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| Can
you please sign me up for this news letter. My mother and Grandmother
came from Herreras, Durango, Mex. My name is Roberto Lobato and I
was Born in Santa Barbara, California on Oct. 13, 1946. We now
live in Portland, Oregon. windpines@comcast.net Good
morning Mimi: You
caught me off guard. I thought you already knew you were a
descendant of Jews. Monterrey was a Jewish colony. The
founders were Jews. The founders came from Saltillo, Coahuila.
Saltillo was a Basque colony. I
hope to send you my Jewish lineage on my father's side for publishing in
Somos Primos. I adore my Great Grandmother Antonia Adelaida CUELLO.
I researched it in her memory. She was "Jewish." God
bless you always Mimi, your friend, Manuel Hello Mimi,
Thank you so much! I look forward to reading every issue. By the
way, I need to send you an article I wrote
on the annual Paella competition. It was published in
New York-based The Daily Meal last Friday.
Hugs to you!
Rosie~
Rosie Carbo rosic@aol.com Editor Mimi : IArticle in this issue under US . .
Thank you Mimi and Mercy. I am among the many who appreciate all of the
hours and work you put into Somos Primos.
Rudy Padilla. opkansas@swbell.net
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Hello Mimi,
I absolutely love all
the diversity that you put into the latest issue of Somos Primos. It's
apparent how much work you've devoted to it and the smorgasbord of
information is superb, good job!
Best, Linda LaRoche
Good morning Mimi! I have just tweeted your new issue of Somos Primos.
You can go here to look at it:
https://twitter.com/olivasdan/status/847831253923504128
Are you on Twitter? I'm not on Facebook but Twitter has helped me
connect with many other writers and people who are interested in the
things I'm interested in. Hope all is well. By the way, I have two
new books coming out this year! The University of Arizona Press will
publish my new short-story collection in fall, and my first poetry
collection called "Crossing the Border" will be published
probably in November.
Take care, Daniel Olivas
Thank
you Mimi for all your great and tireless work.
I would like very much to receive the Somos Primos
newsletter. Very interesting articles and stories! My Dad, Edward
Grijalva told me and the rest of our Family about it. Its awesome!!
Thank You very much Ms. Lozano! Take care and God Bless!
Sincerely, Edie Grijalva Borquez
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P.O. 415 Midway City, CA 92655-0490 mimilozano@aol.com www.SomosPrimos.com 714-894-8161 |
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| Quotes of Thoughts to
Consider |
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| "Do
not fear the enemy, for they can take only your life. Fear the media, for they will distort your grasp of reality and destroy your honor." Sent by Erasmo "Doc" Riojas |
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| "We need to fortify a "sin- resistant " generation." ~ Joy Jones | |
| “If your actions inspire others to dream
more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader.” ~ John Quincy Adams Sent by Raphel Ojeda
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Homage to the Spanish Paella by
Rosie Carbo |
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| This food festival in San Antonio is a must-visit event for any paella lover, and this year it will take place at a new venue.
This year, food lovers at the eighth annual Corona Paella Challenge are in for a special treat. One of San Antonio’s five historic Spanish missions is the backdrop for a food festival honoring Texas’ Spanish heritage. Mission County Park is the new venue for the outdoor cooking competition and culinary fundraiser that attracts thousands annually. Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo, the venue’s backdrop, is a nature lover’s paradise. Situated south of Mission San Antonio de Valero (known as the Alamo), this mission is close to Mission County Park along the San Antonio River’s Mission Trail. In 2015, the United Nations Educational, Science, and Cultural Organization designated San Antonio’s eighteenth century colonial missions “World Heritage Sites,” the first-ever UNESCO designation in Texas. |
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Spain’s rice and seafood dish was originally cooked outdoors on firewood, so the park, with picnic tables and a 14,000 square-foot pavilion, is the ideal spot for chefs to fire up their grills. Best of all, the recently renovated park is within walking distance of Mission San José, as it is known locally.
There’s a dedicated following from many of our guests,” said Hernandez, who was once invited
by the President to cook at the White House for the annual Cinco de Mayo celebration. |
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| Here in the city’s redeveloped South Town, some 40 chefs from Texas, Mexico, Europe, and across the United States will fill the air with the scent of simmering garlic, onions, saffron, and other spices in a friendly competition. But competition among professional chefs is not the only challenging component — student-led teams from culinary arts programs in a dozen local high schools help heat up the Spanish food-focused contest. A contemporary category was also added when Hernandez realized the creative and competitive nature of the many participating chefs, some of whom stir together versions of paella that hardly resemble the traditional one. “There are as many versions of paella as there are cooks,” Hernandez said. “Much of the excitement at the Challenge is experiencing the different interpretations and approaches the chefs have to the traditional dish.”
So in addition to variations on original Valencia paella, which began with rabbit and veggies, the competition has spawned paellas that run the gamut from dessert paella to sushi paella. Nonetheless, regular attendees know these variations represent tongue-in-cheek, fun-filled antics by professional chefs.
The traditional paella must be cooked with high-absorption rice. This type of rice was cultivated and grown in Albufera, Valencia, before 1238. (Bomba is another ancient strain of rice first grown in the town of Calasparra, Murcia.) Seasoned chefs reach for the short-grained absorbent rice to make authentic paella.
Mission County Park helps with authenticity, but the main reason for the change of venue this year was to offer more space to accommodate more attendees and competing chefs. Mission San José, the largest of the five Spanish missions, is visible from a busy road leading to the park.
Another contestant from New York is Jean-Paul Bourgeois, executive chef at Blue Smoke. He studied in Lyon, France, with famed chef Paul Bocuse. The focus of Blue Smoke, which got its name from the blue smoke that appears during the smoking of meats, is Southern cooking.
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| Event-goers can now vote for their favorite paella, which means the winning chef is crowned People’s Choice Champion. The winning high school culinary team also earns a grand prize: an all-expense paid trip to the CIA main campus in Hyde Park, New York. The all-inclusive Paella Challenge features live entertainment by Grammy-winning Latin artist Henry Brun and Flamenco performances by San Antonio’s Guadalupe Dance Company. The artists will perform in the park’s new performance pavilion.
General admission is $75 for those 21 years old or older. Admission for those 7 to 21 years old is $25. Children under 6 are admitted for free with a paying adult. Sponsors include Corona, Silver Eagle, Valero,
Sysco, the South Texas grocery giant H-E-B, and the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce. |
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April 28, 2017 |
| Washington, D.C. – Today, the League of United Latin American Citizens, this nation’s largest and oldest Latino membership organization, congratulated Alex Acosta on his bipartisan confirmation as Secretary of Labor. Secretary Acosta is the last of President Trump’s cabinet members to be confirmed by the Senate and he is currently the only Hispanic serving as the Secretary of a cabinet agency. “LULAC is delighted that the Senate has confirmed Alex Acosta as our nation’s Secretary of Labor,” stated LULAC National President Roger C. Rocha, Jr. “Secretary Acosta’s confirmation brings a much needed Latino voice to President Trump’s cabinet and to the Department of Labor. We call upon the President to continue to nominate outstanding public servants like Alex Acosta who reflect the diversity of America as he fills other important positions within his administration.” The confirmation marks the fourth time that Secretary Acosta has been confirmed by the full Senate for a political position underscoring the breadth of experience that he brings to the Department of Labor. Previously Acosta served as the Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights at the Department of Justice under President George W. Bush and was a member of the National Labor Relations Board. “LULAC worked closely with Secretary Acosta during his time as Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights to defend the rights of Latinos in the United States including the rights of Latino employees,” stated LULAC National Executive Director Brent Wilkes. “We look forward to working with him once again to protect the rights of Latino employees at a time of accelerating income inequality and tremendous change in our economy.” The confirmation comes as President Trump nears the mark of his first 100 days in office. ### The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) is the nation’s largest and oldest civil rights volunteer-based organization that empowers Hispanic Americans and builds strong Latino communities. Headquartered in Washington, DC, with 1,000 councils around the United States and Puerto Rico, LULAC’s programs, services and advocacy address the most important issues for Latinos, meeting critical needs of today and the future. For more information, visit www.LULAC.org . Editor Mimi: Acosta, a Harvard Law School graduate, became dean of the Florida International University law school in 2009. He clerked for Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito. As the lead federal prosecutor in South Florida, Acosta oversaw the corruption trials of Palm Beach County commissioners Tony Masilotti and Warren Newell and Broward Sheriff Ken Jenne.
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https://www.smithsonianofi.com/achp-fellowship/ Application
Deadline: 2017
Fall Semester (September-December): 15 July 2017, 11:59 pm EDT Background:
Theme for 2017: Latino Heritage This
fellowship is a joint experience with the Smithsonian
Institution (SI) and the Advisory
Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP).
Through its 19 museums and research centers, SI works to
preserve over 154 million artifacts and specimens. The
ACHP is an independent federal agency that oversees the historic
preservation review process for federal projects, which ensures that
Federal Agencies take into account the effect of their undertakings
on properties on or eligible for the National Register of Historic
Places. The ACHP also conducts a variety of preservation programs
dealing with promoting public appreciation of cultural heritage,
economic development, sustainability, Native American interests,
national preservation policy, and preservation related legislation. As
defined by UNESCO, intangible cultural heritage is more than
monuments and collections of objects. It also includes traditions or
living expression inherited from our ancestors and passed on to our
descendants, such as oral
traditions, performing
arts, social
practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge
and practices concerning nature and the universe or
the knowledge
and skills to produce traditional crafts. How
it Works: This
place-based, cultural heritage fellowship will highlight the
connection between intangible cultural heritage and place. During their program fellows may explore:
Example:
Los Matachines Stipend: Eligibility
& Prerequisites: Some
familiarity with cultural and/or historic preservation is desirable,
but not required. If you are looking for guidance or ideas, a good
place to start is with your local and/or state historic preservation
office. How
to Apply: The
application will consist of:
Questions
about the application can be directed to Smithsonian Office of
Fellowships and Internships at 202-633-7070 or siofi@si.edu, please
include “Cultural Heritage Fellowship” in the subject line. References:
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Dear Mrs. Lozano Holtzman, I recently read some troubling statistics that I thought you would want to know about. They show how desperately our young people in this country need a history lesson. According to the National Assessment of Education, only 18% of American high schoolers are proficient in U.S. history. So it’s no surprise that, according to the Pew Research Center, only 32% of Millennials think America is the greatest country in the world. Given that Millennials recently surpassed Baby Boomers as America’s largest generation, this statistic is troubling for the future of our country. This didn’t happen by accident. Progressives who opposed the ideas of limited government and individual rights began a concerted effort over a century ago to take over America’s schools and universities. Since the late 1960s, to the extent young Americans have learned anything about our country’s history, it is more likely than not to be about its faults. This is why it’s more important than ever for Americans to hear the true story of their country. And it’s why Hillsdale College is offering a free online course, “American Heritage,” and promoting it nationally using talk radio, digital marketing, and more. Now every American can learn about our nation’s beginnings, and about how and why we quickly grew to become the freest and most prosperous nation in history. Over 130,000 students have already enrolled in this course, but it has just been updated with new lectures, Q&As, and more. I encourage you to take this course yourself, and to share it with your friends and family. It’s time that we as a people rally around our great history. Our freedom depends on it. Activate your free “American Heritage” course now » Warm regards, Larry P. Arnn Larry.p.arnn@hillsdale.edu President, Hillsdale College Hillsdale College 33 East College St Hillsdale, MI 49242 USA |
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Dear Mrs. Lozano Holtzman, I hope this finds you well. As you know, last year’s elections have given us an opportunity to begin to return to limited government under the Constitution. But they also revealed something disturbing about our country’s young people. In last year’s primaries, the majority of millenials (Americans youngest generation of voters) gave their support to a candidate who openly embraces socialism! This indicates that we have failed to educate too many young Americans about our nation’s founding principles and about the reasons America developed into the freest and most prosperous nation in history. That’s why Hillsdale College has decided to accelerate its efforts to reach and educate Americans – and especially young Americans – with our new and improved online course, “Introduction to the Constitution.” This course is compelling, with very high production value. I think it will engage today’s young Americans, and will convey to them the importance of the Constitution to liberty. We’ve set a goal to enroll 100,000 people in this new online course during the month of May. In order to accomplish this, we must raise $150,000 by Saturday, April 28. These funds will be used to launch an extensive promotional campaign on digital and social media and on national talk radio! Since Hillsdale doesn’t take a single penny from the government, even indirectly in the form of student grants or loans, we rely on donor support for all our operations—including the promotion of online courses. Will you help us to educate our nation’s young people about the political principles that are essential to American freedom and prosperity? Any amount you give will help us to reach and educate young Americans. Here’s the link where you can make a donation: https://secure.hillsdale.edu/introduction-to-the-constitution/ Warm regards, Larry P. Arnn President, Hillsdale College Pursuing Truth—Defending Liberty since 1844 Hillsdale College 33 East College St Hillsdale, MI 49242 USA You received this email because you are subscribed to Online Courses from Hillsdale College. Update your email preferences to choose the types of emails you receive or to unsubscribe. |
POLITICAL
SALSA Y MÁS 3.19.17
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Prayer of the Farm Workers' Struggle
Ación de la lucha del campesino
Día de César Chávez Day
por César E. Chávez
Fundador del UFW (1927-1993)
Rafael Jesús González |
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Show me the suffering of the most miserable;
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At a Latino Education & Advocacy Days (LEAD)
dinner in San Bernardino, 25th to April 1, 2017. Photo shared by artist Ignacio . .
. ignaciogomezstudio@icloud.com |
| There was a movement in 2008 to make March
31st the Cesar E. Chavez National Holiday. A petition was submitted: http://www.cesarchavezholiday.org/petition.html Cesar
E. Chavez National Holiday Petition to President Obama and members of the US Congress/Petición a Presidente Obama y miembros del Congreso I call on the US Congress to establish an official federal paid holiday in honor of Cesar E. Chavez, the late President of the United Farm Workers, on his birthday March 31st. This should include a Cesar E. Chavez day of service, learning and community action. Yo apoyo la propuesta para que el Congreso establesca un día official federal de festivo el día 31 de Marzo, el cumpleaños de fallecido César E. Chávez, Presidente de la Union de Campesinos de America. Esto deberia de incluir un día de servicio, aprendizaje y accion comunitaria de César E. Chávez.
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| WND.com) A middle school in Chatham, New Jersey, is using a cartoon video to teach the Five Pillars of Islam to seventh-grade students, and now two parents have obtained legal services to fight the school district which has ignored their concerns. Moms Declare Holy War After School Teaches Islam 'True Faith' Seventh graders in this school are taught: “May God help us all find the true faith, Islam.” Also taught in the video is the Shahada, which is the Muslim prayer of conversion “There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger.” The parents say no other religion is taught nearly to this level of detail in the “world cultures and geography” class. The parents wanted to know who picked the curriculum, who picked the video and the accompanying PowerPoint. None of their concerns have been addressed by the school board or the superintendent. |
So, the two mothers have retained legal help from the Ann Arbor, Michigan-based Thomas More Law Center. For speaking out, the moms have been attacked by members of their community. Their crime: appearing on Fox News’ “Tucker Carlson Tonight” to voice concerns about Islamic indoctrination of Chatham Middle School seventh graders. “To me that’s not education because in order to educate you need to teach about all [religions],” said Libby Hilsenrath, one of the two mothers who is pushing back against the class curriculum, in an interview with Carlson. “Would they be comfortable teaching the doctrines of Christianity for example. Would you be comfortable in a public school to say ‘Jesus is the way and the truth and the life and no one comes to [the Father] except through me’? I don’t think so,” she said. “I’m all in favor of teaching religion if it’s all done in the same manner and with the same depth,” added the other mother, Nancy Gayer. |
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| Yet, for their common-sense objections to the video, the parents were immediately denounced by other parents and school officials as bigots, xenophobic and
Islamophobic. The sensational attacks came in a newspaper op-ed, in social media, and even took the form of being ‘stared down’ at the local grocery store, they said. “It went as far as we were ‘part of the KKK,’ which I don’t know what that has to do with this,” Hilsenrath said. “The promotion of Islam is worse than what the mothers presented to Tucker Carlson,” said Richard Thompson, president and chief counsel of the Thomas More Law Center. “After viewing one of the videos which the seventh graders were directed to watch, I can’t imagine any objective person saying this is not Islamic indoctrination. “Clueless school administrators across our nation are allowing this type of indoctrination to take place and it’s up to vigilant parents to stop it,” he added. “Libby and Nancy should have been praised, not pilloried.” |
Concerned parents get brushed off Hilsenrath and Gayer, with sons in different classes in the seventh grade, explained their concerns in person to the Chatham Board of Education at their Feb. 6, 2017, public meeting. Superintendent Michael LaSusa indicated that any change to the curriculum was unlikely, and the next day also refused their request to meet privately with him to discuss their concerns. Thompson said students were shown the subtle propaganda cartoon video, “5 Pillars,” which opens with two boys, one of them a Muslim, kicking a soccer ball. The Muslim boy teaches the non-Muslim the 5 Pillars of Islam. Then, a subtitle of bright, multi-colored words of various shapes pronounces a form of the Islamic conversion creed: “There is no god except Allah and Prophet Muhammad is His messenger.” |
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| The cartoon ends with a sad non-Muslim boy, who suddenly smiles when the Muslim boy invites him to join him at the mosque for noon-day prayers. That is “Something the teacher can’t personally do, but does through the cartoon. Clever!” says Thompson. |
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See the entire 5-minute video on
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| Clearly, seventh graders had been presented with a sugarcoated, false depiction of Islam, according to Thomas More Law Center. They had not been informed of the kidnappings, beheadings, slave-trading, massacres, and persecution of non-Muslims, nor of the repression of women — all done in the name of Islam and the Koran. Libby Hilsenrath and Nancy Gayer were subjected to personal attacks throughout their campaign to stop Islamic indoctrination at the Chatham Middle School. They were defamed as “bigots” and “Islamophobes”, “hateful”, “ignorant”, “xenophobes”, “intolerant”, “racist”, “closed minded”, “sad and ignorant” in social media, and the list goes on. The attacks significantly intensified after their appearance on Tucker Carlson’s show. Commenting on the community’s reaction, Nancy Gayer stated: “It’s just not fair that within this unit of study the Chatham school district taught one religion to the exclusion of all others, and for the community to be so unkind and unwelcoming towards us, just for having raised legitimate questions as concerned parents.” |
Libby Hilsenrath added, “One of my fundamental obligations as a parent is to guide the religious and secular education of my children. That’s why I will continue the fight against the Islamic indoctrination now taking place at Chatham, regardless of the personal attacks.” Hilsenrath and Gayer asked the board to review the curriculum and requested that either the Islam lessons be removed or that the school spend equal time on the study of Christianity and other religions. Gayer contrasted the world cultures and geography lessons on Islam to her son’s previous experience in fourth grade when he was prevented from including a short quote from the Bible: “He who lends to the poor, lends to the Lord.” (Prov 19:17) The quote was a part of his video presentation related to gathering warm clothes for underprivileged children. Gayer said her son’s teacher informed him that the brief biblical quote “belongs in Sunday school, not in the classroom.” |
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| Obviously, based upon the world cultures and geography lessons being taught to children within the same school district, this abridgment of religious speech does not apply to Islam. | ||
| A nationwide problem The video, as well as field trips to mosques and other techniques are used to teach the Five Pillars of Islam in public schools across the U.S. This has been going on since at least 2011, but in most school districts parents are either unaware of the teachings, are clueless about the exact content or simply don’t care. Teaching the five pillars of Islam did create an uproar last month in Summerville, South Carolina, and in Loganville, Georgia, last year. Parents in Tennessee have also expressed everything from concern to outrage at the Islamic teachings in that state. “There is a big difference between education and indoctrination,” U.S. Rep. Marsha Blackburn, R-Tenn., said in a statement issued in 2015 to the Nashville Tennessean. |
“It is reprehensible that our school system has exhibited this double-standard, more concerned with teaching the practices of Islam than the history of Christianity. Tennessee parents have a right to be outraged and I stand by them in this fight.” WND reported last week that Liberty High School in Frisco, Texas, has set up an Islamic prayer room specifically for Muslim students to pray on campus during school hours. The same type of prayer rooms have been set up in high schools in St. Cloud, Minnesota, and other school districts. Despite all this evidence, the online fact-checker Snopes does its best to debunk any concerns that Islam is being given preferential treatment in America’s public schools. Republished with permission from WND.com via iCopyright license. |
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click to Religion. |
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Originally posted November 26, 2002 in the Washington Post:
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As you know, this weekend marks the
75th Anniversary of the end of the Battle of Bataan. Today,
Senator Tom Udall honored this time of remembrance by reintroducing
legislation to award the Congressional Gold Medal to the Defenders of
Bataan. Full text of the legislation is
attached. We welcome any feedback you might have and please keep in
touch. Best regards, Jeff
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María Elvira Roca: La Inquisición evitó grandes barbaridades
Pcado:
27/03/2017: 5474
Es que estoy orgullosa de serlo, porque realmente es el trabajo más difícil. Yo estudié Filología Clásica, luego Hispánica, luego me doctoré con una tesis en literatura medieval, efectivamente estuve en EE.UU. trabajando un tiempo, pero volví y luego no he vuelto a irme fuera. Llevo aquí mucho más tiempo. Ahora doy clases en el IES Huerta Alta de Alhaurín de la Torre. ¿Cuál fue la chispa que le hizo escribir este libro? Mi especialidad es la literatura medieval, tengo otros tres libros publicados, artículos y conferencias… Sobre la hispanofobia y la leyenda negra empecé a interesarme en el tiempo que vivía en Estados Unidos porque me di cuenta de que a los americanos les estaba pasando algo muy parecido a lo que nos pasó a los españoles en nuestros tiempos gloriosos. Me chocó la semejanza y decidí ponerme a estudiar, no para publicarlo sino para satisfacer mi curiosidad. Yo hablaba mucho de este tema con el director de la colección de ensayo de Siruela, Ignacio Gómez de Liaño, con el que tengo amistad. Y hace cuatro años, me llamó y, muy solemnemente, me dijo: «este libro hay que publicarlo. Ya está creado, ya está en tu cabeza y merece la pena que salga a la luz. Lo tienes que escribir». Yo le contesté: «pero mira, que yo soy una mujer trabajadora con dos niños chicos (ahora tienen 9 años)…». El caso es que se publicó y está siendo un éxito absolutamente inesperado. Hay que agradecérselo a él que me animó. ¿De dónde viene el término “leyenda negra”? Se empezó a utilizar después de la guerra con los Estados Unidos, lo que llamamos el desastre del 98. En ese momento, algunos intelectuales españoles cobran conciencia de hasta qué punto la reputación de España está absolutamente destrozada por efecto de la propaganda que durante siglos habían ido acumulando en el teatro europeo todos los enemigos que España había ido teniendo: el protestantismo luterano, Inglaterra, el secesionismo orangista, luego la ilustración francesa, etc. La expresión la acuña Julián Juderías con un libro que se publicó en 1914 que podemos considerar el pistoletazo de salida de la toma de conciencia de hasta qué punto toda la historia de España estaba tergiversada y había sido manipulada para ofrecer de ella una visión absolutamente negativa en todos sus aspectos. Julián Juderías define la leyenda negra como la opinión común que se tiene en Europa de que España es un país inferior a otros países europeos. España (dicen) es un país bárbaro, intolerante desde el punto de vista religioso, atrasado, un país que no tiene cultura científica ni iniciativa económica, etc. A partir del libro de Juderías empiezan a aparecer otros trabajos que han ido estudiando ese fenómeno. Arnoldson, de la universidad de Gotemburgo, dice que «la leyenda negra es la alucinación colectiva más grande de la Europa Occidental». Hasta ese punto considera que la historia de España ha sido manipulada por toda esa propaganda. Su tesis es que el sentimiento de culpa de los católicos españoles nos ha sido inoculado… Ese sentimiento no llega a aparecer hasta el siglo XVIII, cuando viene la dinastía nueva de los borbones, con la ilustración francesa. En ese momento, los intelectuales españoles empiezan a asumir como cierta esa versión de la historia que dice que España tuvo la culpa de todas las guerras de religión; que es la intolerancia religiosa de los católicos, con España al frente, la que provocó esas guerras y la que justifica todas las barbaridades que sucedieron en Europa en los siglos XVI y XVII, etc. De ahí en adelante, una generación de eruditos y de intelectuales, sigue a la anterior y termina por convertirse esto en la versión corriente de nuestra propia historia, asumida por nosotros mismos como una verdad. Y lo seguimos enseñando así a nuestros hijos… Ayer, por ejemplo, en el libro de primero de Bachillerato, me encuentro con que en la introducción al tema del Barroco dice que la diferencia entre la Reforma y la Contrarreforma es que en la Reforma la religión se convirtió en un asunto particular y privado que no afectaba a la sociedad mientras que en el mundo católico la religión seguía siendo socialmente influyente. Nada puede haber más falso que esta afirmación. Es justamente al revés. ¿Qué país hay hoy en la Europa Occidental que tenga como jefe del Estado al mismo jefe de la Iglesia? Gran Bretaña. ¿En qué país ha sido imposible hasta hace poco ocupar un cargo público si uno no pertenecía a la religión nacional? En Gran Bretaña y otros países protestantes. Es decir, lo que el protestantismo hizo es constituirse en iglesias nacionales por lo que la disidencia religiosa se transformó, no en un delito religioso, sino en un delito contra la nación, contra el Estado. Así fue también en Dinamarca y en los estados luteranos del Sacro Imperio, los germánicos. O sea, que es justamente la visión contraria la que tendríamos que intentar imponer: es precisamente en el mundo católico donde el delito religioso siguió siendo religioso y no contra el Estado. Hay una especie de fijación por lo católico… La Ilustración no luchó nunca contra las otras iglesias. Sólo va contra la Iglesia católica porque contra las otras iglesias no se podía ir porque eran nacionales. Atacar esas iglesias o escribir algo contra ellas era un delito de lesa patria. Hasta el año 1976, existía en Gran Bretaña el “blasphemy”, un delito que consistía en escribir algo contra la Iglesia anglicana. Traducido al español no es exactamente blasfemia. En su Derecho significa expresar opiniones contrarias a la iglesia anglicana nacional o la defensa de posiciones religiosas notablemente papistas, o sea católicas. Fíjese hasta qué punto está desenfocada la idea de que la intolerancia religiosa o la importancia social de la religión ha sido enorme en el lado católico y en el otro no. En el otro lado era un asunto privado, dicen. ¿Cómo privado si un delito de ofensa a la iglesia nacional dura hasta el año 76 en la estupenda Europa? Pero no podemos negar que la Inquisición existió. El mecanismo de la leyenda negra funciona siempre no con la mentira absoluta, lo que se dice suele ser verdad. Lo que se hace es que se magnifica y se calla todo lo demás. La Inquisición existió, claro que existió, pero era una institución pequeña, que no tuvo nunca capacidad para influir decisivamente en la vida de los países católicos y de España desde luego que no. Yo siempre pongo el mismo ejemplo, porque es de Perogrullo: el Lazarillo de Tormes se publica y la Inquisición lo prohíbe en la primera edición. ¿Alguien alguna vez tuvo alguna dificultad para comprar el Lazarillo de Tormes? ¿Es que El Lazarillo de Tormes no lo ha conocido nadie? El Lazarillo de Tormes se siguió editando, se siguió comprando y en 20 años ya lo estudiaban en las universidades españolas y todo el mundo lo conocía. ¡Y estaba prohibido por la Inquisición! ¿Y qué? ¿Qué afectó esto a la popularidad del Lazarillo de Tormes? Absolutamente nada. En el imaginario colectivo, decir Inquisición es hablar de una institución muy poderosa, arbitraria y cruel. Es la tergiversación más fenomenal de todas las tergiversaciones. La Inquisición era una institución muy organizada, mucho mejor reglamentada que cualquiera otra en su momento, y en la que la religión seguía siendo asunto de la religión y no del Estado. Se ocupaba de delitos que todavía lo son hoy día, como por ejemplo los que se conocían como delitos contra la honestidad: el proxenetismo, la pederastia, la trata de blancas, la falsificación de monedas y documentos... Tenía un campo muy amplio de trabajo. El hecho de constituirse como una forma organizada, reglamentada y judicialmente estable de tratar las disidencias religiosas evitó las matanzas que estas provocaron en el lado protestante. Nosotros sabemos todas y cada una de las sentencias a muerte que aquí se firmaron. Están muy bien documentadas en un estudio del profesor Contreras y de un danés, Henningsen. La Inquisición juzgó un total de 44.000 causas desde 1560 hasta 1700, con el resultado de 1.340 muertos aproximadamente. Y esa es toda la historia. Calvino mandó a la hoguera a 500 personas en solo 20 años por herejía. Cuando uno se pone a ver las barbaridades que sucedieron en el lado protestante, es que no hay color, entre otras cosas porque el cálculo de muertos que la intolerancia protestante pudo provocar sólo puede hacerse aproximadamente puesto que en la mayoría de los casos no hubo juicio, ni abogados, ni derecho a defenderse, fue por el procedimiento bárbaro del linchamiento, nada más. Esto no ocurrió nunca en las zonas católicas, jamás. Juzgamos la historia desde coordenadas actuales y el resultado es ese sentimiento de culpa. Decir que los españoles han sido intolerantes desde el punto de vista religioso porque tuvieron la Inquisición, es la falsedad de todas las falsedades. La intolerancia era el modo de pensar de todo el mundo en aquella época. El fenómenos de la tolerancia tiene ¿cuánto? ¿30 años? ¿40 años? Nadie pensaba que hubiera que tolerar al que no pensaba como tú desde el punto de vista religioso. Intolerancia había desde el estrecho de Gibraltar hasta la Península Escandinava. Ese era el modo de pensar de todo el mundo. Lo que hay que ver es cómo se gestionaba esa intolerancia religiosa en cada sitio y, desde luego, fue mucho más civilizada y mucho más comprensiva en la parte católica y desde luego en España. En Inglaterra o en los principados luteranos protestantes en el norte de Europa, las persecuciones de la población fueron horrorosas. Aparte, todo el fenómeno de la caza de brujas, absolutamente demencial, que provocó miles de muertos. Esto no pasó en el mundo católico y no pasó en España porque existía la Inquisición, que evitó aquellas barbaridades. O sea, que los católicos pecamos de no conocer nuestra historia. Aunque yo no sea creyente, llevo a mis hijos a la catequesis y tengo mis discusiones con el cura del barrio. Le digo: «vamos a terminar siendo los agnósticos y ateos de buena voluntad los que tengamos que limpiar el nombre de la Iglesia porque ustedes tienen una pasividad absolutamente incomprensible». A quitarse esa costra hay que ponerse; porque es falsa y porque perjudica a todos, a los católicos practicantes y a todos los demás. Este es un país de cultura católica. Eso es irremediable, se sea creyente o no. La Iglesia tendría que haberse puesto de manera un poco activa a limpiar su buen nombre y no esperar a que venga un señor como Stephen Haliczer, de la Universidad de Illinois, a publicar un trabajo de investigación sobre la Inquisición y a decirnos: «vamos a ver, ¡pero si esta institución era ejemplar en su tiempo! ¡Si el uso de la tortura era absolutamente limitado! ¡Si las cárceles suyas eran más benignas! ¡Si los juicios tenían más garantías que todos los demás! ¿No cree usted que la Iglesia tendría que haber dicho algo? Si lo ha dicho, quizá ha encontrado poco eco o demasiada oposición. Pero es que esa actitud de que “hemos perdido la batalla cultural” no se puede tener. Hay que reaccionar, porque no es solo perjudicial para los católicos, creyentes o no creyentes, sino para el mundo que la iglesia católica ha engendrado. Esa actitud que la Iglesia adopta de borrego degollado a mí me resulta muy molesta. Yo la Iglesia la he visto desde fuera toda mi vida. No he tenido contacto con ella más allá de la costumbre y del trato social para no ser muy raro. Y por eso me resultó siempre tan chocante, desde que estaba en la Universidad, que cualquiera fuera bueno para venir a meterse con la Iglesia. Y la Iglesia, ¿no contesta? ¿No se defiende? ¿Porqué no se defiende? Porque la Iglesia de Roma no es la ramera de Babilonia como decía Lutero. Tiene en su haber logros muy importantes, cosas muy buenas que ha hecho por el mundo y por la sociedad. ¿Por qué no enseña esa parte de sí misma que es hermosa y que merecería ser mejor conocida? Otro asunto por el que se suele juzgar injustamente a España y a la Iglesia es por la conquista de América. Los dos pilares más longevos de la hispanofobia y de la leyenda negra han sido, primero la conversión de la Inquisición en el horrendo monstruo que todo el mundo cree que fue; y, la siguiente, es el asunto de América. ¿Por qué? Aquello era muy grande, era una enormidad. Un imperio con 20 millones de kilómetros cuadrados que se sostiene durante prácticamente tres siglos es algo que las otras naciones de Europa habían intentado hacer y no consiguieron. Era necesario teñir todo eso de barbarie, de destrucción y de horror para que no quedara como un gran logro en la historia de la humanidad. Empezó con la utilización del texto de fray Bartolomé de las Casas, que no pretendía en absoluto convertirse en historia. Es asombroso que estemos en el siglo XXI y tengamos que seguir desmintiendo el hecho de que Fray Bartolomé estuviera haciendo historia. Él estaba haciendo un texto de polémica religiosa. La Iglesia tiene una larga historia de polémica. Es un sistema tradicional de formación el de la polémica, desde la Edad Media, con las famosas disputationes de un sacerdote enfrente de otro discutiendo en torno a una idea. ¿El problema entonces es que se sacó de contexto? El texto se publica en Sevilla y, aparte del revuelo que pudiera causar localmente, nadie le había hecho caso. Pasó el tiempo y, 25 años después, Guillermo de Orange lo descubre, lo traduce, le incorpora los grabados de De Bry, donde se ven a los españoles partiendo a un niño por la mitad o asando indios, y lo convierte en un best seller en Europa. Es el texto ilustrativo de: "Estos son los españoles. Esto es lo que le pasa a la gente que se trata con los españoles. Hay que acabar con ellos porque son unos monstruos”. Evidentemente esto es un argumento del nacionalismo orangista. Hay que luchar contra esta gente y echarlos de Holanda porque son el Anticristo redivivo, el demonio “pinchapapas”. Desde entonces, el texto de Fray Bartolomé no ha dejado nunca de editarse y siguió siendo utilizado en contra de España. Las últimas ediciones estupendas las hicieron los Estados Unidos en la época de la guerra de Cuba, por ejemplo. ¿Y qué hay de verdad en lo que cuenta? Pues uno va a América y se la encuentra llena de ciudades que fueron construidas, no voy a decir por los españoles, porque los españoles fueron siempre muy pocos, pero sí por los españoles y por la población indígena que se incorpora a ese imperio. Los españoles guerrearon, sí, pero pactaron mucho más. Era imposible poblar América a partir de la exportación de gente desde la península. Ni había medios ni había gente para hacerlo. De hecho, el archivo de indias nos dice que hasta 1700 no debió superar el número de 250.000 los que cruzaron el charco. Entonces, ¿quién era todo el mundo que allí había? Pues eran muchos indios, muchos mestizos y mucha gente que se incorpora a ese imperio a veces por medio de pactos, a veces por medio de guerras. Pero, una vez que pasa ese momento de confrontación inicial, las poblaciones se integran en el imperio y viven en él durante muchísimo tiempo, siglos. ¡Y viven bien! Aquí se sigue viendo como una matanza indiscriminada. ¿Usted no habrá estudiado en la escuela las guerras de América? Yo tampoco, porque no las hubo. No hubo grandes guerras en América en absoluto. Ese largo periodo de paz y prosperidad es anómalo. ¿Cuántos territorios con tanto millones de kilómetros cuadrados pueden presumir de haber vivido tantos siglos de paz y prosperidad conviviendo gente tan diferente, con lenguas distintas, unos cristianizados y otros en proceso de cristianización? Esa gente convivía razonablemente bien por que si no habría habido un estado de guerra viva y permanente que no hubo, luego aquello funcionaba. No hubo guerras significativas hasta las independencias. Por lo tanto es ese mundo mestizo capaz de integrar gentes muy diversas y hacerlas convivir el que verdaderamente deberíamos estudiar. Hay pocos ejemplos en la historia de la humanidad de convivencia de gente tan diversa en un espacio común y sin embargo no es eso lo que estudiamos. Pero no sólo fue guerra y violencia lo que llevaron los españoles. Nos empeñamos en la destrucción, ¿y la construcción? En eso la Iglesia tuvo mucho que ver. Una parte grande de la integración se debió al trabajo de los misioneros. Existe la idea tradicional de que los españoles llegaron allí y fue fácil la conquista porque las poblaciones estaban sedentarizadas y vivían en ciudades. Sí, algunos sí, pero otros muchos no. Había tremendas zonas de selva y poblaciones de gente nómadas, seminómadas, puros cazadores y recolectores. Ahí la Iglesia hizo un trabajo absolutamente asombroso. Yo le dediqué un capítulo a uno de esos asombros que es el fenómeno de la conservación de la música barroca en el Amazonas. El trabajo que hicieron los jesuitas en la zona de Chiquitos y Moxos ha permitido conservar un patrimonio de música barroca que es capaz de competir con el que existe en Europa. Y era todo población india. Hoy siguen siendo músicos extraordinarios y han conservado este legado después del destrozo que provocó la expulsión de la compañía de Jesús, que fue una cosa increíble. Increíble que los prejuicios ilustrados hicieran a Carlos III pegarse aquel tiro en el pie porque la Compañía de Jesús era útil y era necesaria y de ella dependían infraestructuras educativas que no tenían sustitución y fue un desastre. ¿A usted qué más le da que fueran jesuitas? En este imperio son muy útiles y extraordinariamente eficaces en su trabajo y no están provocando muerte, destrucción ni pobreza para nada ¿Por qué? Es una cosa muy difícil de explicar que el puro prejuicio es simplemente porque son jesuitas. En la película la Misión aparece muy reflejado cómo contribuyeron los jesuitas al desarrollo social y humano… Fueron capaces de controlar territorios verdaderamente imposibles, la zona de los Moxos es una zona de la Amazonia verdaderamente difícil, y consiguieron un nivel de integración y de asimilación de las poblaciones indígenas asombroso hasta el punto de convertirlos en músicos excepcionales. Comunidades muy prósperas y hasta ricas que no le costaban dinero al imperio para nada, generaban beneficios, comerciaban con la vainilla y exportaban. Los jesuitas fueron los que descubrieron el uso de la quinina y la convirtieron en un medicamento de uso corriente en Europa. ¿Es que eso no vale nada sólo por el hecho de que los que lo hacían eran jesuitas? ¿Qué le diría a un católico que siga teniendo complejo de inferioridad? Que se informe. Que haga el favor de informarse y no conformarse con la visión de la historia de Europa y del mundo que han impuesto a base de propaganda y de tergiversación de los hechos las naciones que se apoyaron en la lucha religiosa para combatir contra el Imperio español. Ese es el quid de la cuestión. ¿Que la hispanofobia no existe o el anticatolicismo no existe? ¡Falso! ¿Usted cómo va a justificar la existencia del protestantismo si no denigra al catolicismo? ¿Cómo justifica usted el nacimiento del protestantismo? Surgió porque era necesario liberarse de aquella tiranía atroz y de aquella oscuridad mental. Por lo tanto los católicos son atroces. Y como los católicos viven en ese mundo oscuro y tenebroso de la intolerancia, para eso hemos nacido nosotros, para librarnos de eso. Cuando un niño protestante se cristianiza, es eso lo que aprende en cualquiera de sus iglesias y las he frecuentado varias de ellas durante bastante tiempo. Es que no puede aprender otra cosa. ¿Cómo surgió mi iglesia presbiteriana? Luchó contra la “ramera de Babilonia” para existir. Eso está en su ADN. En su libro habla de una inmensa operación propagandística. Cuando uno estudia la época álgida de las guerras religiosas, se percata de la producción torrencial de folletos y de imágenes infamantes y atroces en el lado protestante. Y luego ve los folletos con los que los católicos se promocionaban en la época de la Contrarreforma, su idea del mundo y tal, y dan pena. Frente a la agresividad que se muestra en el otro lado, la pasividad con que en el lado de acá se acepta que, bueno, que nosotros no nos defendemos. ¡Pero es que uno no puede defenderse como uno quiere, uno tiene que defenderse en función de cómo es atacado lo quiera o no! Si te atacan con armas químicas, ¿tú que haces con un tirachinas en la mano? Absolutamente nada. Y la Iglesia no lo ha hecho nunca, ni los países católicos, ni España. La Iglesia intentó dialogar, intentó hablar... pero se nos ha quedado en la memoria esa historia de que Martín Lutero no tuvo más remedio que romper con la Iglesia porque la Iglesia era intolerante. No, ellos eran intolerantes. Los príncipes protestantes obligaron a las conversiones forzosas. Si no te mataban, te confiscaban los bienes. Si no te marchabas, te tenías que convertir. ¿Que los católicos no toleraban a los protestantes? Bien, pero los protestantes toleraban todavía menos. El diálogo no era el punto fuerte de los hombres de aquella época. Hubo intentos. En el Coloquio de Ratisbona, por ejemplo, Carlos V llegó con su oferta de que el que se quiera hacer protestante y niegue su obediencia a Roma que lo haga, pero que se deje en paz a los católicos que quieran seguir siéndolo. Pues Lutero no lo aceptó. Por no hablar luego del tema de las propiedades de la Iglesia que fueron confiscadas. Aquello se convirtió en la excusa fenomenal para un latrocinio monumental. Hasta lo que pasó con los judíos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, ha sido probablemente el latrocinio más grande de la historia de Europa: el robo de todas las propiedades de la Iglesia y de las de todos los católicos que se negaban a la conversión forzosa. Católicos y protestantes estamos ahora en un proceso de diálogo muy fructífero. Usted misma ha experimentado la apertura al diálogo de la Iglesia con creyentes o no… Yo le digo al párroco que le pida al obispo una catequesis para agnósticos y ateos de buena voluntad, a ver si os quitáis toda esta mugre que os han echado encima. Es el punto cateto de pensar que si actúas contra el catolicismo eres un moderno, sin darte cuenta de que te estás matando a ti mismo, seas creyente o no. Porque estás renegando de tu pasado y de tus antepasados, y esos son los cimientos que nos sostienen. Y sin ellos, nos venimos abajo. Y si nosotros nos venimos abajo, otros se quedan arriba. ¿Me explico? Enviado por: Dr. C. Campos y Escalante
La lectura cura la peor de las enfermedades
humanas, "la ignorancia".
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| https://www.diocesismalaga.es/pagina-de-inicio/2014047261/la-inquisicion-evito-grandes-barbaridades/ |
| Introducing Refugio Rochin, Ph.D. new
SPAR Honorary Co-Chair Organizational structuring to define Projects One: Spanish exploration, settling, and intermarrying in the Americas, 1500-1600s Two: Spanish involvement and support in the 1700s American Revolution Three: After the American Revolution and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo New Ethnic Studies Learning Channel Facts shaped and colored by describing with emotionally-packed words |
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Introducing Refugio Rochin, Ph.D. new
SPAR Honorary Co-Chair. |
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Dr. Rochin and his wife Cassie
Morton-Rochin, retired Dean, San Diego City College live in San Diego
and accepted my invitation to attend the Battle of San Diego Bay on
April 22, hosted by SPAR member, Maria Angeles O'Donnel Olson, Honorary
Consul of Spain, Casa de España and the US Navy. Happily, Refugio also
kindly agreed to support our SPAR effort.
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 My
primary goal is to enhance the effectiveness of programs and policies
that improve educational opportunities for under-represented groups,
socio-economic conditions for all, and community well-being. To
achieve my goal, I engage in teaching, applied research, public
speaking, and service through various organizations.
• Full-Professor in three
disciplines: Sociology, Agricultural Economics, and Chicano/Latino
Studies. Developed new academic programs and curriculum, including the
MS degree programs in Community Development and International
Agricultural Development (at UC Davis), the BA degree program
in Chicana/o Studies (at UC Davis); and drafted plans for Latino Studies at Michigan State University and The University of Notre Dame.
• Former Program Administrator
of the Ford Foundation and member of the Nobel Laureate team of Dr.
Norman Borlaug, known for "The Green Revolution in Asia".
Developed research on peasant systems, diffusion and adoption of
innovations, & income generation.
• Team member of consultant
teams and advisor to USDA, USAID/State Department and international
organizations, for economic development projects and programs.
PROFESSIONAL TITLES:
Professor Emeritus of Agricultural Economics & Chicana/o Studies; Academic Coordinator, American Economic Association Summer Training Program, University of New Mexico (2010-2013); Retired Director of Research & Evaluation, UC Santa Cruz; Principal Investigator, UC Experiment Station and Giannini Foundation; Former Executive Director of the Society for Advancement of Chicanos/Latinos and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS); Founding Director, Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives; First Permanent Director, Julian Samora Research Institute, Michigan State University; Chairperson, Chicano Studies; Technical Advisor & Global Consultant; Board Member; Keynote Speaker; Hispanic Business list of nation's most influential Hispanics; and Mentor.
PUBLICATIONS AND SCHOLARLY
WORKS:
Dr. Rochin has consulted & researched in Africa, Asia, Middle East & Latin America and published over 140 articles in professional journals, books and government reports ranging from topics of international development, the diffusion and adoption of new technology, the effectiveness and applications of new programs and projects, and the changing demographics within the United States. See: http://scholar.google.com/scholar?
