. Critical letters show up in the local newspapers from time to time, but the immigration moratorium groups have gone into hibernation. The racial profiling suit filed by the Mexican-American Legal Defense Fund is on hold while the mayor is on extended National Guard duty overseas, but the mingling of immigration agents and local police that spawned the complaints has ended. Al Lopez, a leader in the Rogers Hispanic community who worked as a liaison for the old mayor, said a strong current of mistrust still exists below the surface. Regardless of whether the 1998 election was a referendum on immigration, it gave the city a reputation as anti-Hispanic, and that made the Hispanic community defensive, Lopez said. The city has made moves to reach out, but it didn't move fast enough, he said. Hispanics in Rogers are now less inclined to trust the city government and less interested in becoming a part of the existing community, so when national Hispanic advocacy organizations begin to operate in the city, the danger exists that an "us vs. them" mentality will become entrenched, Lopez said. Rogers still has a chance to form a harmonious community - the sort of third culture Nunez sees growing in De Queen - but it will take not only concerted outreach by city leaders but also an effort in the Hispanic community to re-establish trust. "As Latinos, we're the ones who need to help fix that, to bring unity between ourselves," Lopez said. "Can we make it? I don't know. I'm going to keep trying." Sent by Howard Shorr HowardShor@aol.com

At the end of June, Heritage Books of Bowie, Maryland, will send out information flyers relating to the soon-to-be-published "Mexican-American Genealogical Research: Following the Paper Trail to America." This work, written by John Schmal and Donna Morales, is a beginner's guide for
Mexican Americans who are just starting to trace their families or for those who don't know where or how to start.

If you would like to receive this flyer, Email Heritage Books at Lisa@heritagebooks.com, and send your mailing address. You can also mail your request for the flyer to:

Heritage Books, Inc. Attn: Lisa
1540E Pointer Ridge Pl
Bowie, MD 20716

The price of this book will be $21.00, but the pre-publication price will be $16.80 until August 31, 2002. The book number is S2139. If anyone wants to order a copy, they can call Hertiage Books at 1-800-398-7709 and place an order with a credit card (Visa/MC or Discover) or they can send a check for the book plus $5.00 shipping.

Rescue Towers
The Mexican government is erecting solar-powered rescue towers that will glow in the night to help migrants lost in the desolate stretches of the Mexico-U.S. border, the director of the National Institute of Migration said Wednesday.
Felipe de Jesus Preciado, speaking in Mexico City, said the 100-foot-high towers will be visible up to 6 miles away. The stations will be equipped with information for locating water, food and shade. The units will offer maps to help migrants orient themselves and tell rescue authorities where they are. Mexico's rescue squad, Grupo Beta, will check the towers every two hours, Preciado said. The first of 10 towers will be erected in Altar, Mexico, across from the remote deserts of Arizona. OC Register, 5-23-02

Colonel Jesus Maria Guajardo [This query includes interesting historical facts.]
I am searching for information on the ancestors of Colonel Jesus Maria Guajardo, who was born in Candela, Coahuila, Mexico in 1893 and was executed by a Military firing squad, on July 18, 1920, in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.

Other available information include:
1) Parents: Jose Juan Guajardo & Maria Martinez married on Sept 11, 1891 in Candela, Coahuila;
2) Siblings included General Jose Juan Guajardo II, Gabriel, Antonio, Pedro, Agueda, and Maria del Pilar Guajardo;
3) Maria del Pilar Guajardo, also born in Candela, married Mateo Diaz;
4) His aunt Maria Guadalupe Guajardo first married Pedro Ortegon on February 2, 1875 and secondly, married Ramon Baez on June 18, 1879, both marriages took place in Candela, Coahuila; 5) Ramon Baez's mother was also a Guajardo Trevino;
6) Jesus has at times been referred as "Candelas' Heroe".

Other apparent facts are that Colonel Jesus Maria Guajardo, under Presidential Orders, was instrumental in the ambush and disposition of General Emiliano Zapata. The action took place at Chinameca in 1919, and for fulfilling his mandate, Jesus Maria Guajardo was promoted to the rank of General, and in addition, he was awarded $52, 000 pesos by the President. Jesus distributed these monies among his troops.

Any information on of these Guajardos or any Candela Guajardos will be appreciated. Will gladly exchange any information that I have. Jerry Benavides To: Jgbenavide@aol.com

Personal Experiences on Researching in Salt Lake and Mexico City

Dear Somos Primos readers, last year I finally made it to the Family History Library (FHC) in Salt Lake City and since I only had a few days to research, I was a little stifled by the fact that I couldn't readily follow up on some of my FHL discoveries because many Mexico microfilms are stored at the Vault (and it usually takes a day to get them).

So I thought: Not a problem. Since Archivo General de La Nacion (AGN) has all the Mexico microfilms in one location, .I'll just take a trip to Mexico City and research at the AGN in Mexico. Unfortunately, the AGN Genealogical microfilm readers were in very poor condition and the printer did not work (and was not budgeted for repair until the following fiscal year). Further, the card catalog consisted of only index cards that weren't very well organized. Further, the microfilm numbers were assigned many years ago and are not always consistent with the standard microfilm numbers you can find on the internet or at any FHC. (But the staff was very helpful and friendly.)

In short, the trip to Mexico was wonderful but for genealogy research a trip to SLC (with enough days) is the distinct choice. I hope I don't come off sounding negative, (which is not my intention) the AGN is a wonderful institution but, at this point, I feel, just can't complete with the Family History Library in Salt Lake City for serious genealogical researching.

Good luck on your research, Joel Guzman jgg10000@hotmail.com

Virtual Library History of Mexico http://www.rz.uni-frankfurt.de/~borge/MEXICO-VL/mexico.html
This is not just a website, this is a full course of study. Please go to it and investigate the site.

Mexican American War Memorial Homepage: BattleField Vacations
http://battlefieldvacations.com/texas/tourtex.HTM
nick@battlefieldvacations.com
http://sunsite.unam.mx/revistas/1847/

[This is another wonderful website. What you will find are maps of the battle, the history of specific battles, many links and travel information to visit those sites first hand.]

Sent by Walter Herbeck, Jr. epherbeck@juno.com

The Alamo
March 6, 1836
Goliad
March 27, 1836
Washington-on-the Brazos March 2, 1836

San Jacinto
April 21, 1836
Texas Revolution
Mexican WarTexas

Palo Alto
May 8-9, 1846
Monterrey
September 22, 1846
February 22-23, 1847

Vera Cruz
March 9-29, 1847
Mexico City
September 14, 1847

Adoption of Mission San Javier, B.C.S.

Queridos Padres Adoptivos de San Javier, Please go to http://www.adopteunaobradearte.com/
1. click on "Proyectos"
2. click on "Baja California Sur"
3. find your name there

Don't miss the "before" and after "photos" of Mission San Francisco Javier Viggé-Biaundó--made possible thanks to YOU. Also, do check the subsequent phases of restoration now in progress.
Infinitas gracias por "adoptar".
Un gran abrazo, Carmen Boone de Aguilar raguilar@internet.com.mx

Book traces France's influence in Mexico
by Pedro Luis Munguia - The News Staff - 05/05/2002

The impact of French culture has remained long after French troops invaded the country in the mid-1860s and Emperor Maximilian lived in the Chapultepec castle. In fact, Mexico's history is full of colorful characters from France.

Jean Meyer's book "Yo el Frances" (I the French) examines this influence, including the exploits of General Achille Bazaine, the Frenchman who headed military operations in Mexico throughout the occupation (1863-67).

"Yo el Frances" contains hundreds of small biographies like Bazain's, detailing the French military's operations in Mexico and later in Algiers, Tunisia and Indochina, where many of the officials who fought in Mexico were assigned before the Mexican campaign.

To see the whole story go to: http://www.thenews.com.mx/noticia.asp?id=24785
For more news and information go to: http://www.thenewsmexico.com

Sent by Frank Escobar, Jr. acrest@c2i2.com
"First in Hispanic Markets" La Cresta / El Cambio Hispano www.elcambiohispano.com

José Cuervo Tequila: José Antonio de Cuervo started making tequila in the Mexican town of Tequila more than 200 years ago. But now, a father and son - who claim Jose Cuervo tequila in no longer made by a direct descendants of José - are launching a new tequila. It's called Ana R. Vda. (widow) de Cuervo.

Guadalajara businessman José Cuervo Lazcano, 52, says his new, high-quality tequila made from a family recipe honors his grandmother, the widow of the son of a great-great-grandson of José. "It's the heritage of my family," he says. "It's my name." Cuervo Laxcano says the direct line in the family that now produces Jose Cuervo was broken when Ana died in 1921 and gave the Cuervo franchise to her nieces.

Jose Cuervo International CEO Juan Domingo Beckmann says his family is part of the extended Cuervo clan by marriage, and that the company will challenge the use of its Cuervo trademark: "They're trying to steal a brand we have built." Business Week/5-6-02

Historical Perspective on a Traditional Mexican Wedding
By Cesar Plata, 03/17/92
http://www.muybueno.net/articles/mexicanwedding.htm

HIS-169A Term Project, Prof. Vicki Ruiz, University of California, Davis,
Go to the website for the full article which includes footnotes.

Religion, tradition, and beliefs of Spanish and Indian influences have formed the symbolism and rituals of traditional Mexican Catholic Weddings. The sequence and significance of events leading to the marriage ceremony are rituals themselves. Since "the first Christian marriage among the Indians of New Spain took place in Huejotzingo in 1525, "1, rituals have evolved in several different ways.

A basic pattern of courtship, betrothal, gift-exchanging, wedding, and feast are common for most marriages in Mexico and the Southwest, though they may differ depending on social and financial status, and Indian or Spanish customs. The texts used for this report included several anthropological studies of Mexican villages made several decades ago. I assumed many of the traditions and customs practiced by the Indians remained the same since the turn of the century and before, because they did not seem to have evolved 'socially' and technologically as 'acculturated' pueblos. These studies seemed to offer a 'window to the past' to the interested reader.

Marriage rituals were taken very seriously by Hispanics, especially on the frontier, because they "meant the propagation of the race and the ability to continue living here and continue to be able to subdue the earth."2 Marriage marked the transition from junior to senior or adult status. Most importantly, it established contractual relationships among the parents and godparents of the bride and those of the groom.

"In Hispanic culture the protocol surrounding a wedding were among the most rigidly adhered to."3 Though Christian-church ritual displaced certain elements of old Aztec customs, others remained. The marriage ceremonial had, in general, a simple Catholic form. Similarities and differences between the two cultures will be explained throughout this report.

The complex and usually enduring courtship rituals varied among the Spanish and Indians in the nineteenth century and earlier. The courtship ritual, an integral part of the marriage, included much symbolism and formality. It involved both families, a system of compadrazgo, and gift-exchanging.