Click Dr. Rochin Mozambique 2015
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For increasing awareness of the positive and
contributing presence of the Spanish in Americas' Roots, the SPAR
committee is now focusing on three different time periods:
1) First Time Period, 1500-1600s: Spanish exploration, settling, and intermarrying with native indigenous, and most other non-Spanish groups during the 1500-1600s in the Americas. Judge Fredrick Aguirre will be the Honorary Chair of (1) Spanish exploration and settling of the Americas during the 1500-1600s. His subcommittee: Roberto Calderon, Charley Trujillo, and John Valadez will be developing a student-film project. 2) Second Time Period, 1700-1800s: Spanish involvement and support in the 1700s leading up to and including the American Revolution. Judge Edward Butler, will be the Chair of (2) Spanish involvement and support in the 1700s leading up to the American Revolution. He will be chairing the Galvez document/film subcommittee. His subcommittee : Jack Cowan and Gary Foreman. 3) Third Time
Period 1800-2000 : For
the great changes following
the American Revolution, Civil War, and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,
Carlos Cortes, Ph.D. will be the Historical
Advisor to these time periods. The projects that we hope to see take
shape, will be those seeking evidence of the Spanish presence in
Americas' Roots, in the cooperation, collaboration,
assimilation, adaptations, and historic intermarrying of
the Spanish with the immigrating and migrating of racial,
ethnic and cultural groups into the continent. City of Riverside Names Award for Carlos CortésUCR
historian honored for lifetime commitment to inclusivity and
diversity RIVERSIDE, Calif. – A new award created by the city of Riverside to recognize community members who are committed to inclusivity and diversity has been named for Carlos Cortés, UC Riverside professor emeritus of history. Riverside Mayor Rusty Bailey presented the inaugural Dr. Carlos E. Cortés Award for Championing Diversity and Inclusivity during the State of the City Address on Jan. 28. “I’m delighted that the mayor is championing diversity and inclusion, and am deeply honored that the award will be in my name,” Cortés said. “It took me completely by surprise.” Bailey said the award is named for Cortés because of his long commitment to inclusivity and diversity in both his professional career and in his civic leadership capacities. “You were the single most influential force in the shaping of the City of Riverside’s Inclusivity Statement, reason alone to name this award in your honor,” the mayor said in a letter to the historian. “Yet, anybody that has worked with you knows that your contributions are much greater than the Inclusivity Statement.” Cortés is known internationally as a scholar of race and ethnicity, and has been writing and teaching on the topic for decades. In addition to his scholarly publications and work as a consultant to government agencies, universities and private businesses, Cortés also serves as the creative/cultural adviser for Nickelodeon’s award-winning “Dora the Explorer,” and its sequel, “Go, Diego, Go!,” – for which he received the 2009 NAACP Image Award. For more information on Dr. Cortes, please go to: https://ucrtoday.ucr.edu/34592
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(1) Alerting them that the nation will be celebrating the 250th anniversary 2024-2026. (2) Encouraging them to join us in producing historical documentaries of the 1500/1600s. (3) Based on the facts concerning Spain and the Nueva Espana settlers' contributions in collaboration with the Indigenous throughout the Americas, other Europeans, Jewish (Sephardic/Ashkenazi), Africans, and British colonists. (4) Emphasizing the mestizo/mulato/culturally mixed nature of the Americas which form the Roots and foundation of the United States.
SPAR will keep
in touch with them, sending follow-up emails for the next
two years. On the 4th year (2020) we will send a questionnaire, to
identify any projects underway, or are completed and offer to
promote their projects.
The vision
is that these student-film projects will stimulate more action by
Latinos to bring more visibility and awareness of the Spanish
presence in areas of influence, on a meaningful personal level.
We
will not be soliciting funds. We
expect that these student projects will be completed under the
auspices of their school. Our goal is to create a desire for student
involvement in celebration of our nation's birth, and they will
receive administrative support to do so.
Communication will be online, so no printing or mailing costs are involved. In addition, the goal is to make the student-film available online for general public access. If the schools honor the student films with receptions, etc. it would still be their event, at their cost. Superior Court Judge Fredrick Aguirre, (now retired), Click here: hon frederick aguirre - Google Search Roberto Calderon
Click
here: Roberto Calderon, Phd. University of North Texas - Google
Search.
Judge Aguirre and Beto Calderon
have both been notably involved in Latino activism for many
year. Charley Trujillo Click here: Charley Trujillo - Wikipedia John Valadez
I met John Valadez at an NCLR conference. We have a mutual friend in Wanda Garcia, Dr. Hector P. Garcia's daughter. However,
my new contact with Charley was a wonderful happenstance. I
received a communication between Charley Trujillo and Dan Arellano,
via LARED-L@LISTSERV.CYBERLATINA.NET .
Sincerely,
Charley Trujillo
Filmmaker, Writer and Educator"
I had written the goal of making the
student-films available online for general public access
Do read below concerning Charley's New Ethnic Studies Learning Channel.
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There have been remarkable
advancements in the training of academics, writers and artist in Ethnic
Studies since its initial inception over 45 years ago. Given the rapidly
changing multicultural demographics of the United States it is of the essence
that curriculum of historically neglected groups be included and expanded in
the educational institutions. The language and concepts of the lectures will be structured to reach a wide demographic of students, from high school to undergraduates. Pedagogically, it is well researched that students learn better when they are taught with a curriculum from which they can culturally identify. |
It is also important for
students of all ethnic groups to have access to a nontraditional and creative
curriculum. This type of curriculum will benefit students at
all academic levels.
https://www.tinyurl.com/chusmahouseonyoutube
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Trujillo
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| Promote the importance of maintaining
the lineage of the horses brought in by the Spanish settlers. They
are proof of the Spanish presence in the foundation, in the roots of
the Americas. |
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Two:
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| Judge Ed Butler met with his Galvez Documentary/Film subcommittee on March 10th in San Antonio. They have been quite busy in gathering the support of many Sons of the American Revolution Chapters and educators. Contact Judge Butler at SARPG0910@aol.com |
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Minutes
of Galvez Documentary Meeting on
Mar. 10, 2017 in San Antonio, TX A
meeting of the Galvez Documentary Committee was held in San Antonio, TX
on Mar. 10, 2017 at Jim's Restaurant at 410 and Fredericksburg Rd.
Attending were Judge Ed Butler, Gary Foreman and LTC Jack V.
Cowan. The
group agreed that the main reason in producing a documentary on General
Bernardo de Galvez and the support the U.S. received from Spain during
the American Revolutionary War was to inspire our youth.
1.
Hispanic youth need Hispanic heroes.
2.
Hispanic youth need to understand that their ancestors played a
vital role in the American Revolutionary War, and that their ancestors
were partially responsible for our U. S. Constitution and Bill of
Rights.
3.
Anglo youth need to learn that the ancestors of their Hispanic
classmates were heroes of the American Revolution.
This knowledge should eliminate or reduce pejorative comments
about Hispanic children. It
was decided that the focus of this documentary should be a
"swashbuckling" documentary reflecting the battle scenes both
at sea on onshore. It
should focus on intrigue and espionage.
It should appeal to Spaniards in Spain (as we plan to have it
translated to Spanish). It
should document that Galvez was an American hero who was recognized by
George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry.
It should include information about Oliver Pollock's inventing
the "dollar sign"; that the first horses and the first mules
in North American came from Spain; and that Jews were instrumental in
the American Revolutionary War. Judge
Butler reported on a meeting of the National SAR at Louisville, KY, the
previous week-end. The
Program for the Saturday night banquet was U.S. Park Ranger John
Slaughter, who is currently stationed at the Cowpens Revolutionary War
battle site. His program
was about a documentary planned about the Rev. War battles that occurred
in South Carolina. He
presented an 8 minute ________
about the various battles in South Carolina.
Afterwards, in discussions with Ranger Slaughter, the cost of the
project was $200,000.00. The U. S. Park Service funded the bulk of the
project with a $140,000.00 donation.
The Sons of the American Revolution invested $8,000.00, with the
remaining $52,000.00 being paid by other partners. It
was decided that we should request that the U.S. Park Service underwrite
the cost of a short film about the proposed Galvez Documentary.
From discussions it appeared that the U.S. Park Service will only
get involved if there are
other non-profit groups
acting as co-sponsors. Potential
partners with the U.S. Park Service in the Galvez Documentary Project
include: National
Society Sons of the American Revolution Texas
Society Sons of the American Revolution Mexico
Society Sons of the American Revolution Spain
Society Sons of the American Revolution California
Society Sons of the American Revolution Arizona
Society Sons of the American Revolution New
Mexico Society Sons of the American Revolution Louisiana
Society Sons of the American Revolution Alabama
Society Sons of the American Revolution Florida
Society Sons of the American Revolution Texas
Connection With The American Revolution Sun
Productions Granaderos
y Damas de Galvez Order
of the Founders of North America 1492-1692 Spanish
Presence in America Roots Canary
Islanders Association Los
Bexarenos Genealogy Society Texas
Society of Colonial Wars Texas
Society War of 1812 Texas
Society Order of the Founders and Patriots of America Texas
Society First Families of Maryland Texas
Division Washington's Army at Valley Forge Texas
Society of the Sons of the Revolution Texas
Genealogical College After
discussion, it was decided that an appeal should be made to the U.S.
Park Service. Attached is a
copy of a letter written by Judge Butler to Ranger Slaughter.
It was decided by the committee that as soon as possible we
should follow-up with additional information to reflect the progress we
have already made. Mr.
Foreman informed the committee that another documentary maker in Houston
has recently completed filming a three hour documentary on Sam Houston.
He now has plans to film a documentary film on Bernardo de Galvez.
Further, it appears that he has already approached the Spanish
government to request sponsorship and a financial contribution by the
government. Gary suggested
that we react quickly to inform our contacts in the Spanish government
about the progress that we have already made, and that among our
committee we have:
1.
The author of an award winning book about Galvez, Judge Ed
Butler, who served as President General of the National Society of the
Sons of the American Revolution (2009-2010); and who has Spoken hundreds
of times about Galvez from California to Boston to Nassau, Bahamas and
points in between, and
2.
One of the nation's most prestigious documentary producers Gary
Foreman, who operates Native Sun Productions; who produced the six part
series on the American Revolution on the History Channel and the Kings
Mountain National Park documentary shown daily at the park; and who is
currently filming at the Alamo for a new documentary, and
3.
Revolutionary war battle and historic scenes film footage in the
can that can be used in the documentary, which will reduce the costs of
production.
4.
A prominent musical composer and conductor, David Arkenston, who
wrote the musical score in Lord of the Rings. For
your information we are attaching copies of
a)
two page introduction to Native Sun Productions,
b)
List of awards to Native Sun Productions,
c)
Select Television & Film Credits of Native Sun Productions,
d)
List of clients of Native Sun Productions,
d)
Curriculum Vitae of Judge Ed Butler
e)
List of publications of Judge Ed Butler
f)
list of presentations about Galvez given by Judge Ed Butler
g)
Master form Resolution for groups to use to endorse the concept
of the documentary, with copy of Amazon.com editorial and book
reviews That
our committee has been working on this project[1]
for several years, and that much progress has been made towards the
production of a documentary, including:
1.
Outline of proposed screenplay
2.
Matrix of scenes involving Oliver Pollock 3. Matrix of scenes involving Josef Bernardo Galvez Y Gallardo (1720-1787)
4.
Matrix of scenes involving Bernardo de Galvez Y Madrid
(1746-1786)
5.
Description of Scenes
6.
Chronology of Significant Events
7.
Feature Film Vision Statement Judge
Butler informed the committee that the National Park Service would only
make a contribution if there was support from other groups. It
was decided by the committee that copies of all of the above should be
provided to the Spanish government through our existing contacts with
the Consul Generals of Houston and Los Angles and the Honorary Consul
General in San Diego. Therein
we should request that the Spanish government endorse our project, and
advise them that the Sam Houston documentary team has no experience with
events in the 18th century, and the Texans in the battles scenes they
propose to use are not wearing 18th century uniforms, and that the
Mexican soldiers are not dressed as Spanish soldiers. Suggest
to these Spanish representatives that the documentary should be filmed
in San Antonio because
1.
The Alamo and 4 other missions are here.
These missions and the local ranchers along the San Antonio River
all provided cattle, bulls, horses and grain to Galvez' army, thereby
involving Texas in the American Revolution.
2.
The Governor's Palace, the oldest building in Texas could be used
in Scenes.
3.
San Antonio has a substantial film industry, together with many
companies which support the film industry. It
was also decided that much of the above information should be submitted
also to the National Park Service. The
committee welcomed two new members:
Mr. Lanny Patten, former president of the Pennsylvania Society,
SAR and
Judge Frederick P. Aguirre - "One of the 101 Most
Influential Latinos in the U.S." There
being no further business to come before the committee it was adjourned. Judge
Ed Butler Secretary
of the meeting.
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Here is the latest to the U.S. Park Service:
Ed
JUDGE
EDWARD F. BUTLER, SR. 8830
Cross Mountain Trail San
Antonio, TX 78255-2011 April
6, 2017 Mr.
John Slaughter U.S.
Park Ranger 338
New Pleasant Rd. Gaffney,
SC 29341 Re:
Follow-up Documentary about Spain's Assistance during the
American Revolutionary War
Galvez Documentary Project Dear
John, This
is a follow-up of my letter to you dated Mar. 6, 2017. This
past week-end, the Texas
Society Sons of the American Revolution (TXSSAR), the largest SAR
Society by far, endorsed the Galvez Documentary Project.
Attached is a signed copy of that Resolution.
Please note that TXSSAR "wholeheartedly endorses the
concept of a documentary about Spain's involvement in the American
Revolutionary War." Similar
resolutions will be presented to both the California
SAR Society and the
Louisiana SAR Society this coming week-end.
Next week the Order of
the Founders of North America 1492-1692, will consider a similar
resolution at their annual meeting in Washington, DC.
Additional groups considering the adoption of similar
resolutions: Order
of the Granaderos y Damas de Galvez
Apr. 6, 2017 Texas
Connection with the American Revolution
Apr.
11, 2017 Alabama
Society, Sons of the American Revolution
May 6, 2017 Florida
Society, Sons of the American Revolution
May 19, 2017 Arizona
Society, Sons of the American Revolution New
Mexico Society, Sons of the American Revolution Spanish
Presence in American Roots (SPAR) Somos
Primos Society
of Hispanic Historical & Ancestral Research (SHHAR) Gary
Foremen, CEO of Native Sun Productions is ready to begin production as
soon as we have a commitment for the cost of production.
They even have lined up a talented conductor to write and
direct the musical score. Please
advise what our next step should entail.
I would greatly appreciate your thoughts at this time, and I
would appreciate some direction from you about who we need to talk to
about financing the Galvez documentary, and what are the requirements
for the U.S. Park Service to become involved as it did in the South
Carolina Revolutionary War Battles documentary. I
greatly appreciate the time and attention that you are giving this
documentary project. John,
one reason I feel so driven about this project is that it is vitally
important to educate Hispanic children that their Spanish ancestors
played a vital role in the establishment of our nation, with its solid
Constitution and Bill of Rights.
If Anglo children learn that the ancestors of this Hispanic
schoolmates, they will be less likely to mistreat or disrespect them. Your
thoughts and suggestions will be greatly appreciated. Warm
regards, Judge
Ed Butler President
General 2009-2010 National
Society Sons of the American Revolution
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Two: Spanish involvement and support in the 1700s American Revolution
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 An ongoing project focusing on this time
period is being chaired by Letty Pena Rodella, President of the Society
of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research.
Having been very successful in tracing her research to
a Spanish soldier who served under Bernardo de Galvez, Letty has
been making presentations on the "Spanish Patriots during the
American Revolution" throughout California for many years. Her
mission: to inform the general public on the invaluable Spanish
involvement in the America Revolution, and the genealogical resources
available for those of Spanish heritage desiring to trace their ancestry
back to the American Revolution. |
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Three:
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Martha
Ann
Francisca
Vallejo McGettigan is
descended from four first and distinguished families,
Martha majored in theatre arts and music at
Martha lectures on Native American and
Californios with emphasis on the Suysun Tribe, the Vallejo Family and
the women of early California. She
has presented papers for the California
Indian Conference, California
Mission Studies Association, Anza Society, San Francisco Presidio
Historical Society and California State Parks. She
worked with California 2000 on
history documentaries for the State of California School System as art
director, researcher, and costume and prop director.
She adapted primary source documents from Francisca Vallejo, for
a DVD on General Vallejo’s home, Lacryma Montis, receiving a nomination for a Telly Award for
scriptwriter. She has produced a CD of a Las
Posadas using historic and original California Mission music. Martha
is a recipient of a Visiting Scholar Fellowship at the Autry Institute
for the Study of the American West and a Master Teacher and presenter
for the NEH “Fourteenth Colony Workshop.” Martha received The
History Award Medal from the National Daughters of the American
Revolution for her work in California history.
Martha has been published in The
Californians, The Sonoma Index Tribune, California Mission Studies
Association, Centennial
Memoirs of the Daughters of California Pioneers and reviewed in The
Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education and Southwestern Mission Research Center.
Martha is a choreographer, director and
costumer of opera and turn-of-the-century musicals, Go Martha is one of the first women accepted as a regular member of The Society of the California Pioneers, and as a Spanish descent member of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Martha is a classical clarinetist and lives in Pope Valley.
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| This has been an on-going project with the
Heritage Museum of Orange County. Grew from the re-enactment of
the signing of the first constitution. I adapted and rewrote a script on the subject, as a Reader's Theater for students to perform in the classroom and community. This summer, a grant enabled an Orange County high school performing student troupe to visit the actual site where the signing took place. It is available and free to use. I encourage teachers, even outside of California to make use of the script for better understanding of California history. The Orange County Department of Education in collaboration with the Santa Ana School District, developed lesson plans and tested the script out in a 4th grade classroom. It was so much fun to see their performance, as they debated points and issues, history became real to them. The script can be downloaded: http://somosprimos.com/constitution1849.htm
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| Using his artistic talents, Sergio
will draw a series of black/white cartoons for a coloring book of
the history of the horse in the development of the US. Each
cartoon will be accompanied by appropriate historical
captions. |
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| NEW AARP
Arizona Hispanic Connection platform NEW Ethnic Studies Learning Channel NEW Voces Oral History Project <click |
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Per our
conversation, let’s definitely find time to meet in the near future so
I can interview you and showcase the interview on the AARP Arizona
Hispanic Connection platform. About
the platform, here is what we consider the elevator speech and mission: Elevator
Speech: AARP Arizona Hispanic Connection is an AARP-hosted
radio-social media platform that convenes community thought leaders to
educate on relevant issues (such as history, health, education, money,
and other), celebrate Latino accomplishments (academically, politically,
business, arts), and connect Hispanics of all generations. Mission:
Convening to educate, celebrate, and connect. The
platform consist of a Facebook page, a weekly radio program (Saturdays),
and a YouTube channel. The
radio program launches on Saturday, May 6, from 8 am to 9 am, on
1190 AM in Phoenix. The program can also be accessed at the station’s
website (http://onda1190am.com),
and it will also be Facebook Lived at www.facebook.com/aarparizonahispanicconnection.
Thanks
Mimi once again and I look forward to meeting you soon. Let’s make it
happen. Have a super day! David
Parra / Director of Community Outreach / AARP Arizona 16165
N. 83rd Avenue #201, Peoria AZ 85382 / 480-414-7637 ______________________ Get
Social with Us! WEBSITE: www.aarp.org/phoenix FACEBOOK:
www.facebook.com/aarparizona TWITTER: www.twitter.com/AZ_AARP
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Granaderos y Damas de
Galvez, San Antonio Chapter, Tejeda History Faire & Festival |
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Granaderos y Damas de Gálvez Tejeda History Faire & Culture Festival |
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The
group staffed a living history booth which attracted visitors and gave
them an opportunity to inform the people about Bernardo de Gálvez and |
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At one point,
the group marched through the grounds with several Granaderos, a Color
Guard and the only Spanish Colonial Fife & Drum Corps in the Participating in the event were members Ricardo Rodriguez, Crystal Benavides, Alex Zamora, Jesse Benavides, Mario Martinez, Urban Urbano, Roland Salazar, Jesse Guerra, Roger Valdez, Ricky Reyes, Tim Thatcher and Joe Perez. |
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The
town of |
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Drawing of Fort
George from "Yo Solo" |
The
issue of not harming the town was important to Gálvez as there
were many noncombatant women, children and infirm in the town.
In correspondence to British General |
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Fort |
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Painting by Augusto Ferrer-Dalman |
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A
21-ship joint Spanish-French fleet arrived with reinforcements from |
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References: 1
Robert H. Thonhoff, The Texas Connection With The American Revolution, Eakin Press 1981,
p.36 2
John Walton Caughey, Bernardo de
Gálvez in Louisiana 1776-1783, Pelican Press 1991 edition, p.203,
citing “Diario de Panzacola”, p. 143. 3
N. Orwin Rush, Battle of Pensacola, Florida Classics Library 1981 (Reprint), p.63,
citing Carlton Papers 30/55 4
5
Wesley S. Odom, The Longest Siege of the American Revolution:
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HISTORIC TIDBITS |
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Lost in the Fifties - Another Time, Another Place Rarely Seen Interesting Moments of History |
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Click
here: Lost in the Fifties- Another Time, Another Place - SafeShare.TV |
| ================================== | ================================== | |
 It took three minutes for the TV to warm up? |
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Women's gym shorts were bloomers? |
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When a quarter was a decent
allowance? |
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| No one owned a pedigree dog? |
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You'd
reach into
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| You got your windshield cleaned, oil checked, and gas pumped, without asking, all for free, every time? And you didn't pay for air. And, you got trading stamps to boot? | ||
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Green stamps were
accumulated by shopping at certain store. These trading
stamps were glued into little
books and redeemed for a variety of home items. |
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Rarely Seen Interesting Moments of History |
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[http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1869_pueblo-de-los_angeles.jpg] La Plaza, as seen from the Pico House. Pueblo Los Angeles, c. 1869 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1870_slave_market.jpg] Slave auction place, c. 1870 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1871-chicago-cafe-after-fire.jpg] Burnt District Coffee House in Chicago after the Fire, 1871. Chicago entrepreneurs quickly reacted to establish or reestablish businesses in the fire district. [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1887-telephone_wires_in-new-york.jpg] Telephone wires in New York, 1887 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1890-1900_hanging_stagecoach_robber_Texas.jpg] Hanging of a stagecoach robber in Texas, c. 1890-1900 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1893-wooden_prison_wyoming.jpg] Wood-plank prison in Wyoming, 1893 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1895-san-fancisco-police_quad.jpg] Chinatown Squad of the San Francisco Police Department posing with sledge hammers and axes in front of August Pistolesi’s grocery store at 752 Washington Street, 1895. They were specialized in opium dens and gambling rooms and their method was simple. [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1900_opium-den-san-francisco.jpg] Opium den in San Francisco, 1900 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1909_first_woman_to_cross_usa_by_car.jpg] Alice Huyler Ramsey (November 11, 1886 – September 10, 1983), the first woman to drive across the United States from coast to coast, 1909. Only 152 miles out of the total 3600-mile trip were made on paved road. [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1909_north_american_native_Basketball_team_swastika.jpg] North American native Chilocco Indian Agricultural School basketball team in 1909. Originally, the swastika is a sign of good fortune. [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1912-horse-drawn_fire_engine_NY.jpg] A horse-drawn fire engine of Engine No. 39 leaving Fire Headquarters at 157 East 67th Street for the last time after being replaced with a motorized fire engine, New York City, February 19, 1912. [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1918_white_house_lawn_mowers.jpg] Lawn mowers of the White House grounds, 1918 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1920s_motorcycle_chariot.jpg] Motorcycle chariots, 1920s [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1922_wade_log_motor_home.jpg] Log motor home by Wade, 1922 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1922_wade_log_motor_home_2.jpg] Log motor home by Wade, interior [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1923_japanese_already_unwanted.jpg] Neighbors of Japanese origin were already unwanted in some neighborhoods in 1923 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1924_three-friends-take-a-joyride.jpg] Three friends take a joyride on their ‘new’ vehicle, Ohio, c. 1924 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1925_north_american_native_switchboard_operator.jpg] North American native switchboard operator, 1925 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1930-workers-pave-28th-street-manhattan.jpg] Workers lay bricks to pave 28th Street in Manhattan, 1930 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1932-drive-in-on_sunset_boulevarde.jpg] Drive-In restaurant on West Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles,1932 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1940_life_guard_attempt_to_save_swimmer.jpg] A life guard and a doctor attempt to save a swimmers life on Coney Island Beach, 1940. The woman in the center chose the worst moment for a smile. [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1940-NY-coney-island.jpg] Coney Island, NY, 1940 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1956_marilyn_monroe_and_queen-elizabeth.jpg] Victure Mature (my favorite "B" actor ever), Marilyn Monroe and Queen Elizabeth (both 30 at the time) meet at a movie premier in London. October 1956 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1958_elvis-presley-joins-the-Army.jpg] <http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1958_elvis-presley-joins-the-Army.jpg> Elvis Presley joins the Army, 1958 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1959_Khrushchev_eating_hot_dog.jpg] Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev eating a hot dog in Des Moines, Iowa, on which he commented “It’s excellent… we make good sausages but yours are better”, 1959 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1963-couple-bused-restaurant-USA.jpg] Couple and friend being abused in a restaurant for the latter being black, USA, 1963 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1964_minoru_yamasaki-wtc.jpg] Minoru Yamasaki (right) posing with a model of the World Trade Center he designed, 1964 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1966_portrait-of-hockey-goalie.png] Portrait of hockey goalie Terry Sawchuk before face masks became standard in 1966 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1967-boston-marathon_woman_removed.jpg] In 1967, challenging the all-male tradition of the Boston Marathon, Kathrine Switzer, at the time a headstrong 20-year-old junior at Syracuse University, entered the race. Two miles in, a race official tried to physically remove her from the competition. [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1968_arnold_schwarzenegger_first_time_new_york.jpg] Arnold Schwarzenegger on his first time in New York, 1968 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1968_new_york_sidewalks_trash.jpg] New York City sidewalks filled with trash during the 1968 strike of sanitation workers. [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1969_lahore_paxistan_nixon_jumps_off_car.jpg] US President Richard Nixon jumps down from the trunk of a limousine which carried him and Pakistani President Yahya Khan (left, background) in a motorcade to Government House after Nixon’s arrival in Lahore on August 1, 1969 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1973_children_play-xerox-alto.jpg] Children play a game on the Xerox Alto, one of the first personal computers with a graphic user interface, 1973. Its monitor was switchable between portrait and landscape mode. [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1973_liberty_statute_from_jersey_city.jpg] Statue of Liberty as seen from Jersey City, 1963 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1979_carter_solar_panels_white_house.jpg] President Carter with engineers and solar panels newly installed on the White House, 1979. President Reagan had them removed in 1986, to be reinstalled by President Obama in 2010 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1979-barack-obama_choom_gang-hawaii.jpg] Barack Obama posing with a group of friends that called themselves the Choom Gang, Hawaii, c. 1979. Choom was slang for smoking marijuana. [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1980_robin_williams_pony_express.jpg] Robin Williams joins the stunning women of the Denver Broncos’ Pony Express as pro football’s first male cheerleader and prances before 70,000 cheering fans in Denver’s Mile High Stadium. [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1984_reagan_china_clay_soldiers.jpg] Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan posing with clay soldiers at the Mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, 1984 [http://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1985_john_travolta_diana_white_house_dance.jpg] John Travolta takes Princess Diana for a dance in the White House
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| Francisco Gabilondo Soler, el Grillito Cantor |
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Francisco José Gabilondo Soler, mejor conocido como Cri-Cri, el Grillito
Cantor, nació el 6 de octubre de 1907 en Orizaba, Veracruz; hijo de los
señores Tiburcio Gabilondo y Emilia Soler. Desde pequeño mostró interés
por aprender y estudiar más no por asistir a la escuela, prefería el rumor
del campo y el murmullo del bosque al molesto barullo de sus compañeros de
clase; aprendió más por sí mismo que con profesores que le parecían poco
interesantes.
Era aficionado a los idiomas y al origen de las palabras; adquirió diversos
conocimientos no sólo por lo aprendido en libros sino por lo que sus oídos
le permitían asimilar: voces de mil seres diferentes con el canto del agua
que formaban música en su cabeza y se sumaban a la algarabía de una
abuelita que lo entusiasmaba con narraciones infinitas y alegres melodías
al piano. Algunas lecturas que lo inspiraron para crear sus propios relatos
fueron las fábulas de Esopo, las historias de Julio Verne y los cuentos de
Emilio Salgari, Hans Christian Andersen, Wilhelm Hauff y los hermanos Grimm.
A pesar de que a sus diez años de edad enfrentó circunstancias difíciles
como asimilar el deceso de hermanos pequeños, el divorcio de sus padres,
una economía apretada, vivir en internados y tomar la decisión de
establecerse con su papá, su infancia giró en torno a su abuela, la fantasía
y la naturaleza, a quienes años después dedicaría tantas canciones.
Se consideraba hombre metódico y autodidacta; indagó en diversas áreas
del conocimiento siendo la astronomía la ciencia que realmente lo atrapó.
Durante su adolescencia canalizó su energía en los deportes, incursionó
en el boxeo, la natación y la tauromaquia, disciplina en la que fue
conocido como El estudiante.
A los 17 años viaja a Nueva Orleans para estudiar la que se consideraba en
ese entonces la carrera del futuro: Linotipia, la cual nunca ejerció pero
gracias ésta quedó cautivado por el alma musical de esa ciudad de Estados
Unidos en donde el movimiento de jazz, junto con otros géneros que estaban
en pleno apogeo, lo motiva también para su formación como compositor.
Cuando tenía 19 años decidió aprender música; pidió permiso para
estudiar en la pianola de unos baños públicos de Orizaba en la que
accionaba el mecanismo, se fijaba en dónde bajaban las teclas y ponía los
dedos en ese lugar hasta que, a fuerza de practicar, dominó el teclado y se
convirtió en pianista.
Inició su trayectoria tocando melodías de la época en bares y casas de
citas, componiendo sus propias obras alrededor de 1930; entre ellas se
encuentran tangos, danzones y fox-trots, uno de los cuales: Montecarlo,
fue grabado en Nueva York por una banda estadounidense. Otras de sus
canciones fueron Dorotea, Vengan turistas, Timoleón y Su
majestad el chisme.
A principios de 1934, cuando su trabajo musical festivo ya era reconocido,
solicita una oportunidad a Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta quien aceptó haber
notado que cuando tocaba sus temas los niños ponían atención a la radio,
por lo que le sugirió escribir letra infantil para La Marcha de
Zacatecas, pero Francisco consideró que era mejor arriesgarse con un número
propio, mismo que le presentó a Otón Vélez, entonces gerente artístico
de la XEW y quien finalmente le abre un espacio.
Es así como el 15 de octubre de ese año interpretó, únicamente con voz y
piano, sus temas El chorrito, Bombón I y El ropero;
fueron quince minutos sin patrocinador ni publicidad, con poca paga, a
prueba, sin éxito aparente, sin nombre y sin personaje, el inicio de un
programa de radio que se mantuvo al aire durante casi veintisiete años, a
pesar de que Francisco creía que sólo duraría algunas semanas.
Poco después de iniciado el programa, el gerente artístico de la estación
le sugirió que algún animalito narrara las aventuras de sus canciones por
lo que Francisco —quien ya contaba con la colaboración del violinista
Alfredo Núñez de Borbón— pensó en un grillito e, influenciado por el
idioma francés, decidió llamarlo Cri-Cri, el Grillito Cantor,
personaje que a quince días de haber nacido ya era patrocinado por la Lotería
Nacional.
Después de un tiempo su espíritu aventurero lo orilló a dejar el programa
para viajar a Sudamérica (pasó de la Patagonia a Argentina) y empaparse de
otra de sus pasiones: el mar, en donde todas las noches observaba el cielo y
disfrutaba de su libertad; consideraba que “ver un astro a través de un
telescopio era todo un espectáculo”.
Al regresar a México retoma el programa —transmitido en vivo por cortos
meses desde La Habana, Cuba, y cuya última emisión se realizó el 30 de
julio de 1961—, aunque esta vez sus necesidades habían aumentado por lo
que Francisco Gabilondo Soler, quien hasta ese momento tocaba el piano de
manera lírica, aprendió a leer y escribir música, a transcribir sus
textos y determinar la producción general en la que ya estaba inmerso.
Algunas de sus canciones son Llueve, ¡Al agua todos!, El
sillón, Castillo azul, Chong Ki Fu, Jorobita, Ché
araña, La patita, El jicote aguamielero, Jota de la J,
El ropavejero, La banda del pueblo, El ratón vaquero, Caminito
de la escuela, Teté, Acuarela, Marina y Pico peñón,
entre muchas otras.
Su repertorio incluye más de doscientas veintiséis composiciones, de las
cuales ciento veinte fueron grabadas; creó más de quinientos personajes y
escribió más de tres mil quinientas páginas de textos y cuentos. Su obra
ha sido interpretada por diversos grupos y cantantes tales como Libertad
Lamarque, Hugo Avendaño, Plácido Domingo, Emmanuel, Timbiriche, Chabelo,
Alejandra Guzmán, Enrique Bunbury, Eugenia León, Iraida Noriega y Voz en
Punto, entre otros.
El maestro Gabilondo apreciaba la soledad, motivo por el cual rehuía a los homenajes y festivales en su honor; en cambio, disfrutaba las reuniones con sus amigos astrónomos, grupo al que denominó Los astrolocos y apelativo que, desde luego, él mismo se aplicaba. Decía que mucha gente pensaba que la astronomía consistía en “estar viendo pa´arriba”, aseguraba que era falso y citaba una frase escrita en la entrada de la Escuela de Platón, en la antigua Grecia: “No entre quien ignore la música y la astronomía”. Además de la música Francisco Gabilondo sentía predilección por la historia, los idiomas, la literatura, la geografía y la ciencia, principalmente la astronomía cuya área más interesante para él era el cálculo; se deleitaba comprobando movimientos estelares mediante operaciones matemáticas, conocimiento relacionado también con la música. En 1963 nace un proyecto cinematográfico basado en la vida del maestro Gabilondo Soler; Cri-Cri fue interpretado por el primer actor Ignacio López Tarso, mientras que el compositor accedió a aparecer en pantalla en la escena final filmada en uno de los tantos homenajes en su honor. Por otra parte, en 1968 realizó por pocos meses para Televicentro un programa televisivo grabado primero en blanco y negro y, después, a color. Fue miembro fundador del Sindicato Mexicano de Autores, Compositores y Editores de Música (SMACEM), actualmente Sociedad de Autores y Compositores de México (SACM). Francisco Gabilondo Soler Cri-Cri falleció a la 13:40 horas del 14 de diciembre de 1990 en su casa de Texcoco, en el Estado de México.
Sent by Frances Rios
francesrios499@hotmail.com
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5th anniversary of the Tejano monument. YouTube video: Bond Unbroken - the Why of Minh A Fascinating Short Sea Story 75th Anniversary of the end of the Battle of Bataan Voces Oral History Project: Nicanor Aguilar, Sr. World War II Veteran |
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5th anniversary of the Tejano monument
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YouTube video: Bond Unbroken - the Why of Minh |
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| The story of the Navy SEALs who served in Vietnam and
their Vietnamese combat interpreter Minh. Assumed executed after the
War ended he was found to be alive and living in My Tho over 40 years
later. Minh, the interpreter and his SEAL brothers were reunited in
the USA and Vietnam and this is their story. Published on Aug
29, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7OC9yKPdXU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44oFZyYpW7g&t=334s Sent by Erasmo "Doc" Riojas |
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Significant Duty Stations
USS SKYLARK ASR-20
SUBMARINE ESCAPE TRAINING TANK, NEW LONDON, CT
SUBMARINE ESCAPE TRAINING TANK, PEARL HARBOR, HI
USS COUCAL ASR-8
MED ADMIN TECH SCHOOL
USS FULTON AS-11
1ST MARINE DIVISION FOX 2-1, KOREA
MARINE CORPS CHARLIE MED, KOREA
DSDS, CLASS 4/55, NAVAL GUN FACTORY, WASHINGTON, DC
SEAL TEAM TWO, LITTLE CREEK, VA
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BRONZE STAR MEDAL W/ COMBAT 'V' (2)
http://navylog.navymemorial. Source of photo below: http://www.sealtwo.org |
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Editor Mimi: For an excellent historic perspective of the Vietnam war, view this YouTube interview with William Duiker, author of the book Ho Chi Minh, a Life: Facts, Education, Ideology, Legacy (2000) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7OC9yKPdXU C-SPAN Booknotes
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Sent by fellow Submarine Vet, Tom Barns (tbbarnes@comcast.net). To those of you who have crossed the International Date Line, coming and going to or from West Pac, you will remember it is possible to celebrate the same holiday twice if you cross at the appropriate time !!
Paul T. |
| The case of WW-II hero PFC Felix B. Mestas, Jr., U.S. Army, (deceased/KIA) | ||
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Dear Estimado Dr. Tijerina, Greetings from northern New Mexico. I am Elmer Maestas, author of "New Mexico's Stormy History: True Stories of Early Spanish Colonial Settlers and the Mestas/Maestas families." In my lengthy research to write this book I came upon the case of WW-II hero PFC Felix B. Mestas, Jr., U.S. Army, (deceased/KIA) who was from La Veta, Colorado (his story can be found on the web - "Mt. Mestas" http://www.mtmestas.com/. In this case, the facts later came to light regarding the heroic combat actions of PFC Mestas, who was killed in action in Italy during one of WW-II's bloody military campaigns.He was literally 'the last man standing' on a hill, providing cover for his comrades in order that they could safely escape the onslaught of advancing German forces. Finally, he alone, standing upright in the open field while blasting away with his BAR machine-gun, held off the Germans - when his ammunition ran out, he threw hand-grenades, when grenades ran out, he threw rocks - before being mortally wounded he had killed twenty-four advancing Germans - and this Hispano, U.S Army hero never gave up the fight until his last breath.
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This case, together with the fact that even President Bush ordered a review of our Military's previous handling of the highest military honors for Hispanics, which resulted in over-turning previous cases and re-awarding the highest military honor, the C.M.O.H., to eleven Hispanic servicemen, and exemplified how racism in our military was prevalent in past cases. Best Regards, Elmer Maestas Sent by Juan Marinez marinezj@msu.edu
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| As you know, this weekend marks the
75th Anniversary of the end of the Battle of Bataan. Today,
Senator Tom Udall honored this time of remembrance by reintroducing
legislation to award the Congressional Gold Medal to the Defenders of
Bataan. Many thanks to everyone who has
worked with us on this legislation in the past, and particularly to the
veterans to whom we owe so much of our gratitude. As with last
Congress, the bill will need two thirds of the Senate (67 senators) to
cosponsor the legislation in order to move towards final passage. I
respectfully request that you work with us to reach out to Bataan
veterans and their descendants in other states to help gather support.
Full text of the legislation is
attached. We welcome any feedback you might have and please keep in
touch. Best regards, Jeffrey
Lopez | Legislative Assistant | Office of Senator Tom Udall (NM)
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SECTION 1. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: Hours after the attacks on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Imperial Japanese forces launched an attack on the Philippines, cutting off vital lines of communication to members of the Armed Forces of the United States (referred to in this Act as the ‘‘Armed Forces’’) and Filipino troops in the Far East under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. On December 8, 1941, the 200th Coast Artillery Regiment, successors to the New Mexico National Guardsmen who made up part of the famed ‘‘Rough Riders’’ of the Spanish-American War, were the ‘‘first to fire’’. Despite being cut off from supply lines and reinforcements, members of the Armed Forces and Philippine troops quickly executed a plan to delay the Japanese invasion and defend the Philippines against that invasion. By April 1942, troops from the United States and the Philippines had bravely and staunchly fought off enemy attacks in Bataan for more than months under strenuous conditions that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. By maintaining their position and engaging the enemy for as long as they did, the troops at Bataan were able to change the momentum of the war, delaying the Japanese timetable to take control of the Southeast Pacific for needed war materials. Because of the heroic actions of the defenders of Bataan, members of the Armed Forces and other Allied forces throughout the Pacific had time to regroup and prepare for the successful liberation of the Pacific and the Philippines. On April 9, 1942, Major General Edward King, whose troops suffered from starvation and a lack of supplies, surrendered the soldiers from the United States and the Philippines into enemy hands. Over the next week, troops from the Armed Forces and the Philippines were taken prisoner and forced to march 65 miles without any food, water, or medical care in what came to be known as the ‘‘Bataan Death March’’. During this forced march, thousands of soldiers died, either from starvation, lack of medical care, sheer exhaustion, or abuse by their captors. Conditions at the prisoner of war camps were appalling, leading to increased disease and mal-nutrition among the prisoners. The prisoners at Camp O’Donnell died at a rate of nearly 400 per day because of the poor conditions of the camp. On June 6, 1942, the prisoners at Camp O’Donnell were transferred to Camp Cabanatuan, north of Camp O’Donnell. Nearly 26,000 of the 50,000 Filipino prisoners of war died at Camp O’Donnell and survivors were gradually paroled from September through December 1942. Between September of 1942 and December of 1944, prisoners of war from the Armed Forces who had survived the horrific death march were shipped north for forced labor aboard ‘‘hell ships’’ and succumbed in great numbers because of the abysmal conditions. Many of those ships were mistakenly targeted by Allied naval forces because the Japanese military convoys were not properly labeled as carrying prisoners of war. The sinking of the Arisan Maru alone claimed nearly 1,800 lives of members of the Armed Forces. The prisoners who remained in the camps suffered from continued mistreatment, malnutrition, lack of medical care, and horrific conditions until they were liberated in 1945. The veterans of Bataan represented the best of the United States and the Philippines, hailed from various locales across both countries, and represented true diversity. Over the subsequent decades, the veterans of Bataan formed support groups, were honored in 24 local and State memorials, and told their stories all people of the United States. The United States Navy has continued to honor the history and stories of the veterans of Bataan by naming 2 ships after the battle, including one ship that is still in service, the USS Bataan (LHD–5), in memory of their valor and honorable resistance against Imperial Japanese forces. Many of the survivors of Bataan have died and those who remain continue to tell their stories. The people of the United States and the Philippines are forever indebted to these men for— the courage and tenacity they demonstrated during the first 4 months of World War II fighting against enemy soldiers; and the perseverance they demonstrated during 3 years of capture, imprisonment, and atrocious conditions, while maintaining dignity, honor, patriotism, and loyalty. SEC. 2. CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL. AWARD
AUTHORIZED.—The
Speaker of the House of
Representatives and the President pro tempore DESIGN
AND STRIKING.—For
purposes of the award
under subsection (a), the Secretary of the Treasury (referred to in this
Act as the ‘‘Secretary’’) shall strike the
gold medal with suitable emblems, devices, and inscriptions, to be
determined by the Secretary. (2) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Congress that the Smithsonian Institution should make the gold medal received under paragraph (1) available for display at other locations, particularly at locations that are associated with the prisoners of war at Bataan and the troops from the United States and the Philippines who defended Bataan. SEC. 3. DUPLICATE MEDALS. (a) STRIKING OF DUPLICATES.—Under such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe, the Secretary may strike duplicates in bronze of the gold medal struck under section 2. (b) SELLING OF DUPLICATES.—The Secretary may sell such duplicates under subsection (a) at a price sufficient to cover the costs of such duplicates, including labor, materials, dies, use of machinery, and overhead expenses. (c) PROCEEDS OF SALE.—Amounts received from the sale of duplicate bronze medals under subsection (b) shall be deposited in the United States Mint Public Enterprise Fund. SEC. 4. STATUS OF MEDALS. (a) NATIONAL MEDALS.—Medals struck under this Act are national medals for purposes of chapter of title 31, United States Code. (b) NUMISMATIC ITEMS.—For purposes of section 5134 of title 31, United States Code, all medals struck under this Act shall be considered to be numismatic items. SEC. 5.
AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.
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Today I want to tell you about Nicanór Aguilar Sr., a World War II veteran who was one of the biggest champions of the Voces Oral History Project. Mr. Aguilar sent me a money order for $20 in January 2001 and included a short note that ended, "P.S. I am not a man of money, I collect cans to pay my rent." |
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When I recall Mr. Aguilar's belief
in what we are doing - recording
the Latino story - it heartens me,
and yes, touches me deeply. Will
you join Mr. Aguilar in giving
what you can? The deadline of our
fundraising campaign is
approaching, and if you haven't
already given, will you today?
Please make your gift here: https://hornraiser.utexas.edu/voces.
We are hoping that everyone who
believes in our work will make a
contribution. Our goal is 100%
giving participation.
The story of Mr. Aguilar, who
passed away in 2013, is below. We
are raising money for a new
website, and if we reach that
goal, we will finally be able to
post his interview.
Sincerely, Maggie
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Nicanor
Aguilar, Sr.
 
Interviewed
by Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez in
El Paso, Texas on
December
29, 2001
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Story by Claudia Farias
Nicanor Aguilar is something of a
renaissance man, both as a
musician and, at an age when most
people would be slowing down, an
athlete.
But Aguilar's proudest
accomplishment involves his
efforts to end discrimination in
his West Texas hometown after
returning from the war.
Born Jan. 10, 1917, in Grand Falls
in rural Texas, he spent most of
his time helping his father, a
tenant cotton farmer. The family
of three brothers and two sisters
helped pick cotton on 100 acres of
land.
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In 1930, a schoolhouse was finally
built for Mexican American
children next to a group of
mesquite trees, but he left after
one year to work with his father.
No schools existed for Mexican
American children after
elementary; entry into the
"Anglo" schools was
banned. Aguilar learned most of
his English from the Anglo
children with whom he played in
town. |
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| One of his younger sisters, Maria, was prevented from attending junior high. But then along came Laura Francis Murphy, a teacher who was an advocate for teaching disenfranchised Latino students.
"[Ms. Murphy] did a lot for the Mexicans," Aguilar said. |
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His sister, Maria, ultimately
became the first Hispanic to
attend Grand Falls High School in
1942, thanks largely to Ms.
Murphy.
Maria, an accomplished trumpet
player with the family's
orchestra, also won band
competitions.
The entire Aguilar family was
musically inclined. In 1927, at
age 10, Aguilar began playing with
his father and, later, his
brothers.
"We were bad, but we played
good music," Aguilar said,
referring to his family's Grand
Falls Orchestra ensemble.
The Aguilars played both Mexican
and "American" music,
including classics such as
"Stardust." Each family
member was paid $1 an hour to
perform at weddings and other
dances.
Aguilar started playing drums, but
didn't like it because he would
have to read the music
simultaneously and miss watching
the people dancing
on the dance
floor. So his father put him on
the violin instead, and he was
able to focus on his dual
interests.
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"I didn't like the violin too
well, but there I was. At least I
could see the people," he
said, laughing. He would go on to
play the clarinet, saxophone and
piano for the next 50 years.
This family bond helped inspire
him to join the U.S. Army; younger
brother Isabino Aguilar, had
already enlisted. Aguilar received
basic training at Camp Hood,
Texas, and later Fort Ord, Calif.
He was intent on fighting in
Europe for his country and joining
his kid brother in Germany.
Aguilar ultimately shipped out to
Italy and fought with the 36th
Infantry Division on the European
front.
Like many veterans, Aguilar is
reticent in recalling war stories.
In his interview, he focuses
instead on the social battles he
fought stateside. After the war,
he found discrimination hadn't
disappeared in his hometown.
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"There was the same
discrimination in Grand Falls, if
not worse," Aguilar recalled.
"First, we'd work for a
dollar a day. After the war, they
raised it to $2 [for] 10 hours.
And the whites would get $18 (a
day) in the petroleum
[field]." Virtually none of the town's petroleum jobs were available to Latinos. Aguilar managed to maintain employment for one year with a small petroleum company, but only through a friend's assistance. |
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He felt he had to act to end his
town's discriminatory climate.
"It wasn't right," he
said. "I started calling
other veterans and I told them,
'We have to do something
good.'" Toward that end, they
secured assistance from a League
of United Latin American Citizens
(LULAC) associate.
"We would investigate. For
example . . . I would see [signs
that read] 'No Mexicans, whites
only.' There was only one
[restaurant] that would serve us.
We would write reports so they
could give us the reasons. Some
would answer us well; others, not
so well. I brought those reports
to El Paso and gave them to a
LULAC associate. I don't know what
he did with them after that. Once,
a more powerful LULAC associate
came to see me from San Antonio
and congratulated me."
Gradually, the oppressive signs
began coming down from diner
windows.
In 1948, Aguilar moved to El Paso
after a drought in Grand Falls,
still continuing his work for
LULAC. Today, he's a LULAC Member
At Large. He married Mercedes
Borunda and the couple had four
sons: Nick Jr., Pete, Paul and
Joe.
Aguilar knows it was the efforts
of many people like him that led
to changes. "You don't know the
sacrifices we made," he said.
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In addition to his civil rights
efforts, Aguilar started competing
in the Senior Olympics when he was
65, participating in running,
bicycling and other events.
Today, he displays his mounted
awards. In later correspondence,
Aguilar noted that, all told, he
has 67 awards, most of them gold
or first place. And he added that
14 of those were earned at the age
of 85.
In further post-interview
correspondence, Aguilar writes
extensively about the
discrimination of his youth,
seemingly as vivid a memory as the
war. Perhaps he'd internalized
much of that personal history
earlier, preferring instead to
record his thoughts at a more
leisurely pace that would
accommodate intermittent waves of
emotion upon remembrance.
In the makeshift building -- the
one next to the mesquite trees -
he soaked up whatever learning he
could, he wrote.
"We had scraps of education
in old abandoned houses with
teachers perhaps not
qualified," he said. "I
was kept three years in the
seventh grade because the state
could not afford any more books. I
had one choice: Stay 'til I grew a
beard or quit ..."
But he didn't quit. And today his
story of growing resonates
powerfully and speaks volumes.
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María Teresa Márquez and CHICLE:
The First Chicana/o Listserv Network LEAD Summit VIII was held March 30th: Sin Fronteras - Educating Beyond Borders “Dying to be a Martyr” Grades 9-12 Lesson plan is offered through PBS Muslim students' handshake refusal irks Swiss by Rosie Scammell From the Chronicle of Higher Education |
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These days we take e-mail and electronic lists for granted, but imagine
a world where there is no e-mail or exchange of information like we have
now?
That was the world for Humanities
Librarian María Teresa Márquez at the University of New Mexico (UNM)
Zimmerman Library and creator of CHICLE, the first Chicana/o electronic
mailing list created in 1991, to focus on Latino literature and later on
the social sciences. [1]
Other Chicano/Latino listservs
include Roberto Váquez’s Lared Latina of the Intermountain Southwest
(Lared-L) [2] created in 1996, and Roberto Calderon’s Historia-L,
created in March 2003. [3] These electronic lists were influential in
expanding communication and opportunities among Chicanas/os. CHICLE,
nevertheless, deserves wider recognition as a pioneering
effort whose importance has been overlooked.
Check out the rest at: http://library.osu.edu/blogs/mujerestalk/tag/lared-latina-of-the-intermountain-southwest/
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| Latino
Education and Advocacy Days Summit (LEAD VIII) was held at Cal
State San Bernardino on Thursday - March 30, 2017, with the
focus on “Sin
Fronteras —
Education Beyond Borders.” It is an annual free, one-day event,
which brings together teaching professionals and educators, researchers,
academics, scholars, administrators, independent writers and artists,
policy and program specialists, students, parents, civic leaders,
activists and advocates. |
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Watch
full "LEAD edutainment" programming,
on-demand, here --
Sent by Enrique
G.
Murillo, Jr.,
Ph.D. EMurillo@csusb.edu |
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(Justin Haskins, Heartland Institute) The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is home to Big Bird, Frontline, and other “programing made possible by viewers like you,” including lesson plans instructing teachers how to show kids to be more sympathetic to radical Islamic suicide bombers in Palestine. “Dying to be a Martyr.” That’s the name of a lesson plan offered to students and teachers at no cost by the Public Broadcasting Service, a taxpayer-funded nonprofit, and some of the material seems to encourage students to learn to sympathize with radical Islamic terrorists. The “Dying to be a Martyr” lesson plan is offered through PBS’ LearningMedia website, “a media-on-demand service offering educators access to the best of public media and delivers research-based, classroom-ready digital learning experiences,” according to the PBS website. The stated “objectives” for the lesson plan, which is designed for use by students in grades nine through 12, include analyzing “why the Middle East conflict began and continues today,” discussing “how religions can unite or divide people” and explaining “why individuals and groups sometimes turn to tactics of terrorism, and evaluate how terrorism affects the world we live in.” “Part 1” of the lesson instructs teachers to use the provided materials to help explain the similarities and differences between Christianity, Islam and Judaism. In “Part 2,” students are provided with material that is meant to show how the nation of Israel came into existence and to explain the source of the conflict between the people of Palestine and Israel. Students examine several important historical documents, including the Balfour Declaration and U.N. General Assembly Resolution 181. At the end of “Part 2,” teachers are instructed to ask students “to draw two faces that show emotions—one face for a Palestinian Muslim after seeing these documents, and one face for an Israeli Jew … (For example, a student may draw a happy face for an Israeli Jew and an angry face for a Palestinian Muslim).” It’s in “Part 3” the lesson plan takes a disturbing turn. First, students watch a video of 18-year-old Mohanned Abu Tayyoun, a Palestinian terrorist “who entered Israel carrying a bag of explosives with the intention of carrying out a suicide bombing.” Mohanned “wavered, however, and returned home without carrying out the mission.” In the video, which is called by the lesson plan the “Martyrdom” video, Mohanned is interviewed from a jail cell in Israel, where he is asked why he wanted to be a suicide bomber. Mohanned responds, “It was my decision. Martyrdom leads us to God. I don’t want this life. When you become a martyr, your prize for carrying out the operation is going to heaven. … We Palestinians prefer to die, just kill ourselves, rather than live this worthless life. Our lives are worthless. We are hollow bodies living a pointless life.” “Israelis enjoy their life,” Mohanned continued. “They go out at night. They have cafes and nightclubs. They travel all over the world. They go to America and Britain. We can’t even leave Palestine.” Teachers are then instructed, “Check for understanding by asking students to respond to the focus question. (Mohanned feels he would rather die and by a martyr than live his life, sees his life as hollow—in contrast he sees Israelis as happy, going out, having fun, traveling.) Ask your students why Mohanned may feel that way (Answers may include: Palestinians have less land, fewer privileges, cannot come and go as they please.)” Nothing in the instructions tells teachers to denounce Mohanned’s claims or radical Islamic views in general. The final section of “Part 3” has students watch another video interview of Mohanned, this time where explains why he didn’t go through with the act. Teachers are instructed after the video ends, “Ask your students to share their thoughts on why Mohanned didn’t carry out the plan. (Mohanned felt that not all Jews were guilty of being against him, and that God wanted him to continue to live.)” In Part 4, students are asked to watch a third video interview of an Islamic terrorist. This time, the video includes a terrorist who actually was involved in a suicide bombing. According to the lesson plan, “this is taken from an interview with 25-year-old Majdi Amer, who in March 2003 built a bomb and prepared a suicide bomber for a bus bombing in Haifa that killed 17 people and wounded 50.” In the interview, Majdi is asked why he believes it’s acceptable to kill women and children, to which he explains, “If the Israelis kill a child in Gaza, I’m ready to kill one in Tel Aviv. If they destroy houses in Gaza, I’ll do it in Tel Aviv. If they give me security in my land, then there’s no problem.” After students watch the interview, teachers are expected to ask students to explain “how Majdi and Mohanned’s opinions differ from one another, even though they are both Palestinians involved in suicide bombing plots. (Majdi feels that Islam calls for him to defend his land any way he can, he does not recognize the Jewish state, he will kill an Israeli for every Palestinian killed. Mohanned did not see every Jew as an enemy, did not want to kill innocent people, felt that God wanted him to live.)” No instructions are provided telling teachers to denounce the radical claims made by Majdi, and there are no other lesson plans describing the conflict from the point of view of the Israelis. On the lesson plan’s website, under the “Credits” section, JP Morgan Chase and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting are listed as the sources of funding. CPB is funded by the U.S. federal government, and it was first created by an act of Congress in 1967, under the leadership of Democratic Party President Lyndon Johnson. Although it’s difficult to determine just how many teachers have used this lesson plan in their classrooms, it has been confirmed the lesson plan is listed in the New York State Education Department’s “Global History & Geography Online Resource Guide.” Tami Goldstein, a public school teacher at John F. Kennedy High School in Silver Spring, Maryland, lists the lesson plan on a website for a course she teaches at the school titled “Modern World History.” On PBS’ website for teachers and students seeking educational resources, the lesson plan has been viewed more than 1,200 times. At the end of March, the Christian Action Network sent a “Letter of Demand” to officials at the U.S. Department of Education, mandating the PBS LearningMedia website cease its “so-called educational material” covering topics related to Islam, which CAN said are “nothing more than indoctrinating students into Islamic religious beliefs, duties and actions.” A review of the Learning Media website by The Blaze found at least six lengthy lesson plans focused on teaching students about various aspects of Islam, including “The Five Pillars of Islam,” “The Haj: Journey to Mecca” and “Salat: Prayer in Muslim Life.” However, no similar lesson plans covering other religious groups—including Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Taoism or Hinduism—were discovered on the website. Source: http://www.libertyheadlines.com/pbs-lesson-plan-teaches-kids-sympathize-radical-islamic-terrorism/ |
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'There are groups of students that are ruling out college, ruling out careers, well before someone shows up to help them fill out an application.' Poor Kids, Limited HorizonsThe support they need to overcome barriers to aspirational careers comes too little, too late
January 17, 2016
John Burcham for The Chronicle
Darrius Sloan (right)
Darrius Sloan, 17,
talks about his dreams — about himself — in the past tense. He
hoped to go to the University of Arizona. "I wanted to be a
civil engineer," he says. "I really loved math, I really
did. Raised on Navajo land in Tuba City, Ariz., in a trailer with 13 other family members, Mr. Sloan got good grades and earned a spot in a boardinghouse for Native Americans to attend high school in Flagstaff, about 80 miles from the broken schools of home. He blossomed there — the kid who carried around a journal full of quotations from famous thinkers, who knocked out a year’s worth of credits at the local community college, who toured the University of Arizona as a sophomore and bought a gray jacket emblazoned with its name. But his grandparents and siblings, back on the reservation with no electricity or hot water, subsisting on little more than potatoes, tugged at his heart until he made a weighty decision late last year. Engine of Inequality
January 17,
2016
Seventy years ago, with the passage of the GI Bill, Congress opened the doors of America’s colleges to millions of World War II veterans. At peak enrollment, in 1947, former servicemembers accounted for almost half of college admissions. By giving all veterans, rich and poor, the chance to earn a degree, the measure is credited with helping to fuel postwar prosperity and create a new middle class. And it cemented colleges’ role as engines of opportunity, as economic equalizers. Just this fall, President Obama called higher education the "secret sauce" of Americans’ economic success. Is that reputation deserved? Karin Fischer writes about international education, colleges and the economy, and other issues. She’s on Twitter @karinfischer, and her email address is karin.fischer@chronicle.com. 
Colleges are seen broadly as engines of opportunity, as economic equalizers. Is that reputation deserved? This is part of an occasional series exploring that question. Read stories from the series:
"Doing school," he says, "is no longer for me." People who advise low-income students or study their paths to careers may see a familiar pattern here: students with limited horizons who can’t bridge the gap between their aspirations and reality. In that gap lie financial insecurity, family pressure, bad schools, a fear of debt, a lack of social or cultural capital, discrimination. Those factors often push poor students to aim low, to go for what seems like a sure thing rather than take risks pursuing an eminent occupation. Some might regard that pattern with a shrug. After all, few people work in dream jobs, and many muddle through, college or not, to jobs that simply pay the bills. But the fact is that affluent, generally white people are more likely to reach aspirational careers than are low-income, often minority people, despite their talents, intelligence, or ambitions. And so the positions that set policy, influence public opinion, and guide the business world continue to be held by those who have money, connections, or both.
'A lot of things can happen in four years. That
ain't gonna do it. They need money now.'
"I find that there are two Americas: people
who are working for survival and people who work for
self-determination," says David L. Blustein, who studies
careers as a professor of psychology at Boston College. Those with
"career-choice privilege" often draw on family wealth,
social connections, or cultural capital to ascend to plum jobs.
Meanwhile, students from poor families look for steady, familiar
work that seems attainable. Researching a book on employment in an
age of uncertainty, Mr. Blustein has found that in poor families,
hit hardest by the recession, children were traumatized watching
parents lose jobs and scramble for money. "The
situation," he says, "is actually getting worse."
The trends disproportionately affect blacks, Latinos, and Native Americans, whose poverty rates are two to three times that of whites. Consider a study of the representation of women and minorities in a range of careers, based on five decades of census data, through 2010. While white women and Asians made significant gains in well-paying white-collar jobs — as doctors, lawyers, scientists, engineers, economists — the share of African-Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans in those jobs hardly budged. Certainly, the college pathways and outcomes for minority students are different: Even when their grades and test scores match those of their white peers, they are more likely to attend less-selective colleges and to drop out before earning a credential, according to Georgetown University’s Center on Education and the Workforce. The difference in college graduation rate between the top and bottom income quartiles is 37 percentage points, according to the most recent federal data. The trends don’t stem from a lack of desire. Research indicates that members of racial and ethnic minorities start off with the same aspirations as their white peers, but that over time they see barriers, and their perceptions of what’s possible for their careers begin to change. Colleges claim to care about this. Their mission statements and public images celebrate the notion of pulling people up the socioeconomic ladder. Some institutions follow race- and class-conscious admissions policies, accept students without considering their financial need, and offer scholarships and support programs. Increasingly colleges are judged on whether students land viable jobs. And yet, for kids trying to clamber out of poverty, college may stand as yet another barrier. Many institutions, in the race for prestige, have become less accessible to disadvantaged students. College representatives visit their schools less often, if at all. And institutions often promote to low-income populations professional programs — accounting, nursing, hospitality management — more than they do squishier liberal-arts degrees, which may be more of a pipeline to graduate school and influential careers. A number of nonprofit groups, like Say Yes to Education, the College Advising Corps, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Lumina Foundation, try to advance the prospects for low-income students. They point to some progress, but most of the energy in higher education goes toward getting kids to and through college. What happens after that — do they wind up working in high-end consulting or in retail sales, burdened with debt? — gets less attention. For a low-income kid from rural Arizona or from Chicago, the hurdles come early, formed by the examples, expectations, and crises around them. That influence is deeply rooted and difficult to change. As a junior in high school, Mr. Sloan saw his college plans evaporate. His grandfather, the family’s main breadwinner, was in the hospital with blocked arteries. The teenager sat by his bed thinking about what would happen if the old man died. His parents, he says, were unreliable. Mr. Sloan’s grandfather was a military veteran, and like many Navajos, he was a welder who worked in construction, among the few steady jobs the boy saw growing up. One way out of that is to do well enough in school to go to college, but the reservation schools make that hard. "Everybody knows that they are not equipped to teach anybody," Mr. Sloan says. He was lucky to get to Flagstaff High School, the last kid admitted to the boardinghouse the year before. A teacher there persuaded him to enroll at the local community college, and encouraged him to go on to a four-year university. Go back to the reservation with a degree, she told him, and help your family. As Mr. Sloan considered his options, the bit about helping his family stuck. But even if he got scholarships, he figured, he might still rack up debt, and he wouldn’t be able to send money home for as long as he was in college. "A lot of things can happen in four years," he says. "That ain’t gonna do it. They need money now." When he told the school’s guidance counselor, Katherine Pastor, that he was going to join the Marines, she was floored. "There was a disconnect," she says. "Here is a kid who is engaged, who is going to community college part of the day, but who feels that enlisting in a branch of the military would be a better option for him." She tried to tell him that he would get substantial financial aid for college, that he might be able to work while he was enrolled and still send money home. But Mr. Sloan had made up his mind. He plans to enlist next month, when he turns 18, and graduate from high school this spring. He gave his University of Arizona jacket to his little sister. His story is not unusual. "I see it all the time," Ms. Pastor says. Teachers, counselors, or family members can sometimes guide a student past the limits they see for themselves, but often not. "We should be talking to students when they are young — as fourth and fifth graders," she says. But there are scant resources for that. She has a caseload of 500 students, roughly the national average. In Arizona the average counselor-to-student ratio is 800 to 1. As a counselor at Brighton High School outside Boston, Mandy Savitz-Romer would watch her former students drop out of college after a year or two. Frustrated, she quit to study the profession and try to understand what derails students in poor, urban districts. Now she trains school counselors as a senior lecturer at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Education. Talking with students right before they’re supposed to apply to college, she argues, is too little, too late. "We can’t just work with seniors," she says. "We also have to realize that there are groups of students that are ruling out college, ruling out careers, well before someone shows up to help them fill out an application." Career aspirations, she says, are all about students’ immediate influences. As another expert puts it, You have to see it to be it. Mr. Sloan wanted to be a civil engineer in part because that’s what an uncle, one of the only people in his extended family to go to college, had become. Otherwise he saw what many low-income kids do: adults working low-level service or blue-collar jobs, if they’re employed at all.
'The only scientist I knew,' growing up in San
Diego, 'was Bill Nye the Science Guy.'
Self-esteem and optimism also play important roles.
Affluent kids can aspire to be lawyers, doctors, professors, and
politicians because they see that’s been possible for their
parents and other adults around them. Poor kids don’t often know
people in such jobs. And because of bad schools, the pernicious
effects of discrimination, and financial constraints, they may
think they aren’t smart or wealthy enough to strive for those
things.
"If students don’t see that as a possibility for themselves," says Ms. Savitz-Romer, "they might have the highest GPA, test scores, and promise, and they won’t choose a major that will get them there." Low-income students tend to grapple with decisions about majors before deciding to go to college, says Karen Arnold, an associate professor of higher education at Boston College who studies the transition from college to career. The choice of a certain major can be a justification for applying or enrolling. That’s because many low-income students believe there’s a direct line between a major and a career, she says, "to the point that they might not even be going to college if they don’t know what they want to do." She has also found that many low-income students and their families are skeptical of general-education requirements, which they see as part of a college "scam" to charge more for a degree. "It’s hard enough for upper-class students to see how comparative literature is going to work into a career," Ms. Arnold says. "It’s virtually impossible for people who don’t know a whole bunch of people — or even anyone — who has gone to college." That’s where guidance and career counselors are supposed to come in, to help students imagine possibilities, chart a course. But many schools put their limited resources toward raising test scores and managing students’ special needs. "There is almost no career development going on in schools, particularly at schools that serve low-income communities," Ms. Savitz-Romer says. "Schools don’t see this as part of their mission. And even if counselors want to do it, they are not given the time or space." When financially poor students are prompted to consider dream careers, the message may not resonate. "On more than one occasion," Ms. Arnold recalls, "I have heard students say, ‘All this find-your-passion stuff is great, but I can’t do that. I need to get my mom out of the Bronx.’ " But a pitch for college in purely financial terms isn’t necessarily helpful either, says Ms. Savitz-Romer. Counselors should emphasize to students not just earnings, but influence, she says. "We don’t sell them enough on the ways that they can be part of a change in their community and their world." 
Sandy Huffaker for The Chronicle
"The only scientist I knew," she says, "was Bill Nye the Science Guy." She spent five weeks studying interactions between gulf nutrients and islands. And she decided then and there that she would become a marine biologist. There were few precedents for that kind of ambition in her community. Most of the kids at school, if they graduated, went straight to work. Her parents, immigrants from Mexico, didn’t get past second grade. When Ms. Novoa was 3, her father was killed in a car accident. Her mother, who worked as a seamstress and in a factory, was later crippled in another car accident. Not speaking English, she couldn’t do much else for work. Ms. Novoa’s two oldest sisters had pursued careers in photography and psychology, but when the family needed money, each one quit college to work. A third sister wanted to be a chemist, but a counselor told her that it might be too hard. Instead she studied criminal justice at San Diego State University and now works at Kaiser Permanente, enrolling people in health-insurance programs. Buoyed by her dream of marine biology, Ms. Novoa got into the University of California at Santa Barbara. She struggled at first, not having taken rigorous science courses in high school. "It’s really fast-paced, and if you don’t have the foundation, it’s already too late," she says. She watched many low-income and minority classmates drop out, one by one. She was doing fine in the research courses in her biology major but struggled in the "weed out" courses, like organic chemistry. Because some of her grades were weak, a counselor at the university suggested that she switch majors and give her spot in the research program to a student doing better. "I was devastated," she says.
'There are groups of students that are ruling out
college, ruling out careers, well before someone shows up to
help them fill out an application.'
Those are the kind of roadblocks that make
low-income students believe they don’t have as many choices of
career, says Ryan D. Duffy, an associate professor of psychology
at the University of Florida. He studies "work
volition," people’s sense of control in making career
decisions.
People from lower-income backgrounds tend to have lower volition, he says. Like Ms. Novoa, they may feel underprepared. They face discrimination, or fear they will, in part because they don’t encounter mentors with similar backgrounds. In college Ms. Novoa had only one minority female instructor: a physics professor from India. For low-income and minority students, success "is all about having a role model," Mr. Duffy says. White students can find them in abundance. Minority students, notably on campuses like the University of Missouri at Columbia, are asking for more. "They want to have someone who is like them," he says, "to help them go through the process." A mentor can also help a student manage family doubts. Ms. Novoa says her mother was proud that she was in college but never fully grasped the significance. For example, if Ms. Novoa was up late studying for a test, her mother would demand that she go to bed. Her mother would beg her to come home on weekends, despite the seven-hour bus ride. After meeting with that counselor, Ms. Novoa did not give up. She switched to the university’s College of Creative Studies, where she found a mentor in a prominent parasitologist. He helped her create her own biology major, focusing on ecology, which meant she wouldn’t have to take some of the most intimidating science courses. Her grades improved, and the nonprofit group that had taken her on that ninth-grade trip sent her to Washington to accept a science-education award from President Obama on its behalf. She graduated from Santa Barbara, earned a master’s degree at the University of San Diego, and is now applying to marine-biology Ph.D. programs throughout California, planning to study the effects of climate change on marine habitats. The sister who’d been discouraged from pursuing chemistry inspired her to keep going. "She listened to their advice, and she regrets that," Ms. Novoa says. "I really wanted to continue on this path, so that I could be a mentor for students who faced the same obstacles I did." 
Lexey Swall for The Chronicle
She grew up on the South Side of Chicago, money a constant pressure, even though her mother had a college education and ran a nonprofit organization. "Scholarship," her mother would whisper to her, starting when she was 7. "Baby needs a scholarship." The girl responded. She studied all the time and tested into gifted programs; her mother got her into the best schools she could find. As a teenager, Ms. Gunn-Wright won a scholarship from the Jack Kent Cooke Foundation, which supports high-achieving, low-income students. Her mother wanted her to be a doctor, but when she headed off to Yale University, she thought she might become a lawyer. Feeling no connection to English and political science, however, she switched to a double major in African-American studies and women’s, gender, and sexuality studies. When she went home and told her mother, it led to the biggest fight of their lives, an all-night blowout. "We didn’t raise you to go into these subjects that don’t seem like real subjects," she recalls her mother saying. "You want to pay your bills one day, don’t you?" But Ms. Gunn-Wright’s new majors energized her. Her senior thesis, on welfare reform, won awards, and she became a Rhodes Scholar. After studying at the University of Oxford, she interned at a Washington think tank, focusing on women’s policy issues, and recently she went to work for a research arm of the Education Credit Management Corporation, a guaranty agency for student loans. It’s sometimes in subtle ways that her low-income background still limits her, she says. When her Washington colleagues talk about the hottest new restaurant or bar, she feels out of place. She has avoided going out for $10 drinks when she could be saving for a house, wedding, or unforeseen emergency. She worked two jobs in college, against her mother’s wishes, because she didn’t want to ask for money. She’s certainly not going to now. But her peers get plenty of help, their parents covering rent, occasional bills, or car insurance. For many affluent twenty-somethings who were encouraged to figure things out in college, a safety net remains in place well after graduation. Building an impressive career, especially in cities like New York and Washington, usually requires extensive cultural and financial scaffolding. Ms. Gunn-Wright can live without having tried the latest artisanal spirits. "I don’t think I will ever have a taste for hipster nonsense," she says. But by not socializing with colleagues, she knows she has missed out on valuable networking opportunities. "If everyone is talking about going to a particular restaurant, and you’ve never been, what do you say? It’s definitely a barrier. There is feeling that you don’t belong here." That pattern often begins in college, says Ms. Arnold, of Boston College, and can become a significant barrier to low-income students’ pursuit of aspirational careers. Immersive, enriching experiences like internships, study-abroad programs, and social outings broaden students’ connections with peers and provide practical experience for the workplace. But low-income students tend to participate in such activities at lower rates — because of the costs, because they don’t live on campus, or because they’re busy working. Elissa Chin Lu, a former student of Ms. Arnold’s who now works in institutional research at Wellesley College, has found that low-income students, worried about accumulating debt, choose to work during college, often in retail positions. Wealthier students fret less about debt and spend more time making connections with people and potential jobs in high-status professions. As a result, they are better positioned after graduation. "The pathways from college to career are increasingly nonstandardized, and need to be negotiated with a good deal of social and cultural capital," Ms. Arnold says. "If you are outside an elite institution, or inside it but not of it, you are not getting those connections in friendships and extracurriculars that lead to these high-profile jobs." Where administrators have realized this, colleges have introduced programs to support lower-income students’ career development. Some provide stipends to subsidize internships, connections to alumni, and lessons in professional etiquette. A fund at Boston College gives low-income students tickets to football games or money for a night out. And yet "career funneling," the socialization process that pulls affluent students into prominent, high-paying careers, remains strong. Many elite-college graduates wrestle with the choice between pursuing wealth or a meaningful vocation. But for Ms. Gunn-Wright, that decision is a special conundrum. Lately she’s been thinking a lot about Laquan McDonald, a black teenager who was shot 16 times by a Chicago police officer not far from where she grew up. Maybe she’ll get a law degree after all, or go to graduate school for sociology or public health and work on gun-violence policy. Or should she join a top-flight law or consulting firm? "Is it more of a political act to make money so that my children never need anything," she wonders, "or more of a political act to work in government?" She constantly considers her wage trajectory and the "psychic cost" of worrying about money or being around people she can’t identify with. "You have these gifts, and you know that if you don’t use them, people in leadership positions won’t look like you, and they might not care about the people that you care about," she says. "At the same time, you have real responsibilities to everyone else." Scott Carlson is a senior writer who covers the cost and value of college. Email him at scott.carlson@chronicle.com. Questions or concerns about this article? Email us or submit a letter to the editor. The Chronicle welcomes constructive discussion, and our moderators highlight contributions that are thoughtful and relevant. Add your comments below; we’ll review them shortly. Read our commenting policy here.
SOURCE: La Leyenda Negra, Series 4-3
“RACE ON CAMPUS AND HISTORICALLY WHITE COLLEGES AND
UNIVERSITIES (HWCUs)” By Felipe de Ortego y Gasca, Scholar
in Residence (Cultural Studies, Critical Theory, Public
Policy)
Western New Mexico University; Distinguished Emeritus professor of English, Texas State University System—Sul Ross
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Groundbreaking April 10th, 1887: Pioneer Mexican Presbyterian ordained minister Rollins College student suspended after he stood up for his Christian beliefs. Free speech and Islam appear to be sworn enemies. The Sneeze I am Sikh and Tired of Being Called Muslim |
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| Dear Mrs. Lozano Holtzman, On April 6, Hillsdale College held a groundbreaking ceremony for our magnificent Christ Chapel. Located in the heart of campus, Christ Chapel will serve the College’s four core purposes: freedom, sound learning, the development of character, and promotion of the Christian faith. Our devotion to these purposes has remained undiminished since 1844. To commemorate the groundbreaking, we invited our friend Michael Ward to speak at Hillsdale's Spring Convocation, held the same day. |
It was a fine speech, so I wanted to share it with you in full. I hope you enjoy it as much as I did.
Warm regards,
Larry P. Arnn Editor Mimi: I strongly recommend view and hear Mr. Ward's speech. He suggests that Christians in particular, but all religious groups concern themselves to what constitutes a religion. |
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April 10th, 1887 -- Pioneer Mexican Presbyterian ordained ministerOn this day in 1887, José Marí Botello was ordained a minister by the Presbytery of Tamaulipas. Botello was born in Tamaulipas between 1840 and 1850 and lived in Matamoros. He converted from Catholicism to Presbyterianism and served as an elder in the Matamoros Presbyterian congregation. In 1883 the Presbytery of Western Texas licensed him "to preach the gospel to his people," and he was instrumental in the establishment of the Mexican Presbyterian Church of San Marcos, the first Mexican-American church in Texas to be affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) Botello reportedly died in Mexico at the age of ninety-seven.
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Rollins
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A student at Rollins College in Central Florida says he was suspended
from the private school after he stood up for his Christian beliefs in
a Middle Eastern Humanities class. The student, 22-year-old Marshall
Polston, told the Central Florida Post that his Muslim professor
claimed that Jesus was never crucified and that Christ’s disciples
did not believe in his divinity.
Polston challenged Professor Areej Zufari’s assertions.
“Whether religious or not, I believe even those with limited
knowledge of Christianity can agree that according to the text, Jesus
was crucified and his followers did believe he was divine…that he
was ‘God,’” he told the Post. “Regardless, to assert the
contrary as academic fact is not supported by the evidence.”
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Zufari, according to Polston, filed a complaint against him with
school officials, claiming the student made her feel
“unsafe” with his outspoken disagreements. The school subsequently
barred Poston from the campus and instructed him not to have any
further contract with Zufari.
“Our university should be a place where free-speech flashes and
ideas can be spoken of without punishment or fear of retribution,”
Polston said in an interview with The College Fix. “In my case it
was the total opposite. I came forward with the story because I know
so many other students like me suffer under today’s liberal academic
elite.”
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| http://www.rollins.edu/
Zufari complaint is surprising when you view the diverse student
population of Rollins College, and the fact that the Muslim population
is very well positioned in Florida. A study, which was authored by University of Kentucky professor Ihsan Bagby and cosponsored by the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), counted a total of 2,106 mosques in America as of 2010 — a 74% increase from the 1,209 mosques counted in a 2000 study. Part of the reason for the growth was “greater ability to identify mosques in 2011 than in 2000 due to better websites that chart the existence of mosques.” Also, an increased number of Muslim refugees and new immigrant groups, and expansion into new parts of cities and suburbs, were cited as reasons for the growth. The study also listed the 10 states with the largest number of mosques. Florida came in fourth with 118 mosques behind New York (257), California (246) and Texas (166). It appears that "feeling unsafe" has now joined "being offended " as an anti-free-speech strategy against Christians. |
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Free speech and Islam appear to be sworn enemies. |
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Anybody who dares to draw the Prophet, let alone insults Islam,
must face the firing squad. That’s exactly what happened to
21-year-old Sina Dehghan. According to The Daily Mail, Denghan “has
been sentenced to death after 'insulting the prophet' of Islam on an
instant messaging app. Sina Dehghan was 19 when he was arrested by the
Iranian revolutionary guard at a military barracks in Tehran in
October 2015 for insulting the national religion on the messaging app
LINE.”
Iranian authorities managed to extract a forced confession out of
Dehghan, say human rights activists. Authorities promised the young
man a pardon if chose to confess his so-called crime. He obliged and
the authorities double-crossed him.
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The
confession was taped on-camera and prosecutors have used the footage
to incriminate the young man.
But after signing the confession, prosecutors dropped the agreement and kept Dehghan incarcerated at Arak Prison,” notes The Mail.
Iran also promised Dehghan’s release in exchange for his family’s
obedience and quiet during the judicial process, adding another lie to
the pile.
It’s unclear what Dehghan actually said on the messaging app that
the zealot mullahs of Iran found so offensive. But that’s
immaterial. As an Islamic supremacist regime, Iran does not pay
deference to the idea of free speech. Islam supersedes all.
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The Sneeze |
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| On 20 May 2001 during the commencement exercises at Washington Community High School in Washington, Illinois. With the help of the ACLU, the family of Natasha
Appenheimer, that year’s valedictorian, brought suit to prevent the inclusion of the invocation and benediction traditionally given at the school’s commencement ceremony. The suit was decided in the favor of the Appenheimers when, three days before the ceremony, the court handed down a temporary injunction barring the inclusion of the prayers on the basis of their having been deemed “school sponsored” (and thereby an unconstitutional violation of the first amendment’s “establishment clause”). Though the school had said it would contest the ruling that barred it from sponsoring prayer at its graduation ceremonies, it dropped such plans in July 2001 once it came to some appreciation of how much such a legal battle might cost. People were angered by the decision, which overturned a tradition of 80 years’ standing at Washington Community High. |
Many found unique ways of protesting the judge’s ruling. Before the ceremony, students organized a prayer vigil around the school’s flagpole. Some 50 seniors clasped hands in a circle while about 150 underclassmen and members of the community encircled them. Several students festooned their mortarboards with religious slogans: “I’m praying now,” “Amen,”
“One nation under God,” One parent distributed 120 homemade wood-and-nail crosses among the
students. Yet it was the act of Ryan Brown, a member of the graduating class who was scheduled to give a speech during the event, that is now celebrated. As his form of protest, he had worked it out with a handful of friends that when he faked a sneeze at the podium, they were to cry out “God bless you.” The plan was carried out as envisioned, with everyone who had been in on it playing their assigned parts. Mr. Brown also made another protest on his way to the podium: he stopped to bow in silent prayer, an act that prompted the audience to stand and applaud. He replied to the crowd, “Don’t applaud for me, applaud for God.” |
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For more information, Click
here: The Sneeze |
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"I am Sikh and Tired of Being Called Muslim. We are the 7-11 people, not the 9-11 people." Sikhism is a monotheistic religion founded, in Punjab, in the15th century by Guru Nanak. Sikhism broke from Hinduism due, in part, to its rejection of the caste system. It is a peaceful religion with strong martial traditions. |
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The
Roman Empire:
Unidos por una Lengua = el latín Sugarman Rodriguez received gold record Sony recognition in The Netherlands Laredo's colonial pageant, Tex-Mex culture and Martha Washington meet Eating Hot Chili Peppers May Lead to a Longer Life by Kirk Whisler Thrilling exhibition shows modern Mexican art is bigger than murals |
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Unidos por una Lengua = el latín |
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At
Laredo's colonial pageant, Tex-Mex culture and Martha Washington meet
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With the social event of the year quickly approaching, Linda Leyendecker Gutierrez took a moment to assess one of her latest creations. “Look at that darn dress!” she said. “It just makes my heart beat!” The 18th century-style dress, an elaborate affair of dark blue iridescent two-tone velvet with a red cross thread, aqua embroidery and lace, would soon have a starring role in an only-in-America extravaganza in this Tex-Mex border town: the Society of Martha Washington Colonial Pageant and Ball. It’s a rite of passage in which about 13 mostly Latina teenage debutantes reenact revolutionary history in bejeweled, hoop-skirted period dresses. |
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Most of the gowns are designed by Leyendecker Gutierrez, a former debutante whose south Texas oil and ranching family has participated in the pageant for five generations and traces its roots to Patrick Henry and Martha Washington herself. She estimates that since she took over for another dressmaker in 1974, she has designed gowns for more than 500 girls. On this day she was doing the final fitting for Katie Beckelhymer, a 17-year-old high school senior. Leyendecker Gutierrez operates out of a few studios, each housed in a historic home. This one is so full of mannequins, the real debutante must have her final fitting in the foyer. Katie stood still as two assistants strapped on a corset, hip cage and petticoat, then lowered the dress into place. “This is a masterpiece!” exclaimed her grandmother Anna Haynes, 79, a retired high school teacher, from a seat in a doorway. |
The ball was two weeks away, on Feb. 19. Leyendecker Gutierrez bent down to fluff a layer of pale lace at the bottom of the dress. “Is it too short?” she wondered aloud in Spanish, blue eyes darting behind oversize black glasses. She directed her assistants to tug the skirt down as she paced in her leopard print wrap, diamond earrings and matching diamond and emerald salamander brooch “possibly from the collection of the Duchess of Windsor.” At 73, Leyendecker Gutierrez is still limber enough to drop and crawl under the gowns like a mechanic under a chassis, tinkering with the undergarments and trains. Katie’s grandmother has seen her do it, and calls her “an acrobat.” Before the ball, she will be backstage making final adjustments for the girls in her purple and black Christian Siriano couture gown. (The “Project Runway” star is a fan of hers, having visited her studios.) But today, there will be no last-minute alterations. She had a vision of this dress last year, inspired by Katie’s tall, shapely figure, and now that vision had been fulfilled. |
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"I didn’t see French rococo exactly, but that lace was the biggest inspiration,” she said, fingering a delicate sleeve edged with froth. “The kid pulled it off.” Leyendecker Gutierrez sees potential in the debutantes, called “las Martas” or “beldades” — beauties. “Girls
come in here and they leave The high-ceilinged rooms of the studio were filled with photographs and populated with mannequins resplendent in dresses from years past. There’s a chartreuse gown her daughter, also a former deb, wore three years ago when she played the role of Martha Washington. Her granddaughter’s gown shone with ornate Louis XV shell patterns rendered in glittering gray pearls and Swarovski crystals. The pageant is one in the most traditional sense: not a competition but a reenactment of a scene from the Revolutionary era. Young men, also in colonial garb, escort the debutantes.
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The Society of Martha Washington was founded in 1939 as an auxiliary to the Washington’s Birthday Celebration begun here in 1898. Leyendecker Gutierrez’s grandfather, Thomas Aquinas Leyendecker, played the first George Washington in 1905; her father played the part in 1957. By the time she was presented three years later, the ball was held at a local Air Force hangar, the only site large enough for the crowds. She later married her escort, as her two sisters wed theirs, a not uncommon occurrence. In the weeks leading up to the ball, the girls take classes on how to dance, walk, bow and manage stairs, no small feat in dresses that weigh nearly as much as they do. Debs have to be invited to join the society, and dresses are expensive, sometimes tens of thousands of dollars. Some families save for years for a new dress, or to have Leyendecker Gutierrez rework heirloom dresses. She helped five sisters in one family refit the same gown. Among those she designed for this year: local U.S. Rep. Henry Cuellar’s daughter, petite and raven-haired, whom she fitted in bronze French silk lamé with purple accents. |
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| The opulence of the event is a stark contrast to the poverty on the border. Across the river, cartels have invaded their Mexican sister city of Nuevo Laredo. Wealthy families on both sides have moved north. | ||
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They flock to the Washington’s birthday celebra- tion, which now attracts more than 400,000 to events all month long, including a border bridge ceremony, jalapeno festival and air show. But the debs remain the centerpiece, riding floats in a parade where crowds applaud as they pass, calling for them to lift their skirts to reveal funny shoes, often bedroom slippers and cowgirl boots. After Katie’s fitting, Leyendecker Gutierrez met Pete Mims, this year’s George Washington, at his family’s Border Foundry Restaurant and Bar, and recalled the stir her grandfather’s performance caused. “He crossed the Rio Grande depicting the crossing of the Delaware!” “We should do that this year,” Mims’ wife, Leslie, suggested. “Not unless you want the Zetas on the back of the boat!” Leyendecker Gutierrez said, referring to the Mexican cartel that has battled to control Nuevo Laredo. “Imagine how life in Laredo has changed.” Just then, another debutante approached, gushing.
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Catarina Benavides, 18, wore her black hair long and loose over a society T-shirt from 2010, the year her aunt played Martha Washington. Leyendecker Gutierrez had reworked an heirloom gown for Benavides. They pulled up a cellphone video of the dress, the original pale pink and baby blue panels of velvet and duchess satin over tulle peaking out from the new tapestry skirt outlined in pale gold. “We’ve added so much, you wouldn’t even recognize it,” the older woman said, pointing to a subtle beaded design in front: the Benavides family crest. “I put it on there for her father,” she said. The teenager beamed. It’s not clear who Leyendecker Gutierrez’s dressmaking heir will be. For now, she is concentrating on the near future, which is booked. “I have dresses for next year I’m already making petticoats,” she said. “I know the debs for the next five years. I mean, people get born and they’re calling me from the hospital.”
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Sent by Kirk Whisler
Source: Hispanic Marketing 101 Vol 15, No. 11 March 30, 2017
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Thrilling new exhibition shows
modern Mexican art is bigger than murals by
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In 1921, as the bloody, decade-long Mexican revolution drew to an exhausted close, distinguished intellectual José Vasconcelos was named to head a new Ministry of Public Education. In that post, Vasconcelos was instrumental in making a fateful decision: There would be murals — public murals, funded by the state and painted on community walls as an educational tool. As reflected in the national budget, Mexico’s post-Revolution government made its highest priorities spending for the military and for schools. The first would bring order, the second would bring education for all. Successful self-government demanded both. An unfolding transformation from the socially stratified dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz to an egalitarian socialist ideal would be visualized — and sanctified — in magnificent civic paintings. Ever since, the art of revolutionary Mexico has been synonymous with the sensational murals produced by Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros and José Clemente Orozco, the big three of the movement. Los Tres Grandes cast an enormous shadow. More recently, the easel paintings of Frida Kahlo have been added as an essential codicil to the story, and she has gone on to eclipse the muralists in fame. But the extraordinary narrative begins with murals — a fact that has made for some difficulty in a larger understanding of the achievements of Mexican art in the first half of the 20th century. The Philadelphia Museum of Art faced the daunting challenge when organizing “Paint the Revolution: Mexican Modernism, 1910-1950,” a sprawling — and thrilling — survey of paintings, drawings, photography and prints. There hasn’t been a show like this in more than 60 years. But, attached to walls, murals can’t move. So what is a museum to do?
Take Rivera’s remarkable frescoes for the Neo-Classical courtyard loggia of the education ministry in Mexico City. They are divided into two themes: labor and fiestas. A densely illustrated pictorial narrative of work and play — of battle, farming, workers’ co-ops, dancing, political protest and more — is united by a continuous crimson banner painted over the doors. “What we say to the rich and lazy is: If you want to eat, then work,” it declares. “Now all the underdogs have bread.” The banner is painted over imagery that ranges from Aztec to Masonic, rendered in wry imitation of stone relief. The rhythmic regularity of the panels, each in the wall space between sets of double-doors leading to inner ministry offices, led the artist to conceive of the ensemble as a ballad. It’s an epic poem told in popular pictures and verse. The text is the lyric to the visual song below, sung in crowded scenes of men and women pushed up to the shallow picture plane. But to hear the music, you must go to the mural. The mural cannot come to you. In Philadelphia, the problem was addressed through digital technology. When I learned that video projections and big touch-screens would be used to articulate three murals, one by each of Los Tres Grandes, I was nervous. Even the finest high-tech format is still a reproduction. A fresco’s reflected light would be projected from behind, creating a wholly different effect, and without the visual tactility of painted surfaces. The show’s ambitious mural examples are Rivera’s seminal masterpiece for the education ministry; Orozco’s cycle on American civilization painted for a library space at Dartmouth College in Hanover, N.H., demonstrating Mexican Modernism’s internationalism; and, finally, the rabble-rousing theatrics by Siqueiros for a raucous stairwell mural in a union building, painted just at the time the artist also launched an unsuccessful attack on the Mexico City home of Leon Trotsky, the exiled former Soviet leader. |
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I need not have worried. The issue has been successfully addressed. The large, compelling digital reproductions are sequestered, shown in spaces adjacent to but distinct from galleries with actual art objects. And those objects — more than 275 works — are often riveting in their own right, while offering essential mural context. Many of the 78 artists are not well-known in the United States. But the story of Mexican art during and after the Revolution is cogently laid out in five sections. An aesthetic wrestling match gets underway immediately. Art was devoted to propagandizing for social causes, including the resuscitation of a submerged indigenous history that the Spanish conquerors sought to eradicate or bring to heel. Those figurative demands collide with the conspicuously Modern urge for abstraction. Modernism meets mexicanidad, shorthand for a distinctly Mexican flavor. Hints of it are in Rivera’s “Adoration of the Virgin and Child” (1912-13), painted in Spain during the 14 years he studied abroad. A peasant couple, she with a basket balanced on her head and he holding a bowl filled with bread, dominate the foreground. They turn to witness a triangular, mountain-like apparition of mother and infant inside a jagged crimson halo. Picasso’s Cubist spatial fracturing and the Fauve colors of Matisse are applied to a traditional, El Greco-style religious subject. The scene is bathed in the green, white and red of Mexico’s national flag. Rivera lived abroad during the revolution, but the painting claims for his own country a modernized version of a European spiritual theme. Opposite the Rivera, sunrise breaks over a dark, jagged mountain range in waves and rings of vivid color in a 1916 painting by Gerardo Murillo. The mountain seems to have erupted in sprays of light. Volcanoes were the lifelong favored subject of the eccentric artist and theorist, who called himself Dr. Atl. In the wake of independence movements, the rise of 19th century landscape painting in Europe and the Americas pictured new nation-states as natural. But in the 20th century Dr. Atl went underground. His volcanoes tapped into the Aztec legend of Popocatépetl and Iztaccihuatl, the two peaks at the edge of Mexico City said to have been formed from a Romeo and Juliet story of passion and mortal transformation. Dr. Atl’s volcanic landscapes parse the roiling miasma beneath Earth’s crust as an analogy for explosive inner turmoil, both personal and political — including revolution. He even mixed his resin and oil pigments with gasoline, a medium he dubbed “Atl color;” it prefigured Siqueiros’ subsequent experiments with modern industrial materials and techniques, including spray guns, plastics and auto paint. Metaphorically, at least, Dr. Atl’s paintings might spontaneously combust. |
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Nearby, the first of the self-portraits with which Frida Kahlo would craft her own self-identifying image to the world, shows her as a Botticelli-like goddess dressed in wine-colored velvet before stylized blue waves. Painted in 1926, the year after a disfiguring trolley accident nearly killed her, it redefines bourgeois womanhood and beauty. With an oversized hand gracefully held out before her, the deep décolletage of her dress makes the shape of her exposed flesh into a dagger. The hand of this artist will fight. Works by fewer than 10 women are in the show. (There’s almost no sculpture, perhaps because it’s less conducive to a peoples’ propaganda.) Not until after World War II did women such as Remedios Varo and Leonora Carrington come into their own, a demonstration of the limits on revolution-era freedom. But Kahlo, a committed Communist, understood something better than her male counterparts. Obsessive, iconic self-portraiture was key to crafting a mythologized, cult-like identity — witness portrait-mad Lenin, Stalin and Mao. |
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The show has surprises. Among them are the photographic abstractions of Agustin Jimenez Espinosa, repetitive and machine-like geometric forms whose origins as ordinary objects defy easy recognition. They hold their own in a beautiful alcove of 23 examples of the grandeur pulled from details of ordinary daily life by such Modernist photographers as Edward Weston, Manuel Álvarez Bravo and Tina Modotti. A philosophical war between competing artistic ideologies also broke out in the 1920s. On one side were the Stridentists, today little-known, led by the poet Manuel Maples Arce. As one might expect from the name, the group upheld an almost authoritarian view of what was and wasn’t artistically allowed in the name of revolution. Often it translated into a rather dreary, unimaginative if sometimes brightly colored social realism. On the other side were Los Contemporáneos. Their poetic, cosmopolitan viewpoint celebrated the free play of individual imagination, wholly outside industrial-strength Stridentism (and outside macho muralism, for that matter). |
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A Lozano nude shows an anonymous Indian seated on a pillow inside a blank chamber. Her back to the viewer, her gaze fixed on clear blue sky outside a high window, she conveys a monumental yearning. Unlike Kahlo’s “dagger Venus,” she’s a solemn prisoner of her confined place in the world. Not until the show’s end does abstract painting make an appearance — perhaps unsurprisingly in the Surrealist-derived work of European expatriates Wolfgang Paalen and Gordon Onslow Ford, fleeing World War II. Their organic shapes, buzzing power lines and spiny creatures literally made from smoke occupy the other side of an artistic planet from the grotesque, equally engaging caricatures of Hitler, Franco and Hirohito nearby — wartime propaganda broadsheets turned out by the People’s Graphic Workshop. The engrossing show was organized by Matthew Affron and Mark A. Castro at the Philadelphia Museum and Dafne Cruz Porchini and Renato Gonzalez Mello in Mexico City, where it will be seen at the Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes in February. That it won’t travel to Los Angeles, home to the largest Mexican American community in the nation, is a major disappointment. Sources say an offer was made to Los Angeles County Museum of Art director Michael Govan to host the show, but a LACMA spokesman denies it. Whatever the case, an exhibition is set to open at LACMA on Dec. 4 of similarities between well-known painting strategies of Picasso and Rivera, two of the 20th century’s biggest art celebrities. Following that with the more granular and audacious “Paint the Revolution” would have been extraordinary. We won’t be seeing the likes of it again anytime soon.