La Doña,
María de los Angeles Félix Güereña
By
Roberto Camp
mexicomarketing@yahoo.com

María de los Angeles Félix Güereña was born on April 8, 1914 in Alamos, Sonora. She was one of 12 children born to Bernardo Félix, of Spanish and Yaqui origins, and Josefina Güereña, of Basque ancestry, and who had been educated at a convent in Pico Heights, California. Her early years were spent in that historic mining town and on her grandparents’ ranch in nearby El Quiriego, where she had a Yaqui nana. Her early years were spent in that historic mining town and on her grandparents’ ranch in nearby El Quiriego, where she had a Yaqui nana.

The family later moved to Guadalajara, where she married young. She later divorced and resettled with her young son Enrique in Mexico City. There she started down the road to international fame, and ranked with European film greats Greta Garbo and Marlene Dietrich
and Hispanic luminaries Dolores Del Rio and Rita Hayworth.

María Félix was proud of both her Yaqui and Spanish roots. When asked to render opinions about Spanish Colonial History in Mexico, she retorted that the Spanish had left strong linguistic and cultural marks without completely eradicating native cultures. And then she added, “Can you imagine what would have happened if we had been conquered by the British or French, or the Gringos? There’d be no Indians left.” In the early 1980’s she had her companion, Russian-French artist Antoine Tzapoff, do a series of paintings that depicted her with strong indigenous facial features and Yaqui apparel.

Her appearance in some 49 films during Mexico’s Golden Years of Cinema and in European classics created vibrant archives that future generations will continue enjoy. Diego Rivera did two portraits of her. She was a regular feature on the covers of international magazines such as Life en Español and Paris Match, and was a frequent subject of European and Latin American feature stories.

La Dona’s Basque ties extended from Spain into France. She had a six-decade love affair with Paris, which she classified as “una ciudad justa” and where she spent several months a year at her apartment. There she was a contemporary of Pablo Picasso, Jean Paul Sarte and a host of other Parisian café society figures. The French fondly referred to her as “La Mexicaine” and in 1996 she became the third Mexican, after Octavio Paz and Rufino Tamayo, to receive that country’s highest
cultural award, the Medal of Arts and Letters. She received it with her characteristic aplomb, and
paraphrased Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral with the statement “Gracias a la vida, que me ha dado tanto.” Although she was eligible for French citizenship, she always carried a Mexican passport.

La Doña said one of her secrets to success was that she had a “corazón de hombre” which she developed at an early age, and that she was not meant to be a submissive, obedient woman in a man’s world, nor a “squaw in Hollywood movies”. She was, however, proud of her roles in Mexican movies like “Tizoc” that dealt with the oppression of native peoples. One of her legendary films was Doña Bárbara, based on the 1929 novel by former Venezuela president Rómulo Gallegos,
and it led to her nickname, “La Doña.” María Félix established herself as an international figure in
Spanish and Italian films, and French language classics such as “French Can Can” and “La Bella
Otero”. She became an icon of the Mexican Revolution through her roles in a series of films that dealt with that period.

In addition to the historical celluloid annals that will forever preserve her history, several classic
Spanish songs were dedicated to her, and María Félix also made a number of musical recordings that resonate her chanteuse style. Agustín Lara, her second husband, composed the legendary María Bonita, which is considered both a dedication to her, and Acapulco. She was also the inspiration for Lara’s “Palabras de Mujer”, “Humos en los Ojos” and “Señora Tentación”. Prior to her triumphal first visit to Spain, he wrote a song to be played in homage to her arrival, “Madrid.”

Jose Alfredo Jiménez dedicated “Ella” and “María, la Bandida” to her, and Cuco Sánchez honored her with “Oiga, Doña”. Juan Gabriel did likewise with “María de todas las Marías”.

In 1962 she made a 45 rpm recording of four songs, and cut an LP in 1963. In the early 90’s a compact disc came out with a mix of recordings by both her and Agustín Lara. In 1998 she released another disc, “Enamorada”, that includes a potpourri of Mexican composers, Argentinian Carlos Gardel, and French singers Gilbert Becaud and Charles Aznavour.

As a national figure, María Felix enjoyed the company and support of a succession of Mexican presidents. In her later years, however, and in contrast to some other aging Mexican public figures, she became increasingly strident in her criticism of the Mexican government, and characterized the PRI as being somewhat “caduco”.

María Félix appeared in 49 films. Some Mexicans said her 50th role was on April 8, 2002, when she died in her sleep at 1:00 a.m. on her 88th birthday.

A few days after her death, El Paso resident Gastón de Bayona reflected on his memories of her. He first met her at the Coyoacán residence of his aunt, Dolores Del Rio, where la Doña arrived with film director El Indio Fernández.

In 1964 La Doña visited El Paso and Ciudad Juárez and was hosted by de Bayona, then the public relations director for the Plaza Hotel, the first “major” hotel of Conrad Hilton, (who was born in nearby San Antonio, New Mexico and raised in Socorro and Santa Fe).

Bayona shared anecdotes about that two-day stopover, when she flew in from Paris to the El Paso Airport with a secretary and her manager, Fanny Schatz, to evaluate a possible participation in a Teatro Colón production of Emilio Carballido’s “La Medusa” at the Colón Theatre. She was invited to return to attend a fundraiser for the Juárez Red Cross. She decided against a Colón appearance, and was unable to fit the Juárez event into her schedule.

Bayona interviewed la Doña and asked how she maintained her legendary beauty and svelte body. He related that she replied, “First, I’m happy with myself, I’m very disciplined, and follow a healthy
diet. I used to wake up to the chilindrina and chanaco perfumes of our neighborhood bakery. One day I went there and gorged myself. My mother quickly changed all that.” She added that guayabas were good for the skin, that she maintained a regular supply line from Mexico City to Paris, and requested three a day at the Plaza.

When asked to sum up his impressions of La Doña, Bayona called her a “carriage of beauty and elegance” and added, “If she had been born earlier, Modigliani would have chosen her as his model.”

María Félix never returned to the border, although she maintained contact with relatives in Ciudad Juárez, where she had many fans. Accountant Diego Sanders has dedicated the second floor of his Juárez residence to her, with a private social club named after one of her films, “La Soldadera de Lujo.” That facility has a private entrance flanked by elevated six-feet statutes of San Judas Tadeo and la Virgin de Guadalupe. On Mexican Independence Day, Sanders invites a select group of Juarenses to the club, where he has the marble walls lined with hundreds of her photos.

A week after her passing, he had the building illuminated with flood beacons and Christmas lights in
honor of the sevens days of her death. He preferred no photos or interviews. As he summed it up, “what more of a statement could I make?”

On the day of her death, her body was later taken to lay in state for 24 hours at the Bellas Artes Theatre in Mexico City’s Centro Histórico. One of her life passions was the rehabilitation of that downtown area.

The following afternoon her funeral services were televised and broadcast throughout the country.
President Vicente Fox, who had enjoyed her open support and characterized her as a force for Mexican political change, was among those in attendance.

In a classic demonstration of Mexican national identity, residents of Ciudad Juárez paused in their
activities, and from their homes, offices, restaurants and other public settings rendered her heartfelt
homage.

Mexico City bon vivant Enrique López Cuéllar was among the first to arrive with la Doña’s coffin to Bellas Artes on April 8. No translator could do justice to his eloquent comments, which are included below as an epitaph for this article.

“Estoy aquí porque soy admirador de María Félix, para darle un último adiós a ella que tanto nos dio. Esta es una gran pérdida para el pueblo mexicano. Se va la última diva, la mujer que luchó por poner en alto el nombre de México, la que liberó a la mujer latinoamericana de la sumisión y las segundas partes sociales, la que le dio preponderancia y transformó su pensamiento. La bella, la actriz, la orgullosa, la indomable y controversial María Félix, la mujer que regaló un Metro a la Ciudad de México. Si usted no lo sabía el regalo de bodas de Alex Berger a ella fueron las líneas 1, 2 y 3. Impuso su criterio ante líderes y presidentes del orbe sin tapujos siempre defendiendo a su pueblo, de injusticias y vejaciones, amándolo y procurándolo. Descanse en Paz mi María, nuestra María Mexicana, María del Mundo, María Félix la Última Diva Mexicana”.

:Mensaje de Luz Montejano Hilton
luzmontejanohilton@ancestros.com.mx

Saludos desde la Ciudad de Mexico, luzmontejano@hotmail.com

A todos los amigos: Muchos de ustedes me han pedido el catalogo de mi biblioteca personal, y aunque es pequena, por desgracia y gran descuido mio, les informo que nunca lo he inventariado.

Contestando a algunos, efectivamente tengo libros que son basicos para la investigacion genealogica y por supuesto mi biblioteca abarca libros de varios lugares de Mexico, no es exclusiva de alguna region o estado.

Ofrezco a todos ir catalogando mi biblioteca cada semana con una breve descripcion del contenido del libro y mandarselas por e-mail.

Advertencia: Algunos ejemplares todavia se pueden conseguir, otros estan agotados y solo se podrian comprar en librerias de antiguos o ya usados, los minimos son ediciones de particulares que nunca fueron puestos a la venta y solo fueron regalados a los parientes y amigos.

Para quienes viven en U.S.A., les recomiendo que revisen la pagina por internet del Senor George Farias de San Antonio, Texas en Borderlands Bookstore www.borderlandsbooks.com o se contacten directamente con el a gfarias@borderlandsbooks.com

Pareciera que estoy haciendo propaganda, pero no, mas bien, considero por experiencia propia, que es la persona indicada para conseguirles algunos libros de los que yo pudiera mencionarles, ya que el esta especializado en genealogia e historia sobre Mexico en su Pais.

Debo aclarar a muchos de ustedes que inician en la investigacion genealogica, que todo aquel que busca sus lineas en el siglo XVI, es muy importante que consulten o adquieran si pueden, la mayoria de los libros que tratan sobre ese periodo, ya que los conquistadores o primeros pobladores tenian una movilizacion que muchos de nosotros no entenderiamos. Asi que si tenemos una guia o catalogo de algun archivo de Veracruz, Chihuahua, Tlaxcala, Puebla, etcetera, del siglo XVI, seguramente encontraremos a personajes que posteriormente se asentaron en otros lugares de Mexico.

Amigos: Desde ahora, les suplico me indiquen, solo quien NO quiera recibir esta informacion, para borrarlos de mi directorio de mensajes sobre libros. Los que si quieran, no necesitan contestar este mensaje. Saludos desde la Ciudad de Mexico, su amiga Luz Montejano Hilton.
luzmontejano@hotmail.com

Biblioteca de Luz Montejano Hilton

1.- Catalogo de Protocolos de la Notaria No. 1 Toluca 1566-1633, por Alumnos de la Facultad de Humanidades UAEM. Supervision y Coordinacion Mtra. Maria Elena Bribiesca Sumano. Ediciones del Gobierno del Estado de Mexico. 1984. Contiene indice.
(esta agotado).

2.- Catalogo de Protocolos de la Notaria No. 1 Toluca 1560-1631 Volumen II, por Maria Elena Bribiesca Sumano. Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades. CICSyH y la U.A.E.M. 1990. Contiene indice.
(esta agotado).

3.- Catalogo de Protocolos de la Notaria No. 1 Toluca 1610-1626 Volumen III, por Maria Elena Bribiesca Sumano y Guadalupe Yolanda Zamudio Espinosa. CICSyH y la U.A.E.M. 1989. Contiene indice.
(esta agotado).