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Evangelina Takes Flight by Diana J. Noble Dust Unto Shadow by Linda LaRoche Almost White by Rick Najera Murder on the Red River by Margie Rendon Legacy of Texas: Mexican Revolutionary Captures San Antonio |
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This
engaging historical novel for teens traces a family’s flight from the violence
of the Mexican Revolution to a new life in the U.S. “If
they do come here, they’ll show us no mercy,” thirteen-year-old
Evangelina overhears her father say as she gathers eggs in the chicken
pen. Back at the house, Mamá brushes away her fears of revolutionaries.
There are even more chores than usual to be done at Rancho Encantado
because her sister’s quinceañera
celebration is rapidly approaching! It’s
the summer of 1911 in northern Mexico, and soon the de León family
learns that the rumors of soldiers in the region are true.
Evangelina’s father decides they must leave their home to avoid
the violence. The trip north to a small town on the U.S. side of the
border is filled with fear and anxiety as they worry about loved ones
left behind and the uncertain future ahead. Life
in Texas is confusing, though the signs in shop windows that say “No
Mexicans” and some people’s reactions to them are all-too clear. At
school, she encounters the same puzzling resentment. The teacher wants
to give the Mexican children lessons on basic hygiene! And one girl in
particular delights in taunting the foreign-born students. Why can’t
people understand that—even though she’s only starting to learn
English—she’s just like them? With
the help and encouragement of the town’s doctor and the attentions of
a handsome boy, Evangelina begins to imagine a new future for herself.
This moving historical novel introduces teens to the tumultuous times of
the Mexican Revolution and the experiences of immigrants, especially
Mexican Americans, as they adjust to a new way of life. A
native of Laredo, Texas, Diana J.
Noble is a human resources specialist for the Boeing Company in
Seattle, Washington. Her first published book, Evangelina
Takes Flight is based on the life of her paternal grandmother and
stories of her own childhood. Mimi, I’ve attached a biography
about my father’s mother,
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Maria
Adelfa Josefina Garcia, the Real Story Posted
on October
29, 2016by dianajnoble The
original inspiration for my character Evangelina de León came from my
paternal grandmother, born Maria Adelfa Josefina Garcia. This is
part of her true life story as written by my beloved Tío David
Jacobs (the family historian), my father’s brother.
Born
on April 19, 1899, in Ciudad Guerrero, Tamaulipas, Mexico and baptized
as Maria Adelfa Josefina Garcia on May 3, 1899 in the city’s parochial
church, Nuestra Señora del Refugio, Adelfa was the ninth of the twelve
children of Jesus Maria Garcia Benavides and Maria Antonia Peña Vela. Jesus
was the son of Jose Geronimo Garcia Vela and Maria Felicitas Benavides
and Antonia was the daughter of Jose de Jesus Pelagio Peña Vela and
Maria de Jesus Vela Ramirez. Both, Jesus and Antonia inherited
considerable amounts of land on the U. S. side of the border from their
parents. By
the time of Adelfa’s birth, Ciudad Guerrero (formerly Villa del Señor
San Ignacio de Loyola de Revilla) was a town of renown. It had been
quite prominent in the region for over a century. The once small Spanish
colonial settlement evolved during this period into a major trade center
of about 40,000 in population with a large ranching community. Childhood
and Formative Years in Guerrero Life
was good. Her paternal grandparents’ residence – la casa No. 93 en
la Calle de Allende
– where all of the twelve children of Jesus Garcia and Antonia Peña
were born and reared, was a multi-family unit that may have also
been, at this time, home to some of their other sons and daughters and
their children, but if not, they were living just a few houses up or
down the street. Such was the case with daughter, Maria
Dolores, who married Antonio Martinez Ramirez in 1880 and then lived
just a few houses up the street, at 104 Calle de Allende where their
eight children were born. (I remember mother referring to the male
cousins from this family as if they were her brothers, like – mi
hermano Margarito.) This
house was built like a fortress. It had huge doors at the street
entrance that led into the “zaguan” (vestibule) and on to a patio
where there was an “aljibe” (cistern) for collecting rainwater from
the roof. – At this point, I can’t help but reminisce about my
own childhood memories. While in Guerrero in the mid or late 1940’s
I vaguely recall going to the house where mother was born, visiting
relatives that still lived in Guerrero and bathing in the Rio Salado.
I vividly remember that her madrina had a huge lump on the front part of
her neck due to “bocio” (goitre), a medical condition). They
lived at House No 93, Calle Allende. This photo is the only photo we
have of the Garcia home.
Adelfa
was enrolled at the Gonzalez Benavides Primary School of Guerrero when
she was seven or eight years old. This was a very propitious
and joyful period in her life (1907- 1912). She was starting school
along with her favorite sister, Hortencia, who was just about one year
older and while her sister, San Juana, brothers, Geronimo and Serapio
were also in the “primaria” level of their schooling. And let
us not forget that Barbarita Uribe Vela, their “hermana de crianza”
and who was like a second mother to them, was always there to look after
them. The
wedding of her sister, Diamantina, to Manuel Martinez Benavides, the
primo from just up the street, was the first one in the family and must
have been a big event. Sister
Josefa was crowned Queen for the 1910 fiestas on that anniversary of the
founding of Guerrero. And in December of 1912 she married Santiago
Gutierrez Martinez. Hers was the second wedding in the family and
the last to take place in Guerrero. Photo
below: Josefa
Garcia Peña – en 1910 fué Reina de Guerrero – en aniverario de su
fundación.
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Kirkus Reviews: “Challenges are chances in disguise” in this gorgeously woven novel with a message of hope. Honest in its exploration of xenophobia, and timely in its empathetic portrayal of a refugee family, Evangelina Takes Flight is a vibrant and appealing historical novel. In 1911, under threat of a raid by Pancho Villa and his men, Evangelina de León, her family, and their neighbors in Mariposa, Mexico, leave their homes behind. The book is divided between the first signs of danger on Rancho Encantado and Evangelina’s last week there; the journey by rail to Seneca, Texas; and the daily challenges the De Leóns face as they attempt to remake their lives. Laced with memories of Evangelina’s grandfather and his stories, the colorful plot emphasizes faith in God no matter the circumstances. Chapters in Mariposa are especially skillful at drawing the close-knit clan. Events that would seem commonplace in less turbulent times gain additional poignancy in light of Evangelina’s tense state of mind. From sumptuous cookery to farm chores, an encounter with a scorpion, and a quinceañera celebration, natural details paint a world that is clearly ingrained and loved, yet seldom romanticized. Once Evangelina crosses the border to America, the plot loosens, allowing serendipitous discoveries to play a strong role. Several scenes stand out for their ability to capture Evangelina’s altered status. Her arrival in Seneca—with its progression from storybook homes to the other side of the tracks—aptly signals the divisions in town. Her first day of school is rife with palpable anxiety and language barriers, and melds humiliation with compassion in the form of a fellow child’s aid. A reunion with family that had been left behind in Mexico leads to news on the fate suffered by friends, which reminds the De Leóns how much there is to remain thankful for. Despite the dark period, the book softens certain topics for a younger audience. The violence of Mexico’s revolution remains peripheral, and Seneca’s racism manifests in turned-away faces and one man’s rhetoric, which is rapidly quelled. As much as this vital work takes on social issues, it’s Evangelina’s coming of age that resounds. Her abuelito’s maxim, “Challenges are chances in disguise,” grows into a gorgeously woven message of hope. KAREN RIGBY Disclosure:
This article is not an endorsement, but a review. The author of this
book provided free copies of the book to have their book reviewed by a
professional reviewer. No fee was paid by the author for this review.
Foreword Reviews only recommends books that we love. Foreword Magazine,
Inc. is disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission’s
16 CFR, Part 255.
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Dust Unto Shadow Linda LaRoche |
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Benilde Castro
and her family lives are readjusted when they return to their mother's
homeland in Mexico. There is ritual and routine, as it has been for
generations. But the remote village outside of Guadalajara, does not
welcome them back. Being descended from Criollos, sets them apart.
Having encountered a modern life in Northern California, the family
share the customs of Mexican life, and reject the insular rules that
shape village existence.
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They remain in the minority and despite trying to make a happy home life, they find hostility that has molded their family's destiny for generations and their survival is determined through loss and violence. A powerful story about a family, bonded by honor and separated by circumstances and culture. Dust unto Shadow paints an unforgettable portrait of a dark period in Mexican history and celebrates the bond of love that connects mothers to daughters. | |
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Reviews: A Yarn That’s Not Easy To Forget By Lionel Rolfe Linda LaRoche is the woman who wrote “Dust unto Shadows.” a rich narrative of her family’s history in Mexico that is seen in both Mexican and American eyes. She is an elegant person who traces herself back to Spain and in Mexico offers her family’s loss of privileges and identity. Then a happier stake with familial love and memories evolves in America. “Dust unto Shadow” is how important immigration, race,
colonialism, color- consciousness and class are in the unveiling of unseen
worlds. It is not an easy book to forget.
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Linda LaRoche has crafted a singularly unconventional,
lyrical, immigrant family memoir whose drama springs as much from cultural and
psychological dynamics as from the usual economic hardships of migration.
Beginning a century ago in Jalisco, Mexico and moving back and forth between
there and California, Ms. LaRoche narrates a generational story of familial
love and survival in the face of domestic violence and prejudices embedded in
both Mexican and American societies. Her memoir is a personal search for
meaning and heritage that contributes to our understanding of all Americans as
immigrants in one way or another.
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Introduction . . . . No Place to Run |
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Deadly storms struck the Pacific Ocean in December of 1930. As thunder and lightning boomed and cracked, the world around me flashed. The ship sailed southward, fighting against the tide with gusts of wind-driven rain that would cover us with a wave of water splashing across the deck. It was the first time that I had seen the ocean. The ship rocked from side to side as we scurried inside to peer through the window at the agitated sea, which threatened to swallow up the ship and all the people on it. We had left San Francisco bound to Manzanillo, Mexico. When the storms hit late at night, my mother would lift my three -year-old sister, Josefina, and gathering her five remaining children aged five to eleven, would take us to our room, where we would settle in for the night. My four brothers- Jesus, Ruben, Margarito and Alfredo- slept in one double bed, while my mother, Josefina and I slept in another. The electricity always failed during the storms. In the flickering yellow glow of the kerosene lamp, I would stare at my mother sleeping in the shadowed corner of the bed, not quite covered by the sweater she had draped around herself. A smile would touch her lips when she noticed my scrutiny. "Benilde, duermete, no te procupies," Benilde, sleep, my child. Do not worry. My mother rarely spoke to me, but I could always feel the gentleness and love emanating from her light soprano voice. Her words of comfort were few and when she spoke, it was generally about how to behave and be respectful. During storms, despite her calm soothing voice, I could not sleep. Often at night, rarely during the day, behind closed doors, away from public view, my mind wandered. Would Father find us? What would he do? I would lie rigidly in bed beneath the rose-colored blanket, imploring God to end what seemed to be an endless torture; to keep my father from hurting my mother. Sometimes when the thunder diminished and only rumbled in the distance, I would turn my eyes toward the peephole and wonder if he could find his way onto the ship. Could he have escaped jail? He could come in through the window and if he did, he would be angry. Then what would he do? What would I do? As a nine year-old what would happen to me without my mother? For that matter to all of us? I looked at her hands, laid across her chest; they were soft and rosy like her face, but dry and cracked from never-ending housework. Sober or drunk, my father did not like me. He spoke to me on occasion, but dismissively- only to fetch him something, if my mother was not around and I would immediately obey his command. After downing a few drinks, he became enthralled with his own voice, and call me "muchacha estupida," stupid girl, as his mind stumbled, lagging behind the thought he wanted to express. When he wasn't drinking he would maintain a grim silence only to break it by muttering furiously. We never knew what he might do. My mother's expression was one of strained silence, a learned response to calm his violence and submerge her own feelings. I understood his claim that he was on his way to a happy destination when he got sidetracked by my mother. Apparently, he would have been content to live an adventurous life- but then he had gotten hitched. He said that all men aspire to mountain peaks but it is the women who drive them into the valley of domesticity. I would pretend not to be listening so that he would not yell at me and then blame my mother for my behavior. When the nerve on the side of his temple would start throbbing, I would know by his shallow breathing that he was about to explode. My throat would tighten as if a walnut had lodged in it, and I would have to think of where she was and where we could run to. The last time that happened, I was playing outside in our front yard in St. Helena, in Northern California. As a family we moved quite a bit and why we arrived in St. Helena I can't say, but I preferred our new home over the others since there wasn't any snow or those blustery winds that usher in the winter. We had moved from Susanville and prior to that we lived in Westwood, home of the mythical logger Paul Bunyan. Both cities were in Lassen County near the border of Nevada. St. Helena had a small town atmosphere and we lived in a large yellow wooden house that my father along with my father's sister's husband, tio Alfonso, mi tio politico- had built. What I liked best of all, was that my father's sister, tia Evidia lived nearby. She had six children including a daughter who was a day younger than me, and there were plenty of playmates. Our neighborhood was a diverse cultural mix of families with young children. Our house was sunny and bright with lots of windows, and I liked that the living room was painted in sage green. My mother had a sofa that we were not allowed to sit on, and photographs of Castro family members whom I have never met hung on the walls in oval wooden frames. My mother was on a ladder hanging up Christmas lights with the help of my sixteen year-old cousin Lupe, when my father sped up in his Packard. I could hear the gears grinding and I could see by his bulged eyes that he was fuming. The darkness tightened around me, and for a moment I could not draw a breath. I tiptoed on the grass, as a faint breeze rustled the leaves of the trees. In one swoop he jolted the ladder and my mother came flying off. I screamed and ran toward her. When he saw me he said, "Idiota, quitate de aqui," Idiot, get away from here. I stood there frozen while urine ran down my leg. My mother lay on the ground, unmoving, groaning from being thrown, Lupe was on one side of her when my oldest brother Jesus came running out of the house. Between them they managed to block my mother as my father approached her. I thought that he was going to kick her. Looming over her, he screamed, "La proxima vez te mato, te lo juro," The next time, I'll kill you, I swear. He got into his car and drove away. Lupe ordered us, "Muchachos, quedense aqui, con mi tia, voy a llamar la policia" Kids stay here with my aunt, I'm calling the police. In the long dusk, she ran to a neighbor's house. I wasn't much help to my mother. I was terrified, and all I could do was cry. She had done nothing wrong. That night my father was incarcerated. After locking him-up the police came to our house. Jesus let them in and everyone congregated in the kitchen. Lupe was wrapping my mother's arm in a bandage while Jesus acted as her interpreter. She sat in a kitchen chair and just listened. I stood with my back to the kitchen sink, staring down at the floor. The police offered to help her find housing. She closed her eyes in an effort to fight back the tears, and slowly shook her head from side to side. She told them that she had other plans. They asked her if she wanted to press charges. She agreed. They said she would have to go with them. As she was about to get her coat, hat and purse the sudden barking of a dog startled me, making me jump. Each bark rang like a gunshot. Early the next morning, my mother made us porridge. I watched as she sliced the bananas that would go on top. I had tossed and turned all night, and had awakened late. I observed her sad face as we ate in silence. "Ninos, vamos a Mexico, tienen primos allí y tendránun montón de diversión," Children, we are going to Mexico. You have cousins there and you will have lots of fun. Like being intoxicated, we were elated from the effects of her words, so false in their promise, yet so real in themselves. That afternoon at school, I was worrying about my mother. She was home alone with my baby sister and my stomach sank at the thought of her being unprotected. After school, I hurried ahead of my brothers. Every weekday we walked a total of three miles to go to school. On our way home, as we passed a large weedy lot, I yelled out, "Nos vemos en la casa," See you at home. I cut across the lot by myself. I came to a large dip that went into a hill and came up on a village. Nothing stirred as I walked down the middle of the street. There was something odd about this place- it was deserted. Dazed, I turned a corner and started to become anxious because I did not know where I was. A woman came out of her house and asked, "Little girl, can I help you?" Between sobs rubbing my eyes, I told her I had to get home right away. She put her arm around me and ushered me into her house. Inside she gave me milk and oatmeal cookies. After I finished my snack, she sat next to me in a chair and stroked my hair asking me where I lived. Just then, I heard Spanish being spoken outside. It was my cousin Lupe and her brother Ramon. I nearly burst from happiness, free to be reunited with my mother again. At last we got home and my mother was packing our things. I ran up to her and placed my arms around her, and kissed her tummy, as she stroked my head. "Que te pasa hija?" What's wrong daughter? I could not explain the extremity of my terror, "Te puedo ayudar mamita?" Can I help you Mommy? She smiled and nodded her head. During the days that followed, each day was like a link in a chain that would draw us away from our home, friends and school. I knew my life would never be the same again. The departure to Santa Clara was far from the heavenly enchantment, my mother conjured up in our minds. Instead it, was like going into the depth of an inferno and meeting the devil himself.
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In Almost White, award-winning writer, actor, director, comedian, playwright, and producer Rick Najera explores what it means to be a Latino against the ever-changing backdrop of his life as a Hollywood creative. A bona fide chameleon, this L.A.-based everyman is “Mexican hyphen American” or, as he wryly puts it, “almost white.” Recognized twice as one of the “100 Most Influential Hispanics” by Hispanic Business Magazine, Najera has worked with and mentored some of the biggest stars in Hollywood, including Cheech Marin, Jimmy Smits, Mario Lopez, Sofia Vergara, and many more. His funny, sad, and sometimes dark memoir tells his story of breaking into mainstream Hollywood, what it takes to struggle against typecasting, and how to challenge the pessimistic narrative that Latinos can only be disenfranchised victims in America. |
| Driven by a satirical stream of consciousness, Najera’s journey exposes universal lessons, from confronting the limits we place on our imaginations, to the need to take ownership of our stories instead of being mere performers in another’s distorted vision, and the necessity of rising every day to press forward—no matter what. “In the end,” says Najera, “perhaps it will be the power of the people and art, not politicians and politics, that will redefine the Latino American dream.” | |
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California-born Rick Najerais an
award-winning actor, writer, director, and producer with
credits in film, television, theater, and Broadway. He
recently wrote, starred, and produced his second feature
film, Taco
Shop, and penned the holiday feature film, Nothing
Like the Holidays, which
won him a prestigious American Latino Media Arts (ALMA)
Award. He has been nominated for two Writers Guild of
America (WGA) Awards for his writing on MADtv, and
honored twice by Hispanic
Business Magazine as
one of its “100 Most Influential Hispanics.”
Najera is one of three Latinos in
the history of Broadway to write and star in his own show.
He made his debut in 2005 with his award-winning sketch
comedy show, Latinologues, which
triumphed on Broadway and continued with over 15 years of
performances, touring the nation to sold-out houses and
standing ovations. It is the longest-running and only
showcase of its kind for Latinos in America.
He is sometimes compared to Tyler Perry, and seen as a literary giant who captures the warmth, humor, pain, triumph, and humility of the Latino experience. |
Early in his artistic career, Najera was
inspired and mentored by Oscar-winning actress Whoopi
Goldberg, Keenen Ivory Wayans, and Latino legend Cheech
Marin. Realizing there were few roles for him to play, he
took matters into his own hands and started writing his
way into Hollywood, and has been writing for this new
America for over two decades now. He was “Latin” at a
time when most Latinos passed as white, and he was
“Latino” when the local political movement demanded he
be “Chicano.”
He wrote for the Latino community when the national climate demanded we focus on the “me,” and made us laugh at a time when immigration policies were at their darkest. He has mentored and directed more than 150 actors, and paved the way for many Latinos that followed in his footsteps into the maddening world of Hollywood. He is undeniably one of the most sought-after comedic talents in the industry with one of the most powerful voices in the Latino world today.
Najera and his lovely wife are
the proud parents of three beautiful children, whom they
are currently raising in the heart of Los Angeles. His
work is dedicated to his family and his community.
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Cash and Sheriff Wheaton make for a strange partnership. He pulled her from her mother’s wrecked car when she was three. He’s kept an eye out for her ever since. It’s a tough place to live — that part of the world where the Red River divides Minnesota and North Dakota. Cash navigated through foster homes, and at 13 was working farms. She’s tough as nails — barely over five feet, jeans and jean jacket, smokes Marlboros, drinks Bud Longnecks. Makes her living driving truck. Playing pool on the side. Wheaton is a big lawman type. Scandinavian stock, but darker skin than most. Something else in there? Cash hasn’t ever asked. He wants her to take hold of her life. Get into junior college.
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So there they are, staring at the dead Indian lying in the field. Soon Cash was dreaming the dead man’s HUD house on the Red Lake Reservation, mother and kids waiting. She has that kind of knowing. That’s the place to start looking. There’s a long and dangerous way to go to find the men who killed him. Plus there’s Jim, the married white guy. And Long Braids, the Indian guy headed for Minneapolis to join the American Indian Movement. |
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Marcie R. Rendon is an enrolled member of the White Earth Anishinabe Nation. She is a mother, grandmother, writer, and sometimes performance artist. A former recipient of the Loft’s Inroads Writers of Color Award for Native Americans, she studied poetry under Anishinabe author Jim Northrup. Her first children’s book, Pow Wow Summer was reprinted by the Minnesota Historical Society Press in 2014. Murder on the Red River is her first novel.
—Publishers
Weekly
"Marcie
Rendon’s portrait of a Native
woman detective is vibrant
..."
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Cinco Puntos Press 701 Texas Avenue El
Paso, TX 79901 (915) 838-1625 Fax
(915) 838-1635
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| Dr. Hammonds doctorate is in Theology. He
was born in Capetown in 1960, grew up in Rhodesia and converted to
Christianity in 1977. Information below adapted from Dr. Peter Hammond's book: Slavery, Terrorism and Islam: The Historical Roots and Contemporary Threat: Islam is not a religion, nor is it a cult In its fullest form, it is a complete, total, 100% system of life. |
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Islam has religious, legal, political, economic, social, and military components. The religious component is a beard for all of the other components. Islamization begins when there are sufficient Muslims in a country to agitate for their religious privileges. When politically correct, tolerant, and culturally diverse societies agree to Muslim demands for their religious privileges, some of the other components tend to creep in as well. Here's how it works: As long as the Muslim population remains around or under 3% in any given country, they will be for the most part be regarded as a peace-loving minority, and not as a threat to other citizens. This is the case in: United States -- Muslim 2% Australia -- Muslim 2.5% Canada -- Muslim 2.8% Norway -- Muslim 2.8% China -- Muslim 2.9% Italy -- Muslim 2.5% At 3% to 8%, they begin to proselytize from other ethnic minorities and disaffected groups, often with major recruiting from the jails and among street gangs. This is happening in: Denmark -- Muslim 5% Germany -- Muslim 6.7% United Kingdom -- Muslim 7.7% Spain -- Muslim 8% Thailand -- Muslim 7.6% From 8% on, they exercise an inordinate influence in proportion to their percentage of the population. For example, they will push for the introduction of halal (clean by Islamic standards) food, thereby securing food preparation jobs for Muslims. They will increase pressure on supermarket chains to feature halal on their shelves -- along with threats for failure to comply. This is occurring in: France -- Muslim 12% Philippines -- 9% Sweden -- Muslim 8% Switzerland -- Muslim 8.3% The Netherlands -- Muslim 8.5% Trinidad& Tobago -- Muslim 10.8% At this point, they will work to get the ruling government to allow them to rule themselves (within their ghettos) under Sharia, the Islamic Law. The ultimate goal of Islamists is to establish Sharia law over the entire world. When Muslims approach 15% of the population, they tend to increase lawlessness as a means of complaint about their conditions. In Paris, we are already seeing car-burnings. Any non Muslim action offends Islam, and results in uprisings and threats, such as in Amsterdam, with opposition to Mohammed cartoons and films about Islam. Such tensions are seen daily, particularly in Muslim sections, in: Guyana -- Muslim 15% India -- Muslim 19.4% Israel -- Muslim 16% Kenya -- Muslim 18% Russia -- Muslim 21% After reaching 25%, nations can expect hair-trigger rioting, jihad militia formations, sporadic killings, and the burnings of Christian churches and Jewish synagogues, such as in: Ethiopia -- Muslim 32.8% At 40%, nations experience widespread massacres, chronic terror attacks, and ongoing militia warfare, such as in: Bosnia -- Muslim 40% Chad -- Muslim 53.1% Lebanon -- Muslim 59.7% From 60%, nations experience unfettered persecution of non- believers of all other religions (including non-conforming Muslims), sporadic ethnic cleansing (genocide), use of Sharia Law as a weapon, and Jizya, the tax placed on infidels, such as in: Albania -- Muslim 70% Malaysia -- Muslim 60.4% Qatar -- Muslim 77.5% Sudan -- Muslim 70% After 80%, expect daily intimidation and violent jihad, some State-run ethnic cleansing, and even some genocide, as these nations drive out the infidels, and move toward 100% Muslim, such as has been experienced and in some ways is on-going in: Bangladesh -- Muslim 83% Egypt -- Muslim 90% Gaza -- Muslim 98.7% Indonesia -- Muslim 86.1% Iran -- Muslim 98% Iraq -- Muslim 97% Jordan -- Muslim 92% Morocco -- Muslim 98.7% Pakistan -- Muslim 97% Syria -- Muslim 90% Tajikistan -- Muslim 90% Turkey -- Muslim 99.8% United Arab Emirates -- Muslim 96% 100% will usher in the peace of 'Dar-es-Salaam' -- the Islamic House of Peace. Here there's supposed to be peace, because everybody is a Muslim, the Madrasses are the only schools, and the Koran is the only word, such as in: Afghanistan -- Muslim 100% Saudi Arabia -- Muslim 100% Somalia -- Muslim 100% Yemen -- Muslim 100% Unfortunately, peace is never achieved, as in these 100% states the most radical Muslims intimidate and spew hatred, and satisfy their blood lust by killing less radical Muslims, for a variety of reasons. 'Before I was nine I had learned the basic canon of Arab life. It was me against my brother; me and my brother against our father; my family against my cousins and the clan; the clan against the tribe; the tribe against the world, and all of us against the infidel. -- Leon Uris, 'The Haj' It is important to understand that in some countries, with well under 100% Muslim populations, such as France, the minority Muslim populations live in ghettos, within which they are 100% Muslim, and within which they live by Sharia Law. The national police do not even enter these ghettos. There are no national courts, nor schools, nor non-Muslim religious facilities. In such situations, Muslims do not integrate into the community at large. The children attend madrasses. They learn only the Koran. To even associate with an infidel is a crime punishable with death. Therefore, in some areas of certain nations, Muslim Imams and extremists exercise more power than the national average would indicate. Today's 2 billion Muslims make up 28% of the world's population. But their birth rates dwarf the birth rates of Christians, Hindus, Buddhists, Jews, and all other believers. Muslims will exceed 50% of the world's population by the end of this century.
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| Copyright © 2017 Legacy of Texas, All rights reserved. Our mailing address is: Legacy of Texas | 3001 Lake Austin Blvd. | Suite 3.116 | Austin, TX 78703 |
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Success
in life might be largely determined by our last names |
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Success in life might be largely determined by our last names |
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Success
in life might be largely determined by our last names. We
already knew inherited traits like height and eye color are
predictive of success. But a new study shows our social status
appears to be strongly influenced by our surname at birth. An
individual's ability to change social status relative to others
is known as social
mobility. Gregory Clark, an economic historian, has found
evidence that social mobility is very limited, even over several
generations, and even during massive social changes. His study
found English people whose ancestors were elite in the 1100s are
quite likely to be upper class today. The same held in numerous
other countries, all the way back to the Middle Ages. So our
fate is determined not just by our parents but by our greatest
of grandparents. Clark concludes the process of changing a
surname's social status takes upwards of a dozen generations,
which is about 300 to 450 years--significantly longer than past
estimates. Clark's finding seems depressing and harsh to me, but
he wants us to know that our actions still determine 40% of our
fate. That number increases if a family includes high rates of
intermarrying and "intermating" between different
social strata. Whew, that bodes well for my offspring as I
definitely married up several notches!
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Descendants of Isabel OLEA |
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http://home.earthlink.net/~cnltmex/IsabelOleaMtDNA.pdf
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Dear Mimi,
When I was doing my research on my Heritage (Genealogy), it seemed
that tomorrow didn't matter to much for me, it was the past that I
was looking forward to discover, it had more meaning, you never knew
what you would uncover in the old church records, library's, hall of
records anything that would tell me about the past. Every day would
be an adventure for me and in time I did uncover many things about
my Heritage that I did not know about. If hadn't take this
journey, I sure would of missed out in the wonderful part
of my heritage that I now have been able to share with you and many
Primos and Primas. And now, I would like to share this Tid-bit of
history that I had no idea existed, THE GRIJALVA CHURCH. "
GRIJALBA, IGLESIA de SANTA MARIA DE LOS REYES" Located in
Burgos Spain.
By the way, the March, article on Merejildo Grijalva, was just
wonderful, thanks.
Take care and God bless,
Su Amigo,
Eddie Grijalva.
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| Genetic History of Italians |
Historia Genética de los italianos / Genetic History of Italians First section of a very extensive study. The websites includes many supportive graphics. http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/italian_dna.shtml |
| Nuestros verdaderos orígenes latinos no son tan sencillos/ Our real Latin roots? are not that simplistic
Genetic history of the Italians http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/storia_genetica_degli_italiani.shtml Author: Maciamo Hay (originally published in July 2013. Last updated on December 2016) Italy is a fascinating country for population geneticists and historians alike. As Metternich said in 1847 "Italy is only a geographical expression". The peninsula was unified by Piedmont two decades later, but Metternich's remark still largely holds true today. There isn't one Italian people, but a multitude of ethnic and cultural groups, often with an independent history of their own going back to ancient times. Countless people have settled in Italy since the Neolithic: Near Eastern farmers, Italic tribes, Ligurians, Etruscans, Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Goths, Lombards, Byzantines, Franks, Normans, Swabians, Arabs, Berbers, Albanians, Austrians and more. All have left their genetic print on the populations of the regions where they settled. This page attempts to identify their genetic markers through the use of Y-chromosomal haplogroups, which are passed on nearly unaltered from father to son. History of the peoples and tribes who made Italy If you are new to population genetics... In the following section we will review the Y-DNA haplogroups of the various prehistoric and historical populations that have settled in Italy since Cro-Magnon colonised Europe during the Ice Age. that If you are unfamiliar with haplogroups or population genetics, we recommend that you familiarise yourself first with the basics by viewing the Video Tutorials about genetics and read our Frequently Asked Questions about DNA tests. Each haplogroup corresponds to a distinct ancestral lineage. Haplogroups are divided into numerous levels of subclades that form a phylogenetic tree, which is just a fancy word for genealogical tree of genetic ancestry. You may also find it useful to visualise the modern distribution of Y-DNA haplogroups to get a sense of they represent. Detailed descriptions of each haplogroup and their history are available here, but links to each haplogroup's page are also provided in the text below. Paleolithic to Neolithic Europe has been inhabited by modern humans for over 40,000 years. Three thirds of this time corresponds to the Ice Age, a period when humans lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers in small tribes. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which lasted approximately from 26,500 to 19,000 years ago, most of northern and central Europe was covered by ice sheets and was virtually uninhabitable for humans. Italy was one of the temperate refugia for Cro-Magnons. It is thought that Cro-Magnons belonged chiefly to Y-DNA haplogroups F and I. There are few surviving paternal lineages of Cro-Magnons in modern Italy. Pockets of haplogroup I2* and I2c (L596) have been observed at very low frequency in Northwest Italy, between the Alps and Tuscany. It is not certain, however, that these lineages remained in Italy since the Ice Age. They could have come from other parts of Europe later on, notably with the Celts, who also brought I2a2b (L38). Germanic tribes are brought haplogroup I1 and I2a2a (M223). Some or all of these lineages might be descended from Cro-Magnons from the Italian peninsula who migrated north when the climate warmed up 10,000 years ago. The most common variey of haplogroup I in Italy is I2a1a (M26), which is found mostly in Sardinia (36% of the male lineages) and to a lower extent in Iberia and coastal areas of the Western Mediterranean. It is still unclear where I2a1 (P214) developed. It could have been in Italy, in the Balkans, or even further east in the Carpathians and north of the Black Sea. According to current estimates, I2a1 appeared about 20,000 years ago, close to the end of the LGM, and split almost immediately into western branch (M26) and an eastern one (M423). In all likelihood, the territory of the nomadic I2a1 people must have included Northeast Italy and the Dinaric Alps within the refugium. The tribe grew and split, with some branches going west to Italy and the Western Mediterranean, and the other going east to the Balkans and the Pontic Steppe. By the time the first Neolithic farmers and herders arrived in Italy from the Near East 8,000 years ago most of the peninsula could well have been inhabited by I2a1a hunter-gatherers. Agriculture had appeared in the Levant at least 11,500 years ago. In the ensuing two and a half millennia it spread slowly to Anatolia and Greece. From Greece, it took another millennium for Neolithic farmers to cross the sea to Apulia, Calabria, Sicily and Sardinia, and from there move inland and colonised the rest of the peninsula for yet another millennium. Around 7,000 years ago all Italy bar the remotest corners of the Alps had adopted agriculture. The Near-Eastern newcomers belonged essentially to haplogroup G2a, and seem to have carried a minority of E1b1b, J*, J1, J2 and T lineages. The majority of modern Italian E1b1b and J2 came later though, with the Etruscans, the Greeks, and the various Near Eastern people who settled in Italy during the Roman Empire, particularly the Jews and the Syrians. Hunter-gatherers appear yo have mostly fled the peninsula after the arrival of Neolithic farmers, except in Sardinia, where they blended with them, perhaps trapped by the sea and unable to do otherwise. Nowadays, Sardinians are the population resembling most closely Neolithic Europeans. This was already known from archeological and anthropoligical studies, but was confirmed by the testing of Ötzi's genome, a 5,300 year-old man mummified in the ice of the Italian Alps, and whose DNA was found to be very close to that of modern Sardinians. The geographic isolation of Sardinia has left its inhabitants to a large degree unaffected by outside influences, apart from a minority of Phoenician, Roman and Vandal colonisers. For example, the combined 3% of hapogroups I1, I2a2a and R1a could be attributed to the Vandals, a Germanic tribe who ruled over Sardinia from 435 to 534. The Romans left some 10% of R1b-U152, and probably some additional E1b1b, G2a and J2 lineages. Bronze Age to Iron Age | Italics & Romans The Bronze Age was brought to Europe by the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who migrated from the North Caucasus and the Pontic Steppe to the Balkans (from circa 6,000 years ago), then went up the Danube and invaded Central and Western Europe (from 4,500 years ago). Italic-speakers, an Indo-European branch, are thought to have crossed the Alps and invaded the Italian peninsula around 3,200 years ago, establishing the Villanova culture and bringing with them primarily R1b-U152 lineages and replacing or displacing a large part of the indigenous people. The Neolithic inhabitants of Italy sought refuge in the Apeninne mountains and in Sardinia. Nowadays, the highest concentration of haplogroup G2a and J1 outside the Middle East are found in the Apeninnes, Calabria, Sicily and Sardinia. http://www.eupedia.com/images/content/roman_colonies_italy.jpg Italic tribes conquered the whole peninsula, but settled most heavily in northern and central-west Italy, especially in the Po Valley and Tuscany, but also in Umbria and the Latium, who both owe their names to Italic tribes (the Umbrians and the Latins). In all logic, the ancient Romans, from the original founders of Rome to the patricians of the Roman Republic, should have been essentially R1b-U152 people, with a minority of G2a-L140 (L13, L1264 and Z1816 subclades) and J2a1-L70 (PF5456 and Z2177 subclades). Those G2a and J2a1 lineages would have been assimilated either in the Steppe or in Southeast Europe before the Proto-Italics reached the Alps. Based on modern frequencies in northern and central Italy, each would have been 5 to 10x less common than R1b-U152. Intermarriages with their Etruscan and Greek neighbours would have gradually brought other paternal lineages to the Roman gene pool, including other G2a and J2 subclades, but also haplogroups such as E1b1b and T1a (see below). An additional clue that the inhabitants of the Roman Republic still belonged predominantly to R1b-U152 comes from the modern population in the cities they founded. It is remarkable that most of the cities founded during the Roman Republic by Roman colonists in northern Italy (Alba, Aosta, Asti, Bologna, Brescia, Casale Monferrato, Cremona, Ferrara, Forlì, Ivrea, Lodi, Massa, Milan, Modena, Monza, Parma, Pavia, Piacenza, Pistoia, Pollenzo, Reggio Emilia, Rimini, Sarzana, Torino, Tortona) are located in the areas with the highest incidence of R1b-U152 (and lowest incidence of E1b1b and J2) today. Only a handful of Roman colonies were set up in north-east Italy (Aquileia, Belluno, Pordenone, Vicenza), four in the Marches (Ancona, Macerata, Pesaro and Senigallia), and not a single one in the modern region of Liguria. Naturally U152 was already present in northern Italy before the Roman period. But if the Roman colonists had not been predominantly U152, its frequency would have been diluted by the newcomers. What we observe is the reverse; the frequency of U152 has been amplified around Roman colonies. R1b-U152 has also been found a low frequencies (1 to 10%) almost everywhere within the boundaries of the Roman Empire, even in regions where no other R1b-U152 people (e.g. Hallstatt/La Tène Celts) ever settled, such as Sardinia and North Africa. On the other hand, not all U152 in southern Italy may be of Italic or direct Roman origin. Some of it may be attributed to the Normans (those of Gallo-Roman rather than Viking descent) and Swabian Germans during the Middle Ages, especially in Sicily. It is still difficult at present to differentiate the Celtic vs Italic origin of the various U152 subclades. Z56 appears to be the most Italic or Roman subclade, and particularly its Z72 clade. It is rare outside Italy and has a distribution focused on central Italy. Nevertheless other branches may also be Italic, including a few L2 subclades. During the Late Bronze Age and in the Early Iron Age other Indo-European tribes also settled in northern Italy, like the Ligures in Liguria, the Lepontic and Gaulish Celts in Piedmont, and the Adriatic Veneti in Veneto. According to the founding myth of Rome, Romulus and Remus descended from the Latin kings of Alba Longa, themselves descended from Trojan prince Aeneas, who fled to the Latium after the destruction of Troy by the Greeks. Troy may well have been founded by the early M269 and/or L23 branches of R1b, representing the first expansion of R1b from the Pontic Steppe to the Balkans (see R1b history). If there is any truth in the myth (as there usually is), the Trojans might have brought M269 or L23 (probably with other haplogroups, notably J2) to central Italy circa 1200 BCE, around the same time as U152 invaded from the north. The Etruscans, who are thought to have originated in western Anatolia, not far from Troy, might also have brought R1b-L23 to Italy, also blended with other haplogroups (see below). Nowadays R1b-L23 is the second most common subclade of R1b in Italy (see map), although well behind R1b-U152. L23 has a remarkably uniform distribution over all the Italian peninsula, making between 5% and 10% of the male lineages. It is found at a slightly higher frequency in Campania and Calabria due to the Greek colonies, and decreases under 5% of the population only around the Alps. The study of Sardinian Y-DNA by Francalacci et al. (2013) allowed to have a look at the subclades of R1b on this island that has not been settled by the Celts or the Etruscans, nor by an Italic tribe besides the Romans. The Greeks only had a brief a foothold at Olbia and would not have influence the genetics of the island. In other words, all the Indo-European R1b in Sardinia (bar a tiny percentage of Germanic R1b brought by the Vandals) can be attributed to the Romans. The results are unequivocal, R1b-U152 makes up 10.5% of all Sardinian lineages, while R1b-M269 and R1b-L23 together amount to a mere 1.5%. This is yet more evidence that U152 was probably the dominant Roman lineages. The Sardinian U152 samples can be used to distinguish Roman subclades of U152 from other Italic and Alpine Celtic subclades. All four top level subclades of U152 were found in Sardinia, but in very different proportions from the continent, especially north of the Alps where L2 makes up over two thirds of the lineages. In contrast, Z192 is the main subclade in Sardinia (58.5% of all U152), followed by Z56 (10%, half of being Z144+), L2 (7.8%, exclusively Z49+ and Z347+) and Z36 (5.5%, half of it Z54+). http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/italian_dna.shtml |
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FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH |
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Voces Oral History Project is holding a 2-day
(Saturday/Sunday, July 29 & 30, 2017) |
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Hi,
all, So,
this summer, the Voces Oral History Project is holding a 2-day
(Saturday and Sunday, July 29 & 30, 2017) event to match experts
with men and women who want to learn about:
This
is all within in the goals of our Voces Project: to create a better
awareness about the participation and contributions of U.S. Latinas/os.
Early Bird Registration through April 30 -- Check
out our website at:
http://vocesshortcourses.org/ Keynote
speaker is the wonderful Lt. Gen. Ricardo S. Sanchez, who wrote his
autobiography with the help of a collaborator. Let
me know if you have any questions — Maggie Also,
Director, Voces Oral History Project, with
collections on the U.S. Latino WWII, Korean and Vietnam
War periods and Political and Civic Engagement
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Do you keep a journal? I do. It is how I remember the travels I’ve taken, the life experiences I’ve enjoyed, and the litter boxes I’ve cleaned.
We are writers, and so it is even more helpful for us to journal. Not sure yet? Let me share with you some tips from my journaling experience for how to write a journal. Advantages of Keeping a Journal There are many reasons why it is a good idea to keep a journal. I want to share four big ones with you. |
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| 1. Remember details When I traveled to Europe in 1978 I kept a journal. I have notes from the trip to Greece where I wiped out on a moped, weeded sugar beets on Kibbutz Reshafim in Israel, and hitchhiked through occupied territory in the south of Isreal. There were several details of my trip, that I had completely forgotten until I re-read the journals. December 16th, 1978 Walking to the orchard from the kibbutz the sun was so hot I stopped and just listened to the silence. (Walking I could hear stones crunch) I had to take off my sweater the sun was so intense.
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Recording the details of your life can enrich your stories. Last month for The Spring Writing Contest at The Write Practice, I wrote a story about when the IRS called me to say I owned money. In my first draft, I wrote that the amount they said I owed was, $638 dollars. After I had completed the first draft I went back to the notes I had written in my journal, and the correct amount was over six thousand dollars. $6,846.48. Well, maybe there are some things we don’t want to remember. Thankfully, I didn’t send the money. It wasn’t the “real” IRS. “People who keep journals have life twice.” —Jessamyn West |
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| 2. Find old friends Keeping a journal can help you find old friends. One of the women I met on November 26th, 1978, wrote down her address. I found her on Facebook and just sent her a message. (Social media and Google can also help, but the journal did remind me of her name.) I will let you know if she responds to my Facebook message. It has been almost forty years since she lent me a pair of gloves when I scraped my hand on the pavement when I fell off my moped. |
3. Help process feelings and ideas When you keep thoughts in your head it can be hard to know how you think and feel. Writing down how you feel will help you process your emotions, as feelings become words, which can be then be edited. “ “Writing is the only way I have to explain my own life to myself.” ?Pat Conroy Tweet thisTweet |
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4. Preserve the writer’s history When you are dead and a famous writer, your journals will give your readers insight into how you thought and what your life was like. You may never sell more than one hundred copies of your book, you may never publish your writing, or your journals may only be read by the mice that crawl through your basement. Or your journals will be read by zombies after the zombie apocalypse, sharing insight into how you felt and thought. If you don’t want anyone to read your journal, keep it in a locked box and swallow the key. (Please don’t really swallow the key. It would be unpleasant to have to find it again, and you might choke.) Put the key in a safe spot, and then remember where you put it. |
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Tips for How to Write a Journal Now you know why journaling can be helpful. But how should you journal? It is very personal, and you should do what works best for you. But I will give you some tips to help you get started. |
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| 1. Choose your kind of journal You have several options for how to keep your journal. A book, where you write with a pen or pencil onto paper: Write in a book that is not so pretty you are afraid to write in it. Keep the size small enough you don’t mind carrying it in your messenger bag, and big enough you can read your handwriting. Do not try journaling at night when the only paper you have on your bedside table is a bandaid. The next morning I couldn’t read my writing on the band-aid, and the idea I wanted to journal was lost. The advantage of paper is you can write without having to be plugged into an electronic device. You don’t have to worry about a dead battery, and you can write even when the sun is bright or the airline makes you turn off your electronic devices. The disadvantage to a paper journal is if you lose the journal and you didn’t make a copy of it, you have lost all of the writing. Software: There are several software applications on the market you can use to journal. Be sure they sync to the cloud, as you don’t want to lose your entries because you fry your computer hard-drive. Journey and Day One can add photographs and text, and export all of your entries into a PDF. You can also journal in Microsoft Word or Scrivener and save your files to a cloud-based program that will keep your files safe if you lose your computer or pour water on your keyboard. 2. Date your entry You think you will remember when it happened, but without a written date, you might forget. |
3. Tell the truth The journal is a record of how you felt and what you did. Telling the truth will make you a reliable storyteller. If you haven’t cleaned the seven litter boxes for a week, don’t write that you clean them every day simply because you want your readers one hundred years from now to think you had good habits. 4. Write down details Record details like the time, location, who you were with, what you were wearing. Details will help bring the memory alive when you record using your five senses. To this day, if I smell a certain kind of Japanese soup, I can remember vividly the day I flew to Korea to renew my Japanese visa, only to discover the Japanese embassy was closed for a traditional Japanese holiday. 5. Write down what you felt What you were thinking? Were you mad? Sad? Happy? Write down why. 6. Write a lot or a little A journal entry doesn’t have to be three pages long. It can be a few words that describe what happened, a few sentences about the highlight of your day, or it can be a short description of an event from your day, where you describe details to help you remember what happened. Like, what time of day was it? What sound do you remember? |
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WHEN TO JOURNAL There is no right or wrong time to write in a journal. Write when you will remember to do it. Do you always brush your teeth before you go to bed? Have writing in your journal be part of your bedtime routine. Perhaps put it on your bedside table, or beside your hammock, or on the floor beside your futon. If you are a morning person, consider keeping your journal on the table where you drink your morning coffee, tea, water, milk, or orange juice. These are only suggestions. You don’t have to write down your feelings or why you felt a certain way. I hate being told what to do. Even if it is a good idea. Keep a journal if you want to. And if you think writing in a journal is stupid, don’t keep one. You might have written all day on your novel, and then some writer with six cats and seven litter boxes wants you to keep a journal. "A journal is a diary of your life. Who you are, who you were with, and where you want to go." Only record the details you want to remember, or the details you don’t think you will forget. Which is like saying, only floss the teeth you want to keep. Do you write in a journal? Do you think writing in a journal is a good idea for a writer, or a bad idea? Please tell us why in the comments. PRACTICE Write for fifteen minutes about some aspect of your day as though you were writing in a journal. Your journal entry might be a drawing, a poem, or a list of words or cities you drove through. Please share your writing and comment on someone else’s practice today. We learn by writing and by reading. Pamela Hodges Pamela writes stories about art and creativity to help you become the artist you were meant to be. She would love to meet you at www.ipaintiwrite.com .