4.- Catalogo de Protocolos de la Notaria No. 1 de Toluca 1558-1785 Volumen IV, por Maria Elena Bribiesca Sumano, Guadalupe Yolanda Zamudio Espinosa y Hilda Lagunas Ruiz. CICSyH y la U.A.E.M. 1994. Contiene indice.
(con dificultad, pero se podria conseguir).

5.- Catalogo de Protocolos de la Notaria No. 1 de Toluca 1602-1635 Volumen V, por Maria Elena Bribiesca Sumano. Gobierno del Edo. de Mexico y U.A.E.M. 1994. Contiene indice.
(con dificultad, pero se podria conseguir).

6.- Catalogo de Protocolos de la Notaria No. 1 de Toluca 1617-1675. Volumen VI, por Ma. Elena Bribiesca Sumano y otros. CICSyH y la U.A.E.M. 1992. Contiene indice.
(se podria conseguir).

7.- Catalogo de Protocolos de la Notaria No. 1 de Toluca 1634-1761 Volumen VII, por Ma. Elena Bribiesca Sumano y otros. CICSyH y la U.A.E.M. 1995. Contiene indice.
(se podria conseguir).

8.- Catalogo de Protocolos de la Notaria No. 1 de Toluca 1638-1662 Volumen IX, por Ma. Elena Bribiesca Sumano. CICSyH y la U.A.E.M. 1998. Contiene indice.
(con dificultad, pero se podria conseguir).

La importancia de estos protocolos notariales, para todos los que buscamos nuestras genealogias, es que en ellos podemos encontrar muchos datos genealogicos, dada la diversidad de escrituras como Testamentos, Cartas de Dote, Compra o Venta de Esclavos, Liberacion de Esclavos, Fianzas, Convenios, Nombramientos de Alguacil, Fundaciones de Capellanias, Registro de Minas, Herencias, Poderes, Codicilos (son modificaciones de alguna clausula de Testamento), y muchos otros instrumentos publicos de la epoca que debian de ser asentados en los protocolos de los escribanos o notarios publicos.
Aunque el titulo de estos catalogos indica que son de la Notaria No. 1 de Toluca, encontramos en estos libros muchos lugares que hoy pertenecen al actual Estado de Mexico, tales como Ixtlahuaca, Almoloya, Zinacantepec, Atlacomulco, Ocoyoacac, Lerma, Metepec, Culhuacan, por supuesto la Ciudad de Toluca e incluso la Ciudad de Mexico.

Lo interesante de este tipo de libros, es que podemos encontrar a personas de otras regiones de Mexico o de otros paises que por alguna causa determinada, parentesco, cargo publico o comercial tuvieron que utilizar los servicios de estos escribanos de Toluca, o que por diversas causas se les menciona, aunque fueran vecinos o residentes de otros lugares, tales como Celaya en Guanajuato, Jalisco, Ciudad de los Angeles, actualmente la Ciudad de Puebla en Puebla, Coatepec en el hoy estado de Veracruz, Ciudad de Oaxaca en el estado del mismo nombre, Patzcuaro, Jacona, Chilchota, Maravatio, Morelia, Tlalpujahua, etcetera, en Michoacan, Guatemala, Espana y muchos lugares mas.

RECOMENDACIONES:
- Recomiendo a todos ustedes la consulta en bibliotecas o compra de estos 8 libros (si los pudieran conseguir), no importando que sus lineas genealogicas esten en una region especifica de Mexico, les recuerdo que la movilizacion de muchos personajes se debia a causas de parentesco, cargos, asuntos comerciales, etcetera. Pueden ser para muchos de nosotros, "libros de cabecera", asi les decimos en Mexico a los libros que nos gustan o son indispensables para cualquier investigador genealogico.
- Recomiendo copien este mensaje, para que vayan haciendo un listado de libros que a futuro les pudieran servir.

ADVERTENCIAS:
- El motivo por el cual la mayoria de estos libros estan agotados o son dificiles de conseguir, es porque su tiraje fue muy limitado, en algunos casos fue solo de 300 o 500 ejemplares y solo en uno que tengamos noticia, su tiraje aumento a 1000.
- El volumen No. VIII a la fecha no ha sido editado, brinca la numeracion al IX. Avisare oportunamente cuando se edite.
- El primer libro de estos catalogos, aunque esta en mi biblioteca personal, es propiedad de otra persona, pero lo pongo provisionalmente como parte de mi biblioteca para que ustedes sepan de su existencia.

NOTA: Si alguno de ustedes sabe o encuentra extra el primer volumen de esta serie de catalogos, mucho agradeceria me informaran para ver si pudiera yo adquirirlo, ya que como dije anteriormente yo lo tengo en calidad de prestamo. Saludos desde la Ciudad de Mexico, Luz Montejano

luzmontejano@hilton.com.mx luzmontejanohilton@ancestros.com.mx luzmontejano@hotmail.com

Biblioteca Luz Montejano 2

9.- Indice de documentos virreinales de San Luis Potosi existentes en el Archivo General de la Nacion, por Jose Antonio Rivera Villanueva. El Colegio de San Luis. 1999. Contiene indice.
(publicacion totalmente regional, no se distribuye a otros lugares, aunque en la Cd. de Mexico si pude conseguirlo).

Como su nombre lo indica, es un extracto de cada documento que se encuentra en el Archivo General de la Nacion en la Ciudad de Mexico de dos Grupos documentales catalogados el primero como Indios y el segundo de Tierras, todos del periodo colonial que abarca desde el Siglo XVI hasta el primer cuarto del Siglo XIX.

EJEMPLO:
Vol. 16, 1a. parte, exp. 1, f. 63. Ano 1589.- San Miguel el Grande.- Escrituras y titulos de las tierras que vendio Antonio de Abrego, a Alonso Perez de Bocanegra, y escritura de venta que hizo Lucas Guerrero de la hacienda de Abrego, en favor de Luis de Tovar Godinez, con los sitios y estancias que le pertenecen, en terminos de la villa de San Miguel. Juris. San Miguel el Grande, Gto.

Lo interesante de este libro sobre el actual estado de San Luis Potosi, es que incluye otros lugares como Tlaxcala, Zacatecas, Queretaro, Guanajuato, Nuevo Leon, Hidalgo y Coahuila, entre varios estados mas. El criterio de seleccion que se siguio, al parecer es el que de una u otra manera fuera o estuviera relacionado algun participante de estos documentos con el estado de San Luis Potosi. Genealogicamente puede ser muy rico en informacion.

10.- Toluca, Catalogo Documental Colonial de los Ramos del Archivo General de la Nacion, por Jose Luis Alanis Boyso. H. Ayuntamiento de Toluca. 1999. Contiene indice
(publicacion totalmente regional, no se distribuye a otros lugares, aunque en la Cd. de Mexico si pude conseguirlo).

Este libro es magnifico para todos los genealogistas y abarca desde el Siglo XVI hasta el XIX. Su titulo indica solo documentos de Toluca, la verdad, aunque en mucho menor grado que los Catalogos de la Notaria No. 1 de Toluca, si menciona personajes de otros lugares de Mexico. El autor trabajo varios fondos documentales del Archivo General de la Nacion en la Ciudad de Mexico, tales como Acordada, Aguardiente de cana, Alcaldes mayores, Bienes de difuntos, Bienes nacionales, Censos, Escribanos, Hospitales, Criminal, Intestados, Judicial, Matrimonios y muchos ramos mas.
Debo advertir que por desgracia el ramo de Tierras no fue trabajado en este libro, sin embargo no le resta ningun valor.

EJEMPLO:
1772. Solicitud matrimonial, contrayentes: Narciso Jose Diaz Espinoza, espanol y Margarita Moreno Bustos, espanola; testigos y ocupacion: Tadeo Moreno, tratante y Gil Jose Mena, sastre. Observaciones: la segunda parte del expediente, contiene una denuncia contra Margarita por ser casada.
Vol. 200, exp. 70, f. 8.

RECOMENDACIONES:
- Como siempre, lo recomiendo a todos los que ya esten investigando Siglo XVI o relativamente cercanos, no importando la region.

Part 3: Continuacion Biblioteca de Luz Montejano Hilton:

11.- Diccionario Biografico del Occidente Novohispano, Siglo XVI, Vol. 1, A-C, por Thomas Hillerkuss. U.A.Z 1997. Ediciones Cuellar. Pesa como 920 gramos.
(agotado/si lo pude conseguir en Cd. de Mexico, publicacion regional)

12.- Diccionario Biografico del Occidente Novohispano, Siglo XVI. Tomo D-G, por Thomas Hillerkuss. U.A.Z. 2001. Ediciones Cuellar. Pesa como 1.050 kilogramos.
(se puede conseguir, publicacion regional)

Ambos libros arriba mencionados como su nombre lo indica, son diccionarios biograficos, es decir exclusivamente de personas en orden alfabetico. El primer tomo inicia con apellidos de la letra A y termina en la letra C, el segundo inicia con la letra D y termina en apellidos con G.

Estos libros son magnificos para la busqueda de lineas genealogicas del Siglo XVI, ya que sin importar region alguna, basados en documentos o bibliografias de la epoca, nos dan un cuadro general de cada personaje, incluyendo las fuentes de que se dispone para su identificacion.

Es muy importante ademas, que el autor Thomas Hillerkuss nos da su definicion sobre el territorio que abarcaba el occidente novohispano y al respecto nos dice: "El limite del lado sur y oeste es representado por el oceano Pacifico; hacia el norte llega a las partes exploradas de Nuevo Mexico; solamente para el lado oriental fue necesario elegir puntos de referencia que son, empezando en la costa del Mar del Sur: Zacatula, el cerro de Tancitaro, Tlazazalca, las minas de Comanja, la sierra de Pinos, las minas de San Luis Potosi y, por ultimo, la villa de Saltillo. Es decir fueron incluidos por completo los actuales estados de Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora, Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, Coahuila, Durango y Chihuahua, y las partes occidentales de Michoacan, Guanajuato y San Luis Potosi, ademas, Arizona y Nuevo Mexico en los Estados Unidos. Sin embargo no se trata de un diccionario excluyente sino mas bien al reves: contiene referencias a la venta de tributos de pueblos indigenas de Colima, celebrada en la ciudad de Patzcuaro, Michoacan; las relaciones entre los comerciantes de Zacatecas, Guadalajara y Colima con otros comerciantes en la ciudad de Mexico...".

Si estuvieramos en busca de publicaciones referentes al Siglo XVI sobre el Antiguo Obispado de la Nueva Galicia, Colima, Nueva Vizcaya, etcetera, definitivamente estos libros serian obligados para su consulta. Sin embargo debo mencionar que por si solos, efectivamente estos libros son excelentes, pero suelen estar incompletos en cuanto a personajes, por lo que siempre es necesario confrontarlos con otras publicaciones similares que ire mencionando en mensajes futuros.

RECOMENDACIONES:
- Si desean adquirir estos libros, haganlo a la mayor brevedad posible, ya que no se indica cuantos ejemplares se hicieron y muchas veces esto nos hace pensar que el tiraje fue de pocos ejemplares.
- Recomiendo copien este mensaje, para que vayan haciendo un listado de libros que a futuro les pudiera servir.