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| Salt Lake City, Utah (20
April 2017), The Family History Library in Salt
Lake City, Utah has announced its free family history classes
and webinars for May 2017. Participants can conveniently
attend in person or online. The May calendar will offer
classes on how to succeed researching Belgium, British
Isles, Colombia, France, Germany,
Holland, Ireland, Netherlands,
Norway, Switzerland, and US records-related classes, as well
as a variety of how-to classes. Mark your calendars for
events you want to join so you don't forget. Find and easily share
this announcement online in the FamilySearch
Newsroom.
Online classes offered in the schedule are noted as "Webinars". Webinars noted in red this month have limited attendance and require registration. Click on the title to register in advance. Webinar attendees need to click on the link next to the class title to attend the online class on the scheduled date and time. Those attending the Library in-person need to simply go to the room noted. Invite family and friends. All times are in Mountain Standard Time (MST). Not able to attend a webinar live or in-person? Most
sessions are taped and can be viewed later online at your convenience
in the archive for Family
History Library Classes and Webinars.
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DATE / TIME |
CLASS (SKILL LEVEL) |
WEBINAR | ROOM |
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Tue, 2-May, 10:00 AM |
Overview of FamilySearch.org (Beginner) |
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Wed, 3-May, 10:00 AM |
Spanish Language Records Indexing (1½ hrs) (Intermediate) |
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Wed, 3-May, 3:00 PM |
Ask Your United States Research Question (Beginner) |
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Thur, 4-May, 11:00 AM |
Starting Family Tree: Attaching FamilySearch Sources to your Tree |
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Fri, 5-May, 1:00 PM |
United States Case Study (Intermediate) |
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Sat, 6-May, 1:00 PM |
Recursos genealógicos de Colombia (Beginner) |
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Mon, 8-May, 10:00 AM |
Using the FHL Catalog Effectively (Beginner) |
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Tue, 9-May, 11:00 AM |
What is New at FamilySearch.org (Beginner) |
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Wed, 10-May, 10:00 AM |
Italian Language Records Indexing (1½ hrs) (Intermediate) |
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Thur, 11-May, 11:00 AM |
Using Social Media for Family History (Beginner) |
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Mon, 15-May, 10:00 AM |
Using the FHL Catalog Effectively (Beginner) |
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Mon, 15-May, 3:15 PM |
Elusive Immigrant: Methods of Proving Identity (Intermediate) |
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Tue, 16-May, 1:00 PM |
Tips and Tricks of Using FamilySearch’s Historical Records (Intermediate) |
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Sat, 20-May, 1:00 PM |
Diviértete con tus hijos creando una fiesta de Historia Familiar (Beginner) |
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Mon, 22-May, 10:00 AM |
Using the FHL Catalog Effectively (Beginner) |
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Tue, 23-May, 11:00 AM |
FamilySearch Wiki (Beginner) |
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Wed, 24-May, 10:00 AM |
Portuguese Language Records Indexing (1½ hrs) (Intermediate) |
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Thu, 25-May, 10:00 AM |
United States Census: Techniques and Strategies for |
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Tue, 30-May, 1:00 PM |
Starting Family Tree: Open Questions and Answers (Beginner) |
About FamilySearch FamilySearch International is the largest genealogy organization in the world. FamilySearch is a nonprofit, volunteer-driven organization sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Millions of people use FamilySearch records, resources, and services to learn more about their family history. To help in this great pursuit, FamilySearch and its predecessors have been actively gathering, preserving, and sharing genealogical records worldwide for over 100 years. Patrons may access FamilySearch services and resources free online at FamilySearch.org or through over 4,921 family history centers in 129 countries, including the main Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah.
If you would rather not receive future communications
from FamilySearch, let us know by clicking here.
FamilySearch, 50 East North Temple St, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150
US.
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New Records added to Family Search Collection |
Indexed Records |
Digital Images |
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250,892 |
0 |
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69,091 |
0 |
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20,464 |
0 |
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288,302 |
0 |
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313,194 |
0 |
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321,960 |
0 |
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1,339,687 |
0 |
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618,426 |
0 |
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469,914 |
0 |
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Italy, Mantova, Civil Registration (State Archive), 1496-1906 |
0 |
2,967 |
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1,227,251 |
0 |
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New
Zealand, Archives New Zealand, Probate Records, |
133 |
258,576 |
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211,684 |
211,684 |
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45,481 |
159,173 |
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97,188 |
0 |
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2,430 |
0 |
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Sweden,
Stockholm City Archives, Index to Church Records, |
172,282 |
14,541 |
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3,956 |
0 |
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United
States, Cancelled, Relinquished, or Rejected |
0 |
282,418 |
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14,144 |
0 |
FamilySearch is the largest genealogy organization in the world. FamilySearch is a nonprofit, volunteer-driven organization sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Millions of people use FamilySearch records, resources, and services to learn more about their family history. To help in this great pursuit, FamilySearch and its predecessors have been actively gathering, preserving, and sharing genealogical records worldwide for over 100 years. Patrons may access FamilySearch services and resources for free at FamilySearch.org or through more than 5,004 family history centers in 129 countries, including the main Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah. |
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May
13th: The Northern Mexican: Conquest and Assimilation September 21-23: SHHAR Salt Lake Research Trip May 5th, 6th, and 7th! Anaheim Cinco de Mayo Fiesta Eighth graders Students from Santiago K-8 School in Washington D.C May 7: Santa Ana 2017 Thursday Night Monthly Movie Night Schedule May 25th: 2017 Business Women of the Year Awards and Scholarships |
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The
Northern Mexican Indians: Conquest and Assimilation Using a 45-page PowerPoint presentation, John Schmal will discuss the
indigenous tribes that lived in the northern and western regions of
Mexico.
The presentation will focus on the Chichimeca
Indians of Zacatecas and Jalisco, the Yaquis and other Cahitan-speaking
tribes of Sinaloa and Sonora, as well as the indigenous groups that inhabited Chihuahua, Durango
and Coahuila. In addition to discussing the gradual conquest and
eventual assimilation of these indigenous people John Schmal will also
discuss the present-day status of Indigenous languages in the western
and northern regions of Mexico as of the 2010 census. The free presentation will take
place at the Orange Family History Center, 674
S. Yorba St., Orange. Volunteers will provide research
assistance from 9 -10 a.m., For information, contact Letty
Rodella at lettyr@sbcglobal.net.
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SHHAR’s Visit to
The
Family Search Library in Salt
Lake City, Utah
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Join The
Society of Hispanic Historical & Ancestral Research (SHHAR) on
a visit to the Salt
Lake City Family
History Library.
SHHAR
confirmed Group Visitation dates for Thursday,
Sept. 21th through Saturday Sept. 23th.
Everyone
is welcome, no need to be a SHHAR member! These
are some of
the activities planned:
SHHAR’s
Group Orientation is scheduled for Thursday, Sept 21 at 10:00am.
Family History Research Classes, how to do research in various geographical areas, approximately (60 min. per class)
Discovery
experiences, discover,
picture and record your story through fun engaging interactive
experiences
Historical
Records Online,
learn how to search historical records on Familysearch.org and other
databases to
find ancestors (30-60 min.)
Finding
Cousins/Descendancy Research Activity, learn
how to use descendancy research to find your cousins (60 minutes)
FamilySearch
Family Tree Activities,learn
how to use the Family Tree in an interactive, fun presentation (60
min.)
There
is no cost for attending. Each
individual will be responsible for their transportation and hotel
reservations. Hotel
listings near the Library and other specific information will be
sent to those who have or who will be signing up. Deadline
for signing up is Sept. 1, 2017.
If
you are interested, please contact
Irene
Foster, irene.fstr@yahoo.com
or
Letty Rodella, lettyr@sbcglobal.net
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Source: Santa Ana Unified School District Update |
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May 5th, 6th, and 7th! |
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The Anaheim Cinco de Mayo Fiesta has been a Non-Profit since 1971. Our committee was created to promote Hispanic American Cultural Activities in efforts to benefit our Community. We feel that we will accomplish our goal with the help of supporters and local businesses. |
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The Cinco de Mayo festival has become one of the biggest events of the year for many Orange County and Los Angeles County residents. Many attending the fiesta remember coming here as children, and now reunite with old friends each year while enjoying the great family friendly environment.
www.anaheim5demayofiesta.com 714-581-6001 Ruben Alvarez, Publisher Stay Connected OC~Emerging Markets Network Now Reaching over 20,000 persons, Businesses, and Organizations! 714-661-9768 StayConnectedOC@Gmail.com Stay Connected OC~ Emerging Markets Network | Rain still in the forecast, Ruben Alvarez, Publisher, Santa Ana, CA 92703 |
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Santa Ana 2017 Thursday Night Monthly Movie Night Schedule |
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May 7-"What Ever Happened to Baby Jane" 1962 Joan Crawford, Bette Davis Drama/Thriller Drama - A former child star torments her paraplegic sister in their decaying Hollywood mansion. June 8-"Father of the Bride" 1950 Spencer Tracy, Elizabeth Taylor The father of a young woman deals with the emotional pain of her getting married, along with the financial and organizational trouble of arranging the wedding. July 6-"Yankee Doodle Dandy" 1942 James Cagney, Joan Leslie, Walter Hudson Biography -The life of the renowned musical composer, playwright, actor, dancer, and singer George M. Cohan. |
August 10-"The Maltese Falcon" 1941 Humphrey Bogart, Mary Astor Detective - A private detective takes on a case that involves him with three eccentric criminals, a gorgeous liar, and their quest for a priceless statuette. Nov 9-"We're No Angels" 1955 Humphrey Bogart, Peter Ustinov, Aldo Ray Comedy - Three Devil's Island escapees hide out in the home of a kindly merchant and repay his kindness by helping him and his family out of several crises. Santa Ana Historical Preservation Society, Dr. Willella Howe-Waffle House & Medical Museum, 120 Civic Center Dr., West, Santa Ana, CA 92701 |
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santaanahistorical@yahoo.com in collaboration with http://www.constantcontact.com/index.jsp?cc=PT1133 |
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| The event serves as a platform
to recognize outstanding individuals for their professional achievements
and their contributions to the community. Additionally, NHBWA awards
educational scholarships to students pursuing a college education in an
effort to develop the next generation of leaders.
The 17th Annual Awards and Scholarship Luncheon will be held on May 25, 2017. The awards ceremony is attended by over 200 community leaders, corporate representatives, business owners and students. Net proceeds from the event support programs such as financial seminars, technical assistance, and training for minority entrepreneurs and small business owners. These funds also serve to award educational scholarships to college students. To date, with contributions from our generous supporters, NHBWA has awarded 195 scholarships.
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The NHBWA’s mission is to encourage women to develop their business and professional goals by promoting business growth through education, mutual support, the sharing of information, business referrals and networking. Our target for our members and the community includes opportunities for partnerships and alliances with small business development, corporations, business chambers, financial institutions, universities and community colleges. |
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National Hispanic Business Women Association
2020 N. Broadway, Suite 100
Santa Ana, CA
92706
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May 29, 2017 |
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by Eddie Morin |
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Raul Morin and Pete Aguilar
Despart made a request from the city of Los Angeles to grant them
permission to set up a monument there. Permission was granted on the
condition that the funds to create such a monument would come from the
private sector and they were given one year to accomplish this. Raul Morin and Pete Despart
approached the East Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce chaired by
Zefferino Ramirez, and were assisted in generating funds to cover the
cost of this monument which was dedicated to: “The Americans of
Mexican Descent”. The
pillar was dedicated on May 30, 1947.
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50th Anniversary of Morin
Memorial Square
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As noted, Raul
Morin was active in veterans’ affairs having served with the 79th
Infantry division in Europe. He was the first writer to acknowledge
the Medal of Honor recipients of Mexican extraction in his book,
“Among the Valiant”. He felt that our youth should be aware of the
sacrifices that the Latino soldiers made and share in the pride that
they brought into their community. His dedication to veteran causes
made his contemporaries eager to give him recognition in turn and upon
his demise in 1967, the entire park area where the monument stands was
named after him. The Morin
Memorial was officially dedicated in 1968. |
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From Iowa Cotton fields to California
Attorney |
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I wrote the following for the Kansas City Kansan – July 18, 2007 – he has since passed away: One of my favorite people is John Ortega, Esq. He also visited and is interested in Kansas City. We keep in contact although he presently lives in California. He wrote the following a few years ago: After years of migrant work in the Southern cotton fields and in the Midwest my parents had a growing family. My mother finally persuaded my father that the children had to be in school. We always enrolled late and left early to go pick crops. Besides, the laws did not permit child labor. We settled in "Boxtown" on the Southeast edge of Des Moines, Iowa where all nine children attended McKinley and Lincoln High School. At McKinley, the Kindergarten teacher was Miss Maffitt whom we all loved. In first grade came Miss Healy who loved to pick me up out of my chair by the short hair on my neck and drum her sharp nails into my skull when she was displeased; it hurt. It didn’t hurt as much though as the chagrin I felt when asked to do math on the black board or read Dick and Jane. Since only Spanish was spoken at home I didn’t understand. I still get hot tears when I think about that. The teacher convinced me I couldn’t learn. My parents couldn’t help because they couldn’t read or write either. I flunked. My next stop was Howe School where they had a "Special" class. It was a dumping ground for kids with learning problems. I don’t know anyone who ever got out except me. I was very unhappy as it was a long uphill walk to school and the other kids were cruel. I do recall we constructed a shoeshine stand and polished shoes; I guess that was to be our training. My mother knew that I was unhappy and inquired of a teacher she knew what I had to do to get out of that "Special" class and was told I had to read. With a little help and renewed enthusiasm on my part I commenced reading some and was sent back to regular classes at McKinley. In the third grade Miss Fisher used to read to us when the weather was bad and I learned the joy of reading. We all liked her and I always studied my spelling list, that helped me to be a good speller. The other grades were uneventful, but I did sing in the school chorus and also played a battered cornet. Mom also encouraged us to sing at church, participate in plays and to play music. I still don’t know where she got the 25 cents for the music lessons but I suspect she filched it from Pops pants at night. Unfortunately, no library was nearby so we read old magazines and stacks of comic books which my dad destroyed because they kept us from our chores. We had no place to study; Dad discouraged it. I recall hating gym because I usually had big holes in my socks. I hated soccer because the school bully would kick me with big logging boots and I couldn’t retaliate because I had raggedy sneakers. In winter, we suffered because we didn’t always have warm hats, gloves and boots. I recall having red chapped legs where my wet pant leg rubbed. THE COUNTY WELFARE gave out ugly greenish-brown corduroy jackets which we didn’t like because of the stigma attached. My father bought up parcels of land and we planted corn and a variety of vegetables. We ate a lot of vegetables and mom canned; the surplus was sold on highway 69. With some pigs, chickens and a fat calf we slaughtered, we ate pretty well except during late winters when our supplies ran short. My dad, always very resourceful, would haul in old railroad ties which we boys sawed all summer and into the fall for use in the winter. We also burned battery casings and old tires. For the cook stove, we used corn cobs and scrap lumber from the city dump. With all this sawing, chopping and hoeing we developed hard muscles. These hard muscles were put to good use when I played football, wrestled or to defend myself and my friends. One of my brothers, Richard, was city and district wrestling champ three years in a row and would have been state champ except for an injury to his knee. I recall that when a new kid arrived from California, Jack Brooks, was picking on the new kid so I told him to "stop!" He challenged me and I swung and knocked him out. I never was bothered after that, nor was my friend. I still enjoy defending people. I’m a lawyer now. In late winter, we ate refried beans and tortillas for breakfast, bean burritos for lunch and boiled beans and hot sauce with fresh made tortillas for supper. Mom made burritos to take to school but I was embarrassed to be seen eating them so for a while I tried to go without lunch. However, by the time sports practice was over I barely had enough energy to walk home. I decided I had to eat something so I made menudo (tripe) sandwiches on stale bread slathered with ketchup. I wolfed them down under the stairwell at school and later had a five-cent root beer at the Lincoln Soda Grill. In those days, you could get tripe for free at the slaughter houses. Our neighbors fed it to their hound dogs. It gave me the energy I needed to compete. Someone must have been watching out for me as I was given a job cashiering in the school cafeteria. The kindly manager used to ply me with extra food which was great for football but bad for wrestling as I gained weight and had trouble competing thereafter. I enjoyed High School but got by with minimal effort. I can only recall one semester that I excelled when a teacher accused me of cheating and another accused me of pinching a girl on the buttocks. I didn’t cheat but I decided to show them a thing or two and studied. One fall semester I got an "A" in drama but later in the following semester I got spring fever and received an "F"; I was not consistent. I was accepted by my fellow students and never felt any racism. Adults, however, would make racial remarks which caused me to want to reject my Mexican heritage. My mother, who only went to third grade, was smart and tried to instill in us pride in our background by insisting we retain Spanish; against the advice of teachers. And by teaching us the customs, music and cooking the foods of Mexico for us. However, the majority culture prevailed and I was Anglicized. It wasn’t until I moved to California that I learned what a beautiful culture I had rejected. I now accept it and am proud of my heritage. I don’t recall anyone advising me on a career or college plans while in high school. One day I found myself in shop classes being taught welding, electronics and woodworking which I did poorly in. I can’t say the school was wrong as I hadn’t shown much interest in learning, but I had no interest in shop classes. I do remember one hot summer, while working as a corn detassler in the broiling Iowa sun, that I decided manual labor wasn’t for me. I wanted to be a white-collar worker, though I didn’t know what. My high school days were in the fabulous fifties when times were good in America. Drugs were no problem, yet. However, we were able to buy beer and on special occasions, "bootleg" whiskey. I mostly coasted through high school and partied on week-ends and enjoyed the good life. One day I was given the news I was going to be a teenage daddy. My world was turned upside down! I needed a job, any job, to support my obligations. I recall going to Iowa Packing Company to apply for work in the hide cellar moving bloody hides; no work was available. My next lead was a print shop sweeping floors. The job was given to a seventy-year-old seasoned citizen who had more experience. Next I was advised to apply to Des Moines City Hall for a good job. When I went to apply as a garbage man I didn’t even get an application. They had no openings. Needless to say, I was discouraged, but I had no marketable skills to offer an employer. When some friends, who had quit school and joined the U.S. Marines asked me to join too, I did so as I had no other options. Off I went with the "Tall Corn Platoon" to San Diego, California for boot camp training. Turns out the Marines were a good decision for me. Prior to leaving school I finally got advice from a teacher, Mr. Gerald Jackson, who reminded me that I would be eligible for schooling when I finished my hitch with the Marines. He advised me to keep on with school. That was the best advice I have been given by anyone. I still go to school today. After boot camp in San Diego and infantry training at Camp Pendleton, California, I was shipped to Korea where I spent one bitter cold winter living in a flimsy tent. Had I not been raised in Iowa I would have not survived. It toughened me up for the long years of schooling ahead. The Marines encouraged us to take classes, so I enrolled at Oceanside High School and took classes to prepare me for the G.E.D. test which I later took and passed. I later used the results of the GED to enroll at Drake University where I competed with well prepared students but somehow I managed to survive. The only classes I excelled in were Geography, Speech and Spanish. My mother never let us forget our Spanish. At Drake University, I had speech class with a friend, Louis Lavorato (who is now on the Iowa Supreme Court). He advised me to get into law school because I did well in speech. I didn’t pay any attention as I was barely hanging on. A Marine Corps friend who was transferring to San Diego State College, persuaded me to also transfer. I then switched my major to Personnel Management because it was easy, then took a job as a aircraft parts inspector. I worked the midnight shift so my day began at 11 PM and by 8 AM I was at school, and after lunch I studied (when I didn’t fall asleep). I kept this routine up for months by which time I was a zombie. I had very little common with those blond beach boys on campus as they talked about surfing and beach parties. But one day I was asked to join a fraternity. I did and had a great time. My grades didn’t improve though; too many parties. After graduation in 1960 I looked for a job in Personnel Management for two years without success. I became very discouraged but I didn’t like the thought of failure, so I thought seriously about what I wanted to do. I then decided to go to law school. I talked my way into California Western Law School claiming I had good grades and the G.I. Bill. Never, never had I worked so hard to fail so miserably. I was crushed but knew I hadn’t really prepared myself. After analyzing what I had to do to succeed I moved my four sons and wife to Los Angeles County and started again at a night law school. I worked as a Social Worker in Watts in the day which left me time to study at night. I took special classes to learn the law and practiced writing the exam. While I did pass; it was hard for me. With my license in hand I got a job with the top poverty law firm in the County, The California Rural Legal Assistance, in Delano, California. As soon as I started representing clients I knew I’d made the right career choice. I loved the work and did well. I can recall my first fee was a bag of vegetables from an elderly Filipino who had a real sad adoption case. My next fee was a silver dollar sprayed gold from a Mexican woman whose teenage daughter was taken away by Sheriff’s because she was pregnant and allegedly being neglected. On May 6, 1970 I was asked to represent Delano High School Latino students who charged discrimination. The strike was successful but on graduation day the Delano police beat up some students and parents. Tensions were high all summer and in the fall the High School was torched by the student leader, who at the same time, was attempting to steal guns and ammo in a Western Auto Store. The police, trying to smoke him out, set the building on fire and nearly burned the town. Things got hot and I decided to leave town. The upshot was that the F.B.I. placed me on Nixon’s enemies list which I now consider a badge of honor. Nixon and the F.B.I. were wrong and I was right. I was only trying to help poor, oppressed people; I guess I did it too vigorously. Next, I started a criminal law practice where I did very well in jury trials, winning most of them. It must have been my experience selling life insurance, vacuums and cemetery lots. The problem was that my criminal clients had little money so I decided to do family law. My practice was so successful I opened four offices and the cash flow was beyond my wildest dreams. I also did personal injury cases and handled some large Medical Malpractice cases which fees I invested in California real estate. In conclusion: Though I was late in deciding what I wanted to do in life and had numerous set backs, I did achieve my goal. Only in America can this happen if you have a clear goal and are willing to persevere against adversity and, as Winston Churchill said, never, never give in… FINIS.
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| Napa County Landmarks' annual Riverboat Captains and Mansions Walking Tour |
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Coming up! stroll around Napa's old waterfront
district, looking at historic homes from the 19th and early 20th
centuries and hear their stories.
Where: Meet at the Hatt Building, 500 Main St., Napa CA When: May 27, 2017 at 10 am Cost: $10 General/$5 NCL Members Tickets are available on our website! info@napacountylandmarks.org phone: 255-1836 Napa County Landmarks 1754 Second Street, Ste. E Napa, California 94559
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Latinos in the 2016 Election: California by Gustavo Lopez and Renee Stepler
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This
profile provides key demographic information on Latino eligible
voters1 and
other major groups of eligible voters in California.2 All
demographic data are based on Pew Research Center tabulations of the
U.S. Census Bureau’s 2014 American Community Survey.3
Characteristics of Eligible Voters
Characteristics of Eligible Voters in California, by Race and Ethnicity
http://listserv.cyberlatina.net/scripts/wa-CYBERL.exe?SUBED1=LARED-L&A=1
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NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES |
| Orgullosa Latinas on Seattle City Council Challenge US ownership of Alaska in Russian Court Office of the Historian : 1866-1898 Purchase of Alaska, 1867 There Are Two Versions of the Story of How the U.S. Purchased Alaska From Russia Yes California, opened “Embassy of the Independent Republic of California" in Russia |
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Estimada Mimi,
Here are two more "Orgullosa Latinas" as
elected official on our Seattle City Council.
I hope that these two lawyer and now elected officials
will be an inspiration to our young Latinas and Natives.
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Lorena Gonzalez Fletcher |
Debra Juarez Father is of Mexican heritage and her mother is a Native of the Blackfeet Nation. |
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Rafael Ojeda
(253) 576-9547
Tacoma WA
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NGO to challenge US ownership of Alaska in Russian
Court April 1, 2013. |
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Moscow, April 1, 2013: The Moscow Commercial Court has ordered the Russian Orthodox Church NGO Pchyolki to provide additional documents for its claim against the US governments purchase of Alaska and has postponed the case until April 29, the court told RAPSI. The Pchyolki (Bees) interregional public movement in support of Orthodox educational and social initiatives is demanding that the US government invalidate the treaty under which Russia sold Alaska to the United States in the 19th century. According to the court, the plaintiff has not provided the court with proof that it paid the state duty and has sent the case documents to the defendant. Furthermore, Pchyolki has not submitted arguments substantiating its case, nor the address of the plaintiff and the defendant. |
The participants unanimously approved the sale of Alaska for $7.2 million in gold. The ceremony of Alaska's transfer to the United States was held on board USS Ossipee, off Novoarkhangelsk (New Archangel, later renamed Sitka). Pchyolki was established in December 2008 at the initiative of several Orthodox orphanages to support the social and educational efforts of the Russian Orthodox Church, including assisting orphans and children left without parental care.
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Office of the Historian : 1866-1898 Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |
Purchase of Alaska, 1867 The purchase of Alaska in 1867 marked the end of Russian efforts to expand trade and settlements to the Pacific coast of North America, and became an important step in the United States rise as a great power in the Asia-Pacific region. Beginning in 1725, when Russian Czar Peter the Great dispatched Vitus Bering to explore the Alaskan coast, Russia had a keen interest in this region, which was rich in natural resources and lightly inhabited. As the United States expanded westward in the early 1800s, Americans soon found themselves in competition with Russian explorers and traders. St. Petersburg, however, lacked the financial resources to support major settlements or a military presence along the Pacific coast of North America and permanent Russian settlers in Alaska never numbered more than four hundred. Defeat in the Crimean War further reduced Russian interest in this region. Signing of the Alaska Treaty, 1867 Russia offered to sell Alaska to the United States in 1859, believing the United States would off-set the designs of Russia’s greatest rival in the Pacific, Great Britain. The looming U.S. Civil War delayed the sale, but after the war, Secretary of State William Seward quickly took up a renewed Russian offer and on March 30, 1867, agreed to a proposal from Russian Minister in Washington, Edouard de Stoeckl, to purchase Alaska for $7.2 million. The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. This purchase ended Russia’s presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. For three decades after its purchase the United States paid little attention to Alaska, which was governed under military, naval, or Treasury rule or, at times, no visible rule at all. Seeking a way to impose U.S. mining laws, the United States constituted a civil government in 1884. Skeptics had dubbed the purchase of Alaska “Seward’s Folly,” but the former Secretary of State was vindicated when a major gold deposit was discovered in the Yukon in 1896, and Alaska became the gateway to the Klondike gold fields. The strategic importance of Alaska was finally recognized in World War II. Alaska became a state on January 3, 1959. |
| There Are Two Versions of the Story of How the U.S. Purchased Alaska From Russia The tale of “Seward’s Folly” must also be seen through the eyes of Alaska’s native populations By William L. Iggiagruk Hensley, The Conversation Smithsonian.com, March 29, 2017 One hundred and fifty years ago, on March 30, 1867, U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward and Russian envoy Baron Edouard de Stoeckl signed the Treaty of Cession. With a stroke of a pen, Tsar Alexander II had ceded Alaska, his country’s last remaining foothold in North America, to the United States for US$7.2 million. That sum, amounting to just $113 million in today’s dollars, brought to an end Russia’s 125-year odyssey in Alaska and its expansion across the treacherous Bering Sea, which at one point extended the Russian Empire as far south as Fort Ross, California, 90 miles from San Francisco Bay. Today Alaska is one of the richest U.S. states thanks to its abundance of natural resources, such as petroleum, gold and fish, as well as its vast expanse of pristine wilderness and strategic location as a window on Russia and gateway to the Arctic. So what prompted Russia to withdraw from its American beachhead? And how did it come to possess it in the first place? As a descendant of Inupiaq Eskimos, I have been living and studying this history all my life. In a way, there are two histories of how Alaska came to be American – and two perspectives. One concerns how the Russians took “possession” of Alaska and eventually ceded it to the U.S. The other is from the perspective of my people, who have lived in Alaska for thousands of years, and for whom the anniversary of the cession brings mixed emotions, including immense loss but also optimism. Lust for lands The lust for new lands that brought Russia to Alaska and eventually California began in the 16th century, when the country was a fraction of its current size. That began to change in 1581, when Russia overran a Siberian territory known as the Khanate of Sibir, which was controlled by a grandson of Genghis Khan. This key victory opened up Siberia, and within 60 years the Russians were at the Pacific. The Russian advance across Siberia was fueled in part by the lucrative fur trade, a desire to expand the Russian Orthodox Christian faith to the “heathen” populations in the east and the addition of new taxpayers and resources to the empire. In the early 18th century, Peter the Great – who created Russia’s first Navy – wanted to know how far the Asian landmass extended to the east. The Siberian city of Okhotsk became the staging point for two explorations he ordered. And in 1741, Vitus Bering successfully crossed the strait that bears his name and sighted Mt. Saint Elias, near what is now the village of Yakutat, Alaska. Although Bering’s second Kamchatka Expedition brought disaster for him personally when adverse weather on the return journey led to a shipwreck on one of the westernmost Aleutian Islands and his eventual death from scurvy in December 1741, it was an incredible success for Russia. The surviving crew fixed the ship, stocked it full of hundreds of the sea otters, foxes and fur seals that were abundant there and returned to Siberia, impressing Russian fur hunters with their valuable cargo. This prompted something akin to the Klondike gold rush 150 years later. Challenges emerge But maintaining these settlements wasn’t easy. Russians in Alaska – who numbered no more than 800 at their peak – faced the reality of being half a globe away from St. Petersburg, then the capital of the empire, making communications a key problem. Also, Alaska was too far north to allow for significant agriculture and therefore unfavorable as a place to send large numbers of settlers. So they began exploring lands farther south, at first looking only for people to trade with so they could import the foods that wouldn’t grow in Alaska’s harsh climate. They sent ships to what is now California, established trade relations with the Spaniards there and eventually set up their own settlement at Fort Ross in 1812. |
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Russia’s reach into North America once extended as far south as California, as evidenced by this Russian Orthodox church in Fort Ross. (Rich Pedroncelli/AP Photo) Thirty years later, however, the entity set up to handle Russia’s American explorations failed and sold what remained. Not long after, the Russians began to seriously questionwhether they could continue their Alaskan colony as well. For starters, the colony was no longer profitable after the sea otter population was decimated. Then there was the fact that Alaska was difficult to defend and Russia was short on cash due to the costs of the war in Crimea. |
| Americans eager for a deal So clearly the Russians were ready to sell, but what motivated the Americans to want to buy? In the 1840s, the United States had expanded its interests to Oregon, annexed Texas, fought a war with Mexico and acquired California. Afterward, Secretary of State Seward wrote in March 1848: “Our population is destined to roll resistless waves to the ice barriers of the north, and to encounter oriental civilization on the shores of the Pacific.” Almost 20 years after expressing his thoughts about expansion into the Arctic, Seward accomplished his goal. In Alaska, the Americans foresaw a potential for gold, fur and fisheries, as well as more trade with China and Japan. The Americans worried that England might try to establish a presence in the territory, and the acquisition of Alaska – it was believed – would help the U.S. become a Pacific power. And overall the government was in an expansionist mode backed by the then-popular idea of “manifest destiny.” So a deal with incalculable geopolitical consequences was struck, and the Americans seemed to get quite a bargain for their $7.2 million. Just in terms of wealth, the U.S. gained about 370 million acres of mostly pristine wilderness – almost a third the size of the European Union – including 220 million acres of what are now federal parks and wildlife refuges. Hundreds of billions of dollars in whale oil, fur, copper, gold, timber, fish, platinum, zinc, lead and petroleum have been produced in Alaska over the years – allowing the state to do without a sales or income tax and give every resident an annual stipend. Alaska still likely has billions of barrels of oil reserves. The state is also a key part of the United States defense system, with military bases located in Anchorage and Fairbanks, and it is the country’s only connection to the Arctic, which ensures it has a seat at the table as melting glaciers allow the exploration of the region’s significant resources. |
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While the U.S. treated Alaska’s Native population much better than the Russians, it’s still been a rocky relationship, even today. (Al Grillo/AP Photo) Impact on Alaska Natives But there’s an alternate version of this history. When Bering finally located Alaska in 1741, Alaska was home to about 100,000 people, including Inuit, Athabascan, Yupik, Unangan and Tlingit. There were 17,000 alone on the Aleutian Islands. Despite the relatively small number of Russians who at any one time lived at one of their settlements – mostly on the Aleutians Islands, Kodiak, Kenai Peninsula and Sitka – they ruled over the native populations in their areas with an iron hand, taking children of the leaders as hostages, destroying kayaks and other hunting equipment to control the men and showing extreme force when necessary. The Russians brought with them weaponry such as firearms, swords, cannons and gunpowder, which helped them secure a foothold in Alaska along the southern coast. They used firepower, spies and secured forts to maintain security, and selected Christianized local leaders to carry out their wishes. However, they also met resistance, such as from the Tlingits, who were capable warriors, ensuring their hold on territory was tenuous. By the time of the cession, only 50,000 indigenous people were estimated to be left, as well as 483 Russians and 1,421 Creoles (descendants of Russian men and indigenous women). |
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On the Aleutian Islands alone, the Russians enslaved or killed thousands of Aleuts. Their population plummeted to 1,500 in the first 50 years of Russian occupation due to a combination of warfare, disease and enslavement. When the Americans took over, the United States was still engaged in its Indian Wars, so they looked at Alaska and its indigenous inhabitants as potential adversaries. Alaska was made a military district by Gen. Ulysses S. Grant with Gen. Jefferson C. Davis selected as the new commander. For their part, Alaska Natives claimed that they still had title to the territory as its original inhabitants and having not lost the land in war or ceded it to any country – including the U.S., which technically didn’t buy it from the Russians but bought the right to negotiate with the indigenous populations. Still, Natives were denied U.S. citizenship until 1924, when the Indian Citizenship Act was passed. During that time, Alaska Natives had no rights as citizens and could not vote, own property or file for mining claims. The Bureau of Indian Affairs, in conjunction with missionary societies, in the 1860s began a campaign to eradicate indigenous languages, religion, art, music, dance, ceremonies and lifestyles. It was only in 1936 that the Indian Reorganization Act authorized tribal governments to form, and only nine years later overt discrimination was outlawed by Alaska’s Anti-Discrimination Act of 1945. The law banned signs such as “No Natives Need Apply” and “No Dogs or Natives Allowed,” which were common at the time. |
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President Dwight Eisenhower signs a proclamation admitting Alaska as the 49th state on Jan. 3, 1959. (Harvey Georges/AP Photo) Statehood and a disclaimer |
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Eventually, however, the situation improved markedly for Natives. Alaska finally became a state in 1959, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Alaska Statehood Act, allotting it 104 million acres of the territory. And in an unprecedented nod to the rights of Alaska’s indigenous populations, the act contained a clause emphasizing that citizens of the new state were declining any right to land subject to Native title – which by itself was a very thorny topic because they claimed the entire territory. A result of this clause was that in 1971 President Richard Nixon ceded 44 million acres of federal land, along with $1 billion, to Alaska’s native populations, which numbered around 75,000 at the time. That came after a Land Claims Task Force that I chaired gave the state ideas about how to resolve the issue. Today Alaska has a population of 740,000, of which 120,000 are Natives. As the United States celebrates the signing of the Treaty of Cession, we all – Alaskans, Natives and Americans of the lower 48 – should salute Secretary of State William H. Seward, the man who eventually brought democracy and the rule of law to Alaska. This article was originally published on The Conversation. image: https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/74675/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced The Conversation: William L. Iggiagruk Hensley is a Visiting Distinguished Professor at the University of Alaska Anchorage Read more: Give the gift of Smithsonian magazine for only $12! http://bit.ly/1cGUiGv
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30-year-old Louis Marinelli, |
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| The California separatist group Yes California set up a makeshift embassy in Moscow earlier this month in partnership with Russian nationalists who enjoy Kremlin support while promoting secessionist movements in Europe and the United States. The “Embassy of the Independent Republic of California"is part of Yes California's outreach to countries that are likely to recognize and support California's independence from the United States, the group's leader, 30-year-old Louis Marinelli, said in a Skype interview from Russia last week. Marinelli is organizing the California independence referendum from Russia's fourth-largest city, Yekaterinburg, where he has lived with his wife Anastasia since September.
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"We don't expect that the US' staunchest allies will recognize a state's independence movement," Marinelli said. "That would be a slap in the face to the US." So Marinelli said he is looking specifically to countries with veto power on the UN Security Council (UNSC) — Russia and China — to support his movement and recognize the results of an independence referendum in the event that the US and its UNSC allies reject its legitimacy. "We don't think that Russia needs to be an enemy of California, or that it even is one to begin with," Marinelli said. "The idea that Russia is an enemy of the US — that's a Cold War mentality." |
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The Mexicans in Oklahoma by Michael M. Smith
Catherine Cortez Masto Wins Nevada to Become First Latina Senator The diversity of our Hispanic Scholars |
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In response to numerous requests, the University of Oklahoma Press has reissued all ten volumes in the series. Published unaltered from the original editions, these books continue to have both historical and cultural value for reasons the series editorial committee stated as well. “Though
not large in number as compared to those in some states, immigrants
from various European nations left a marked impact on Oklahoma’s
history. As in the larger United States, they worked in many economic
and social roles that enriched the state’s life. Indians have played
a crucial part in Oklahoma’s history, even to giving the state her
name. Blacks and Mexicans have also fulfilled a special set of roles,
and will continue to affect Oklahoma’s future. The history of each
of these groups is unique, well worth remembering to both their heirs
and to other people in the state and nation. Their stories come from
the past, but continue on the future.” Editorial Committee consisted of: H. Wayne Morgan, Chair, Douglas Hale, Rennard Strickland Editor
Mimi: Big Thanks to Gerard "Jerry" Medina who sent the
information, along with family information. |
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Thanks a bunch for the prompt response with great tips. my parents passed away in 2013 and 2014, as the contents of the only home they lived/owned in Tulsa, since 1956 (emigrated in 1953), were being sorted out, I found all kinds of trivia, notes, photos etc (hoarders). Then my sister passed away a year ago, leaving me and my younger brother. Two early family clans came to Tulsa, from old Mexico. |
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They were the Nieto's and the
Romero's, both first and second cousins on my dad's side. Pretty sure the
strip coal mines in the Tulsa area employed them. This as well as my
interest in the history of Mexicans in Oklahoma, (railroads and coal
mines) which lead to history of the Catholic Church in Oklahoma Indian
territory, prefectures, missions, dioceses, then Oklahoma city history,
founded over night, with a land run in 1889,,etc.
I have joined the Oklahoma historical society and the Oklahoma genealogical society as well. I really enjoy these research efforts and attending the talks.
As kids, we took a few summer vacations to visit may relatives in
Mexico. Most of my cousins are in still in the San Luis Potosi area. My parents were
the only family members that left Mexico to settle in the usa. ( google,
isidro (chico) Medina, Tulsa world newspaper).
My dad left a noted legacy in the prominent Tulsa social circles, i'm 61 years old, Oklahoma University graduate, two grown daughters with soon to have 5 total grandkids, I figured they /we need some ancestry recording, so here I am!! So grateful, humble, to have the luxury of being a self employed exploration petroleum geologist for over 35 years and still a consultant. |
I feel I should trace as much as I
can, I gave away dna kits as Christmas presents, what a hoot! |
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No problem on any listing with my contact information. The Oklahoma historical
society publishes a book series of immigrants into Oklahoma. my family clan were
interviewed and footnoted , really cool. my youngest daughter never knew
the struggles of Mexicans in early Oklahoma history (surprised?), almost
broke into tears reading it, she now appreciates her upbringing more than
ever as a half Mexican.
i have an elderly friend who is always asking about old Oklahoma history tales. he asked me if there is any merit to the notion that all the best marijuana crops in parts of rural oklahoma along railroads could be traced to the Mexicans that worked constructing them and flipped the remnants to seed current crops? sounds good to me, heading to rural se okla soon to check this out and hope to not get shot at!! what happens in se okla stays in se okla!!
Hope I did not bore you to tears!! I do generate subsurface geological maps
of interpreted oil and gas formations, hence "mapmaker" I have
mapped Oklahoma, parts of Texas and Southwest Kansas.
I appreciate all your efforts, would love to stay in touch, I figure you are in California, which as an "okie", route 66, "dust bowl, "grapes of wrath",migration patterns, we may be "kissin cousins" ?
Hope I did not bore you to tears!! I do generate subsurface geological maps
of interpreted oil and gas formations, hence "mapmaker" I have
mapped Oklahoma, parts of Texas and Southwest Kansas.
I appreciate all your efforts, would love to stay in touch, I figure you are in California, which as an "okie", route 66, "dust bowl, "grapes of wrath", migration patterns, we may be "kissin cousins" ? I go by Jerry, have a great day!
Gerard (Jerry) Medina
mmapmaker@aol.com
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Catherine Cortez Masto |
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| LAS VEGAS — After a close race fueled by record outside spending, Catherine Cortez
Masto, a Democrat, won the Nevada Senate contest to become the first Latina senator. She defeated Representative Joe Heck to fill the seat of Senator Harry Reid, the Democratic minority leader, who is retiring after three decades in the Senate. Source: LARED-L@LISTSERV.CYBERLATINA.NET |
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The diversity of our Hispanic
Scholars |
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Lecture
with Dr. Felipe de Ortego y Gasca (Tochtli), Ph.D. (English) Date: Thursday, May 4, 2017
Time: 6:30 PM - 7:30 PM MDT Location: Western New Mexico University Light Hall
Theater Contact Information: 575-538-6469, Fees/Admission:
Free
Dr.
Felipe de Ortego y Gasca is Scholar in Residence (Cultural Studies,
critical Theory, Public Policy) Western New Mexico University;
Distinguished Professor Emeritus of English and Cultural Studies,
Texas State University System – Sul Ross There will be a meet and
greet directly after the Lecture. ************
or
more than 400 years Hamlet
has been one of the theater's most successful plays. More has probably
been written about Hamlet, the Prince, than about any other figure in
literature, for the play is ostensibly enshrouded in a mystery of
words about politics, theology, ideology, and morality in Denmark via
17th century Elizabethan England. It
is true that we cannot hope to know exactly what Shakespeare knew or
thought. But the moral truth that seems to emerge from Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
(1599-1602) is that man is oftentimes no more than "a pipe for
Fortune's finger to sound what stop she please." Hamlet is a
tormented man in conflict with Fate, Society, and himself, tortured by
a nagging malady, "Some vicious mole of nature," that breaks
down the "pales and fortes of his reason." Elizabethan
men of learning and intellectual curiosity no doubt pondered the
phenomena of mental disorders. Cardan's
Comforte, a book of consolation traditionally associated with
Hamlet, points out that a man is nothing but his mind: if the mind is
discontented, the man is disquieted though the rest of him be well.
Hamlet is such a man, disquieted and melancholic, suffering from the
stamp of one defect: in his case, the impediment of lost
memory—today identified as Alzheimer’s. Milton opined that the
mind is its own place, and in itself can
make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven (Paradise
Lost). The
lecture, drawn from Dr. Ortego’s work The
Stamp of One Defect: A Study of Hamlet (Texas Western, 1966),
unravels that impediment of memory from clues explicit in the text of Hamlet. The Shakespearean Haldeen Braddy considered this work the
most provocative in a century of Hamlet studies. Select
Bibliography on Shakespeare By
Dr. Felipe de Ortego y Gasca, PhD (English) English Renaissance
Literature/Mexican American Literature “Shakespeare and the Doctrine of Monarchy
in King John,”
Journal of the College Language
Association 13, No. 4, 392-401, June 4, 1970.
This work is featured in the Folger
Library’s King
John
Study Pack, 2015,
Cited in
“Magna Carta and Shakespeare’s The Life and Death of King John” by Helen
Hargest, in Finding Shakespeare:
Curating stories from Shakespeare’s Work, Life, and Times,
June 16, 2015.
Cited in e-notes.com,
King John Essay—King John (Vol. 88):
http://www.enotes.com/topics/king-john/critical-essays/king-john-vol-88
“The Winter’s Tale as
Pastoral Tragicomic Romance,”
Rendezvous: Journal of Liberal Arts, Idaho State
University, Spring 1970. “Hamlet: The Stamp
of One Defect,” Shakespeare in the Southwest: Some New Directions, Texas Western
Press, 1969.