Part 4: Continuacion Biblioteca de Luz Montejano Hilton:

13.- Relacion documental para la historia de la provincia de Yucatan, (1520-1844), por Sergio Quezada. Contiene indice y pesa como 600 gramos.
(dificil de conseguir, tengo localizados dos ejemplares en librerias de viejos o usados, a mi me costo hace tiempo aproximadamente unos 300 o 350 pesos, ya no recuerdo muy bien. Este libro fue una edicion totalmente regional, que fue publicado para conmemorar los 450 anos de la Fundacion de Merida y los 500 anos del Descubrimiento de America en 1992).

Como todos los buenos catalogos o indices, este se vuelve una joya para los genealogistas que buscan sus raices en el Siglo XVI de cualquier region, ya que muchas veces no sabemos si nuestros antepasados vivieron antes en otros lugares y, por supuesto para quienes buscan en los actuales estados de Yucatan, Campeche y Tabasco se vuelve el libro de cabecera, ya que hay muy poco publicado para estos periodos coloniales sobre estas regiones de Mexico. Este libro es una recopilacion de documentos historicos relacionados a los lugares antes mencionados.

Nos sirve a muchos este tipo de libros, porque en primer lugar la investigacion esta basada en tres archivos que son: Archivo General de la Nacion en la Ciudad de Mexico, Archivo Historico Nacional en Madrid, España y el Archivo General de Indias en Sevilla. El proposito del autor fue darnos a conocer un gran numero de documentos existentes en estos archivos relacionados con la antigua Provincia de Yucatan durante la epoca colonial, y a decir del autor:: "…el territorio que comprendio la Peninsula de Yucatan, la Laguna de Terminos o Presidio del Carmen y Tabasco...".

Otra ventaja que tiene este libro, es que nos indica la ubicación del documento en el archivo correspondiente y eso muchos de ustedes saben que es maravilloso, ya que de esa manera podemos muchas veces pedir copias de los expedientes que nos interesan sin necesidad de ir a estos archivos. Algo que es curioso o raro en este catalogo, es que el documento mas antiguo que se encontro esta fechado en 1520 (pag. 125), cuando apenas Yucatan era concebido por los espanoles como una "Isla".

Principalmente trata epoca colonial, pero se maneja parte del Mexico independiente y el documento mas moderno nos dice el autor que es del ano de 1844, sobre todo referente a las actividades de la aduana maritima de Tabasco.

Para ayudarles un poco, saque del indice algunos apellidos de los personajes mencionados en estos extractos de documentos: Peniche, Mino, Maldonado, Dufau, Jimenez de Meza, Barbachano, Crespi, Amusquivar, O'Neill, Llovet, Jimenez Guerrero, Bulfe, Casasola, Bolio, Linard, Vazquez Moscoso, Granados de Cabrera, Argaez, Quijano, Flota, Garcia Rejon, Anguas, Urcelay, Villoria, Cano Sandoval, Perez de Acal (uno de los apellidos que llevo nuestro personaje tan polemico en Mexico don Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana), Lao Gonzalez, Requena y muchos mas.

Y como siempre digo, como muestra basta un boton:

1628. CAMPECHE. Provanza de Maria Velasco, mujer de Francisco Ortiz, por los servicios de Diego Aranda su abuelo y Diego Aranda su padre, conquistador el primero y poblador el segundo…

1785-1808. VILLAHERMOSA. Testamentarias de Miguel Lopez Valiente y Josefa Maria Mino…

1573. MERIDA. Documento sobre los golpes propinados a Luis Pech por fray Melchor Tarancon…

1601. CAMPECHE. Jorge Canul, hijo de Francisco Canul, difunto cacique de Tenabo, sobre que no pague tributo a su encomendero.

1760. MERIDA. Jeronimo Fajardo, vecino de la ciudad de Merida, con Ignacia Josefa y Agustina Manuela Barranco Abreu, herederas del capitan Agustin Barranco, por paga de cantidad de pesos…

1592. TABASCO. Nombramiento de gobernador de Tamulte de la Barranca, en la provincia de Tabasco, a favor de Francisco de Montejo, cacique, por termino de un ano…

RECOMENDACIÓN:
-Aunque a ustedes no les interese el tema de este libro, si localizaran algun ejemplar de el en alguna libreria, recomiendo nos avisen de su existencia, tal vez otras personas si deseen adquirirlo.

14.- Indice del Ramo de Tierras del Estado de Puebla, por Enrique Mendez Martinez. Colección Cientifica 1979. Contiene indice analitico (localizacion de los pueblos, barrios, haciendas, etcetera). Pesa como 670 gramos.
(agotado)

Es un extraordinario catalogo con mucha informacion para los genealogistas, ya que en estos documentos podemos identificar a muchos de nuestros antepasados como propietarios o trabajadores de alguna hacienda determinada, solicitando alguna merced de un herido para molino, peleando alguna merced de tierra, discutiendo algun limite de propiedad e incluso peleando alguna propiedad heredada por sus antepasados. Muchas veces incluso, encontramos testamentos en estos expedientes o casi casi, una genealogia completa de alguna familia que peleaba alguna tierra con merced original a su antepasado, asi que de alguna manera debia de comprobar su parentesco. Como guia, es estupendo trabajo, ya que nos puede agilizar la busqueda de documentos en el Archivo General de la Nacion en la Ciudad de Mexico, ya que todo este catalogo esta basado en material existente en el Ramo de Tierras de dicho archivo. Contiene documentos desde el siglo XVI hasta el XIX, por lo que se vuelve nuestra pequena biblia.

La informacion que se encuentra en estos documentos es muy variada, asi que mejor pongo algunos ejemplos, ya que ademas de servirnos a nosostros los genealogistas, tambien a historiadores y sociologos les puede ser de mucha utilidad.

EJEMPLO:
Anos 1615-1617 Vol. 2672 Exp. 7 Fojas 17
TEHUACAN, Po.
Diligencias hechas en virtud de un mandamiento acordado por el marquez de Guadalcazar, sobre la merced de un herido para molino, que los naturales del pueblo de Tehuacan solicitan en terminos de Tepeji.

Ano 1598 Vol. 2723 Exp. 27 Fojas 18.
TECAMACHALCO Po.
Autos y diligencias realizadas por el pedimento de Francisco Lopez Hidalgo, para que se le conceda merced de un sitio de estancia para ganado menor y tres caballerias de tierra en terminos de Santa Maria, estancia de los pueblos de Tecamachalco y Cachula o Quecholac. Hay dos mapas.

Anos 1719-1742 Vol. 617 Exp. 3 Fojas 142
HUEJOTZINGO, Po.
Cuentas relativas a la hacienda nombrada de San Martin del Monte, perteneciente a los hijos de Manuel Flores de Valdez y Gertrudis Rodriguez Davila.

RECOMENDACIÓN:
-Aunque a ustedes no les interese el tema de este libro, si localizaran algun ejemplar de el en alguna libreria, recomiendo nos avisen de su existencia, tal vez otras personas si deseen adquirirlo.

15.- Colección de documentos sobre Tehuacan, Puebla, por Blanca Lara Tenorio. Colección Cientifica 1982. No contiene indice, pesa como 370 gramos.
(agotado/investigue y quedan como 60 libros).

Este catalogo, como muchos otros que utilizamos, se vuelve una biblia para los genealogistas, sobre todo porque existe aqui material del Siglo XVI, en donde podemos encontrar personas de otras regiones. Trata en su totalidad sobre documentos del Archivo de Notarias de Puebla en relacion a Tehuacan, el catalogo inicia en el ano de 1581 y concluye con documentos del Siglo XIX, por desgracia para muchos no contiene indice de ninguna clase, pero no es dificil su consulta, ya que esta separado cronologicamente. Es excelente como complemento del libro Indice del Ramo de Tierras del Estado de Puebla.

La autora de este libro en su introduccion nos dice: "La existencia del valioso acervo documental del Archivo de Notarias de Puebla, nos marco uno de los caminos a seguir, para el desarrollo de nuestro trabajo, sobre esta region poblana, dividiendolo en dos partes:
Primero: Extracto de tres protocolos de tehuacan, pertenecientes al siglo XVI que abarcan de 1581 a 1589; de todos y cada uno de sus asuntos, firmados por el escribano Cosme de Tuesta.
Segundo: Transcripcion de dos cuadernos que contienen indice sobre documentos, que como se indica en ellos fueron quemados…".

Para recomendarles este libro podria seguir explicando de que trata, pero muchas veces en el caso de los catalogos, guias o indices, valen mas los ejemplos.

EJEMPLO:
1582.- Causa instruida por Juan Alonso, vecino de los Angeles, estante en Tehuacan, en la que fleta a Felipe Garcia 34 Carretas de bueyes que tiene en los Angeles, para que lleve en ella 80 fanegas de sal amarilla, de las salinas de Asuchitlan, a las minas de Pachuca a Juan de Frias Salazar a razon de 8 reales cada fanega. f.4.

1582.- Poder que otorga Diego Perez de los Rios, vecino de Tehuacan a Manuel de Espinoza, vecino de la Ciudad de Antequera, para cobrar de la Real Hacienda 266 pesos 5 tomines y 4 granos, que se le adeudan anualmente, como hijo de conquistador, como lo especifica la Real Cedula. f.17v.

1589.- Poder que otorga Cristobal Montano encomendero del Pueblo de Zapotitlan a Diego Ramirez de Contreras, vecino de Tehuacan, para que en su nombre cobre a los Alcaldes principales y mayordomos del Pueblo de Zapotitlan 205 pesos de oro comun, de los tributos que le adeudan. f.36v.

1589.- Testamento de Felipe Garcia, natural de la Villa del Casar, Alcala de Menares (sic) de los Reinos de Castilla, hijo legitimo de Andres Garcia y Juana Lorenzo. f.70.

RECOMENDACIONES:
-Si desean adquirir este libro, haganlo a la mayor brevedad posible, ya que como se indica arriba quedan muy pocos ejemplares.
-No se sorprendan cuando lo compren, ya que estos libros casi siempre se encuentran muy maltratados en su pasta e incluso deshojados, ya tienen 20 anos de que fueron editados.
-Recomiendo copien este mensaje, para que vayan haciendo un listado de libros que a futuro les pudiera servir.

Part 5: Continuacion Biblioteca de Luz Montejano Hilton:

16.- Guia general del Archivo Historico del Convento de Churubusco, por Daniel Escorza Rodriguez. Coleccion Fuentes. 1999. Contiene indice, pesa como 630 gramos. (si se consigue)

Este libro puede ser una fuente de informacion genealogica maravillosa, sobre todo para quienes buscamos las "limpiezas de sangre" de los aspirantes a ingresar a una orden religiosa, la cual era requisito forzoso incluyendo sus buenas costumbres para el ingreso a ordenes. El Archivo Historico del Convento de Churubusco contiene la documentacion producida por el convento dieguino de Santa Maria de los Angeles de Churubusco, desde el siglo XVII hasta principios del XX, este archivo contiene muy diversa informacion, tales como certificaciones, mandatos, informacion de limpieza y costumbres, etcetera. A partir de 1991 el acervo quedo bajo la custodia del Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones. En la Ciudad de Mexico simplemente conocemos ese museo como Convento de Churubusco.

Recomiendo ampliamente este libro, pero como siempre un ejemplo es mejor que mil palabras…

EJEMPLO:

1644 Mexico, Convento de San Diego 11 de octubre
Informacion de limpieza y costumbres de Mathias Jimenez del Moral, pretendiente al habito del coro. Caja 1, legajo 20.

1701 Puebla de los Angeles 4 de agosto Miguel Tinoco, cura de la catedral.
Certificado de bautismo de Ignacio Joseph Gutierrez, hijo legitimo de Francisco Gutierrez de Celis y de Manuela de Armengol. Caja 12, expediente 34, no. 12.

17.- Catalogo de mujeres del ramo Inquisicion del Archivo General de la Nacion, por Adriana Rodriguez Delgado (coordinadora) Colección Fuentes. 2000. Contiene indice, pesa como 770 gramos.

(si se consigue, pero solo quedan 400 ejemplares de 1000 que se editaron, o sea que en dos anos se han vendido unos 600)

Este catalogo es una recopilacion de todos aquellos expedientes inquisitoriales (completos e incompletos) en donde los personajes principales fueron las mujeres, aquí muchas veces es en donde encontramos a nuestras abuelas auto-denunciandose por ser supersticiosas, o que las acusaron de hechiceria o brujeria, asi que en muchas ocasiones resulta muy divertido leerlo simplemente.

Anoto lo siguiente que dice: "En la epoca colonial la mujer no solo desempeno los papeles tradicionales de su genero: hija, esposa, madre, etcetera, sino que tambien transgredio las normas establecidas de su tiempo, y es precisamente la documentacion inquisitorial la que nos permite un mejor acercamiento a la cotidianidad de aquellas mujeres que, sin importar su condicion socioeconomica, constituyeron parte fundamental de la sociedad novohispana durante el dominio espanol…"

Para todos los genealogistas e historiadores, es fundamental tener un catalogo de esta magnitud, ya que en primer lugar nos da mucha informacion aun siendo un brevisimo resumen del expediente original, por otro lado, a todos nos ahorra mucho tiempo y dinero el tener la oportunidad de identificar tal o cual expediente y no tener que pasarse meses y meses en el Archivo General de la Nacion de la Ciudad de Mexico y, por ultimo, al calcular el numero de fojas o paginas que se mencionan en cada expediente, nos podremos dar una idea de como estara ese expediente, interesante, largo, incompleto, etc.

Recomiendo ampliamente este libro, pero como siempre un ejemplo es mejor que mil palabras…

EJEMPLO:

1618   Sin lugar. Denuncia en contra de Felicitas Pulgarin, por haber aconsejado a otra mujer diese a su marido a beber unos polvos de ara consagrada y haberlo hecho la mujer.
Vol. 318, exp. 6-f, ff. 349-351.

1646 Puebla de los Angeles (Puebla). Proceso contra dona Bernardina de Herrera por sospechosa de hechicerias. Vol. 424, exp. 4, 446 ff.

1646 Tampico (Tamaulipas). Testificaciones contra Ines Gonzalez, mestiza, vecina de la Villa de Tampico, mujer de Bartolo Porta, por judaizante. Vol. 426, exp. 16, ff. 427-435.

Nota de Luz Montejano: Aunque el primer expediente en estos ejemplos esta sin lugar de referencia, hay otros referentes a Felicitas Pulgarin por supersticiosa que tienen como lugar de origen Zacatecas.

RECOMENDACIONES:   Recomiendo copien este mensaje, para que vayan haciendo un listado de libros que a futuro les pudiera servir.

Saludos desde la Ciudad de Mexico, Luz Montejano Hilton Luzmontejano@hotmail.com

NOTA DE SU AMIGA LUZ: Por unos dias los dejo descansar, ya que no recibiran estos mensajes, pero les adelanto que proximamente les detallare un poco sobre los Indices del Archivo Notarial de Xalapa en Veracruz, desde el Siglo XVI hasta todo el Siglo XVII. Otro sobre los Artistas y Artesanos de la Ciudad de Mexico, pero a traves de fuentes documentales (hay Alarifes o Arquitectos, Carpinteros, Plateros, Artifice de organos, etcetera y contiene en muchas ocasiones datos genealogicos muy interesantes, es delicioso leer este libro (son dos tomos). El de Indice del Ramo de Tierras de la Intendencia de Michoacan y por ultimo sobre el Catalogo de los documentos del siglo XVI del Archivo Historico de la Ciudad de Patzcuaro en Michoacan…

SOLICITUD: Casi todos nos conocemos desde hace mucho tiempo y muchos tenemos amigos en comun, todos o la mayoria relacionados con genealogia e historia, la solicitud o mejor dicho el favor que les pido, es que me permitan formar "GRUPOS" en mi directorio de e-mail para que no tenga que estar mandando mensajes uno a uno, si lo desean pueden de una vez incluir a otros amigos que sepan ustedes que deseen recibir mis mensajes. Yo se que es un asunto muy delicado para muchos de ustedes que no desean compartir su direccion de correo, es por eso que les pido que formen sus propios grupos y me lo hagan saber a la mayor brevedad posible.

Gracias de antemano, su amiga Luz Montejano.
luzmontejano@hilton.com.mx luzmontejanohilton@ancestros.com.mx luzmontejano@hotmail.com

FIGHTING the BRITISH
in CENTRAL AMERICA
DURING the AMERICAN REVOLUTION
UNDER the OTHER GENERAL GÁLVEZ
(Third Part, the Workers at Fort Omoa).
by Dr. Granville W. and N. C. Hough

When Spain declared war on England 21 June 1779, Captain General Matías de Gálvez of Guatemala was responsible for Central American defenses, including Costa Rico through Chiapas. The Spanish stronghold on the Caribbean Coast of Central America was Fort Omoa, which was in such poor condition in 1769 that it was rebuilt. This construction effort was still going on when Spain declared war on Great Britain in 1779; however some of the workers by then were likely doing the work of the port. The work was done by slaves and Ladinos, and both of these were unusual groups of people. Records are found on LDS Film Rolls 0741891, Guatemala Real Tribunal Padrones, 1773-1779.

The slaves were designated as slaves of the King, and they were organized into companies, or contratas, including the First Contrata Caravalis, Second Contrata Mondongos, Third Contrata Caravalies, and Fourth Contrata Caravalies, designated below as 1CC, 2CM, 3CC, and 4CC. There were some non-slaves in these contratas, and these probably included Ladinos. Also, others who were not listed as slaves at Omoa or Fort Omoa could have been Ladinos. One or two of the officers of the fort were designated, but the soldiers were not. Probably many of the married and single non-slave men were soldiers.

The 1776 Padron does not designate Ladinos, but they are mentioned as participants in building the fort. Two priests separately tried to explain what a Ladino was, and it comes through that they were not slaves, not Spanish, and belonged to no organized Indian tribe. They apparently spoke, or understood rudimentary Spanish. (It is useful to recall the history of the Caribbean Coast of Central America in 1770. For 200 years, there had been pirates and entrepreneurs from many
European nations operating along the coasts. Many brought seamen and slaves who escaped or settled along the coast. From the Pacific side of the mountains, Spanish settlers raided the closest Indian tribes of the Caribbean side of the mountains, taking anyone they could catch as slaves. Coastal Indians soon began selling enemy Indian captives as slaves to the Spanish. Some Indian tribes disappeared under the pressure. So there perhaps developed a border people, some formerly slaves or refugees, some formerly Indians, some formerly pirates and adventurers, who did not belong to any organized group. Through 200 years of intermarriage, the Ladinos could have developed into a border people, but more research is needed to develop exactly how they evolved.)

Most of the various peoples at Fort Omoa, or in the immediate area, in 1776 are included below. Male children are also included down to age 11 as they would have been eligible to join the militia at age 16 or contribute to the expenses of the war when they became 18. (Slaves were not asked to contribute, but the status of children of the slaves shown below is not clear.)

Fort Omoa was first taken by the British in late 1779, then retaken by the Spanish a few days later. In the fighting, the homes of nearly all the workers were destroyed to clear access to the fort from the landward side, forcing the workers to flee into the jungle and mangrove swamps. Those who remained behind when the British attacked were captured and sold as slaves in Jamaica, providing prize money for the British invaders.

Luís Acaniqui, negro slave, age 52, 1CC, wife María Pemba, age 32, two ch.
Julián Acuanave, negro slave, age 50, 1CC, wife Francisca Esangua, age 40, son Gabriel, age16.
Agustin Acue, negro slave, age 50, 1CC, wife María Josefa Oququene, 28, 2 ch.
Luciano Adamado, negro slave, age 25, 4CC, single.
Tiburcio Adriano, age 34, wife Candelaria Ortiz, 30.
Blas Agua Sosa, negro slave, age 30, 3CC.
Domingo Agua, negro slave, age 60, 1CC, wife María Antonia Guaducha, 30, 2 ch.
Manuel de Aguilar, age 50, servant, married, no wife mentioned.
Eusevlo Alayola, negro slave, age 27, 3CC, single.
Julián Alayola, negro slave, age 46, 1CC, wife María Manuela, 30, 3 ch.
Francisco Albarez, negro slave, 26, married, no wife mentioned.
Pedro Albarez, negro slave, 20, single.
Pedro Alcanta Andara, age 20, single.
Jazinto Alfaro, clerk, age 27, single.
Pedro Martin Amaya, age 22, single.
Narcisco Ambula, negro slave, age 36, 2CM, wife Maria Antonia Gueque, 30, one son.
Isidro Andara, age 3, wife Isabel María Agrames, 20, one son, one dau.
Cristóbal Angola, negro slave, age 30, 3CC, single.
Juan Angola, negro slave, age 38, 2CM, wife Juana Nangue, 32, 2 daus and son Juan, age 11.
Bentura Anguimbez, negro slave, age 38, 2CM, wife María Agustina Tumbo, 30.
Miguel Angulo, negro slave, age 28, 4CC, single.
Marcos Apalito, negro slave, age 50, 1CC, wife Juana Lusia, 30, 2 daus, 2 sons.
Juan Aque, negro slave, age 40, 1CC, wife Petrona Masala, 35, son Luys Aque, 16, Josef Mauricio Aque, and one other ch.
Favian Aque, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Thomas Aquino Alayola, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, single.
Francisco Arellanos, servant at San Fernando de Omoa, age 34, widower.
Manuel de Jesús Arroio, negro slave, age 35, 3CC, single.
Juan Arroyo Hete, negro slave, age 45, 1CC, wife Luysa Sibuanga, 34, son
Juan Manuel Arroyo, 14, and 3 others.
Juan Antonio Arroyo, negro slave, age 24, 3CC, single.
Juan de Dios Arroyo, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Manuel Arroyo Evo, negro slave, age 40, 1CC, wife María Concepción, 32, son Antonio Nicolas, age 15, and one other.
Antonio Arrsuma, negro slave, age 30, 3CC, single.
Santiago Arva, negro slave, age 54, 1CC, wife María Marta, 35.
Francisco Arvaprumpis, negro slave, age 50, 1CC, wife Juana Adan, 30, 2 sons, 1 dau.
Alexos Aseguruso, negro slave, age 25, 4CC, wife Lorenza Yfu, 20, and one dau.
Nicolas Atu, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Pablo Avia, negro slave, age 32, 1CC, wife Thomasa Enfuti, 30.
Cayetano de Ayala, age 35, wife Juana María Hernández, 33, two daus.
Clemente Antonio Ayala, age 19, single.