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· The Texas State Genealogical Society 2017 Family History conference will take place October 20-22, 2017, in Houston TX. Source: Hispanic
Genealogical Society of Houston |
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May 3rd: Granaderos y
Damas de Galvez: One-man play, Chaz Mena portraying Galvez Padre
Fernández de Santa Ana – literally, one of San Antonio’s founding
fathers |
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"Yo Solo: Bernardo de Galvez on
the Stage of the American Revolution" |
| Granaderos y Damas de Galvez, Attached is the May issue of La Granada. It contains information to keep you up to speed on the happenings of our group as well as other items of interest. Our next meeting is Wednesday, May 3rd at the Royal Inn Oriental Cuisine Restaurant located at 5440 Babcock Rd. Dinner is at 6:30 and the meeting starts at 7:30. The presentation will be a showing of an interesting video titled: "Yo Solo: Bernardo de Galvez on the Stage of the American Revolution". It is a very interesting one-man stage play with actor Chaz Mena portraying Galvez. Come join us for good food and good company at our next meeting. In the meantime, enjoy the newsletter. Joe Perez Governor, San Antonio Chapter Order of Granaderos y Damas de Galvez www.granaderos.org |
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TCARA . . . . Save the date for May 5, 2017 San Antonio Petroleum Club at 11:30 a.m. We
have a spectacular one-of-a-kind program planned for you. |
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J.B.
Crowther, retired Army officer who is currently the Deputy Director of
the U.S. Army Medical Department Board at Fort Sam Houston. J.B.
also holds a Bachelor’s of Science from Trinity University, MBA from
UTSA, and a Masters of Science from Systems Engineering from George
Mason University. He has
graciously agreed to give a presentation on “An
Introduction to Genetic Genealogy”
and will explain the fundamentals of DNA. In addition, Mr. Bennett Greenspan of Family Tree DNA Testing in Houston, Texas has kindly sent DNA Test Kits for anyone who wants to explore their DNA. |
Mr. Greenspan is offering them to us at a discount as well. People who are interested can take one home, do their test and mail it to him in Houston. Put this on your calendar. You will still receive your customary formal invitation from our President, Mrs. Peggy Jared in a few weeks. For early reservations, send your check of $25.00 to Mrs. Marsha Jernigan, 335 Bluffcrest, S.A., TX. 78216. Sincerely, Betty Chisolm Hutzler, V.P. The Colonial Dames of America Chapter XXXVI
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Sent by Tcarahq@aol.com Texas Connection to the American Revolution Assocition http://www.tcara.net/
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The Old San Antonio Road/Camino Real ran from Mexico City to Louisiana in the 1600's and 1700's to supply the Spanish missions in San Antonio and beyond. This presentation covers the history of the Road, the historical marking in 1918 by the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) and the status of the markers today. The Road may have been one of the routes used to supply longhorn cattle to Gálvez's army in Louisiana in the revolution. |
The board of directors of the San Antonio Historical Association wishes to notify members and friends that Bexar County will host its second installment of its five-part Tricentennial Symposium on May 6, 2017, in the historic double-height courtroom. Free and open to all. The county will have electronic translation devices for Spanish to English and English to Spanish. And yes Bexar County is buying us breakfast and lunch that day. Go to the Symposium website to register: http://www.bexar.org/2101/Tricentennial-Symposium |
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Bexar County Courthouse 100 Dolorosa, 2nd Floor | Double-Height Courtroom San Antonio, Texas 78205 Free Admission/ Free Courtesy Parking at Bexar County Garage, corner of Flores & Nueva Streets |
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AGENDA |
Welcome: Nelson W. Wolff, Bexar County Judge Continental Breakfast and Registration 8:00 AM - 9:00 AM Dr. Felix D. Almaraz, Jr. San Antonio Historical Association, St. Mary’s University 9:00 AM - 9:45 AM “A Royal Counselor’s Criticism of Domingo Ramon’s 1716 Missionary Renewal in East Texas: Juan de Olivan Rebolledo’s Advocacy of Spanish Occupation of the Central Region of the Province along the Río San Antonío.” Dra. Belén Navajas Jaso, Universidad de Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain. 9:45 AM - 10:30 AM “The Legacy of Sor María de Jesus de Agreda (The Lady in Blue) in Northeastern New Spain; Evangilizationof the Caddo Nation in the Timberlands of East Texas Prior to the Arrival of Franciscan Missionaries in 1690.” Coffee Break 10:30 AM - 10:45 AM Dr. Robert Himmerich y Valencia, Editor Emeritus of The New Mexico Historical Review, University of New Mexico at Albuquerque. 10:45 AM - 11:30 AM “The Apostolic Colleges in Colonial New Spain; Training Centers for Exploration and Occupation of Remote Frontier Territory.” Dr. Robert W. Shook, Professor of History, Victoria College; University of Houston, Victoria 11:30 AM - 12:15 PM “Caminos Reales and Other Caminos in Spanish Texas.” Lunch 12:15 PM - 1:30 PM “Exploring Early Bexar County” 12:30 PM - 1:15 PM Special Presentation by students of Dr. John Reynolds, UTSA, Department of History Dr. Mariah Wade, Associate Professor of Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin. 1:30 PM - 2:15 PM “What’s in a Name? Early Contacts with East Texas Native Groups and the Europeans’ Fascination with the Tejas.” Ing. José Francisco Aguilar Moreno, Federal Delegate from Mexico’s INAH [National Institute of Anthropology and History], to the State of Coahuila. 2:15 PM - 3:00 PM “Caminos Reales in Central Mexico: Their Gradual Evolution into the Northeastern Provinces of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Texas, a West-to-East Trajectory.” Refreshment Break 3:00 PM - 3:15 PM Ing. Clemente Rendon De La Garza, Chronologist of the trans-border region of Matamoros, Tamaulipas and Brownsville, Texas. 3:15 PM - 4:00 PM “Caminos Reales in Nuevo Santander and Their Riverine Extension into Texas through the Río Grande-Río Nueces Watershed.” Dra. María Fernanda Trevino Campero, Director of Publications and Distribution, AGN, Mexico City. 4:00 PM - 4:45 PM “Caminos Reales Depicted in Historical Maps Curated in the Archivo General de la Nacion [National Archives of Mexico] of the Northeastern Interior Provinces of New Spain.” Dr. Amy Porter, Associate Professor of History, Texas A&M University at San Antonio. 4:45 PM - 5:00 PM Summary and Critical Review http://www.bexar.org/2101/Tricentennial-Symposium http://www.bexar.org/2101/Tricentennial-Symposium Tricentennial Symposium | Bexar County, TX - Official Website www.bexar.org Join Bexar County on May 6, 2017 for the Tricentennial Symposium TEJANOS2010 is managed and subtained by Elsa Mendez Peña and Walter Centeno Herbeck Jr. |
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López:
The Tejano Monument – 5 Years Later
March
29, 2017
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“They
said it couldn’t be done”
is the popular phrase many of us often use when we successfully complete a
tough task. So
it was with the Tejano Monument in Austin, a tribute honoring our pioneer
Tejana/Tejano ancestors, founders of this great place we call Texas. Indeed,
hard work pays off. The monument celebrates its 5th Birthday today March
29th, allowing us to salute the occasion with another common expression –
“Job Well Done!” From
the start, skeptics doubted its accomplishment. For one thing, out of more
than thirty statues on the capitol grounds, not one recognized the founding
Spanish Mexican heritage in our state’s history. In short, building the
first one was a difficult order to fill. After
considering several submissions, on August 10, 2001, the board approved
Armando Hinojosa’s proposal commemorating the contributions of Tejanos in
the founding of Texas. Mr. Hinojosa, a renowned artist and sculptor from
Laredo, Texas, spent the next eight years taking his project from his
original idea phase to its culmination as a beautiful marble and bronze
permanent exhibit on the south lawn of the Texas State Capitol Building. Now,
five years later, it’s appropriate to recognize the principal players,
their dedication, and hard work to bring this great undertaking to fruition: Sculptor:
Armando Hinojosa; Design & Construction: Jaime Beaman; José I. Guerra. Members
of the Tejano Monument Board of Directors: Dr. Cayetano E. Barrera, M.D.,
President, McAllen; Vice-Presidents: Homero Vera, Premont; Dr. Andrés
Tijerina, PhD., Austin; Renato Ramírez, Zapata; and Secretary/Treasurer,
Richard P. Sánchez, Edinburg. Members
of the Advisory Board: Benny Martínez, Goliad; Loretta Martínez Williams,
Houston; Aida Torres, McAllen; William and Estella Zermeño, Goliad; Judge
Emilio Vargas, Goliad; and R.J. Molina, Austin. Members
of the Fundraising Committee: Renato Ramírez, Chair; Dr. Andrés Tijerina,
Vice-chair; Richard Sánchez, Jaime Beaman; Eddie Aldrete, Dr. Cayetano
Barrera, Loretta Martínez Williams, and Benny Martinez. In
addition to the individuals mentioned above, bi-partisan support from key
Austin elected officials was vital, among them: Governor Rick Perry, Texas
Senators Zaffirini, Hinojosa, and Gallegos, and House representatives, Kino
Fes, Martinez-Fischer, Guillen, Peña Raymond, Luna, Speaker Craddick’s
Office, and State Preservation Board. This
homage to Tejano Monument origins cannot be complete without recalling what
I consider two key events in the early stages of the venture. First,
while the generosity of Tejano history supporters throughout Texas was
noteworthy, the thoughtful financial contributions of Zapata (Villas del
Norte) descendants was very significant. Special thanks to Mr. Renato
Ramírez,
Fundraising Committee Chair for a job well done! Second,
no other singular persuasive effort topped Goliad’s Benny Martínez.
During the month of November 2003, Benny rode his horse to Austin,
reenacting Juan Seguín’s famous ride. He did so to deliver the message to
Texans of all backgrounds that the Tejano Monument was the right thing to do
for the right reasons. In
summary, the Tejano Monument in Austin must be embraced as a first must-see
site to learn about and appreciate Texas’ true beginnings. If you
haven’t visited it yet, please do so soon and take the family. On a very
personal level, the Tejano Monument embodies the visible tree trunk of the
Tejano root system originating from deep in the heart of Texas – San
Antonio, Nacogdoches, La Bahia (Goliad), and Las Villas del Norte. Toward
that end, we the descendants of the Spanish Mexican founders of Texas must
do everything to practice and preserve our unique culture “on this side of
the border.”
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On this Day March 29th, 1813 -- Rebels defeat Spanish royalists |
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| On this day in 1813, the battle of Rosillo was fought on a prairie near the confluence of Rosillo and Salado creeks, nine miles southeast of San Antonio. The engagement was between the Republican Army of the North led by José Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara and Samuel Kemper and a Spanish royalist force under Texas governor Manuel María de Salcedo and Nuevo León governor Simón de Herrera. The republican army, variously estimated at 600 to 900 men, was advancing along the road from La Bahía to San Antonio when it was confronted by a royalist force variously reported to be 950 to 1,500 men. | The ensuing
battle was bloody and brief, lasting no more than an hour but resulting in the
complete rout of the royalists and the capture of most of their arms and
ammunition, six cannons, and 1,500 horses and mules. Royalist losses were
heavy, estimated to be 100 to 330 men, while the republicans lost only six
men. The battle of Rosillo resulted in the capture of San Antonio and the establishment of a first "republic of Texas," but the rebellion was eventually crushed at the battle of Medina in August 1813. |
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March 17th, 1836 -- Convention of 1836 breaks up in a hurry |
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| On this day in 1836, the Convention of 1836 adjourned in haste as the Mexican army approached
Washington-on-the-Brazos. The convention, which met on March 1, drafted the Texas Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the Republic of Texas, organized the ad interim government, and named Sam Houston commander-in-chief of the republic's military forces before the delegates evacuated
Washington-on-the-Brazos. Their hurried departure was part of the so-called Runaway Scrape, in which Texans fled the advancing troops of Antonio López de Santa Anna. Richmond was evacuated about April 1, and Houston's subsequent retreat toward the Sabine left all of the settlements between the Colorado and the Brazos unprotected. |
The settlers in that area at once began making their way toward Louisiana or Galveston Island. The section of East Texas around Nacogdoches and San Augustine was abandoned a little prior to April 13. The flight was marked by lack of preparation and by panic caused by fear both of the Mexican Army and of the Indians. The flight continued until news came of the victory in the battle of San
Jacinto. The settlers in that area at once began making their way toward Louisiana or Galveston Island. The section of East Texas around Nacogdoches and San Augustine was abandoned a little prior to April 13. The flight was marked by lack of preparation and by panic caused by fear both of the Mexican Army and of the Indians. The flight continued until news came of the victory in the battle of San Jacinto. |
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Jan 23rd, 1691 -- Domingo Terán de los Ríos appointed 1st governor of TX |
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| On this day in 1691, the Conde de Gálvez appointed Domingo Terán de los Ríos the first governor of the Spanish province of Coahuila and Texas. Most historians consider the appointment the beginning of Texas as a political entity. Terán's instructions, prepared by a Junta de Hacienda acting under suggestions by Damián Massanet, were to establish seven missions among the Tejas Indians; to investigate rumors of foreign settlements on the coast; and to keep records of geography, natives, and products. |
Terán's army crossed the Rio Grande in May and explored East Texas as far as Caddo settlements on the Red River until December. By March 1692 Terán had returned to Matagorda Bay, where Juan Enríquez Barroto gave him instructions from the viceroy to explore the lower reaches of the Mississippi River. Bad weather caused Terán to abandon the project and return to Veracruz in April. Terán's mission proved to be a complete failure. He succeeded in founding no new missions, and the expedition added little new information about the region. After his return, Terán compiled a lengthy report, defending his actions and detailing the dismal situation in East Texas. |
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April 13th, 1709 -- Expedition reaches future site of San Antonio |
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On this day in 1709, an expedition led by Franciscan fathers Antonio de San Buenaventura y Olivares and Isidro Félix de Espinosa reached the site of what is now the city of San Antonio and named the nearby springs San Pedro Springs. Olivares and Espinosa, escorted by Capt. Pedro de Aguirre and fourteen soldiers, had set out from San Juan Bautista on April 5, hoping to befriend the Tejas Indians on what is now the Colorado River. |
The expedition reached the Colorado on May 19, but discovered that the home of the Tejas was still three days' journey away. Because Aguirre's orders did not authorize them to proceed farther, and because they learned that the Tejas were not well disposed toward the Spanish, the expedition then returned to the Rio Grande. |
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The
Presents
Tejano History Matter
STOLEN
LANDS-STOLEN HERITAGE
The
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Land Grant Issue will be discussed by
scholars that have been investigating the treaty and Spanish and Mexican
land grants for years. This treaty between
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Scheduled
to speak :
Dr
Jose Angel Gutierrez: Attorney
Professor:
Amy Sierra Frazier
Joe
Sierra Jr: Activist New Mexico
Frank
Trujillo: Historian
Paul
Martinez: Activist New
Lara
Marcussion: Constitutional Law,
Phoenix
Antonio
Diaz: Activist
Ron
Rocha: San Antonio Activist
Dan
Arellano: Author /Historian
Our
For
more information: Dan Arellano
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| Los Matachines dancing on the way to the church "El
Redentor" (Sanchez St. intersects with Main Ave), to the home of the church which is about a mile give or take. Don Pedro Vigil is the caretaker of the Santa Cruz and the sponsor of the Matachines de "Las Minas" now living in El Barrio La Ladrillera, Laredo Texas. I have two brothers, Emanuel and Hilario. We were all matachines. My senior year in High School I played the role of "El Viejo" que es el diablo, who gets killed at the end with their bows and arrows. Good old days. Now even ladies and girls are allowed to dance, also their children. |
I was born in Dolores, TX. aka: Las Minas, now the Las Minas Ranch.
The owner has done a magnificent job in maintaining our cemetery. Keep up the great work with "Somos Primos." Te agradesco mucho por todo lo que has contribuyido la historia de vosotros "Los Texicans." como dice Denny Trejo: "WE CAN!" Erasmo and his wife: Lourdes Tolentino She kept her professional name. 4819 Meadowglen Drive Pearland TX 77584 281 485 0177 docrio45@gmail.com |
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In a message dated 3/28/2017 12:27:52 P.M. Pacific Daylight Time, ArturoAJ@aol.com writes: |
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| Dear Arturo . . . Warm congratulations to your daughter Diana. I love her goal . . to reflect the beauty of the Mexican people and their generosity of spirit, integrity, love and devotion to family. I will be very happy to include the information about her book, Evangelina Takes Flight.. Since it will be available at the end of May, I will plan on including in the May issue. The photos are beautiful, and the story inspiring. Thanks to Joe and Chema for directing you to me. I've added your email to receive the monthly notification of when the new issue of Somos Primos is online. If you prefer not to receive it, just let me know. It is free. I send the table of contents and the URL. I invite you to check out www.SomosPrimos.com We are in our 18th year. It is an all volunteer effort. |
Am I assuming correctly that your Jacobs surname is Jewish? If so, you will particularly enjoy the upcoming April issue, which includes a huge study of the Jewish involvement in the American Revolution, plus a link to a database of Spanish surnames which are Jewish. God bless, Mimi. 714-894-8161 By all means, please do! Yes, there was a large migration to Texas by Lebanese, some thru Mexico first (not my grandfather). There was a sizeable representation of Lebanese families (Kazen, Canavati, etc) in Laredo, when I was a kid. Arturo |
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Arturo . . .fascinating history . . . That is what I especially like about what I am doing. Everyone's history is really unique. Could I include the two highlighted paragraphs, under Texas in May . . ? I did not know about the Lebanese migration into Texas in the 1880s.
I think others will find it interesting too. God bless, Mimi |
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Mimi: Wonderful! Thank you so much! Diana, Belinda (my wife) and I are very grateful for your support.
Thank you very much also for adding me to the distribution list for Somos Primos. I am very familiar with the newsletter because Chema used to forward it to me and to his many friends and acquaintances every month. I much enjoy the contents and congratulate you on your leadership for publicizing and celebrating our Hispanic heritage at a national level. "Jacobs" is not an uncommon Jewish last name. In our family's case, however, it is Lebanese. My grandfather, Salem, a Catholic, immigrated to the U.S. from Lebanon (then part of "Syria") in the 1880s. He married my grandmother, an immigrant from England, and their son, my father was born in Beeville, Texas. |
Unfortunately, we (3 brothers and 1 sister) learned very little about our Lebanese heritage and nothing of the language. Our mother's Mexican heritage dominated at home in Laredo, and we spoke Spanish at home, English in school, of course. We all felt lucky to be part of that "accident of birth" which celebrates our Mexican-American heritage. Again, many thanks for your encouragement and support. And I again also thank Primos Joe Lopez and Chema for suggesting I contact you. Un Abrazo Arturo (Tel 281-370-6539) ArturoAJ@aol.com |
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99th Pilgrimage to the Alamo
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About the Pilgrimage The Pilgrimage to the Alamo began in 1918, just months before the end of WWI. Festivities were suspended that year, out of respect for those fighting overseas. Leadership decided to hold a solemn ceremony rather than a celebratory one, in front of the Alamo at twilight to honor the memory of those who died there in 1836 and as a show of support for our nation at War. In the early years, the evening Pilgrimage was the opening event of Fiesta — newspaper accounts state 5,000 attended to included National, State and Government officials as well as Civic, Patriotic and Historical organizations throughout the area. School-aged children recited their history essays about the Battle of the Alamo from within her walls. The Military in San Antonio have always participated in the Pilgrimage, even in the War years. Historic photographs depict servicemen and women in concert, procession and formation. In 1942, a special Guard of Honor included men in uniform who were descendants of Alamo heroes. Today, Commanders of the five Services present floral tributes to honor Texas heroes and all who have worn the cloth of our nation in defense of freedom. A special thank you
to the United States Military of JBSA; our sister Chapters of the DRT -
Alamo Heroes & Alamo Couriers; Sons of the Republic of Texas
Chapters - William B. Travis & Alamo; Children of the Republic of
Texas; The Fiesta San Antonio Commission, and the Alamo Complex
Management team for their assistance and continued support of our
efforts to preserve Texas history. |
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This
newspaper photograph appeared in the Laredo Times in 1998 alongside
the caption: |
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| This spring, sixty-five years ago, the Martin High School Tigers baseball team from Laredo, Texas, coached by "El Coach de Oro" Albert Ochoa, reached the state semi-finals in 1952, having won the District 15-AA crown. They were in the same district with the Corpus Christi Ray Texans, a perennial powerhouse in football and baseball. In the last game of district play, the Tigers beat the Texans. In the Bi-District games, the Tigers met another powerhouse in the best two out of three games by facing Edinburg. The Tigers lost the first game, 0-1, at Edinburg, but won the next two games to advance to the State AA Tournament in Austin, Texas. In the State 15-AA Quarterfinals, the Martin High School Tigers defeated Bryan, 3-2. In regional play, Bryan had defeated Austin Maroons, the defending state champions. So, beating Bryan was quite an extraordinary feat. Unfortunately, the Tigers lost to Dallas Crozier Tech, 3-5, in the semi-finals. |
Forty-six years later, in 1998, the Martin High School Tigers baseball team of 1952 was bestowed the greatest homage by being inducted into the prestigious Laredo Latin American International Sports Hall of Fame. They were selected for their outstanding contributions to the World of International Sports. According to the officials of this renowned organization, the Martin High School Tigers baseball team of 1952: "These individuals have demonstrated athletic skills of the highest caliber and have encouraged and promoted sports while serving as examples to the youth and community where they live." One of the players, Feliciano Gutiérrez, and I became very good friends. We exchange emails almost on a daily basis and we call each other on the telephone quite often. He retired from Randolph AFB as a civil service government employee and lives with his wife Sylvia in San Antonio. And, he is responsible for providing this wonderful and interesting information. |
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| Recently, he sent me the following information of the players who have passed away, as far as he knows: Mike Ornelas (pitcher), David York (outfielder), Luis Ramírez (Pitcher), James Hale (short stop), Tomás Márquez (2nd Base), Victor Tijerina (Catcher), Ramiro Vargas (outfielder). According to the best of his recollection, these are the players who are still alive: Ernesto Salazar ( 3rd Base), Chevo Contreras (1st Base), Raúl Moreno (Outfielder), Victor Gutiérrez (outfielder), and Feliciano Gutiérrez (3rd Base). |
And, these are the players that, according to him, are MIA (missing in action), and have lost track of them: Joe Villarreal (outfielder)( In Mexico), Javier Uribe (outfielder) (in California), and Panky Gonzalez (?). He also shared with me an amusing anecdote that happened between Chevo Contreras and Coach Ochoa. One day, the coach overheard Chevo complaining about the baseball uniforms, saying that they were too "huangos." Upon which Coach Ochoa responded, "You are a baseball player and not a bullfighter." |
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A few years ago, he sent me two photographs that I would like to share with you. |
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The second photograph was taken during a pep rally to honor the 1952 Martin High School baseball team. |
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San
Antonio Express-News Sunday,
April 2, 2017 Padre
Fernández de Santa Ana – literally, one of San Antonio’s founding
fathers By
José Antonio López for the San Antonio Express-News
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In
preparing to celebrate San Antonio’s 300th anniversary next year, it
is fitting to reflect on the little-known personalities who figured
prominently in the initial stages of its founding. The
story of Father Benito
Fernández de Santa
Ana (1707-1761)
is typical. Indeed, Catholic priests created San Antonio’s most famous
foundation enterprises — for example, Mission San Antonio de Valero and
Presidio San Antonio de Béxar. Mission
San Antonio de Valero was founded in 1718 by Father Antonio
Olivares. Yet the church’s beginnings are much older.
Established in 1700, it was originally named Mission San Francisco
Solano and was located just south of today’s Eagle Pass. Father
Olivares closed it in 1716 and moved the mission work to San Antonio. Father Olivares built Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, too, also in 1718. Although relocated closer, he planned the military post’s location one mile north of the mission. The arrangement was intended to keep military personnel away because soldiers caused fear among the Payaya and other Coahuiltecan people he sought to Christianize.
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It
was around the Béxar presidio that civilians built their homes. These Bexareños
became San Antonio’s first European-descent citizens. Fifteen Isleño
families — about 50 Canary Islanders — arrived in 1731 to formally
establish Villa San Fernando de Béxar. Young San Antonio quickly
acquired three of the founding Spanish-Mexican institutions of early
Texas; a mission, presidio and villa. Note
that the presidio (not the mission) is the place residents nicknamed El
Álamo. Why? Because it was there that soldiers from Álamo de Parras,
Coahuila, and their families were stationed after 1800. For the record,
Presidio San Antonio de Béxar (El Álamo) was demolished by city
leaders many years ago to open the site for the commercial buildings
seen today. Although early San Antonio proved to be a viable startup community, safety and security were early troubling concerns. By the late 1730s and 1740s, Apache attacks made any trip outside the fortifications a life-and-death situation. Thoughts of survival occupied most of the settlers’ minds day and night. Some wished to flee, but the risks were too great. Everyday life was grim. The question was, would San Antonio survive? |
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Few
details are known about his early years. Born in Spain (1707), Santa Ana
became a priest in 1731. He was immediately sent to the Queretaro
monastery in New Spain. Soon, he was assigned to San Antonio. In
spite of experiencing a serious encounter with Apaches, Father Santa Ana
was convinced that, with the correct approach, peace was possible. And
he believed local indigenous families would join the missions to escape
danger from stronger tribes. Still, recruiting new believers remained a
tough job. But as the head cleric, he was confident he could handle his
evangelization work. He was unprepared, however, to deal with ensuring harmony among his own kind — his fellow Spaniards. Beside the clergy and the mission native residents, there were three other distinct groupings of people — the military stationed at the presidio; the “locals,” known as Bexareños; and the recently arrived Isleños. Instead of pulling as a team, the factions mostly quarreled with each other. Father Santa Ana set out to resolve the issue by taking on a peacekeeper role. |
Focusing
first on the military, Father Santa Ana greatly disapproved that
military leaders treated all indigenous people as combatants. He asked
for the viceroy’s help, convincing him that the heavy-handedness had
to stop. He argued that once Native Americans were part of their
Christian community, they could contribute to the mission’s production
of cattle, horses and crops. With the viceroy’s support, military
pressure on the natives subsided significantly. As
for dealing with Bexareños,
he was aware they had suffered much eking out a bare existence. He also
understood that they had assumed that the Isleños would share their
heavy load of clearing land, building the town, and tending large herds
of cattle and horses. That expectation quickly evaporated. He
also understood the Isleños’ situation. They had faced difficulty
since arriving in San Antonio. They were given the authority to
officially organize the town by setting up its first cabildo (town
council), but the fact was that they were fishermen, not ranchers and
farmers. |
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| And Father Santa Ana realized that the Bexareños perceived that the Isleños, having been awarded the gentry title of “hidalgos,” treated them disrespectfully. The result was a stubborn standoff, and it worried Father Santa Ana. The situation seemed hopeless. | ||
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Nonetheless,
Father Santa Ana saved the early community by solving its many problems.
He skillfully achieved a truce with the military commander and helped
secure peace with the hostile Apaches. He used all his persuasive
talents to force Isleño and Bexareño inhabitants to co-exist. Through
church rituals, he united the Bexareños, Isleños and Native Americans
as comadres and compadres by means of marriage and
baptisms. In
truth, Father Santa Ana and his brother religious leaders (Antonio
Olivares, Francisco
Hidalgo, Antonio Margil, Juan
Morfi, Alonzo Terreros and many more) were San Antonio’s
first administrators. Using what can only be described as an early
version of the Army
Corps of Engineers, they acted as their own management
consultants and presented their projects to the viceroy. They provided their own planners, engineers, architects, masons, carpenters and painters. Practicing what they preached in humility, they hauled rocks and dug ditches alongside Native American laborers.
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Catholic
padres built the many historical buildings still standing that give
Texas and the Southwest its world-renowned Spanish-Mexican flavor. Their
legacy is the reason the historic structures are designated as World
Heritage Sites. So,
when you see and touch the magnificent thick walls of Mission Concepción,
San Antonio de Valero and other historic structures, be aware that the
blood, sweat and tears of the padres and their Native American
apprentices are mixed in with the mortar. In the coming months of celebration, remember to honor San Antonio’s real heroic founding fathers (no pun intended). The first chapters of San Antonio’s history are written in Spanish — our history is truly bilingual, bicultural and part of the seamless story of this great place we call Texas. |
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Que
vivan las misiones; que vivan los padres; que viva Padre Benito Fernández
de Santa Ana! (Long
live the missions; long live the priests; long live Father Santa Ana!) José
“Joe” Antonio López was born and raised in Laredo, and is a U.S.
Air Force veteran. He lives in Universal City and is the author of four
books. His latest is “Preserving Early Texas History (Essays of an
Eighth-Generation South Texan).” //// |
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Briscoe Center Reading Room Opening April 10th |
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Renovation of the Briscoe Center’s first floor is almost complete! Our reading room will open for research on Monday, April 10th. This is a very exciting time for the Center – we have never undertaken a construction project of this magnitude in the history of our organization. It’s also been a challenging year for our staff and for you, our researchers. There were many limitations to the service we are accustomed to providing to you. When we reopen on April 10th, we will dispense with those limitations: there will be no need for appointments and delivery of materials will be on demand rather than once an hour. In other words, we will resume the routine you enjoyed before we closed for the renovation. What has changed is the physical layout of the first floor. The reading room is now at the south end of the building and the entrance is on the north end, closer to the LBJ Library. When you enter the building, you will walk through our expanded galleries – three times the size of the previous exhibit space. We have a registration area with beautiful new lockers in which to store your belongings. We are improving our reference service with additional staff and electronic access to our finding aids and indexes. Most exciting to the staff is the new furniture, including adjustable ergonomic chairs! |
While the renovation disrupted our routines, it gave the Briscoe Center the opportunity to work more closely with our colleagues at the Benson Latin American Collection Library. Because of their gracious hospitality we remained open for research during construction. We are very grateful to their staff and administration for their generosity and goodwill. The new reading room and gallery would not have been possible without the generosity of hundreds of donors, many of you among them. This project proves how important history and preservation of historical materials are to the community. On Saturday, April 8th, from 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m., we will hold an open house for everyone to get a first look at the new galleries, the enhanced reading room and two new seminar rooms. We hope that you can be here to celebrate with us!
Margaret
Schlankey
Head
of Reference Services
The
Dolph Briscoe Center for American History
2300
Red River St., Stop D1100, SRH, Unit 2
The
University of Texas at Austin
Austin,
Texas 78712-1426
512-495-4537
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I am very pleased to invite you to our third annual literacy event featuring Dr. Antonio "Tony" Baez from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, that we are having on the evening of Friday, April 7, 2017 at the Emma S. Barrientos Mexican American Culture Center in Austin, Texas. A world of thanks to our co-sponsors as follows: The Texas Center for Education Policy, Nuestro Grupo, Academia Cuauhtli, LLILAS Benson Latin American Studies and Collections for the reception food, The University of Texas at Austin Center for Mexican American Studies, Education Austin, Austin Area Association for Bilingual Education, Austin Independent School District, Emma S. Barrientos Center for Mexican American Studies, Austin Parks and Recreation, and the National Latino/a Education Research and Policy Project. |
The following day early in the morning, you are also welcome to attend our Academia Cuauhtli Graduation Ceremony that actually begins with danza ceremony involving Grupo Xochipilli and our students and community honoring both our graduating fourth-grade students who come to us by way of Sanchez, Metz, Zavala, and Houston Elementary schools. Dr. Tony Baez is also this year's graduation speaker. We, as Nuestro Grupo, also honor and celebrate our third year of existence as a community-based partnership with the Austin Independent School District and the City of Austin's Emma S. Barrientos Mexican American Culture Center to carry out the important work of curriculum development, teacher preparation, and offering it in the context of Academia Cuauhtli while making it available district wide. No need to RSVP. Just come! Angela Valenzuela #AcademiaCuauhtli Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/AcademiaCuauhtli/ Posted By Angela Valenzuela to Educational Equity, Politics & Policy in Texas at 3/30/2017 |
April 4th, 1689 -- Spanish explorer names the Nueces |
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| On this day in 1689, Spanish explorer and governor Alonso De León, marching from Coahuila in response to news of a French settlement in Texas, crossed a river in what is now Dimmit or Zavala County which he named Río de las Nueces ("River of Nuts") for the pecan trees growing along its banks. The Nueces River, although not explored in its entirety until the eighteenth century, was the first Texas river to be given a prominent place on European maps. | It is identifiable as the Río Escondido ("Hidden River"), which
first appeared on a 1527 map attributed to Diogo Ribeiro, signifying the obscure
location of the river mouth behind its barrier island. It was to this river that
René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle--confused by the period's inadequate
maps--sailed in 1685, believing that it was the Mississippi. De León discovered
the remains of La Salle's Fort St. Louis on Garcitas Creek eighteen days after
crossing the Nueces. |
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Texas Insights on the World War I Centennial |
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| Read
all about it! Learn about World War I through Exhibits and
Resources: Texas in the First World War Exhibit Institute of Texan Cultures April 6, 2017 - March 11, 2018 World War I: Texas and the Great War App Texas Historical Commission Time Travel App launches April 6th Great War Lecture Series: "Texas Ethnic Minorities During World War I" Angelo State University April 20, 2017 American Armies and Battlefields in Europe: A History, Guide and Reference Book American Battle Monuments Commission 1938 Digitized Book Search TeachingTexas.org and TWWICC for more WWI events and resources! |
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| Texas
Historical Commission held a special event April 6th on the South Steps of the Texas
Capitol in Austin from 9am-11:30am with a ceremony that
includes the 36th Infantry Band and living historians. Join the Texas State Library and Archives (TSLAC) as they debut their exhibit Texans Take to the Trenches and transfer a service flag to Texas A&M University (TAMU) in a ceremony at 10am at 1201 Brazos Street in Austin to honor the 55 TAMU students who did not return home from WWI. Check TeachingTexas.org for more events throughout the 2017-2018 centennial celebration. |
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Check TeachingTexas.org
for more events throughout the 2017-2018 centennial
celebration. Texas Insights: publication of the Texas State Historical Association in cooperation with The University of Texas at Austin Stephen Cure - Editor Esther Rivera - Associate Editor |
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Mi Mama, Guadalupe Perez Padilla – Rudy Padilla One Immigrant Family's Story by Rudy Padilla Time to Get Ready: Fotographía of Albuquerque resident's by Russell Contreras Lake Superior- Absolutely Amazing Facts |
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We were at the Bonner Springs KS city park to celebrate July
4th in 1951. Locally there was anxiety. There had been heavy rains through June
in Central and Northern Kansas, which would result in the Flood of 1951 - July
13, 1951. The family feared for my older brothers, Sergio stationed in Texas and
Lucio who was in Korea - fighting with the U.S. Army. My sister Rosa was working
in a hospital in Kansas City, so we had three family members absent. The image of the couple down on their luck was a bit haunting, but they obviously enjoyed the attention as much as the food. Life was good in the park that day. Parents are the best teachers. As many sons and daughters, mi mama was very special to me. She had fifteen children – 2 died at a few months of age. Five of the six sons served in the U.S. military – four volunteered for the service. She worked very hard for us – we all loved her. My older brothers and sisters, in the summer worked on the area farms picking vegetables. I do not ever recall that they complained. A bit after we moved to an isolated farm west of Bonner Springs, Kansas mi mama took care of us without running water in the house – nor electricity. We did not have a gas line so we had wood-burning stoves to keep supplied. My sister Rosa recalls that one day, mama needed baking flour. Dad worked the night shift and he was sleeping. Rosa, felt she had to do something, so she told mama she could drive the pickup truck into town to buy the needed supplies. Rosa had never driven a stick shift vehicle – nor any vehicle, but she convinced mama she could do this. Rosa and brother Ruben would practice driving in the drive way in a vehicle that was not running. To this day, Rosa recalls that day. She was nervous as she took off, but she was able to drive the 10 miles into town and back with no problems. Just thinking about that trip today, still gives a pause in her thoughts. My sisters when they were at the age they could work in retail stores, gave their salaries to Mama. Sister Rita had the presence of mind to buy a new washer/dryer for Mama – to replace the old washer and ringer-style one she used for many years. Mama passed away in 1972. Such a sad time, but we knew she
would be in heaven. She had a life-time devotion to La Virgen de Guadalupe. She
always had a shrine in our home with statues and candles. Every night before
going to sleep, she prayed for one or two hours. One evening, I stopped by where
she prayed. I asked her "Mama, who do you pray for?" She paused from
prayer, looked at me with a smile and said "Usted." That answer
surprised me. I never thought that I was in need of prayers. I also was a bit
scared of the thought. But later in my life I would need her prayers badly. I
was thirty two years of age when mama passed away. I was so fortunate to have
had her in my life.ther. Sister Rosa was working in Kansas City, so we had 3
family members absent.
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I wrote the following for the Kansas City Kansan – June 27, 2007 – he has since passed away: My friend Ray Rodríguez is a retired college professor who lives in California. He wrote for the Hispanic Link Weekly Report the following about John Ortega – who also visited me in order to know more about the Kansas City area: When John Ortega was growing up in the Midwest, terms such as Hispanics or Latinos were unheard of. In fact, everyone thought that the Mexicans were putting on airs if they referred to themselves in such lofty language. Anyone with a ruddy complexion or who spoke Spanish was considered a "Mexican." Ortega, now an attorney in private practice in Compton, Calif., grew up in a barrio called Boxtown along the river on the outskirts of Des Moines, Iowa. His father took advantage of the fertile soil to raise vegetables for sale to local merchants. He also made trips to the slaughterhouse and retrieved the tripe which in those days was thrown away. Washing it thoroughly, he sold it to barrio housewives so they could prepare that exalted weekend Mexican delicacy (and hangover cure) known as menudo. María and Blas Ortega imbued their children with a can-do spirit. His mom instilled in them the desire to learn, the value of an education; his dad gave them the ethic of hard work and doing for oneself. Their efforts paid off. In addition to John, the family includes an aerospace planner, a daughter working on a Ph. D., a highway supervisor for the State of Iowa, and an RN who is also a medical practitioner. Theirs is a classic success story, children of poor immigrants who fulfilled the American dream.
That would have been the easy way out, but that is not the way the Ortega children had been raised. Ramona decided to ask her siblings to contribute the money. She convinced them it would be not only a wonderful tribute to their parents to have the telescope named in their honor, it would also be a way to pay back the educational system that had given them the opportunity to succeed in their chosen careers. In trying to provide others the opportunity to further their education, the Ortegas insisted on one stipulation: the telescope was not to be limited to scientists and astronomers. So, for the past decade, other scholars have had access to it as well. It was a proud moment indeed when María Ortega, then 72 years old, climbed the stairs to the roof of the Math building, where the telescope is housed, for the dedication ceremony. There, surrounded by her children, she could take pride in the gleaming instrument poised to scan the heavens. She felt the inner glow that a mother experiences in knowing the ideals she planted in the minds of her young brood had come to fruition. I share this inspiring tale with you because it illustrates what can be accomplished if we have the resolve to rely on ourselves rather than depending on others to act in our behalf. Yes, Ramona could have asked for donations, but her mother would never have known how much her children truly love her. The expression of esteem and devotions is worth any price. Their feat exemplifies the many fine contributions to our society made by immigrants and their children. (Ray Rodriguez, of Long Beach, Calif., is a retired university professor – who also co-authored "Decade of Betrayal" which is available in the local library.).
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| National Museum of Mexican Art in
Chicago is set to feature 28 images from Albuquerque resident's By Russell Contreras |
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ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) — Mexican-American photographer Maria Varela was present at some of the most dramatic moments of the Civil Rights Movement, capturing images of voting rights demonstrations in Alabama and efforts to create Head Start programs in poor, rural areas.
As one of the few Latinas involved in the black Civil
Rights Movement, historians say, her work has often been overlooked.
Now the National Museum of Mexican Art in Chicago is
set to feature 28 images from the Albuquerque resident's rarely seen
photography of the movement at an exhibition called "Time to
Get Ready: Fotographía Social."
"You can tell she wasn't just someone who
dropped in and photographed what happened. She was part of what was
happening," said Cesareo Moreno, the museum's visual arts
director.
Moreno said the exhibit will cover Varela's work from Mississippi marches and voting rights battles to photographs she took of Chicano activists fighting to get Spanish land grants recognized in New Mexico.
In 1963, the Chicago-raised Varela was recruited by
the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a key organization in
the movement, to work in Selma, Alabama, for a voter literacy
program. A local sheriff arrested its staff and broke up the
program.
Varela was then reassigned to Mississippi where
organizers told her to develop training materials.
After training with noted photographer Matt Herron in
New Orleans, Varela grabbed a camera and built her own dark room in
Mississippi since local drug stores likely would refuse to develop
her film. She dressed in a skirt and a head scarf and tried to
remain invisible while she took photos.
The images she captured were meant to be part of
informative booklets passed out to farmers, town residents and
parents who were working to resist segregation and poverty. She
created pamphlets to train activists to build political campaigns
and develop farming co-ops.
Her photos illustrated an autobiography of civil
rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer.
"A lot of times I wasn't thinking. I was just
shooting," she said. "Other times, I was zeroing in on
strong faces ... people with determined expressions."
As news of her work spread, SNCC assigned Varela to
various marches and demonstration. Organizers felt law enforcement
officers would be less likely to beat protesters if there were more
cameras, Varela said.
One of her assignments was to capture images of the
1966 "March against Fear" in Mississippi, an event created
by activist James Meredith to encourage blacks to register to vote.
But Meredith was gunned down by a sniper on the second day of the
march.
That prompted SNCC and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s
Southern Christian Leadership Conference to join and continue the
march. It was during this event that historians believe Stokely
Carmichael shouted the phrase "black power."
Though Varela rarely took photos of the famous civil
rights leaders like King, she noticed King, Carmichael and Andrew
Young leading the crowd. The three leaders weren't smiling.
"They clearly looked burdened. They looked thoughtful and
pensive," she said. So, she snapped the shot.
Less than two years later, King was dead.
Varela would photograph Cesar Chavez and the United
Farm Workers, New Mexico land grant leader Reies Lopez Tijerina and
the organizing meetings leading to the 1968 Poor People's Campaign,
a march King planned to draw attention to poverty.
Brian Behnken, a history and Latino studies professor
at Iowa State University, said historians likely had a problem
placing Varela in the context of the Civil Rights Movement because
she was a Mexican-American documenting conflict between whites and
blacks.
"It has taken a while, but I think she's being
appreciated more now," Behnken said. "She was way ahead of
her time."
Moreno said artists today can learn from Varela and
how she used her photography to tell stories of people often
overlooked. "She was literally walking along history,"
Moreno said. "And her work is tender and honest."
The exhibit will run March 3 to July 30 at the
National Museum of Mexican Art in Chicago.
Sent by Mercy Bautista Olvera scarlett_mbo@yahoo.com https://apnews.com/e00cc841de8243149753d5e2cc487367?utm_campaign=SocialFlow&utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=AP
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1 Lake Superior contains ten percent of all the fresh water on the planet Earth. 2 It covers 82,000 square kilometers or 31,700 square miles. 3 The average depth is 147 meters or 483 feet. 4 There have been about 350 shipwrecks recorded in Lake Superior 5 Lake Superior is, by surface area, the largest lake in the world. 6A Jesuit priest in 1668 named it Lac Tracy , but that name was never officially adopted. 7 It contains as much water as all the other Great Lakes combined, plus three extra Lake Eries!! 8 There is a small outflow from the lake at St. Mary's River (Sault Ste Marie) into Lake Huron , but it takes almost two centuries for the water to be completely replaced. 9 There is enough water in Lake Superior to cover all of North and South America with water one foot deep. 10 Lake Superior was formed during the last glacial retreat, making it one of the earth's youngest major features at only about 10,000 years old. 11 The deepest point in the lake is 405 meters or 1,333 feet. 12 There are 78 different species of fish that call the big lake home. 13 The maximum wave ever recorded on Lake Superior was 9.45 meters or 31 feet high. 14 If you stretched the shoreline of Lake Superior out to a straight line, it would be long enough to reach from Duluth to the Bahamas . 15 Over 300 streams and rivers empty into Lake Superior with the largest source being the Nipigon River 16 The average underwater visibility of Lake Superior is about 8 meters or 27 feet, making it the cleanest and clearest of the Great Lakes . Underwater visibility in some spots reaches 30 meters. 17 In the summer, the sun sets more than 35 minutes later on the western shore of Lake Superior than at its southeastern edge. 18 Some of the world's oldest rocks, formed about 2.7 billion years ago, can be found on the Ontario shore of Lake Superior .. 19 It very rarely freezes over completely, and then usually just for a few hours. Complete freezing occurred in 1962, 1979, 2003 and 2009. Sent by Yomar Villarreal Cleary ycleary@charter.net |
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The lost colony of Roanoke by Andrew Lawler The 1715 Spanish Plate Fleet Disaster |
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THE 1715 SPANISH PLATE FLEET DISASTER |
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Melbourne Beach, Florida
Early on the morning of July 31st, 1715, an event took place along Florida’s east-central coast that shook the royal courts or Europe. At approximately 4AM, a powerful hurricane struck Spain’s plate (from “plata,” the Spanish word for “silver”) fleet and wrecked it on Florida’s “coast of the Ays,” between present-day Melbourne Beach and Vero Beach. Eleven vessels, an estimated 15 million silver pesos in treasure, and over 1,000 lives were lost in the disaster, which left some 1,500 survivors stranded along the Florida coast south of Cape Canaveral. |
On Saturday, April 8th, in partnership with the Florida State Parks / Sebastian Inlet State Park, non-profit Florida Living History, Inc.’s (FLH’s -
www.floridalivinghistory.org ) volunteers will present a new living-history Event focusing on the 1715 Plate Fleet Disaster and Spain’s subsequent 1715-1717 efforts to salvage the fleet’s lost treasure. This heritage Event will start at 10AM and end at 3PM. At 1PM, Dr. John de Bry, Director of the Center for Historical Archaeology, will present a lecture, The History of the 1715 Fleet – A Maritime Tragedy Off the East Coast of Florida. |
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For information on upcoming activities, contact info@floridalivinghistory.org |
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The lost colony of Roanoke The Mystery of Roanoke Endures Yet Another Cruel Twist |
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Nearly 20 years ago, excavators digging on North Carolina’s remote Hatteras Island uncovered a worn ring emblazoned with a prancing lion. A local jeweler declared it gold—but it came to be seen as more than mere buried treasure when a British heraldry expert linked it to the Kendall family involved in the 1580s Roanoke voyages organized by Sir Walter Raleigh during Elizabeth I’s reign.