Patricio Baco, negro slave, age 54, 1CC, wife María Manuela, 28, one son.
Pedro Balderas, age 30, wife Ana María Fortin, 25.
Manuel Balenza/Balenzuela, pardo, age 29, wife Rosa.
Simón Balenzuela, age 25, single.
Reymundo Ballecillo, inhabitant, age 30, widower.
Longino Ballejo, negro slave, age 38, 3CC, single.
Juan Josef Banegas, age 22, single.
Juan de Dios Bardales, age 13.
Pedro Bardales, inhabitant, age 30, single.
Phelipe Bardales, inhabitant, age 28, wife Marzela Zerzo, 26, one son.
Antonio Barela, inhabitant, age 49, single.
Marcos de Bargas, age 35, wife Josefa de Ozorio, 28, two ch.
Pedro Barrientos, age 70, single.
Ramon Barrueta, age 14.
Josef Bassi, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Juan Bassi, negro slave, age 38, 2CM, wife Maria Rosa Buanga, 36, two sons incl Josef, age 14, and two daus.
Josef Ilario Benavides, age 14.
Santiago Benavides, age 60, wife Geronima Juares, 30, two sons.
Thomas Beteta, age 21, single.
Fernando Boate, negro slave, age 30, 3CC, single.
Juan Boate, negro slave, age 30, 2CM, wife Antonia Binda, 45, four ch/stepch.
Francisco Bosi, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife María Thomasa Gueriepo, 30, one son.
Manuel Brich, negro slave, age 30, 4CC, wife Francisca Bunga, and one dau.
Phelipe Isidro Brito, negro slave, age 35, 3CC, wife María Lusia Ama, 28.
Lorenco Buco, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife Marcela Ancha, 30.
Phelipe Buempa, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife Casilda Amuelle, 30, one son.
Joaquin Buitrio, inhabitant, age 45, married, no wife mentioned.
Marcos Bunga, negro slave, age 22, 3CC, single.
Eusevio Burucan, negro slave, age 35, 4CC, single.

Thomas Caballero, age 34, wife Juana Francisca Miranda, 30, two sons and one dau.
Josef Cabrera, age 25, wife Francisca Ortega, 36.
Antonia Canga, negra slave, age 48, 2CM, shown as married, but listed with María Jesús Chinva, 30.
Antonio Canga, negro slave, age 30, 2CM, wife Petrona Gumba, 30, 2 daus.
Basilio Canga, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Lorenzo Canga, negro slave, age 37, 2CM, wife Ana María Masanga, 35, one dau.
Luís Canga, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Luís Cangui, negro slave, age 36, 2CM, wife Marcela Pemba, 30, 2 daus and 1 son.
Francisco Carava, negro slave, age 30, 3CC, single.
Antonio Carrasco, age 50, wife María del Carmen Ramos, 35.
Juan Antonio Carrasco, negro slave, age 50, 1CC, wife Francisca Matea, 30, one dau.
Juan de Dios Carrasco, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, wife Francisca Guachubero, 30.
Manuel Carrasco, 34, single.
Manuel Casasola, inhabitant, age 14.
Tadeo Casasola, age 35, wife Benita Martinez, 27, 2 ch.
Benito de Castro, age 40, widower.
Juan Antonio de Castro, age 30, wife Petrona Quintana, and son, age 11, of same name.
Juan de los Santos Castro, inhabitant, age 18, single.
Juan Francisco de Castro, inhabitant, age 24, single.
Ramon Castro, inhabitant, age 19, single.
Julián Celevo, negro slave, age 35, 4CC, single.
Lorenzo de Chabez, age 34, white, married, no wife mentioned.
Bernave Chondo, negro slave, age 46, 2CM, wife María de Jesús Ocu, 28.
Babriel Cofy, negro slave, age 40, 1CC, wife María Antonia Nanque, 35, 2 ch.
Sevastián Cofe, negro slave, age 30, 2CM, wife María Francisca Ense, 25, three daus.
Josef Manuel Cofi, negro slave, age 35, 3CC, single.
Miguel Cofy, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, single.
Juan Colorado, negro slave, age 35, 2CM, wife Theresa Aco, 28, one dau.
Ignacio Cometa, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Antonio Congo, negro slave, age 35, 2CM, wife María Antonia Guamogo, 25, 1dau/1son.
Antonio Congo, negro slave, age 50, 1CC, wife María Josefa Ocu, 36.
Josef Conzepción, age 45, wife Manuela Castro, 27.
Josef María Corondo, negro slave, age 50, 1CC, wife María Antonia Andulo, 40.
Theodoro Corralez, age 50, widower, white.
Juan Baptista Coto, age 12.
Pasqual Joseph Coto, age 13.
Gregorio Cribas, servant, age 36, married, no wife mentioned.
Juan de Dios Curanco, negro slave, age 35, 4CC, single.
Juan Curo, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, single.
Vitoriano Curo, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, single.
Geronimo Cutro, negro slave, age 38, 2CM, wife María Dolores Quecha, 30.

Francisco Davila Galindo, white, age 29, wife Gregoria Rodriquez, 25, two daus.
Phelipe Dias, inhabitant, age 16.
Josef Dientes Palma, negro slave, age 35, heran de Palma (contrata), single.
Guilermo Dobles, 37, wife María delos Ang’s/Angeles Padilla, 30, one dau.
Juan Diego Dome, negro slave, age38, 2CM, wife Marta Antonia Samba, 30, son Carlos, 12.
Antonio Duran, negro slave, age 38, 1CC, wife Juana Lemba, 28, four ch incl son Matheo Antonio, 12.
Ildefonso Duran, negro slave, age 30, 3CC, single.
Josef Miguel Duran, age 12.
Miguel Duran, age 32, 2d wife Juana Padilla, 17, and two daus.
Visente Pedro Duran, negro slave, age 35, widower, 3CC, one son.

Juan Baptista Emerguane, negro slave, age 35, 4CC, single.
Enrrique Enchivo Maange, negro slave, age40, 2CM, wife María Antonia Quenge, 25,1 son.
Josef Enchuco, negro slave, age 60, 1CC, wife María Dolores, 33, one dau.
Miguel Enchuto, negro slave, age 35, 2CM, wife María Antonia Famogo.
Juan Josef Pasqual Eneque, negro slave, age 30, 4CC, wife Petrona Oma, 30, 1dau/1 son.
Eusevio Engoma, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife María Dolores Guada, 35, two daus.
Lorenzo Engoma, negro slave, age 39, 2CM, wife Juana Faga, 28.
Josef Equa, negro slave, age 55, 1CC, wife María Antonia Bacuenta, 25, one son.
Sevestián Equaman, negro slave, age 30, 3CC, single.
Francisco Equenofo, negro slave, age 50, 1CC, wife María Josefa, 32, one dau.
Manuel Equeta, negro slave, age 50, 1CC, wife Marcela Estimuco, 30.
Martin Eredia, age 35, single.
Vizente Escobar, servant, age 50, San Fernando de Omoa, single.
Manuel de Espinosa, age 16, single.
León Eta, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Josef Ete, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, single.
Francisco Etechi, negro slave, age 30, 4CC, single.
Francisco Evo, negro slave, age 54, 1CC, wife María Rosa, 30, one son, three daus.
Ignacio Evo, negro slave, age 30, 3CC, wife María Manuela Encha, 25.
Jasinto Evo, negro slave, age 30, 3CC, single.
Juan Gonzalo Evo, negro slave, age 40, 3CC, wife María Manuela Queta, 30.

Manuel Fariña, age 57, single.
Josef Manuel Ferminor, negro slave, age 35, San Fernando de Omoa, single.
Theresa de Flores, servant, age 28, widow, at San Fernando de Omoa.
Francisco Fortuni, age 50, married, no wife mentioned.
Josef Frayle Tambo, negro slave, age 35, 2CM, wife María Consepción Boaja, 25, one son and three daus
Francisco Manuel Frenque, age 50, wife María Rita Frenque, 50.
Juan Fua, negro slave, age 45, 2CM, wife María Josefa Yafonia, 35.

Pablos Galban, age 35, wife Rosa Paredes, 30.
Joaquín Gallardo, inhabitant, age 25, single.
Manuel Gambi, negro slave, age 32, 2CM, wife Nuola Ensaca, one dau and one son.
Blas Gamboa, servant, age 13.
Francisco Gamboa, free negro, age 16.
Isidro Gamboa, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, wife María Espinosa Cotifa, 25.
Josef Gamboa, slave, age 20, single.
Josef Gamboa, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, single.
Josef Gamboa de Palma, negro slave, age 35, heran de Palma (contrata), wife María Antonia, 25, one dau and one son.
Josef Isidro Gamboa, free negro, age 50, wife María Silberia Gamboa, 30, and five ch, and the hh included one slave.
Julián Gamboa, negro slave, age 20, 3CC, single.
Pedro Gamboa, free negro, age 15.
Severino Gamboa, negro slave, age 35, 3CC, wife Juana Luquene, 25, and one dau.
Manuel García, inhabitant, age 28, married, wife not named.
Francisco Goma Canga, negro slave, age 35, 2CM, wife María Manuela Bume, 25.
Euzevio Gonzales, age 36, single.
*Josef Gonzales Ferminor, Comandante, San Fernando de Omoa, Guatemala, 1776.
Juan Gonzales, slave, age 30, married, wife not listed.
Luíz Gonzales, slave, age 20, single.
Rafael Gonzales, slave, age 30, single.
Ramon Gonzales, pardo, age 18, single.
Cayetano Granadales, age 16, single.
Luís Gubi, negro slave, age 30, 2CM, wife Micaela Pemba, 29, one son and one dau.
Juan de Guebara, age 28, wife María Millon, one son.
Juan Nerio Guebara, inhabitant, age 16, single.
Antonio Guimbe, negro slave, age 44, 2CM, wife María Antonia Tulo, 35, one dau.
Juan de Dios Guimbe, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife María Antonia Susi, 32, two sons including Miguel, age 14, and two daus.
Manuel Guimbe, negro slave, age 20, 3CC, single.

Juan Pedro Henrriques, age 64, wife Monica Zuñiga, 36, one dau.
Adriano Hernández, inhabitant, age 23, single.
Alexos Hernández, age 25, single.
Felipe Heta, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, single.
Francisco Heta, negro slave, age 53, 1CC, wife María del Carmen, 33, 2daus/son Juan Josef Heta, age 16.
Francisco Hoyas, negro slave, age 40, 4CC, single.
Manuel Huebo, negro slave, age 30, 4CC, single.
Pelipe Huibier, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Visente Huyver, negro slave, age 35, 1CC, wife María Josefa, 29, one ch.