The 1998 discovery electrified archaeologists and historians. The artifact seemed a rare remnant of the first English attempt to settle the New World that might also shed light on what happened to 115 men, women, and children who settled the coast, only to vanish in what became known as the Lost Colony of Roanoke. Now it turns out that researchers had it wrong from the start. A team led by archaeologist Charles Ewen recently subjected the ring to a lab test at East Carolina University. The X-ray fluorescence device, shaped like a cross between a ray gun and a hair dryer, reveals an object’s precise elemental composition without destroying any part of it. Ewen was stunned when he saw the results. “It’s all brass,” he said. “There’s no gold at all.” The ring, previously thought to be gold, turns out to be brass. |
North Carolina state conservator Erik Farrell, who conducted the analysis at an ECU facility, found high levels of copper in the ring, along with some zinc and traces of silver, lead, tin and nickel. The ratios, Farrell said, “are typical of brass” from early modern times. He found no evidence that the ring had gilding on its surface, throwing years of speculation and research into serious doubt. “Everyone wants it to be something that a Lost Colonist dropped in the sand,” added Ewen. He said it is more likely that the ring was a common mass-produced item traded to Native Americans long after the failed settlement attempt. Not all archaeologists agree, however, and the surprise results are sure to re-ignite the debate over the fate of the Lost Colony. The settlers arrived from England in the summer of 1587, led by John White. They rebuilt an outpost on Roanoke Island, 50 miles north of Hatteras, abandoned by a previous band of colonists. White’s group included his daughter Eleanor, who soon gave birth to Virginia Dare, the first child born of English parents in the New World. White quickly departed for England to gather supplies and additional colonists, but his return was delayed by the outbreak of war with Spain. |
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| When he finally managed to land on Roanoke Island three years later, the settlement was deserted. The only clue was the word “Croatoan” carved on a post, the name of a tribe allied with the English and the island now called Hatteras. |
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ECU archaeologist David Phelps, now deceased, found the ring while excavating a Native American village there and took it to a jeweler named Frank Riddick in nearby Nags Head. Phelps reported that the jeweler tested the ring and determined it was 18-carat gold. Riddick, who now runs a fishing charter company called Fishy Bizness, recalled recently that he didn’t conduct an acid-scratch test typically used to verify the presence and quality of the precious metal. “Since this wasn’t about buying or selling, we didn’t do that,” he said. “I just told him that I thought it was gold.” Phelps apparently didn’t want to subject the object to potential damage. A senior member of London’s College of Arms subsequently noted that the seal on the signet ring was of a lion passant, and suggested that it might relate to the Kendall family of Devon and Cornwall. A Master Kendall was part of the first colonization attempt in 1585, while another Kendall visited Croatoan when a fleet led by Sir Francis Drake stopped by in 1586. Though this link was never confirmed, the object was nicknamed the Kendall ring. Since Phelps thought the ring was made of a precious material and likely belonged to the Elizabethan era, he argued it was an important clue. “That doesn’t mean the Lost Colony was here,” he told a reporter at the dig site after the ring’s discovery. “But this begins to authenticate that.” |
Some archaeologists, however, were skeptical of the artifact’s connection to Roanoke, given that it was found with other artifacts dating to between 1670 and 1720—about a century after the Elizabethan voyages. This was also an era in which brass rings showed up at Native American sites up and down the East Coast. But Mark Horton, an archaeologist at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom, says that Ewen’s results don’t necessarily preclude that it belonged to a Roanoke colonist. “The fact that the ring is brass actually makes it more similar to other British examples,” he said, noting that the ring could have been made in the 1580s. “I would argue that it was kept as an heirloom, passed down, and then discarded.” Horton is currently digging at the Hatteras site where the ring was discovered. The excavations, sponsored by the Croatoan Archaeological Society, have so far uncovered several artifacts that may have been made during Elizabethan times, including the handle of a rapier and bits of metal from clothing. If the Lost Colonists left Roanoke for Croatoan in the late 1580s, argues Horton, they might have brought along their most precious objects. Over a couple of generations they may have assimilated with the Algonquian-speaking Croatoan people and their English heirlooms would have eventually worn out. “Oh, there’s granddad’s old sword in the corner rusting away,” said Horton. “Why are we keeping that?” |
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| His theory is also based on archaeological finds that show that Native Americans on Hatteras manufactured lead shot and used guns to hunt deer and birds by the 1650s. Prior to this, their diet was based heavily on fish and shellfish. The technological sophistication, Horton suggests, hints at the presence of Europeans before the second wave of English arrived in the area in the late 1600s. That, too, could point to the presence of assimilated colonists and their descendants. | ||
| That theory is a stretch, says
archaeologist Charles Heath, who worked with Phelps and was present when
the ring was found. “Such items would have been used, modified,
traded, re-traded, lost, discarded or curated by their native owners—and
subsequent native owners—for many years,” he argued. In the end, he
said, “a stray 16th-century artifact found here and there on the Outer
Banks will not make for a Lost Colony found.” Horton acknowledges that rather than Roanoke colony possessions brought along by assimilating English, the Croatoan people could have acquired the goods from Jamestown, the later Virginia colony to the north, instead. Gunflints, coins, and glass beads found at the site almost certainly came from the newer English settlement. But he is confident that the current excavations will soon reveal additional evidence. Meanwhile, the hunt for the Lost Colony continues. Another group of archaeologists working about 50 miles west of Roanoke Island at the head of Albemarle Sound say that they have pottery and metal artifacts likely associated with the Lost Colony. The digs by the First Colony Foundation were sparked by the 2012 discovery of a patch concealing the image of a fort on a map painted by John White. |
The digs by the First Colony
Foundation were sparked by the 2012 discovery of a patch concealing the
image of a fort on a map painted by John White. But like the finds
at Hatteras, the objects might be associated with the second wave of
English settlement. Last fall, a dig by the National Park Service at Fort Raleigh on Roanoke Island—thought to be the site of the original settlement—yielded no trace of the colonists. But earlier in 2016, archaeologists did find a handful of fragments of an apothecary jar that almost certainly date from the 16th century. That the gold Kendall ring is likely a cheap brass trade item won’t derail the quest to find out what took place on the Outer Banks more than four centuries ago. As for Ewen, he hopes that the analysis of the ring will help put researchers back on track in their search for scarce clues to the Roanoke settlers. “Science actually does work,” he said—“if you give it time.” Give the gift of Smithsonian magazine for only $12! http://bit.ly/1cGUiGv Follow us: @SmithsonianMag on Twitter Read more: |
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Choctaw Nation in 1847 donated $147 for Irish potato famine
relief America’s Other Original Sin Comments: What explains the gulf between Latin America and Spain? Ray Padilla The True Story of Pocahontas |
Sent by Val Valdez Gibbons
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Editor Mimi: The information below views the capturing and selling of slaves as practiced by many indigenous tribes, plus the African slave trade. There is no mention of Spanish involved slave trading. Let me suggest that the plantation system of the English was highly dependent on man power, whereas the cattle ranches of the Spanish were not. In addition, the Apache and Comanche Indians were
warriors of considerable skill. Missions were populated by
Indians seeking protection from aggressive tribes. It appears
that the Mexican Americans with anti-Spanish sentiments should
re-evaluate their position. |
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In North America. In 1637, a group of Pequot Indians,
men and boys, having risen up against English colonists in
Connecticut and been defeated, were sold to plantations in the West
Indies in exchange for African slaves, allowing the colonists to
remove a resistant element from their midst. (The tribe’s women
were pressed into service in white homes in New England, where
domestic workers were sorely lacking.) In 1741, an 800-foot-long
coffle of recently
enslaved Sioux Indians, procured by a group of Cree, Assiniboine,
and Monsoni warriors, arrived in Montreal, ready for sale to French colonists
hungry for domestic and agricultural labor. And in 1837, Cherokee
Joseph Vann, expelled from his land in Georgia during the era of
Indian removal, took at least 48 enslaved black people along with
him to Indian Territory. By the 1840s, Vann was said to have owned
hundreds of enslaved black laborers, as well as racehorses and a
side-wheeler steamboat.
Rebecca Onion, Slate’s history writer, also runs the site's history blog, The Vault. Follow her on Twitter. A reductive view of the American past might note two major, centuries-long historical sins: the enslavement of stolen Africans and the displacement of Native Americans. In recent years, a new wave of historians of American slavery has been directing attention to the ways these sins overlapped. The stories they have uncovered throw African slavery—still the narrative that dominates our national memory—into a different light, revealing that the seeds of that system were sown in earlier attempts to exploit Native labor. The record of Native enslavement also shows how the white desire to put workers in bondage intensified the chaos of contact, disrupting intertribal politics and creating uncertainty and instability among people already struggling to adapt to a radically new balance of power.
Before looking at the way Native enslavement happened
on the local level (really the only way to approach a history this
fragmented and various), it helps to appreciate the sweep of the
phenomenon. How common was it for Indians to be enslaved by
Euro-Americans? Counting can be difficult, because many instances of
Native enslavement in the Colonial period were illegal or ad hoc and
left no paper trail. But historians have tried.
A few of their estimates: Thousands of Indians were enslaved in Colonial New England, according to Margaret Ellen Newell. Alan Gallay writes that between 1670 and 1715, more Indians were exported into slavery through Charles Town (now Charleston, South Carolina) than Africans were imported. Brett Rushforth recently attempted a tally of the total numbers of enslaved, and he told me that he thinks 2 million to 4 million indigenous people in the Americas, North and South, may have been enslaved over the centuries that the practice prevailed—a much larger number than had previously been thought. “It’s not on the level of the African slave trade,” which brought 10 million people to the Americas, but the earliest history of the European colonies in the Americas is marked by Native bondage. “If you go up to about 1680 or 1690 there still, by that period, had been more enslaved Indians than enslaved Africans in the Americas.” The practice dates back to the earliest history of the European colonies in the future United States. Take the example of the Pequot who were enslaved in 1637 after clashing with the English. As Newell writes in a new book, Brethren by Nature: New England Indians, Colonists, and the Origins of American Slavery, by the time the ship Desire transported the defeated Pequot men and boys to the Caribbean, colonists in New England, desperate for bodies and hands to supplement their own meager workforce, had spent years trying out various strategies of binding Native labor.
During the Pequot War, which was initially instigated
by struggles over trade and land among the Europeans, the Pequot,
and rival tribes, colonists
explicitly named the procurement of captives as one of their goals. Soldiers
sent groups of captured Pequot to Boston and other cities for
distribution, while claiming particular captured people as their
own. Soldier Israel Stoughton wrote to John Winthrop, having sent
“48 or 50 women and Children” to the governor to distribute as
he pleased:
Ther is one
… that is the fairest and largest that I saw amongst them to whome
I have given a coate to cloath her: It is my desire to have her for
a servant … There is a little Squa that Stewart Calaot desireth
… Lifetennant Davenport allso desireth one, to witt a tall one
that hath 3 stroakes upon her stummach …
A few years after the conclusion of the war, in 1641, the colonists of Massachusetts Bay passed the first formal law regulating slavery in English America, in a section of the longer document known as the Body of Liberties. The section’s language allowed enslavement of “those lawfull Captives taken in just warres, and such strangers as willingly selle themselves or are sold to us,” and left room for legal bondage of others the authorities might deem enslaved in the future. The Body of Liberties codified the colonists’ possession of Native workers and opened the door for the expansion of African enslavement.
* * *
Europeans did not introduce slavery to this
continent. Many, though not
all, of the Native groups in the land that later became the United
States and Canada practiced slavery before Europeans arrived.
Native tribes, in their diversity, did not have a uniform approach
to enslavement (given Americans’ propensity to collapse all Native
people together, this bears reiterating). Many of those traditions
also changed when tribes began to contend with the European
presence. “There are many slaveries, and colonialism brings
different slaveries into contact with one another,” historian
Christina Snyder, who wrote a history of Native slavery in the
Southeast, told me. Contact pushed Native practices to change over
time, as tribes contested, or adapted to, European demands. But,
broadly speaking, Native types of enslavement were often about
kinship, reproductive labor, and diplomacy, rather than solely the
extraction of agricultural or domestic labor. The difference between
these slaveries and European bondage of Africans was great.
Historian Pekka Hämäläinen, in his 2009 book The
Comanche Empire, writes of Comanche uses of slavery during their
period of dominance of the American Southwest between 1750 and 1850.
The Comanche exercised hegemony in part by numerical superiority,
and enslavement was part of that strategy. Hämäläinen writes that
Comanches put captives through a rigorous process of enslavement—a
dehumanizing initiation that brought a non-Comanche captive into the
tribe through renaming, tattooing, beating, whipping, mutilation,
and starvation—but stipulates that once a person was enslaved,
there were varying degrees of freedom and privilege she or he could
attain. Male captives might be made blood bondsmen with their
owners, protecting them from ill treatment and casual sale; women
might be married into the tribe, after which time they became, as Hämäläinen
puts it, “full-fledged tribal members”; younger, more
impressionable children might be adopted outright. After a period of
trauma, captives could, quite possibly, attain quasi-free status;
their own children would be Comanches.
160115_HIST_Sioux-02
Photo illustration by Lisa Larson-Walker. Photos via Library of Congress & Wikimedia Commons.
In his book Bonds of Alliance: Indigenous and
Atlantic Slaveries in New France, Brett Rushforth writes about a
similar tradition of “natal alienation” practiced by enslaving
tribes in the Pays d’en Haut (the French name for the Great Lakes
region and the land west of Montreal) in order to strip a captive of
his or her old identity and life. Rushforth does not sell short the
awfulness of these processes; still, he pointed out: “Rather than
a closed slave system designed to move slaves ‘up and
out’—excluding slaves and their descendants from full
participation in their masters’ society, even when
freed—indigenous slavery moved captives ‘up and in’ toward
full, if forced, assimilation.” This was more than Africans
enslaved by Europeans could hope for, after the legal codification
of hereditary chattel slavery in the 17th and early 18th centuries.
Native American Slaves in New France
As many as 10,000 Indians were enslaved between
1660–1760. Here are the names we know.
The disconnect between Native uses of slavery and European understandings of the practice often made for miscommunication. In some places, ironically enough, Native groups themselves initiated the trade in captives to the Europeans. In the Pays d’en Haut, Rushforth found in his research, Indian groups believed in “a diplomatic function of captive-taking.” Early in their time in the area, French officials found themselves offered Native slaves as tokens of trust, peace, and friendship. “When the French embedded themselves in these Native systems of alliance and trade and diplomacy, they found themselves engaged in these captive exchanges—not unwillingly, of course,” Rushforth told me. “At the same time, the French were trading African slaves in the Caribbean and South America, so it’s not like the Indians forced this upon the French. The French found the diplomatic function of it to be kind of confusing. They didn’t know what to make of it at first, and then they sort of manipulated it to their own advantage.”
In some places, Native groups themselves initiated
the trade in captives to the Europeans.
Rushforth notes that the political equilibrium that prevailed before the arrival of Europeans had kept the Native slave trade minimal. “If you’re a Native group in the Midwest and it’s hunting season, you have to make a choice,” he said. “ ‘Are we going to go after an enemy, or are we going to stock up on meat and hides and other things?’ It’s either hunting or captive-raiding. And so that created these disincentives to go after captives, because there were all kinds of reasons you wanted to have peace, all kinds of reasons you wanted to have your economy running.”
Soon, however, French
officials, desiring more slaves, began to incentivize Native people
to take captives by promising desirable goods in return. Nearby
tribes began to raid one another in earnest, often venturing far
into the interior of the present-day United States to grab Pawnee
and other Plains Indians. With French traders now offering goods and
comestibles in exchange for captives, the old political balance was
disrupted. “If you can go raid your enemies and trade them, for
food and cloth and other things, you can actually sort of collapse
those two choices into one,” Rushforth said. “That means the
choice to raid for captives was much less costly for them. And so
they actually did it much more often.” The French, wanting to be
secure from violence in Montreal, made rules that pushed the chaos
of raiding farther away—circumscribing the sale of Native slaves
from nearby tribes, for example. “So they can create all of this
extractive force,” Rushforth noted, “and it just makes
everything chaotic and destructive out there.”
Slate Academy: The History of American Slavery
America's defining institution, as told through the
lives of nine enslaved people. Enroll in the college course you wish
you'd taken, learning from acclaimed historians and writers,
alongside Slate's Jamelle Bouie and Rebecca Onion.
As in the Pays d’en Haut, so in the American South, where the demand for Indian slaves changed the political relationships between tribes. “Once Europeans showed up and they demanded that the supply of Native slaves amp up to meet the demand, Native practices regarding slaves changed,” Snyder said. “So people who might once have been adopted or killed now became slaves.”
Sent by Carlos A. Campos y Escalante and John Inclan
campce@gmail.com |
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There is no point in taking sides when discussing
empires of long ago. My interest is almost always in trying to
understand things. Remember, I'm the guy who proposed a radical
strategy to unite La Raza by giving birth to a new ethnicity that
might be called Amerícans with a decided bias toward our Native
American heritage.
At the same time, I find it highly contradictory that
Raza should hold a long standing grudge against the Spanish when,
according to the Mexican American genetic reference group of the
National Geographic Society, Mexican Americans (Los Angeles sample)
have about 30 percent Mediterranean and 20 percent European
genes. The Native American genetic component is about 30 to 35
percent. From these scientific facts, it seems to me that to
detest the Spanish is to engage in some kind of self-hatred.
And accepting our European genetic makeup should not result in us
hating our Native American genes, or Afro genes, etc.
In my view, the challenge that Chicanada face is to
accept who we really are and to get rid of all the prejudices that
others have imposed upon us over many centuries. And, for
heaven's sake, it's time for us to stop hating some part of
ourselves. If we want to move forward we have to accept us as
we are and then see what we can make of ourselves.
I need not point out to you the politics in all of
this . . . (we may even be trying to solve the same problem from
very different angles. . . )
Regards,
Ray Padilla
You're right, of course, that conquerors often bring "civilization" to the people they conquer. Before the Moros conquered Spain the Romans did the same thing to Spain. Arguably, the Romans brought "civilization" to all of what is today Western Europe. But the Romans also created huge devastation to existing populations and cultures during their conquests and occupations. The scale of this devastation can be seen in Julius Caesar's famous book on the conquest of what we know today as Western Europe.
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Pocahontas wasn't even a teenager when John Smith claims she saved him from execution. Whether the story happened the way Smith tells it—or even at all—is up for debate as the new Smithsonian Channel documentary explains. (Smithsonian Channel) Pocahontas might be a household name, but the true story of her short but powerful life has been buried in myths that have persisted since the 17th century. |
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World's oldest Jewish library founded by Sephardic Jews in 17th century Amsterdam. Introduction to Sephardic Genealogy with Schelly Talalay Dardashti Refugio Rochin: Crypto Jews in America? More commentary 8/22/201La Expulsión de Los Judíos en 1492: La Leyenda que Construyeron los Enpaña |
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AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS |
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In the late 1500s and early 1600s, as Sephardic Jews were establishing a community in Amsterdam, they founded a school for themselves that would become the oldest continuously operating Jewish library in the world. Having been forced to live as Christians in their home countries, Spain and Portugal, Sephardic Jews arrived in Amsterdam with the promise of religious freedom. The school/library, Ets Haim (Hebrew for “Tree of Life”), was founded in 1616 to help the newcomers start living publicly as Jews again. Many had continued to practice their true religion in secret while living outwardly as Christians. Amassing the library allowed them to debate among themselves, after so long, what being Jewish meant. In 1675, the library moved to the Esnoga, the Portuguese Synagogue complex. Since it was dangerous to have open flames in a library, skylights and octagonal openings between the two floors were incorporated into the design to let in natural light for reading. Today, electric lights, including chandeliers, light the rooms, and the bookshelves are floor to ceiling. A wooden spiral staircase connects the floors. |
The library holds, in total, nearly 30,000 printed works dating back to 1484 and more than 500 manuscripts dating back to 1282. The documents not only represent centuries of Jewish thought and scholarship, but also the community’s everyday life. They paint a picture of Sephardic Culture going back to its roots in the Iberian Peninsula. In 1889, David Montezinos, the librarian at the time, donated his substantial private library (20,000 books, pamphlets, manuscripts, and illustrations) to Ets Haim after his wife died. It has since been known as Ets Haim/Livraria Montezinos. Over the past few years, in collaboration with the National Library of Israel and the Jewish Historical Museum in Amsterdam, Ets Haim has been digitizing its manuscripts so they can be easily accessed by people around the world. It is also expected that, with the imaging technology available for the process, scholars will be able to examine the digitized documents more thoroughly than they would in person with the naked eye. |
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Ets Haim is one of the Dutch Department of Culture’s National Cultural Heritage sites, and part of UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register.
The library is inside the synagogue complex. Only a small sample of books are visible
to visitors, but the library is open sometimes with guided tours.
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Introduction to Sephardic Genealogy with Schelly Talalay Dardashti |
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Recent years have seen a welcome increase in the number of resources - -
online, books, and conferences - - focusing on Separdic and Mizrachi
genealogy. Jounalist and genealogist Schelley Talalay Dardashti is the US Genealogy Advisor for MyHeritage.com She is the Founder and Administrator of Tracing the Tribe - Jewish Genealogy on Facebook. In addition, she is the co-administrator of the IberianAshkenqaz DNA Project and the new Jewish Persian DNA Project. |
On Sunday, April 23, she made a presentation for the Orange County Jewish Genealogical Society Group normally meets the 4th Sunday of each month.
Meetings are from 1:30 to 3:30 pm unless noted otherwise. PO Box 7141, Newport Beach, CA 92658 www.ocjgs.org (949) 423-3746
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Refugio Rochin: Crypto Jews in America? More commentary 8/22/2016 |
Hi Ray:
Thank you for your insights and experiences with
Jewish organizations. You’ve done some exciting travels and
meetings. Your meetings are something I would enjoy. I have
worked with people and organizations of all kinds from all over and
from different cultures and religions. I feel a kinship to all I
meet. I’ve worked with Palestinians, Israelis too, but on
different projects and periods of time.
https://www.aeaweb.org/about-aea/committees/csmgep/profiles/refugio-rochin-rodriguez.
Recent in Mozambique 2015. Christians and Muslims
living side by side in remote village.
From my younger days in tribal area of Pakistan - on border with
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On Aug 21, 2016, at 8:01 AM, Raymond Padilla
<rvpadilla1@GMAIL.COM>
wrote:
Don Refugio,
Over the years I have been aware that
Israel has been quietly inviting Chicana/o leaders to
visit Israel. I assume that they figure that it is
in their interest to recruit potential allies. There
was a similar program conducted by Mexico during the 90s
before the PRI got ousted out of power by the PAN.
The intent of the Mexican program was to invite Chicana/o
leaders and business people to Mexico to attend a "seminario
de actualizacion", meaning a seminar to bring
Chicanada up to speed on current Mexican society (I
suppose they didn't was us thinking of Mexico as our
grandparents did one hundred years ago). I
participated in the program and found it interesting and
informative. The overt politics were kept at a
minimum, but there is always politics involved. The
program was shut down when the PAN took power but they
started a new program that, I think, was more business
oriented. I don't know if the PRI, now that it has
regained power, has restarted the old program or started a
new one.
When I was in Arizona, I learned that there was a community organization called "The Hispanic-Jewish Coalition" or something like that. I attended one of their meetings. It was a low-key affair. One of the Chicano members, a local judge, knew his family background exhaustively, having traced it back for hundreds of years. He knew full well that there were Jewish ancestors in his family line. I'm not sure what the organization did but it's probably still around.
We Chicanada were very active at Arizona
State University. We took on the administration so
as to make radical changes in how Chicanada were being
treated. We especially focused for years on
increasing the number of Chicano students, faculty, and
staff. Of course, we had meetings (and sometimes
confrontations, but rarely) with university
administrators. One day, after one of these
meetings, it became clear to me that many of the
administrators that we were dealing with (not to mention
our faculty colleagues) actually were Jews. What the
hell! How come these folks were dealing with us as
if they were WASPS?? In other words, we weren't
dealing with Anglos, we were dealing with Jews. Then
it became clear to me that these folks were defending the
status quo, i.e., acting on someone else's behalf.
One day, in shear frustration, I took on a particularly
recalcitrant dean. I said to him, "I bet that
I'm more Jewish than your are!" He answered,
"Are you circumcised?" I answered, "I
said that I may well have Crypto Jew ancestors but I
didn't say that they were fools. Where I come from
being circumcised is a death sentence by burning at the
stake."
Don't get me wrong. I don't mean to say that Chicanada and Jews are enemies. On the contrary, I have worked with many Jews in highly productive ways. What I do mean to say is that I learned a very valuable lesson. You see, the Jews had learned how to survive and prosper in higher education. Up until the 1930s there actually were Jewish quotas for how many Jewish students would be admitted to medical schools. A few decades later the Jews had virtually taken over higher education positions. They did it by becoming well educated and mastering academic occupations. Also, and this is crucial, they did not overtly fly under Jewish colors, as it were. Rather, they stayed under the radar regarding their Jewishness. Then when they got into power positions they would promote their interests quietly. For example, a wealthy Jew gave ASU substantial money to create a Jewish Studies center and program. No fanfare. It was done. When we Chicanada proposed Chicana/o Studies the first time, the president stated flatly that he would not support it. It took 10 to 15 years to finally get that program done. Here is the point: Do we Chicanada always have to fly the Chicano flag as we move in society? Even pirates only fly the cross and bones just before they attack their victims. Otherwise they make themselves sitting targets. And, more generally, what do people think about us when we come to the table as Chicana/os (which itself is a big accomplishment because most of the time we don't even get to the table)? Do they think of us as an intelligent and capable people who bring assets and talent to the table? Or do they think of us as a needy minority with our hand alwlalys stretched out looking for a handout and bringing problems to the table? For a more detailed discussion on these points, take a look at the book that Montiel and I put out some years back. It is called "Debatable Diversity: Critical Dialogues on Change in American Universities" (see Amazon.com). What is the grand strategy of Chicanada, to follow the model of Blacks and other minorities as a victimized people who are needy and come to the table making demands for reparations? Or do we follow the model of the Jews and similar groups who take the bull by the horns, educate themselves, and outperform the competition? Finally, for those who are mystically oriented. It is prophecy that the temple in Jerusalem will not be rebuilt until all the Jews come back together from their historic diaspora. But the Cryptos are part of that population!! So no dice, nada, niet will happen until the Cryptos are brought back into the fold. Orale, Chicanada . . . Ajua!
Regards,
Ray Padilla
C/S
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For
some reason that eludes me, I have not written
about Crypto Jews. But I have had a long
standing interest in the possible Crypto
Judaic influence on Chicanada. While I
was director of the Hispanic Research Center
at Arizona State University during the 1980s I
first gained consciousness about Crypto Jews
when the HRC published a paper by the late
Tomas Atencio on the subject. Before I
read that paper I knew of Crypto Jews but I
thought that it was a "New Mexico
thing". But after reading that
paper I became very interested in the larger
question of Crypto Judaic influences on
Chicanada. Atencio knew Stanley Hordes,
who at the time was the New Mexico State
Historian. Hordes really got interested
in the question of Crypto Jews in New Mexico,
which I think stimulated the field. To
see Hordes's work just Google his name.
During
the 1980s I attended several conferences on
Crypto Jews that were held at various places
in the Southwest. I attended the
conference in Taos, NM and another in Tucson,
AZ. At the time there was a chap at the
University of Arizona who headed a center for
research on Jews. He is now deceased.
It was a fascinating conference, which
featured entertainment by a musical group from
the Pacific Northwest. They performed
"Ladino" music. I was very
surprised when I heard them play a song that
my mother used as a lullaby. At this
conference I sat at the lunch table with a
Rabbi. Bye the bye I asked him: What
does it take to be a Jew? He thought
about it for a while and then said:
1.
You have to declare Adonai as your God.
2.
You have to study -- anything but you must
study.
3.
You must do good works for the community.
That's
it. I was fascinated by this because it
became clear to me how it could be that Crypto
Jews could remain Jews for a very long time if
they chose to do so. In fact, their
Judaism might be transmitted into so many
generations that some of the succeeding
generations might not even know why they do
what they do. But in a strange way, the
Judaism continues.
Many
years ago, while an undergraduate at the
University of Michigan studying Spanish
linguistics, the professor mentioned
"Ladino" and showed a few written
examples. He also said that there was a
Ladino Synagogue at Detroit, perhaps the only
one in the country. I was fascinated by
this at the time because I could read the
Ladino text and understand most of it.
Also, it sounded archaic, just like the
Spanish that I and my campesino parents spoke
in Mexico. It also had similarities to
the Spanish of South Texas.
Over
the years the scholarship on Crypto Jews has
greatly increased. A few years ago I
gave away most of my library and threw away
files, such as the ones on Crypto Jews.
But here are a few titles for those interested
in a start:
Richard
G. Santos. Silent Heritage. The
Sephardim and the colonization of the Spanish
North American Frontier. 1492-1600.
San Antonio, TX: New Sepharad Press,
2000. Santos was a great historian, now
deceased.
Gloria
Golden. Remnants of Crypto-Jews Among
Hispanic Americans. Mountain View, CA,
Floricanto Press, 2005.
Eva
Alexandra Uchmany. La vida entre el
judaism y el cristianismo en la Nueva España.
1580-1606. Mexico City: Foundo
de Cultura Economica, 1992. A very
scholarly work in Spanish.
Without
full citation:
Read
La Familia Carvajal by Alfonso Toro (in
Spanish but there may be an English
translation). Fascinating account of
Crypto Jews settling in the largest land grant
given by the Spanish Crown to a former
Conquistador. The land grant may well
have covered from Tampico to Sonora and up to
San Antonio. The destruction of this
family would make a great TV serial.
While
in Spain many years ago I bought a book on
Crypto Jews published by the University of
Alcala de Henares (I think). But I can't
remember the title or author. The book
had lots of empirical data and good
scholarship. I think that I might have
given the book to Atencio as a gift.
Don't
forget the works by Stanley Hordes.
Curiously,
Spain has recently created the legal framework
for descendants of Jews who were kicked out of
Spain in 1492 to reclaim their Spanish
citizenship. I looked into it but the
proof is pretty daunting after 500 years.
Maybe some of the Sephardic Jews in Israel can
take advantage of it.
After
the Taos conference I did a short interview
for NPR. I got a number of letters from
that interview, including one from a lady in
LA who said that she had done the Padilla
genealogy and that the Jews came into the
family through the Moras. Another person
wrote from Peru or Chile, I can't remember
now, and said that there was a group there
looking into Crypto Judaic influences in their
history. Recently Cuban Americans have
covered the topic. My respected
colleague, Rudy Acuña, used to rib me about
Crypto Jews. He claimed that nothing of
the sort was in his family line (his family is
originally from Sonora). He said that
his family had the official letter confirming
"limpieza de sangre"! I
laughed at this. Why would the family
think it important to get themselves such a
letter in the first place?
Of
course, with today's technology it may well be
possible to find out who has genes similar to
the Jewish population. I haven't taken
that step yet.
But
here is the question that has driven my
interest in this topic: How can it be
that Chicanada in a historical blink of the
eye went from being migrant workers, laborers,
really unschooled people, to producing
academic works of the highest order?
That kind of work doesn't just grow out of
nothing. In other words, what are the
sources of Chicano academic productions which
began in the 60s and continue to this very
day?
Hint:
Take a look at the three items
enumerated above and then read the Plan de
Santa Barbara. Also, an answer might be
that consciously or not Chicanada have access
to a huge trove of symbolic resources that
they can tap into. Perhaps that is why
we survive.
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LA
EXPULSIÓN DE LOS JUDÍOS EN 1492:
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Por César Cervera para ABC
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Frente a la hegemonía militar que impuso el Imperio español durante los siglos XVI y XVII en toda Europa, sus enemigos históricos solo pudieron contraatacar a través de la propaganda. Un campo donde Holanda, Francia e Inglaterra se movían con habilidad y que desembocó en una leyenda negra sobre España y los españoles todavía presente en la historiografía actual. Al igual que ocurre con la Guerra de Flandes, la Conquista de América o la Inquisición española, la propaganda extranjera intoxicó y exageró lo que realmente supuso la expulsión de los judíos de los reinos españoles pertenecientes a los Reyes Católicos en 1492. En suma, los ganadores son los encargados de escribir la historia y España no estuvo incluido en este grupo.
La razón que se escondía tras la decisión, era la necesidad de acabar con un grupo de poder que algunos historiadores, como Wiliam Thomas Walsh, han calificado como «un Estado dentro del Estado». Su predominio en la economía y en la banca convertía a los hebreos en los principales prestamistas de los reinos hispánicos. Con el intento de construir un estado moderno por los Reyes Católicos, se hacía necesario acabar con un importante poder económico que ocupaba puestos claves en las cortes de Castilla y de Aragón. Así y todo, los que abandonaron finalmente el país pertenecían a las clases más modestas; los ricos no dudaron en convertirse.
Por tanto, el caso español no fue el único, ni el primero, ni por supuesto el último, pero si el que más controversia histórica sigue generando. Como el historiador Sánchez Albornoz escribió en una de sus obras, «los españoles no fueron más crueles con los hebreos que los otros pueblos de Europa, pero contra ninguno otro de ellos han sido tan sañudos los historiadores hebreos».
¿Qué tuvo entonces de diferente esta expulsión? La mayoría de historiados apuntan que, precisamente, lo llamativo del caso español está en lo tardío respecto a otros países y en la importancia social de la que gozaban los judíos en nuestro país. Aunque no estuvieron exentos de episodios de violencia religiosa, los judíos españoles habían vivido con menos sobresaltos la Edad Media que en otros lugares de Europa. En la corte de Castilla –no así en la de Aragón- los judíos ocupaban puestos administrativos y financieros importantes, como Abraham Senior, desde 1488 tesorero mayor de la Santa Hermandad, un organismo clave en la financiación de la guerra de Granada.
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Found: One of the Oldest North American Settlements
By Brigit Katz 400,000-year-old skull fragment found in Portugal |
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Found: One of the Oldest North American Settlements |
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| The oral history of the Heiltsuk Nation, an Aboriginal group based on the Central Coast of British Columbia, tells of a coastal strip of land that did not freeze during the ice age, making it a place of refuge for early inhabitants of the territory. As Roshini Nair reports for the CBC, a recent archaeological discovery attests to an ancient human presence in the area associated with the tradition. While digging on British Columbia’s Triquet Island, archaeologists unearthed a settlement that dates to the period of the last ice age. The archaeological team, supported by the Hakai Institute, sifted through meters of soil and peat before hitting upon the charred remains of an ancient hearth. Researchers painstakingly peeled away charcoal flakes, which were then carbon dated. In November, tests revealed that the hearth was some 14,000 years old, indicating that the area in which it was found is one of the oldest human settlements ever discovered in North America. Or as Randy Shore of the Vancouver Sun contextualizes, the village is “three times as old as the Great Pyramid at Giza.” |
Alisha Gauvreau, a PhD student at the University of Victoria and a researcher with the Hakai Institute, presented the team’s findings at the annual meeting of the Society for American Archeology this week. She tells Shore that archaeologists also found a number of artifacts in the area: fish hooks, a hand drill for igniting fires, a wooden device for launching projectiles and a cache of stone tools near the hearth. “It appears we had people sitting in one area making stone tools beside evidence of a fire pit,” Gauvreau says. “The material that we have recovered … has really helped us weave a narrative for the occupation of this site.” These findings may have significant implications for our understanding of ancient human migration patterns. As Jason Daley reports for Smithsonian.com, the traditional story of human arrival to the Americas posits that some 13,000 years ago, stone-age people moved across a land bridge that connected modern-day Siberia to Alaska. |
| But recent studies suggest that route did not contain enough resources for the earliest migrants to successfully make the crossing. Instead, some researchers say, humans entered North America along the coast. | ||
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In a radio interview with the CBC, Gauvreau says that the ancient settlement on Triquet Island “really adds additional evidence” to this theory. “[A]rchaeologists had long thought that … the coast would been completely uninhabitable and impassible when that is very clearly not the case,” she explains. The discovery is also important to the Heiltsuk Nation, lending credence to oral traditions that place their ancestors in the region during the days of the ice age. "[I]t reaffirms a lot of the history that our people have been talking about for thousands of years," William Housty, a member of Heiltsuk Nation, tells Nair. |
He added that the validation by “Western science and archeology” can help the Heiltsuk people as they negotiate with the Canadian government over title rights to their traditional territory. Brigit Katz is a journalist based in New York City. Her work has appeared in New York magazine, Flavorwire, and Women in the World, a property of The New York Times. Follow @brigitkatz Like this article? SIGN UP for our newsletter Give the gift of Smithsonian magazine for only $12! Follow us: @SmithsonianMag on Twitter Sent by John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo.com |
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| The skull bears a mixture of traits—some link it to the Neanderthals, such as a fused brow ridge, while other features are representative of other extinct fossils in Europe, according to the journal Science. Researchers made the discovery in 2014 in the Gruta da Aroeira cave in central Portugal and believe it is a member of the genus homo. National Academy of Sciences (PNAS ). Little is known about the fragment or what type of early human it came from. Neanderthals are thought to be the closest ancestor to homo sapiens, the species to which all modern human beings belong. Modern humans first appeared in Africa around 150,000 to 200,000 years ago, before migrating out of the continent around 100,000 years ago. Neanderthals are thought to have occupied Europe and Asia from 200,000 to 40,000 years ago, when they went extinct. The Portuguese fragment shares some features with bones discovered in Spain that are around 430,000 years old, and also shares traits with fragments found in south France dating back 450,000 years. |
It is the oldest human cranium fossil found in Portugal and is the westernmost fossil ever found in Europe during the Middle Pleistocene period, which lasted from around 781,000 to 126,000 years ago. “There is a lot of question about which species these fossils represent. I tend to think of them as ancestors of the Neanderthals,” the study’s co-author Rolf Quam, of New York’s Binghamton University, told AFP. Quam said that he did not believe the fossil is a Neanderthal despite shared features, including a mass of bone near the ear called the mastoid process. He said that the researchers would continue examining the fragment in the coming years “to give a more complete picture of life in the area, life in the cave and the evolutionary place of this human in our ancestry.” Researchers took a week to excavate the block of earth containing the skull and then two and a half years to extract the fragment from the earth. The team used ancient stone hand axes to remove the fragment. Sent by John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo.com |
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Un Mapa de 1524 de la Ciudad de Mexico Registros de bautismo de niñas: Marìa Eva, Marìa Rebeca y Marìa de la Rosa y Berriozàbal. La Mezcla Chicana by Margarito J. Garcia III, Ph.D. 170 Aniversario de la Batalla de la Angostura (22 y 23 de Febrero de 1847 Antonio Guerrero Aguilar escribe... Provincia de Coahuila |
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UN MAPA DE 1524 DE LA CIUDAD DE MÉXICO |
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Sobre el mapa más antiguo de la Ciudad de México…Mapear
un territorio, al igual que nombrar algo, lo dota de realidad, de
existencia. De entre los planos cartográficos que sobrevivieron la
Conquista de México, el conocido como Mapa
de Nuremberg, realizado en 1524,
es el más antiguo que sobrevive, y es además de una valiosa
obra de arte, un documento que atestigua la grandeza de la
capital mexicana en el siglo XVI y le da vida para los ojos del México
moderno.
A pesar de que sí existieron mapas de México previos a la llegada de los conquistadores europeos, ninguno de ellos sobrevive, y los registros cartográficos más antiguos que se tienen son europeos, o adaptaciones europeizadas realizadas por la población local del México de la Colonia. Este
hermoso plano, conocido popularmente como Mapa de Nuremberg, se llama así
porque es parte
de un libro, que fue escrito en latín e impreso en la ciudad alemana de
Nuremberg, que compilaba cartas
de Hernán Cortés al Emperador Carlos V y que, a manera de
apéndice, incluía este mapa, basado en planos anteriores, realizados
por Cortés o por los mismo pobladores mexicas.
El mapa incluye dos imágenes principales: una que describe el Golfo de México, y otra que describe Tenochtitlán, nombrada ahí como “Temixtitan”. Visto a detalle, este bello documento, con todo y las inexactitudes propias de su época, indica lugares que aún hoy existen en nuestra enorme metrópolis: el Bosque de Chapultepec (cuyo lago es atravesado por un acueducto), la zona que hoy es Coyoacán (adornada con una bandera que ostenta el escudo de la casa real de los Habsburgo) y una zona, llena de piedras que, indica el área del Pedregal de San Ángel.
Finalmente,
en el centro de todo, se encuentra lo que hoy es el Centro
Histórico de la ciudad y que entonces era el corazón de Tenochtitlán,
representado por un Tzompantli (altar
decorado con cráneos), con indicaciones escritas en latín que lo
describen como el lugar
donde se realizaban los sacrificios rituales mexicas. Además,
también se indican el lugar donde se colocaban las
cabezas de los sacrificados y el mítico zoológico
del Emperador Moctezuma.
El Mapa de Nuremberg representa no sólo una acercamiento a lo que fue, en el siglo XVI, la gran capital del Imperio Mexica, sino también un vistazo al bello arte de la cartografía de la época y cómo ésta trató de representar, a través de la ficción gráfica, uno de los imperios más deslumbrantes del pasado. http://mxcity.mx/2017/03/un- Tenochtitlan |
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Enviado
por Dr. C. Campos y Escalante La lectura cura la peor de las
enfermedades humanas, "la ignorancia". |
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Fuentes. Family Search. Iglesia de
Jesucristo de los Santos de los Libro de Bautismos del Sagrario de la Cd. de San Luis Potosì, S.LP.
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En el año del Señor de mil
ochocientos setenta y seis, à los once días del mes de Diciembre,
en la Yglesia Parroquial del Sagrario de esta Ciudad de San Luis
Potosì: Yo el Presbitero Don Josè Asunciòn Ruiz, por convite
particular, y con licencia del Señor Cura Rector del mismo Sagrario,
Presbitero Don Pedro Gaitan, bautizè solemnemente, puse oleo y
crisma à una niña: Marìa Eva, quien nació en la
Hacienda de la Pendencia, del Estado de Zacatecas, el dìa quince
del mes de Octubre del año de mil ochocientos sesenta y nueve. Marìa Rebeca, quien nació en
esta Ciudad el dìa dos del mes de Abril del año de mil ochocientos
setenta y dos. Marìa, quien nació en esta
Ciudad el dìa diez del mes de Marzo del año de mil ochocientos
setenta y cuatro. Hijas legìtimas del Señor Don
Luis de la Rosa y de la Señora Doña Marìa Berriozabal. Abuelos
Paternos el Señor Don Luis de la Rosa y la Señora Marìa Refugio
Berriozabal. Abuelos Maternos el Señor Don Francisco Berriozabal y
la Señora Doña Marìa Dolores Aguilar: fueron padrinos el Señor
Ministro de la Guerra, General Don Felipe Berriozabal y la Señorita
Manuela Berriozabal, à quienes advertí su obligación y parentesco
espiritual. Y para que conste lo firmè con el Señor Cura, los
padres y padrinos de dichas niñas. Asì mismo agrego dos imágenes
del Señor General de Divisiòn Don Felipe Benicio Berriozàbal
Basabe. “DEFENSOR DE LA PATRIA”, quien combatió durante la
Guerra de Intervenciòn Norteamericana el año de 1847, la Revolución
de Ayutla, la Guerra de Reforma y la Intervenciòn Francesa. Y
su sepulcro en la Rotonda de las personas Ilustres. Investigò. Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo
R. Palmerìn Cordero. Enviado desde Correo para Windows 10 |
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General Felipe Berriozobal
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IP Report Approval number: 2016-2559293-I
Photo Description: (Photo of Italian immigrant Giuseppe Palmieri and his wife, Mexican born Juana Mendoza)
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Vast FamilySearch.org Collection of Mexico Ancestor Records Continues to Grow Salt Lake City, Utah, (January 22, 2016)-- FamilySearch International’s long-standing partnership with Ancestry.com has yielded another significant benefit to FamilySearch.org patrons in the form of more than 220 million newly searchable Mexican birth, marriage, and death records dating back to the 1500s. FamilySearch.org patrons with an Ancestry.com subscription can access these records through FamilySearch.org, directly on Ancestry.com, or for free at any of the more than 4,800 family history centers worldwide. “This announcement is about two things,” said FamilySearch International CEO, Stephen T. Rockwood. “First, it is a celebration of the joy of discovery now available to more of our patrons with Mexican heritage. Second, it is a recognition of our valued partnership with Ancestry.com and how working together has made these high impact collections searchable online much quicker for personal family history research.” The newly published records are the result of a collaborative microfilming effort over many years’ time between FamilySearch and various government and church entities within Mexico and Ancestry.com, which provided the indexing necessary to make the records searchable. Without Ancestry.com’s assistance, some estimates suggest it would have taken 20 years or more for volunteers to index the records and make them searchable. This new collection of civil registration records significantly increases the existing Mexican resources available on or through FamilySearch.org, which include more than 72 million Catholic Church and 1930 Federal Census records, and 90 million browse-only Mexican civil registration record images from 28 of the 31 Mexican states. Early Successes Patrons are already sharing their success using the new records. For many years Edgar Gomez and his family looked diligently for a marriage record that would connect his Italian immigrant third great-grandfather, Giuseppe Palmieri, with his Mexican-born third great-grandmother, Juana Mendoza. Even visiting archives and paying for research assistance failed to yield any clues. Then, just weeks ago while seated at his dining room table, he struck “pay dirt” with a simple search launched from his family tree on FamilySearch.org. “After years of searching, we suddenly discovered right in front of us the elusive marriage certificate we had been looking for,” he said. “The civil marriage had taken place when my great-great-grandparents were in their 50s, living in a suburb of Mexico City, hundreds of miles away from where they first met and 30 years after the dates we had been researching. Without indexed records, we probably would have never found this.” Edgar describes the newly published records as “a hidden gem and a powerful tool for anybody with Mexican roots.” He says he plans to continue using it to solve many more family mysteries. About FamilySearch FamilySearch International is the largest genealogy organization in the world. FamilySearch is a nonprofit, volunteer-driven organization sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Millions of people use FamilySearch records, resources, and services to learn more about their family history. To help in this great pursuit, FamilySearch and its predecessors have been actively gathering, preserving, and sharing genealogical records worldwide for over 100 years. Patrons may access FamilySearch services and resources free online at FamilySearch.org or through over 4,813 family history centers in 130 countries, including the main Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah. Sent by: Jim Ericson |
Moctezuma II tiene una descendencia actual de alrededor de 300 personas |
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Triste— en el Códice Cozcatzin
Moctezuma Xocoyotzin y doña Isabel Moctezuma —quien fue
extraída de Tenochtitlan durante la Noch
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Existen más de 300 descendientes del gobernante mexica Moctezuma II dispersos en España, Argentina, Estados Unidos y México. Estos herederos, fieles a su genealogía, pertenecen a una clase privilegiada económicamente y privilegiada en aspectos profesionales, por ejemplo, familias españolas con títulos nobiliarios como los del Condado de Miravalle, o la familia mexicana Tovar y de Teresa, dedicada a la política.