Marcos de Isaguirre, free negro, age 40, wife Ana María, 33, four daus.
Antonio Juadamesi, negro slave, age 50, 1CC, wife Francisca Canga, 39, two daus.

Visente Laguegura, negro slave, age 30, 4CC, single.
Balthazar dela Lama, clerk, age 26, married, wife not listed.
Josef Liguibe, negro slave, age 34, 2CM, wife María Dolores Sendo, 30, one son.
Guillermo Lopez Clevo, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Lorenzo Lopez, servant, age 12, at San Fernando de Omoa.
Lucas Lopez, clerk, age 40, single.
Matheo Lopez Cleve/Eleve, negro slave, age 36, 1CC, wife Agustini Abilongo, 30, one dau and two sons, including Juan Francisco Lopez, age 14.
Francisco Lufumba, negro slave, age 38, widower, 2CM, two sons.

Joaquín Macanda, negro slave, age 30, 2CM, wife María del Rosario Suzi, 26, 2sons/2 daus.
Josef Macanda, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Simon Macanda, negro slave, age 40, 4CC, single.
Domingo Macaya, negro slave, age 45, 2CM, wife María Antonia Mundele, 35, 1son,/1 dau.
Francisco Macaya, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Lorenzo Macho, negro slave, age 30, 4CC, single.
Manuel Macho, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife Juana Muare, 30, one dau.
Domingo Malli, negro slave, age 52, 1CC, wife María Bunga, 34, two daus.

Patricio Mally, negro slave, age 35, 3CC, single.
Marcus Malungo, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife María de Jesús, 35.
Sisto Malungo, negro slave, age 30, 3CC, single.
Diego Mambala, negro slave, age 30, 2CM, wife María Manuela, 28, one dau.
Antonio Manano, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife María Pascuala Hueñe, 25.
Eusevio Mangandi, negro slave, age 60, 1CC, wife María del Rosario, 30.
Marcos Mangadi, negro slave, age 33, 4CC, single.
Simon Mangandy, negro slave, age 35, 3CC, wife María Manuela Ariago, 24.
Juan Pedro Manugo, negro slave, age 36, 2CM, wife Juana Lemba, 34, three ch.
Julio Bernardo Manzana, clerk, age 40, single.
Marcelino Marina, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Miguel Marira, negro slave, age 36, 2CM, wife María Espinosa, 32.
Francisco Marisuta, negro slave, age 30, 2CM, wife Geronima Samba, 36, one dau.
Alonzo Marquez, age 29, wife Francisca Zuñiga, 25.
Josef Antonio Martinez, treasurer, San Fernando de Omoa, 1776, wife María Calderon de la Barca.
Lazaro Martinez, age 27, wife María Salbadora, 20.
Juan de Mata Brich, negro slave, age 35, 3CC, wife María Antonia Enbo, 20.
Francisco Mavacala, negro slave, age 48, 2CM, wife María del Rosario Guada,30, 1dau/2sons.
Benito Maviala, negro slave, age 30, 2CM, wife María Rosa Fatima, 28, one dau.
Benito Maviala, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife María Antonia Buanga, 35, one son.
Francisco Maviala, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife Marta Manuela, 29, one son.
Josef Antonio Medina, age 25, wife María dela Paz Carrasco, 22, one dau.
Manuel delos Merzedez, age 35, single.
Juan Pedro Miala, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife Marcela Nituama, 25, one son.
Pedro Miala, negro slave, age 35, 2CM, wife Catharia Bo, 25, one dau.
Francisco Millon, age 21, single.
Josef Millon, age 16, single.
Manuel Millon, age 24, widower.
Antonio Molina, age 36, wife Rosa Barrientos, 32, 3 daus.
Francisco Molina, inhabitant, widower, age 38.
Fray Miguel de Molina, Chaplain, San Fernando de Omoa.
Isidro Monteagudo, age 48, single.
Jorxe Monteagudo, age 19, single.
Antonio Montenegro, age 26, single.
Ignacio Montero, age 29, married, wife not listed.
Visente Montes, negro slave, age 48, 1CC, wife Francisca Tamba, 28, and two daus.
Manuel Montiel, age 31, wife María Catharina Andara, 18.
Blas Morillo, servant, age 47, San Fernando de Omoa, widowed.
Manuel Mosala, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, 2nd wife Juana Mavando, 25, one dau.
Andrés Muelle, age 33, single.
Antonio Musinga, negro slave, age 35, 2CM, wife Agustina Tumba, 28, one son.
Antonio Musinga, negro slave, age 38, 2CM, wife María Josefa Buacuco, 30.
Antonio Musinga, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife Casilda Guatuco, 30, three ch.
Roque Musinga, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, single.

Josef Consepción Nangue, negro slave, age 42, wife María Guama, 32, one dau.
Martin Nate, negro slave, age 38, 2CM, single.
Juan Natibi, servant, age 44, San Fernando de Omoa, single.
Josef Nequete, negro slave, age 30, 4CC, single.
Felipe Neri Palma, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, single.
Agustín Nolasco, age 35, single.
Christóbal Noriega, age 35, wife Juana Antonia Duarte, 28, two sons.
Matheo Novendo, negro slave, age 49, 1CC, wife María del Rosario, 32, 1 dau/2 sons incl Domingo, age 13.

Isidro Ocaco, negro slave, age 30, 4CC, wife María Manuela Gomogo, 25, three sons.
Ilario Ocara, negro slave, age 22, 3CC, single.
Josef Ocara, negro slave, age 48, 1CC, wife Margarita Mabando, 40, 4 ch.
Juan Josef Ochenda, negro slave, age 28, 4CC, wife María Gueque, 25.
Domingo Ocore, negro slave, age 40, 4CC, wife María Antonia Beque, 25.
Felipe Ocore, negro slave, age 53, 1CC, wife María Isavel, 35, 3 ch incl José Ocore, 11.
Francisco Ocore, negro slave, age 35, 4CC, wife María Antonia Oriaca, 25.
Francisco Ocore, negro slave, age 48, 1CC, wife Francisca Luquenge, 36, son Dionicio, age11
Matias Ocore, negro slave, age 40, 3CC, single.
Pablo Ocoron, negro slave, age 35, 4CC, single.
Manuel Ocorunco, negro slave, age 40, 3CC, wife Lorenza Andara, and two ch.
Antonio Ocotuma, negro slave, age 35, 4CC, single.
Antonio Ocu, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Tiburcio Ocu, negro slave, age 28, 4CC, single.
Guillermo Ocua, negro slave, age 35, 4CC, single.
Luys Ocua, negro slave, age 50, 4CC, single.
Pablo Ocura, negro slave, age 30, 4CC, single.
Juan Pedro Venito Ogue, negro slave, age 40, 4CC, wife María Aco, 22, two ch.
Nicolas Ojia, negro slave, age 39, 1CC, wife María Manuela Pemba, 30, one ch.
Josef Ojo, negro slave, age 25, 4CC, single.
Thomas Onomano, negro slave, age 35, 4CC, single.
José Opego, negro slave, age 36, 2CM, wife María Josefa Pemba, 30.
Severino Vitoriano Opego, negro slave, age 26, widower, 3CC, one son.
Andrés Opueque, negro slave, age 22, 4CC, single.
Josef Ordo, negro slave, age 40, 1CC, wife María Antonia Gumba, 30, one dau and /3 sons incl Ignacio Ordo, 12.
Ramon Ordo, negro slave, age 24, 3CC, single.
Antonio Oriva, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, single.
Manuel Oromesal, negro slave, age 50, 1CC, wife María Antonia Luquere, 29.
Ambrocio Ortega, age 12.
Andréz de Ortega, age 40, single.
Aparicio Ortega, age 60, widower.
Domingo de Ortega, age 12.
Gregorio de Ortega, inhabitant, age 28, single.
Juan de Ortega, age 24, single.
Juan Antonio de Ortega, age 32, wife Geralda Antonia Hernández, 29, one dau.
Juan Antonio Ortega, age 28, married, wife not listed.
Juan Tiburcio Ortega, age 14.
Juan Vizencio de Ortega, age 65, wife Serafina dela Peña, 40, 7 daus and one son.
Pablo Ovi, negro slave, age 35, 3CC, single.
Domingo Ovy, negro slave, age 45, 1CC, wife Maria Antonia, 40, and one dau.
Juan Pedro de Oyos, age 32, single.
Esteban Ozequeza, age 24, single.
Benito de Ozorio, age 16, single.

Gorge Paca, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, single.
Miguel Paca, negro slave, age 32, 2CM, wife María Consepción Buanga, 29.
Josef Pacheco, inhabitant, age 28, wife Petrona Escamilla, 24.
Manuel Pacheco, age 23, single.
Patricio Pacheco, age 35, single.
Francisco Padilla, age 36, married, wife not named.
Juan Antonio Padilla, age 46, single.
Antonio Palma, negro slave, age 30, heran de Palma (contrata), wife María Josefa Enive, 25.
Francisco de Palma, negro slave, age 40, heran de Palma (contrata), wife María de la Luz, 30.
Francisco Joseph de Palma, negro slave, age 33, heran de Palma (contrata), wife Casilda Gueque, 25.
Juan Josef de Palma, negro slave, age 40, heran de Palma (contrata), single.
Juan Pedro Palma Veudo, negro slave, age 35, widower, heran de Palma (contrata), one dau and a son also called Juan Pedro, age 12.
Justo Palma, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Manuel Domingo Palma, negro slave, age 35, heran de Palma (contrata), wife María Espinosa, 20, and two sons.
Paulino Palma, negro slave, age 35, 3CC, single.
Sevestián de Palma, negro slave, age 60, heran de Palma (contrata), wife
María del Carmen Toacule, 40, two ch.
Antonio Pancho Largo, negro slave, age 20, 3CC, single.
Benito Pancho, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Francisco Pancho, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife Lucia Andumba, 30, one son.
Francisco Pancho Largo, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife María del Rosario, 40, one son Juan Francisco, 13.
Josef Pancho, negro slave, age 38, 2CM, wife María Josefa Lubieva, 30, three ch.
Lorenzo Pandi, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife María Manuela, 40, two sons.
Pablo Paria, negro slave, age 52, 1CC, wife María Josefa, 32, 2 daus.
Pedro Pascacio, age 35, wife Juana Ubalda Rodriguez, 28, 3 ch.
Faustino Pavia/Paria, negro slave, age 30, 3CC, wife Francisca Pavia, 30.
Juan Antonio Pego, servant, age 18, single.
Claudio Peña, age 12.
Josef de la Peña, clerk, age 22, single, San Fernando de Omoa, Guatemala, 1776.
Josef de la Peña, age 28, single.
Juan de la Peña, age 60, wife Juana Baptista de Ortega, 35, three ch.
Pablo Joseph de la Peña, age 18, single.
Felipe Peres,(no age), wife Mariana Velasquez, 2 sons, one 27, Pueblo Santa Isabel, 1816.
Narciso Perez, age 32, widower.
Vicente Peres, age 40, single.
Alberto Pinto, age 22, single.
Benito Pinto, age 30, wife Ana de Santiago, 30.
Isidro Pinto, inhabitant, 25, wife Lucia Joll, 20.
Juan Pinto, age 40, wife Sebastiana Rodriguez, 35.
Eugenio Piquinini, negro slave, age 25, 3CC, single.
Gregorio Piquinini, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, wife Marís Consepción Boxiaco, 25, one son.
Luís Piquinini, negro slave, age 52, 1CC, wife María Tomasa, 28, one son.
Josef Luíz Portillo, accountant at San Fernando de Omoa, single, 1776.
Vizente Portillo, age 18, single, at San Fernando de Omoa, Guatemala, 1776.
Francisco Pua, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife Casilda Yafuiara, 30, two ch.
Josef del Puerto, age 16, single.
Romualdo del Puerto age 32, single.
Sebastián del Puerto, age 34, single.

Domingo Quecha, negro slave, age 55, 1CC, wife Casilda Concho, 34, six ch incl Miguel, 15, and Josef Manuel, 13.
Antonio Quengue, negro slave, age 33, 4CC, single.
Lucas Quibari, negro slave, age 45, 2CM, wife Maria Josefa Ama, 40, one son.
Josef Apollinaro Ramires, age 28, servant at San Fernando de Omoa, single.
Balentin de los Reyes, age 22, single.
Joaquín de los Reyes, age 37, single.
Josef Ribera, inhabitant, age 30, married, wife not named.
Josef Rivera Equama’r, negro slave, age 50, 1CC, wife Petrona Fma, 28.
Juan de la Cruz Rodas, age 12.
Agustín Rodriguez, age 19, single.
Dionicio Rodriguez, age 26, single.
Luíz Rodriguez, age 14.
Phelipe Rodriguez, age 16.
Silbestre Rodriguez, age 12.
Urbano Rodriguez, age 16, single.
Francisco Romero, servant, age 14.
Juan Agustín Rossas, inhabitant, age 40, single.

Francisco Salas Uron, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, single.
Francisco Salvador, negro slave, age 50, 1CC, wife Marcela Passi, 30.
Joaquín Salvador, negro slave, age 50, 1CC, wife Baltasara Viconcho, 32, 3 ch.
Santiago Salvador, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, single.
Antonio Sanchez, inhabitant, age 50, married, wife not listed.
Josef Antonio Sanchez, age 20, single.
Thomas Santa Ana, age 42, wife Lorenza Rodriguez, 26, and three ch incl Leandro Joseph, 15.
Gabriel Saul, negro slave, age 28, 3CC, single.
Nicolas Saul, negro slave, age 36, 2CM, wife Getrudis Quibondo, 35, one son.
Joseph Siacoco, negro slave, age 35, 4CC, single.
Ignacio Siero, negro slave, age 35, 2CM, single.
Santhiago Sigua, negro slave, age 35, 4CC, single.
Josef Singa, negro slave, age 35, 2CM, wife Marcela Pemba, 29, and one son.
Miguel Geronimo Soaso, age 25, wife Sabina Quintano, 16.
Andrés Soldivar, inhabitant, age 26, married, wife not named.
Sebastián Soldivar, age 20, single.
Juan Santos Sosa, pardo, age 14.
Jazinto Suares/Juares, inhabitant, age 30, wife María Conzepción Hernándes, 26, three ch.
Phelipe Sunango, negro slave, age 38, 2CM, wife María Candelaria, 29, two ch.

Thomas Tam, negro slave, age 50, 2CM, wife María Catharina Mari, 35, two daus.
Joaquín Tava, negro slave, age 24, 3CC, single.
Francisco Texedos, age 30, wife Selilia Pacheco, 30.
Rafael Timity, negro slave, age 46, 2CM, wife Nicolasa, 38, two sons incl Josef Manuel, 12.
Domingo Tore, negro slave, age 50, 1CC, wife María Marta Simba, 30, 3 ch.
Juan de Torres, inhabitant, age 38, widower.
Josef Antonio Tovi, negro slave, age 38, 1CC, wife Petrona Pemba, 26.
Antonio Trillo, slave, age 30, married, wife not listed.
Diego Truxillo, age 20, single.

Francisco Ubemba Cozo, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, wife María Antonia Susi, 35, 5 ch.
Miguel Uca, negro slave, age 42, 1CC, wife Juana Masica, 30, one ch.
Miguel Andrés Ucu, negro slave, age 30, 3CC, wife María Josefa Oma, 25.
Rumualdo Ucu, negro slave, age 35, 3CC, wife Narsiza Congo, 35, 3 ch incl Juan Josef, 16.
Francisco Xavier Ude, negro slave, age 35, 4CC, single.
Pedro Narsizo Ude, negro slave, age 30, 3CC, single.
Santhiago Ude, negro slave, age 58, 1CC, wife Marcela Songo, 30.
Manuel Udenta, negro slave, age 16, 1CC, single.
Josef Udera, negro slave, age 35, 4CC, single.
Ilario Ugama, negro slave, age 35, 4CC, single.
Manuel Unsungo, negro slave, age 38, 2CM, wife Josefa Gajo, 30.
Pedro Utrera, negro slave, age 48, 1CC, wife María Dolores Gueque, 39.

Agustín Vallexo, negro slave, age 48, 1CC, wife María Antonia Nangue, 43, one dau and two sons incl Manuel, 16.
Marcus Veele, negro slave, age 55, 1CC, wife Agustina Quenge, 40.
Romualdo de la Vega, servant, age 32, San Fernando de Omoa, 1776, single.
Pedro Veracruz, negro slave, age 40, 2CM, single.
Francisco Vila, age 55, widower, Francisco Vila, Jr, 16, single, Joseph Vila, 15.
Bazilio Villazis, inhabitant, age 40, single.
Josef Antonio Vizente, age 40, widower.
Agustín Vron, negro slave, age 44, 1CC, wife María Petrona, 30, two ch.

Josef Francisco Xavier, slave, age 30, single.
Josef Joaquín Xiron, inhabitant, age 23, single.

Fulgencio Yguebe Singa, negro slave, age 40, 4CC, single.
Juan Ynonoron, negro slave, age 35, 4CC, wife María Udaco, 29.

Maneul Zerrano, age 53, single.
Francisco Zoreño, age 35, wife María Cruz, 22, one son.

Submitted by Granville W. and N. C. Hough, Guat5.doc, 13 May 2002.

BACKGROUND

NM State Records Center & Archives, Collections online: www.state.nm.us/cpr/srca_top.htm http://www.nmculture.org/cgi-bin/instview.cgi?_recordnum=SRCA

1600 Beginnings

http://www.viptx.net/victoria/history/1850/

Indexed By Name

The State of Texas
1850 U.S. Federal Census - Free Population Schedules

Entire web site copyright ©1995 by The Seguin Family Historical Society (Albert Seguin Gonzales - Founder)

The Economy of Haciendas in Colonial Mexico

Content Areas United States - - 2 Surname - - 20 Orange County, CA - - 28 Los Angeles, CA - - 30 California - - 31 Southwestern US - - 35 Sephardic - - 49 Black - - 50 Indigenous - - 52 Texas - - 58 East of the Mississippi - 62 East Coast - - 67 Mexico - - 70 Caribbean/Cuba - - 87 International - - 87 History - - 98 Miscellaneous - - 99 2002 Index Community Calendars Networking Meetings END	Mayan Priest's Life Story A mini-biography inscribed on the sting-ray spines and conch shells bundled has been with the remains of a priest discovered in a funeral urn at Comalcalco, the ruins of a small Mayan city in the Mexican lowlands. "This is the first time we've had this many texts in the life of one person that wasn't a king," said Marc Zender, doctoral candidate. According to Zener's glyph analysis, the priest, named Aj Pakal Tahn, first appeared on the scene as a ritual leader in A.D. 765. The last year of his service was A.D. 777. Extract from article by Rachel K. Sobel, U.S. News & World Report, pg. 62, 4-29-02
		These shell pendants describe ceremonies that Aj Pakal Tahn held in A.D. Jan 771 to honor the rain god.

ORANGE COUNTY, CA
2000 census Latino Presence on Orange County Grand Jury Breakthrough	Taller San Jose Technical Institute Father Matthew Muñoz "Cinco de Moolah"

LOS ANGELES, CA
Events California Heritage Museum Frequently Asked Questions	L.A. Comprehensive Bibliographic Database Los Angeles Almanac

CALIFORNIA
Senate Bill 1614 4-Percent Plan Three Lines of Osunas Carrillo's of California Public Schools Changing Mascots	Reading The Grapes of Wrath Anza Expedition Rancho Del Refugio & Fisher Family Land Grants Bancroft Library Bancroft Interviews

SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES
El Camino Real New Research - Northern Mexico Tucson's Origins Bookless Library opens in Tucson Border Asthma Study	Hispano Music and Culture NM State Records Center & Archives 18th Century New Mexico Presidios New Mexico Death Index New Mexico Spanish Archives 1621-1821

TEXAS
El Paso County, Texas Historic Laredo Laredo to Fly it's Own US Flag	Entradas and Royal Inspection Expeditions Research Texas Colonial Period 1585-1863 Sequin Family Historical Society Virtual Victoria

EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI
Royals' Hiring of Pena Speaks to Their Needs History of Louisiana	Immigration in Arkansas

EAST COAST
Maternity Wards Adapt To Immigrants' Needs Music as Key to Bilingual Education	Ethnic Heritage Day Albany County Naturalization Records

MEXICO
Following the Paper Trail to America Rescue Towers Colonel Jesus Maria Guajardo Researching in Salt Lake and Mexico City Virtual Library History of Mexico José Cuervo Tequila	Adoption of Mission San Javier, B.C.S. Book traces France's influence in Mexico Traditional Mexican Wedding María de los Angeles Félix Güereña Biblioteca de Luz Montejano Hilton The Economy of Haciendas in Colonial Mexico

INTERNATIONAL
Letters of Philip II, King of Spain, 1592 - 1597 Catalonian documents, first collection, 1031-1499 Inter-University Program for Latino Research, Spanish-American Diplomacy 1795-1898	FIGHTING the BRITISHin CENTRAL AMERICA DURING the AMERICAN REVOLUTION UNDER the OTHER GENERAL GÁLVEZ (Third Part, the Workers at Fort Omoa).

BACKGROUND

NM State Records Center & Archives, Collections online: www.state.nm.us/cpr/srca_top.htm http://www.nmculture.org/cgi-bin/instview.cgi?_recordnum=SRCA

1600 Beginnings

http://www.viptx.net/victoria/history/1850/

Indexed By Name

The State of Texas 1850 U.S. Federal Census - Free Population Schedules

Entire web site copyright ©1995 by The Seguin Family Historical Society (Albert Seguin Gonzales - Founder)

The Economy of Haciendas in Colonial Mexico

The State of Texas
1850 U.S. Federal Census - Free Population Schedules