Estos descendientes, añade, viven en México, España, Estados Unidos y Argentina, pero antes de explicar la genealogía, el investigador aclara la pregunta ¿cuántos hijos tuvo Moctezuma? “Hay cifras históricas y otras fabulosas, eso tiene que ver con cuántas esposas tuvo Moctezuma, algunos actores y cronistas dicen que tuvo una docena, otros 50 y otros 100. Algunos hablan que a su vez tuvo varios hijos, dan algunos nombres, otros no saben nombrarlos, se llega a hablar de más de 100 o 150 hijos, pero documentados sólo están los descendientes por la línea de su hijo mayor, Pedro, y por la línea de su hija mayor, Isabel”. González Acosta aclara que en entre los mexicas la corona no se heredaba automáticamente, sino que era por méritos, además de que en los pueblos nahuas, la herencia se dividía por la línea materna y no por la paterna como los españoles pensaban. “Los nahuas decían que la herencia correspondía a la línea materna, por eso el dicho ‘hijo de mi hija, mi nieto es; el hijo de mi hijo, quién sabe’”. —¿Quiénes son algunos de los descendientes documentados? —Por ejemplo, en México los Tovar y de Teresa son descendientes de la unión entre Isabel y Hernán Cortés; y en España están los Condes de Miravalle que fundamentalmente viven en la ciudad de Granada y los duques de Abrantes. DESCONOCIDOS. El investigador de la UNAM habla con Crónica sobre este linaje a propósito de la reciente publicación del libro Relación de la genealogía y Origen de los mexicanos. Dos documentos del Libro de Oro, de Hanns J. Prem, en el que a partir de textos que datan de 1530 se documenta la ascendencia de Isabel Moctezuma y su derecho a diversos bienes y tierras, por interés del que fuera su quinto esposo, el español Juan Cano. Este libro empezó a trabajarse desde 1998 y aunque en 2014 falleció el etnólogo suizo Hanns J. Prem, dejó lista la edición que ahora publican en conjunto la Biblioteca Nacional de México, la Hemeroteca Nacional de México y la Universidad de Bonn, Alemania. “A Isabel la casaron por primera vez –simbólicamente– a los 7 años con su tío Cuitláhuac, pero al poco tiempo él murió de viruela. Entonces la casaron con Cuauhtémoc, es decir, a una corta edad Isabel ya era hija del tlatoani y estaba casada con dos tlatoanis, eso refuerza su carga legítima”, precisa Alejandro González Acosta. Después de que muere Cuauhtémoc –narra el investigador–, Hernán Cortés en una de las etapas más oscuras de su vida y siendo padrino de Isabel, cometió una violación o estupro y los Tovar y de Teresa descienden de esa unión. “Hernán Cortés cometió una violación o estupro a Isabel. No se sabe si fue con violencia o con engaños, pero lo que sí sabe es que hubo un producto que fue Leonor Cortés Moctezuma, que se casó con Juan de Tolosa, llamado Barbalonga y fundador de Zacatecas y de ahí viene una línea que incluye, entre otros, a los Tovar y de Teresa”, indica. En palabras del especialista, Leonor Cortés fue una hija que Isabel “sólo parió y no la mencionó en su testamento, pero Cortés arrepentido, sí la reconoció como hija”; por ello, al ser una línea de descendencia, los Tovar y de Teresa cuentan con un título nobiliario en España. “Hace más de un año (en 2015) el hijo del fallecido Rafael Tovar y de Teresa, Rafael Tovar López-Portillo, revalidó el título de Conde de Gustarredondo, que es un título de nobleza reconocido en España que proviene del siglo XVIII, y él lo revalidó porque su tío Guillermo Tovar de Teresa reunió la información, entonces al faltar el tío y el papá, él reclamó el título de Conde de Gustarredondo”, señala González Acosta. RESTOS DE ISABEL. Después del episodio entre Hernán Cortés e Isabel Moctezuma, ella se casó con Alonso de Grado, un visitador de Indias, pero debido a la edad de él, no tuvieron hijos y Alonso murió al poco tiempo. “Entonces casaron a Isabel con el español Pedro Gallego de Andrada o Andrade, con quien tuvo un hijo: Juan Andrade Moctezuma, pero el esposo murió e Isabel por quinta y última vez se casó con Juan Cano Saavedra y tuvieron al hijo Juan Cano Moctezuma”, precisa. Por último, Alejandro González Acosta comenta que hasta hoy se maneja la idea de que los restos de Isabel Moctezuma están perdidos, pero él asegura saber su localización. “Sé dónde está enterrada: en lo que fue el Ex Templo de San Agustín, debajo de la antigua sede de la Biblioteca Nacional. Ahí abajo en una cripta está enterrada Isabel Moctezuma porque ella fue, junto con el emperador Carlos V, la benefactora para construir ese templo, que en su época fue el segundo más importante de la capital de la Nueva España, después de la Catedral Metropolitana”. Hasta el momento, agrega, “no se ha abierto su tumba porque está muy por debajo, muy metida en el subsuelo, pero si algún día llegáramos a las excavaciones y lográramos encontrar esos restos, la mejor forma que habría de demostrar que todos esos descendientes son los hijos de Isabel, sería con un análisis de ADN mitocondrial”.
http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2017/1014141.html#.WMssRkp8-Nw.facebook
Enviado
para "Somos Primos" por Dr. C. Campos y Escalante
campce@gmail.com
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By Margarito
J. Garcia III, Ph.D. The
blood that I have in my veins is a mixture, A
“mezcla” of all the bloods of the world. With
that in mind, know this, too: Not
all Mexicans are Chicano, But
many Chicanos are also Mexican. Not
all Mexican Americans are Chicano, But
many Chicanos are also Mexican American. Not
all Hispanics are Chicano, But
many Chicanos are also Hispanic. Not
all Latinos are Chicano, But
many Chicanos are also Latino. Not
all Indigenous Peoples are Chicano, But
many Chicanos are also Indigenous Peoples. Not
all Arab Americans are Chicano, But
many Chicanos are also Arab American. Not
all Afro Mesoamericans are Chicano, But
many Chicanos are also Afro Mesoamerican. Not
all Asian-Americans are Chicano, But
many Chicanos are also Asian-American. Not
all Pacific Islanders are Chicano, But
many Chicanos are also Pacific Islander. And
finally, Not
all Euro-Americans are Chicano, But
many Chicanos are also Euro-American. Welcome
one and all to La Mezcla Chicana! Copyright
2016 All
Rights Reserved
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 170 Aniversario de la Batalla de la Angostura (22 y 23 de Febrero de 1847 |
| Estimados amigos Historiadores y Genealogistas. Envìo a Uds. varias fotografías tomadas durante la Ceremonia efectuada el dìa 25 del pasado mes de Febrero con motivo del 170 Aniversario de la Batalla de la Angostura (22 y 23 de Febrero de 1847); organizada por el Gobierno del Estado a través de la Secretarìa de Cultura y de mis compañeros y amigos del Patronato Museo Batalla de la Angostura, A.C. de Saltillo, Coah.: Lic. Mauricio Gonzàlez Puente Presidente del Patronato, Ing. Isidro Berrueto Alanìs, Arq. Reynaldo Rodriguez Cortès, Gral. Bgda. Ret. Gabriel Macedo Brito, Dr. Carlos Recio Dàvila, Hugo Dìaz Amezcua y varios compañeros màs. Asistieron: C. Lic. Rubèn Moreira Valdez Gobernador del Estado de Coahuila de Zaragoza. General de Brigada D.E.M. Francisco Ortega Luna Comandante de la 6/a. Zona Militar. Secretaria de Cultura del Estado. Lic. Ana Sofìa Garcìa Camil. Mr. Timothy P. Zuñiga-Brown Consul General de los Estados Unidos de Amèrica. El Consul de la Repùblica de Honduras. Lic. Lucas Martinez Sànchez Director del Archivo General del Estado de Coahuila. Mis compañeros los Amigos de la Batalla de Monterrey de 1846. |
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En De Solares y Resolanas, quiero expresar, manifestar, escribir mis reflexiones, vivencias y apreciaciones sobre lo que veo, de donde vivo, me muevo y existo. Sueños y dolores, Palabra y contexto, reflexión y acción, poesía y narrativa, preguntas y pasión, recuerdos y presencia, dudas y esperanza, transformación y justicia. Mi divisa: "Alios vidi ventos aliasque procelas" (Cicerón) que traducida significa: "Otras tempestades y vientos he visto pasar". domingo, 26 de febrero de 2017 Cuando Coahuila fue anexada a Nuevo León y recuperó su soberanía Antonio Guerrero Aguilar/ Escritor y promotor cultural
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Peruvian Art of Ernesto Apomayta Extract from: Central American Immigrants in the United States Lo que aportó España al continente americano y lo que aportó América al resto del mundo. |
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My artistic endeavor have led me towards a personal sense of
mission, casque beats by dre, because the visual arts are more than a
passive representation of the life style and culture of the Incas,
louboutin pas cher, Aztecs, Mayas and Chinese of the Asian-pacific. Through my work, I seek to preserve and stimulate an alternative vision to the modern industrialized twenty-first Century.
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However, large-scale Central American migration is not a new phenomenon. Civil wars, political instability, and economic hardship first drove significant numbers of Central Americans northward in the 1980s, when the population from that region living in the United States more than tripled. Despite the end of political conflicts in the early 1990s, additional migration was driven by family unification, natural disasters, and persistent political and economic volatility, with many individuals entering illegally. Following a series of natural disasters in the region, Salvadorans, Hondurans, and Nicaraguans became eligible for Temporary Protected Status (TPS), offering provisional protection against deportation and eligibility for work authorization. TPS has been renewed for Honduras and Nicaragua until January 2018, and El Salvador until March 2018. Click on the bullet points below for more information:
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Lo que aportó España al continente americano y lo que aportó América al resto del mundo. |
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LO QUE APORTÓ AMÉRICA AL RESTO DEL MUNDO. - La tortilla española deriva del aporte indígena americano de la papa. - El Jeroglífico maya para el cero, año 36 a. C. - Las civilizaciones mesoamericanas desarrollaron unas matemáticas avanzadas que mejoraron el calendario gregoriano. - El maíz o millo. - El tomate, que se volvería fundamental en la cocina mundial. - La papa. Que en la España peninsular se cambió la original voz quechua de papa que oyeron por primera vez los españoles, por la voz inglesa potato y se formó un anglicismo, que derivó en patata. Muy curioso y significativo de las cosas que pasan en España. - La batata. - La vainilla. - El pimiento, que se volvió esencial en la comida tailandesa e india. - El tabaco. - El cacao y el chocolate. - Técnicas de entretejido textil. - El caucho ("cautchuc", impermeable en maya) y el látex. - Aguacate. - Poroto o frijol (¿?) - Calabaza (¿?) - Cacahuete - Piña (¿?). - Mandioca - Chile o aji - Pimienta de Jamaica - Oca. - Olluco. - Nopal o tuna - Jicama. - Papaya o mamón - Guayaba - Amaranto - Quinoa - Chirimoya, guanabana. - Kiwicha. - Zapote. - Mamey - Pitaya-Yerbabuena. - Orégano mexicano- Verbena - Tupinambo - Stevia - Yerba mate - Girasol - Pecana - Piñón de araucaria.- Quinua - Peyote - Ayahuasca. - Coca. - Caucho - Chicle. - Algodón (el cultivo de diferentes especies empezó independientemente en América e India)-Quina - Achiote. - La cerámica andina. - Las técnicas textiles andinas. - Las técnicas urbanísticas. - Los conocimientos farmacológicos. - Nuevas palabras como huracán, macana, etc. - Etc. Enviado por Dr. C. Campos y Escalante campce@gmail.com |
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A Review of My Article on the Jeepney Transportation System in the
Philippines |
A Review of My Article on the Jeepney Transportation System in the Philippines by Eddie AAA Calderón, Ph.D. |
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A Review of My Article on the Jeepney Transportation System in the Philippines by Eddie AAA Calderón, Ph.D. In September, 2016, I wrote an article entitled The Philippines and its Unique Small Public Transportation System. See http://somosprimos.com/sp2016/spaug16/spaug16.htm#THE PHILIPPINES Now I just got hold of an article written two months ago and it shows our jeepney public and private transportation system with very interesting pictures of the jeepneys and its relevance to the clean air system and clean fuel initiatives which our country needs to maintain. See the article following my introductory remark, entitled (President) Duterte Has Iconic Jeepneys in His Crosshair in https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-04-11/iconic-relics-of-world-war-ii-stand-in-duterte-path-to-clean-ai For more very interesting jeepney pictures, see https://www.google.com/search?q=Philippine+jeepneys&rlz=1C1CHZL_enUS706US706&espv=2&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source =univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrqdLTjKDTAhWm7YMKHX8cDVUQsAQIGw&biw=1093&bih=541 The clean air system and the clean fuel initiatives are the goals of all the countries in the world especially those who are reportedly very polluted. See http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1202168 for the 10 cleanest countries the world and https://www.thetoptens.com/dirtiest-countries/ for the ten opposite countries |
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Smoke-belching jeepneys are as iconic to Manila as the cable cars of San Francisco, the gondolas on Venice’s canals and the black cabs in London. The most popular public transport in the Philippines is now being targeted for the scrap heap as President Rodrigo Duterte tries to modernize the nation and clean up its
air. It’s a threat Hilario Osmeña vows to fight even though his beloved jeepney -- modeled around U.S. military jeeps left over from World War II -- is peeling green and yellow paint to reveal its rusting hulk. A headlamp is kept in place by makeshift wire while worn seats sag from having ferried passengers around the presidential palace in Manila for 17 years. |
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Jeepneys wait for passengers in Manila. |
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For Osmeña, 54, it’s the source of 600-700 pesos ($12-$14) in daily wages that help treat his cancer-stricken father, who used savings and retirement pay after years of government service to buy the automobile in 2000. But the Philippine government wants to replace scores of aging jeepneys with environment-friendly electric vehicles that cost over 1 million pesos each. Drivers say they can’t afford the switch, and staged a nation-wide strike in February, prompting schools to cancel classes and disrupting
commuters. “Jeepney drivers like us will really suffer if the government’s plan pushes through,” said Osmeña. “There are so many people who will lose their jobs, and I don’t think the government will be able to give all of them alternative sources of income.” |
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Dangerous Smog |
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The standoff highlights the challenge the country faces as it tries to cut emissions 70 percent by 2030 as part of a global push to move away from fossil fuels. It’s trying to balance the need to protect the environment against the cost to the public, which views the jeepneys through nostalgia-tinged lenses as an enduring symbol. In Asia’s emerging economies, with limited government funds and lower incomes, analysts say progress from raising electric vehicle use to cutting fuel emissions could take a decade. Other countries are also grappling with problems. Mongolia’s contracting economic growth and a widening budget gap have left authorities few resources to fight dangerous smog that’s sparked citizen protests. While India is moving to the forefront of a global effort to use more of cleaner natural gas in vehicles, low domestic output and weak infrastructure are hurdles. In Beijing, a bout of noxious smog in December prompted officials to issue 2016’s first red alert and order 1,200 factories to close or cut output.
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A police truck carries stranded passengers as jeepney drivers strike in Manila in Feb. 2017. |
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“There are certainly many challenges involved in implementing clean air or clean fuel initiatives in emerging markets,” said Victor Shum, vice president at IHS Energy. “If the clean air solution involves people paying more, it’s difficult. I’m not surprised the jeepney drivers are protesting -- to get them to invest in electric vehicles is going to be a challenge unless the government subsidizes.” As part of a broader plan to upgrade the public transportation system, President Duterte’s administration is seeking the modernization of jeepneys, an initiative that has been mooted in prior years. While details including funding are yet to be finalized, the transport ministry is working to come up with measures to help drivers, including a “very generous” credit facility for the nation’s 230,000 jeepney drivers, said Martin
Delgra, chairman of the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board leading the jeepney program. A “big chunk” of proposed excise taxes on fuel and cars will go to the scheme, he
said. |
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Electric tricycles ferry
passengers in Manila. |
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While the Philippines’ air quality isn’t as bad as China, the world’s biggest emitter, it is still below World Health Organization standards, according to Kaye Patdu, head of programs at Clean Air Asia, a non-profit group that advises governments and cities in the region. Southeast Asian countries are ranked among the most polluted in the world on Verisk Maplecroft’s Air Quality Index, which assesses the atmospheric concentration of particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers, known as PM 2.5. Nations including Thailand, Laos and Vietnam are classified as extreme risk, with the Philippines and Singapore medium risk. The Philippines last year upgraded its fuel standard to Euro IV diesel, a grade containing four times more sulfur than China’s benchmark fuel, while Indonesia plans to apply Euro IV for motor vehicles in 2018. With jeepneys continuing to be the cheapest mode of transportation even after more than half a century on the roads, they may be around a while longer, according to Den Syahril, an analyst at consultancy FGE. “People in the Philippines have been very used to driving jeepneys, and for them to just move to electric all of a sudden is definitely not going to happen,” said Den. “Who’s going to pay for the cost of the electric vehicles? Governments in this region have a lot of other priorities, I don’t think they will set aside a big budget for emission reduction.” |
Our national hero, Dr. José P. Rizal, called our country as Perla del Mar de Orient, mentioned in the poem he wrote entitled: "Mi Último Adiós" on December 30, 1898, during the eve of his death. See http://paamano.blogspot.com/2012/07/mi-ultimo-adios-by-jose-rizal-spanish.html.
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| Last month a reprinted very nice article about the Philippines, my country, with my introduction is on the Somos Primos Magazine. I would like to follow this up with another article recently written. Those who like to travel especially if they want to see other places in the world, especially the natural beauties and wonders, are encouraged to see my country. My country is located in Southeast Asia on the Pacific Ocean. The places pictured in this article are not the only nice and interesting places to see in the Philippines. There are other places too and other nice articles are written about my country. Our national hero, Dr. José P. Rizal, called our country as Perla del Mar de Orient, mentioned in the poem he wrote entitled "Mi Último Adiós" on December 30, 1898, during the eve of his death. See http://paamano.blogspot.com/2012/07/mi-ultimo-adios-by-jose-rizal-spanish.html . Dr. José P Rizal was condemned to die by firing squad on the last day of the year 1898 by the Spanish authorities because of his nationalism especially after he wrote the two books in Spanish entitled Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. The Philippines was able to gain its independence against Spain following the death of our national hero. The independence, however, was short lived as the American forces took the independence away from our country during the Filipino-American war that started towards the end of the 19th century
About Explore Blog GuideLoginJoin24 Amazing Places To Visit In The Philippines In 2017Locations / January 12, 2017
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2
Camiguin 3
Coron, Palawan 12
Siquijor 17
Langun Gobingob Caves in Samar 19
Mayon Volcano, Albay
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Un Pueblito en España con más
Librerias que Bares!
Por Ger Centurion
Rodrigo Borja - Alejandro VI El Concilio Cadavérico Os presento la Serie española de 10 capítulos "Pedro El Cruel " |
¡UN
PUEBLITO EN ESPAÑA CON MÁS LIBRERÍAS QUE BARES!
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Los libros son para usarlos ! |
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Si tenés pensado viajar a España, querés salirte de las ciudades híper turísticas y sos un amante de la
literatura, no podes dejar de visitar este pueblito medieval. Llegar a Urueña no va a ser solo conocer sus murallas, su castillo y sus hermosas iglesias. Tampoco disfrutar de alguna cerveza en sus bares disfrutando de un gran atardecer. Ureña es el lugar ideal para todos aquellos viajeros locos por la literatura, el arte y los hermosos rincones del mundo. ¿Dónde queda? A tan solo cincuenta y cinco kilómetros al noreste de Valladolid las murallas, que más arriba mencionamos, protegen al único pueblo de España que tiene la categoría de Villa del Libro. Son menos de doscientos habitantes en toda el pueblo, pero son los suficientes y lo suficientemente buenos, para hacer funcionar sus cinco museos y once librerías. |
Otras cosas para ver y disfrutar Como te decía antes, Ureña es un lugar ideal para el viajero amante de la cultura y el arte. Hay un Museo del Cuento (con una increíble colección internacional de libros desplegables), un Museo de la Música donde vas a poder descubrir instrumentos como el tar de Uzbekistán, el chonguri de Georgia o el dutar de Albania, entre otros tantos, o conocer un poco más de la historia del libro en el Centro e-LEA Miguel Delibes. Otras Villas del Libro en el mundo Recién en 2007 Ureña recibió, gracias al apoyo del gobierno de Valladolid, la tan apreciada categoría de Villa del Libro. Pueblos como Wigtown, en Reino Unido, Tuedrestand, en Noruega o Fontenoy-la-Joûte en Francia, tienen la misma categoría. Por lo que si te interesó esta nota, también los podes agregar a la lista de tus próximos destinos o simplemente armar una ruta de Villas del Libro. |
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https://intriper.com/un- Enviado por campce@gmail.com
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RODRIGO BORJA - Alejandro VI |
| Rodrigo de Borja (Roderic de
Borja) Nació en Xátiva el 1 de enero de 1431, era hijo de Jofré de Borja Escrivá y de Isabel de
Borja, hermana de Alfonso de Borja (Calixto III), por lo tanto era sobrino del Papa Calixto III. Fue bautizado en la iglesia de San Pedro de
Xátiva. En 1437 al morir su padre, su madre decide trasladarse con sus hijos a Valencia, donde su hermano Alfonso era
obispo, residen en el Palacio Episcopal. En 1444 Alfonso de Borja fija su residencia en Roma, y al ser nombrado
cardenal, llama a sus sobrinos Rodrigo y Pedro Luis para que completen sus
estudios. Gracias a su tío van recibiendo una serie de nombramientos, Rodrigo obtuvo en 1447 una canonjía de la Catedral de Valencia y en 1449 había sido nombrado sacristán de la Catedral. El 30 de Octubre de 1451, ya en Roma, es ordenado sacerdote por su tío, siendo nombrado en 1455, cardenal y además cardenal diácono de San Nicola in Carcera en 1456, cardenal diácono de Santa María en Vía Lata en 1458, obispo de Valencia, entre 1458 y 1492 y vicecanciller en 1458, nombrado por su tío el Papa Calixto III. Después de la muerte de Calixto III se sucedieron en el trono de Pedro cuatro Papas, Pío II, Paulo II, Sixto IV e Inocencio VIII, todos ellos mantuvieron a Rodrigo en el cargo de vicecanciller, lo que nos permite afirmar que su permanencia en tan largo periodo de tiempo es producto de su propia valía. En 1463 durante el papado de Pío II, es nombrado cardenal protodiácono, máximo cargo que un cardenal puede ostentar en la Santa Sede. En 1466 durante el papado de Paulo II es nombrado obispo de Urgell y co-príncipe de Andorra, en 1484 es el decano del Colegio cardenalicio. En 1492 durante el papado de Inocencio VIII la diócesis de Valencia es elevada al rango de metropolitana pasando Rodrigo a ser Arzobispo de la diócesis. A la muerte del papa Inocencio VIII es elegido Sumo Pontífice el 11 de agosto de 1492 y se proclama Papa de la Iglesia Católica con el nombre de Alejandro VI. Será el segundo Papa valenciano de la historia y para más "inri" ambos de la misma familia. Rodrigo de Borja fue uno de los hombres más ricos de Roma. Construyó en la ciudad su propio Palacio y fue en parte responsable de la recuperación artística y material de la Ciudad Eterna. Durante su mandato tanto de cardenal como de Papa, llevó una política administrativa muy eficaz e incluso austera. Intervino en los asuntos de política de los distintos Estados italianos de la época, su máxima aspiración era la creación de un Estado fuerte bajo la supremacía de la Santa Sede. También metió sus manos en los asuntos del reino de Nápoles que lo llevaron en ocasiones a enfrentarse con el rey de Francia y en otras a considerarlo como amigo. El Papa Alejandro VI es tal vez el más conocido de la historia por la leyenda negra que le ha acompañado. En un aspecto político, toda su política está dirigida a ampliar el poder de la Santa Sede a costa de sus vecinos, política acompañada por los matrimonios de sus propios hijos y una continúa intervención en los asuntos internos de otros estados. En su época era uno los hombres más poderosos del mundo occidental y por lo tanto uno de los que más enemigos tuvo, dentro y fuera del Vaticano. Además siempre fue considerado extranjero tanto por sus poderosos vecinos e incluso por los propios romanos. Alejandro VI fue uno de los grandes valedores de los Reyes Católicos, estos habían contraído matrimonio ilegal (eran primos segundos) en 1469 con una bula falsa, por lo que el papa Paulo II los excomulgó. El cardenal Borja consiguió que este levantara la excomunión en 1472 y expidiera una bula esta vez verdadera. El 18 de junio de 1472, el cardenal Rodrigo de Borja llegó a Valencia donde fue recibido con todos los honores, entró por la Puerta de Serranos y desde allí se dirigió a la Catedral, permaneciendo un largo periodo de tiempo en Castilla en asuntos relacionados con Isabel y Fernando. Junto a Rodrigo de Borja le acompañan Paolo San Leocadio y Francisco Pagano que bajo el mecenazgo del cardenal que además era obispo de Valencia pintaran sus famosos ángeles músicos para la Capilla Mayor de la Catedral. Con ellos se considera que el arte renacentista de influencia italiana hace su entrada en España. En 1493 expidió las bulas alejandrinas concediendo a España las tierras de América descubiertas y el patronazgo de la Corona sobre ellas. En 1494 se firma entre España y Portugal el Tratado de Tordesillas por el cual se establecen los límites territoriales de las tierras descubiertas y su área de influencia. En 1496 el papa Alejandro VI ratificaba mediante una bula, el titulo concedido a Isabel y Fernando por parte del papa Inocencio VIII por el cual los reyes españoles tenían la facultad de ostentar el titulo de Reyes Católicos, título que hasta la actualidad siguen ostentando los reyes españoles aunque el mismo no sea utilizado. Sin duda fue más un príncipe del Renacimiento que un hombre de Iglesia. Su política le llevó a tener muchos enemigos como consecuencia de lo cual fue objeto de una leyenda negra. Alejandro VI tuvo varios hijos y numerosas amantes, de una de ellas, posiblemente Julia Farnese hermana del futuro Papa Paulo III, Julia y Rodrigo fueron amantes pero más se sabe. Pedro Luis de Borja, posiblemente su hijo favorito, Pere LLuis, casó con María Enríquez de Luna, sobrina de los Reyes Católicos, compró a Fernando el Católico el ducado de Gandía que llegaría a ser uno de los más importantes del Reino de Valencia, además adquirió los terrenos donde hoy día se levanta el Palacio de las Cortes Valencianas, en la actual plaza de San Lorenzo, pretendiendo que fuera el símbolo del poder de la familia Borja, cosa que no consiguió. Pedro Luis, Primer duque de Gandía falleció en Roma en 1488. Una mujer importante en la vida de Alejandro VI fue Vanozza Cattanei su amante oficial, con la que tuvo cuatro hijos, es con la que más tiempo pasó, de esta mujer hubieron tres hijos, el más conocido sea tal vez Joan de Borja, que heredó el ducado de Gandía a la muerte de su hermanastro Pere Lluis de Borja, murió asesinado apareciendo cadáver en el río Tíber. Todas las miradas se centraron como instigador del asesinato en su hermano Cesar Borgia.  ASin duda el hijo mas faoso del Papa Alejandro VI fur Cesar Borgia (Aut Caesar aut nihil: O Cesar o nada). Cesar era la mano derecha de su padre en lo militar y en política exterior. No se sabe si Alejandro VI tuvo conocimiento del asesinato de su hijo Joan por parte de Cesar, pero tampoco hizo nada por acallar los rumores. Nada más voy a decir de Cesar Borgia pues pienso dedicarle un capítulo. El tercer vástago Alejandro VI destacable es Lucrecia Borgia, cuyo nombre nos hace recordar toda la leyenda negra que rodea al Papa y a su familia. Tampoco en este caso voy a decir nada más sobre Lucrecia Borgia, dedicándole un capítulo aparte. A lo largo de su vida, Alejandro VI engendró un total de diez descendientes entre hijos e hijas: Pedro Luis, nacido en 1462 del que ya hemos hablado; Girolama, nacida en 1469 de madre desconocida; Isabel, nacida en 1470 de madre desconocida. César de sus relaciones con Vanozza de Catanei; Juan, nacido en 1476 también de Vanozza, que llegó a ser segundo duque de Gandía; la famosa Lucrecia, nacida en 1480 de Vanozza, duquesa de Ferrara; Jofré, nacido en 1482 de Vanozza, príncipe de Squillace. Laura, nacida en 1492 de Giulia Farnese. Giovanni, nacido en 1498 de madre desconocida; duque de Nepi y Camerino. Rodrigo, nacido en 1503 de madre desconocida, quien llegó a ser abad de Cicciano di Nola. Uno de los episodios en los que destaca el talante del papa Alejandro VI, es lo ocurrido con Girolamo Savonarola, monje dominico florentino que, llevado por una exaltación enfermiza, criticaba un día sí y otro también la política depravada de la Iglesia Católica y Alejandro VI en particular. Cansado de estos ataques. el Papa excomulgó a Savonarola en 1497 sin que este hiciera caso alguno. ¡Pues sí! debió decir Alejandro VI a la vista de los hechos, y ni corto ni perezoso invadió Florencia y detuvo a Savonarola, que sería ejecutado en 1498 en la hoguera por no retractarse de sus ideas. Durante su papado Miguel Ángel Buanorroti esculpiría la famosa Piedad que podemos ver en la Basílica de San Pedro del Vaticano. Rodrigo de Borja no dudó en usar de todos los medios para su propio beneficio, fue un gran amante de las artes, construyó grandes palacios en Roma, algunos de ellos evidentemente para engrandecimiento propio, pero siempre con los ojos puestos en la belleza como buen príncipe del Renacimiento. Reconstruyó el Castillo de Sant Ángelo y la Basílica de Santa María La Mayor cuya techumbre de madera está llena de escudos con las armas de Rodrigo, el famoso buey o toro símbolo borgiano por excelencia. En la corte de Alejandro VI se hablaba habitualmente el italiano, pero el Papa y sus hijos y todos sus allegados hablaban y se comunicaban por escrito entre sí en valenciano, la única excepción fue Lucrecia Borja que al haber sido educada en el Palacio Orsini fuera de la Corte Papal no lo hablaba. |
| A Alejandro VI le cabe el honor de haber expedido el 23 de enero de 1501, la
bula "Inter ceteras felicitates" por la cual se creaba
el "Estudi General" en Valencia, o lo que es lo mismo la Universidad Valenciana que sigue gozando de buena
salud. Al año siguiente el rey Fernando el Católico confirmará mediante un privilegio la fundación
del "Estudi General" valentino. Puede resultar extraño que hombres de iglesia y además Papas, tuvieran un comportamiento tan poco ejemplarizante, en el contexto de la época, el que un hombre de iglesia tuviera amantes e hijos no era nada extraño, en el caso de Alejandro VI tal vez pecara por exceso pero hubiera sido perdonable si no hubiera dado lugar al nacimiento, años después, de la reforma protestante que encabezaría Martín Lutero clamando por una reforma de la iglesia, Savonarola fue el preludio de lo que se avecinaba para la Iglesia Católica. Así pues, como hombre mundano representa al típico príncipe renacentista, pero como hombre de iglesia dejó mucho que desear, ya que antepuso sus propios intereses a las necesidades de la Iglesia. Tal vez toda su política iba a encaminada al engrandecimiento de su linaje, tanto particular como del resto de su familia lo que le llevó al igual que su tío unos años antes al nepotismo más absoluto. La muerte del Papa se produjo en extrañas circunstancias no aclaradas. La más extendida es que fue envenenado, pero nos acercaremos más a la realidad si decimos que murió de muerte natural, tal vez de malaria o de alguna enfermedad de tipo infeccioso de las que eran habituales en la Roma de la época. Se da la circunstancia que el calor del verano no aconsejaba tener al muerto mucho tiempo sin enterrar, la enfermedad y la gordura del difunto llevó a una rápida descomposición del cuerpo, que según crónicas de la época emitía un fuerte olor nauseabundo, por lo que fue enterrado deprisa y corriendo. Rodrigo de Borja falleció en Roma el 18 de agosto de 1503 (72 años). Sus restos reposan en la Iglesia de Santa María de Montserrat de los Españoles en Roma junto con los de su tío Calixto III. http://cosasdehistoriayarte.blogspot.mx/2017/03/los-borja-alejandro-vi.html?spref=fb Una versión de la historia de este personaje Enviado por Dr. C. Campos y Escalante campce@gmail.com La lectura cura la peor de las enfermedades humanas, "la ignorancia". |
EL CONCILIO CADAVÉRICO |
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El Concilio Cadavérico, cuadro de Jean Paul Laurens |
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Una
institución como la Iglesia Católica, con más
de dos mil años de historia, ha pasado por
todo tipo de situaciones. Algunas de ellas han
sido sublimes, y otras no tanto. Incluso en
alguna ocasión ha protagonizado episodios
bochornosos que aún hoy en día avergüenzan
a sus miembros, como la condena a Galileo por
la Inquisición romana, la criminal caza de
brujas durante la Edad Media o la venta
indiscriminada de bulas e indulgencias. Pero
sin duda alguna, uno de los episodios más
vergonzosos fue el llamado “Concilio
Cadavérico”, en el que se produjo un
simulacro de juicio contra el cadáver de un
Papa.
La
historia lo tiene todo, desde luchas por el
poder dentro de la Iglesia y por el trono
imperial, hasta supuestos milagros. Y como
toda historia poco reconfortante, ha intentado
ser acallada por los sucesores de quienes la
llevaron a cabo. Sin embargo, y para nuestra
suerte, el episodio es tan estrambótico que
su recuerdo sigue vivo. Y lo más estrambótico
de todo es que se repitió una segunda vez
pocos años después y contra el mismo cadáver.
Tal y como se dice en todos los espectáculos
circenses (y este episodio tiene mucho de eso),
pasen y vean.
La
lucha por el poder
Cuando
Carlomagno derrotó a los lombardos en el año
774 y se anexionó el norte de Italia, poco
podía imaginar que este territorio traería
de cabeza a sus descendientes durante mucho
tiempo. En efecto, el dominio imperial sólo
podía ejercerse de forma efectiva si había
tropas sobre el terreno, bien fueran
propiamente francas o bien de algún aliado
italiano, lo que hacía que otras partes del
territorio quedaran descuidadas frente a
enemigos externos y (sobre todo) querellas
internas entre los distintos pretendientes al
trono imperial. Así sucedió durante las
guerras civiles que enfrentaron a los hijos
del emperador Ludovico Pío, y que finalmente
se solucionaron en el Tratado de Verdún del año
843.
La
situación se agravó en el año 888, a la
muerte del emperador Carlos III. Los reinos
que conformaban su territorio se separaron,
quedando el reino de Italia desgajado del
resto. Sin embargo, el título de emperador
seguiría vinculado al de Rey de Italia.
Berengario de Friuli fue elegido Rey, tratando
de liberar al imperio de su conexión con el
papado (de hecho, fue el primer emperador en
no ser coronado por el Papa) y de conseguir un
poder regio fuerte. Sin embargo, ante él se
alzó la figura de Guido III de Spoleto, que
después de haber intentado infructuosamente
ser coronado rey en Francia Occidental y Borgoña,
volvió sus ojos a Italia. La mayor baza de
Guido era que se proclamaba defensor del
papado frente a las pretensiones de Berengario
de desvincularse de él.
Naturalmente,
las cosas no estaban mucho mejor en la Ciudad
del Vaticano. Distintas facciones se
disputaban el trono de San Pedro, cada una de
ellas asociadas al apoyo de un pretendiente u
otro al trono imperial. Los apoyos cruzados
entre las partes conformaban una auténtica
jaula de grillos en la que era difícil salir
indemne. Baste decir que en esa época se
sucedieron 11 Papas en el transcurso de 10 años,
lo que nos da una idea de la alta mortalidad
que afectaba a los que durante un momento u
otro se atrevieron a calzar las sandalias del
pescador. A este periodo se le conoce como “el
Siglo de hierro del papado”. Además, el
clero se veía a sí mismo como los herederos
del Imperio Romano, mencionando incluso un
documento de Constantino I donde, según ellos,
les cedía todos sus territorios a la Iglesia.
Así pues, la situación no podía ser más
liosa.
Es
en este marco de intrigas, conspiraciones y
continuas luchas de poder entre las distintas
facciones donde se produjeron los hechos que
narro a continuación.
La
elección de Formoso
Formoso
había nacido en Roma en el año 816, y había
sido nombrado Obispo de Portus en el año 864.
Era uno de los más firmes defensores de la
facción germánica dentro de la curia, frente
a la facción francesa que encabezaba el por
entonces Papa Juan VIII. Esto le valió ser
excomulgado y perseguido en una ocasión en el
año 877. Pero a la muerte de su rival la
excomunión fue levantada y Formoso fue
restituido a su sede de Portus por el nuevo
Papa Marino I en el año 883. Tenía fama de
ser buen diplomático, habiendo conseguido la
conversión del rey búlgaro Boris y de sus súbditos.
Su fama de hombre recto le valió ser elegido
Papa el 19 de septiembre del año 891, a la
muerte de Esteban V. Su nombramiento generó
algunas controversias, pues el Derecho Canónico
de entonces prohibía expresamente el traslado
de obispos de una sede a otra, supongo que
para favorecer la elección del obispo de
alguna de las diócesis romanas.
Mientras
tanto, las tropas del Duque de Spoleto Guido
III habían derrotado a Berengario, con lo que
se convertía nominalmente en Rey de Italia y
emperador. El antecesor de Formoso, Esteban V,
lo había coronado como tal poco antes de
morir.
Guido
III de Spoleto murió en el año 894, sucediéndole
su hijo Lamberto tal y como estaba previsto.
Sin embargo, las negociaciones de Formoso y
Arnulfo llegaron a buen puerto y éste se
presentó en Italia con su ejército a
principios del año 896. Sin apenas oposición,
llegó hasta Roma, tomándola sin que las
tropas de Spoleto opusieran gran resistencia,
pues se habían retirado al sur de Italia para
intentar contraatacar. Arnulfo liberó al Papa
Formoso, que había sido encerrado en el
castillo de Sant’Angelo, y fue coronado
emperador por éste. El nuevo monarca se quedó
sólo 15 días en Roma, partiendo hacia el sur
para entablar batalla con Lamberto. Sin
embargo, una repentina parálisis le obligó a
regresar, y enfermo, decidió volver a Baviera.
El
“Concilio Cadavérico”
El
nuevo Papa, obsequioso hasta la extenuación
con los Spoleto, preparó un escarmiento
ejemplar contra el ya cadáver Formoso: la Damnatio
Memoriae. Esta práctica se venía
ejerciendo desde la antigüedad, y consistía
en borrar de todos los registros los actos de
aquel al que se quería castigar, de forma que
no quedara recuerdo alguno de su paso por el
mundo. Sin embargo, el nuevo Papa fue un paso
más allá, y montó un espectáculo para que
los siglos posteriores no lo olvidaran: preparó
un juicio sumarísimo contra el cadáver de su
predecesor, juicio que pasó a la historia
como el “Sínodo del Terror” y
también como el “Concilio Cadavérico”.
La
principal acusación era que había aceptado
el nombramiento papal a sabiendas de que no
podía, pues era obispo de Porto y, como ya
hemos dicho, el traslado de una sede a otra
estaba prohibido.
Pero
no acabó aquí la cosa. Tras la sentencia, el
cadáver de Formoso fue despojado de sus
vestiduras (viéndosele entonces el cilicio
que siempre portaba para mortificar sus carnes,
y que fue lo único que le dejaron), se le
arrancaron los tres dedos de la mano derecha
con los que impartía sus bendiciones, y su
cuerpo arrojado a una fosa común reservada
normalmente a los criminales. Los Spoleto se
dieron por satisfechos y continuaron con sus
guerras por el trono imperial. Dicen que la
vida, al final, pone a cada uno en su sitio;
así que el pobre Lamberto murió en batalla
en el año 898 (otros dicen que por la caída
de un caballo), su vengativa madre ingresó en
un convento donde falleció poco después, y
el infame Papa Esteban VI fue depuesto en el año
897 por un furioso pueblo de Roma, muriendo
estrangulado en su celda. Esto debe ser lo que
los modernos llaman Karma.
Y
aquí viene el milagro del que les hablé al
principio. La leyenda cuenta que lo que
quedaba del maltratado cadáver se enganchó
en las redes de un pescador, que lo sacó de
las aguas y lo escondió. En el año 911,
finalizado el pontificado de Sergio III, lo
que quedaba del cuerpo de Formoso fue
nuevamente rehabilitado y depositado en el
Vaticano, donde sigue a día de hoy. Todos
estos hechos nos han llegado a través de los
escritos de Liutprando de Cremona y de
Fodoardo de Reims, pues se destruyeron todas
las actas del infame juicio como consecuencia
del proceso de rehabilitación emprendido por
Teodoro II. Un detalle final: en 1.464, el
cardenal Pietro Barbo fue elegido Papa, y una
de las primeras cosas que tuvieron que hacer
sus colaboradores fue disuadirle de tomar el
nombre de Formoso II. Finalmente tomó el
nombre de Pablo II; y es que hay nombres que
es mejor no mentar, no sea que al hacerlo
tentemos a la mala suerte.
Este debe ser analizado con la mentalidad de
ese siglo y no la del siglo XX
Enviado por Dr. C. Campos y Escalante
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Os presento la Serie española de 10 capítulos "Pedro El
Cruel " según unos o "Pedro el Bueno" según
otros filmada en 1989:
Published on Jan 16, 2016Serie de diez capítulos, producida y emitida por TVE en Enero de 1989. SINOPSIS: A la muerte de Alfonso XI, su hijo el rey Don Pedro, tiene que hacer frente a las primeras deserciones y sublevaciones de sus hermanos y algunos nobles enemigos.
RTVE tiene unaa excelente
programación histórica!
Enviado por: Dr. C.
Campos y Escalante
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423
New Mosques Open in London, 500 Christian Churches Close by Giulio Meotti |
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423 New Mosques Open in London, 500 Christian Churches Closeby
Giulio Meotti |
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The
Gatestone Institute reports Sunday on the striking rate of closures of
churches in the United Kingdom’s capital city, a trend mirrored
elsewhere in Europe, and the blooming number of mosques that have been
established in their stead. |
The
Hyatt United Church was bought by the Egyptian community to be converted
to a mosque. St Peter’s Church has been converted into the Madina
Mosque. The Brick Lane Mosque was built on a former Methodist church.
Not only buildings are converted, but also people. The number of
converts to Islam has doubled; often they embrace radical Islam, as with
Khalid Masood, the terrorist who struck Westminster.
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http://www.breitbart.com/london/2017/04/02/gatestone-institute-423-new-mosques-500-closed-churches-london/ |
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Islam long oppressed the West: Muslim armies conquered
Persia, the Christian Byzantine Empire, all of North Africa and the
Middle East, Spain, Greece, Hungary, Serbia and the Balkans, virtually
all of Eastern Europe, Greece and southern Spain. The Muslim armies
were a constant threat until the marauding Ottoman troops were finally
turned away at the Gates of Vienna in 1683.
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A decision allowing two Muslim schoolboys to refuse to take part in the tradition of shaking hands with their female teacher has triggered controversy in Switzerland. The two teenage boys were allowed to avoid greeting the teacher with a handshake at the school in Therwil, northern Switzerland, after saying it was against their Muslim faith to touch a woman outside their family. The boys are brothers, aged 14 and 15, and one of them posted material on his Facebook page in support of the Islamic State, also known as ISIS or ISIL, the Basler Zeitung online newspaper reported. The school’s decision has been met with criticism, with a teachers’ union calling it discrimination, the BBC reported. The school has since adjusted its rule to state the two children should not shake hands with men or women. The local mayor, Reto Wolf, said townspeople were also upset. “In our culture and in our way of communication a handshake is normal and sends out respect for the other person, and this has to be brought (home) to the children in school,” he told the BBC. And Switzerland’s justice minister, Simonetta Sommaruga, said handshakes are part of national culture and the school’s decision did not fit her view of integration. Some Muslim organizations supported her. The Swiss Federation of Islamic Organizations said there is no reference in the Quran which justifies refusing to shake a female teacher’s hand, the BBC reported. But the Islamic Central Council of Switzerland argued that handshakes between men and women are not allowed. Muslims make up about five percent of the population of the Alpine country, which banned the building of minarets in a 2009 referendum. Muslim students' handshake refusal irks Swiss A decision allowing two Muslim schoolboys to refuse to take part in the tradition of shaking hands with their female teacher has triggered controversy in Switzerland. http://usat.ly/1RXNMTc Get USA TODAY on your mobile device: http://www.usatoday.com/mobile-apps/ Yomar Cleary Ycleary@charter.net |
Switzerland - May 2016 -What's in a handshake? UPDATE: In Switzerland it has long been customary for students to shake the hands of their teachers at the beginning and end of the school day. It's a sign of solidarity and mutual respect between teacher and pupil, one that is thought to encourage the right classroom atmosphere. Justice Minister Simonetta Sommaruga recently felt compelled to further explain that shaking hands was part of Swiss culture and daily life. And the reason she felt compelled to speak out about the handshake isthat two Muslim brothers, aged 14 and 15, who have lived in Switzerland for several years (and thus are familiar with its mores), in the town of Therwil, near Basel, refused to shake the hands of their teacher, a woman, because, they claimed, this would violate Muslim teachings that contact with the opposite sex is allowed only with family members. At first the school authorities decided to avoid trouble, and initially granted the boys an exemption from having to shake the hand of any female teacher. But an uproar followed, as Mayor Reto Wolf explained to the BBC: "the community was unhappy with the decision taken by the school. In our culture and in our way of communication a handshake is normal and sends out respect for the other person, and this has to be brought home to the children in school." Therwil's Educational Department reversed the school's decision, explaining in a statement on May 25 that the school's exemption was lifted because "the public interest with respect to equality between men and women and the integration of foreigners significantly outweighs the freedom of religion." It added that a teacher has the right to demand a handshake. Furthermore, if the students refused to shake hands again "the sanctions called for by law will be applied," which included a possible fine of up to $5,000 dollars. This uproar in Switzerland, where many people were enraged at the original exemption granted to the Muslim boys, did not end after that exemption was itself overturned by the local Educational Department. The Swiss understood quite clearly that this was more than a little quarrel over handshakes; it was a fight over whether the Swiss would be masters in their own house, or whether they would be forced to yield, by the granting of special treatment, to the Islamic view of the proper relations between the sexes. It is one battle - small but to the Swiss significant - between overweening Muslim immigrants and the indigenous Swiss. Naturally, once the exemption was withdrawn, all hell broke loose among Muslims in Switzerland. The Islamic Central Council of Switzerland, instead of yielding quietly to the Swiss decision to uphold the handshaking custom, criticized the ruling in hysterical terms, claiming that the enforcement of the handshaking is "totalitarian" (!) because its intent is to "forbid religious people from meeting their obligations to God." That, of course, was never the "intent" of the long-standing handshaking custom, which was a nearly-universal custom in Switzerland, and in schools had to do only with encouraging the right classroom atmosphere of mutual respect between instructor and pupil, of which the handshake was one aspect. The Swiss formulation of the problem - weighing competing claims - willbe familiar to Americans versed in Constitutional adjudication. In thiscase "the public interest with respect to equality" of the sexes and the "integration of foreigners" (who are expected to adopt Swiss ways, not force the Swiss to exempt them from some of those ways) were weighed against the "religious obligations to God" of Muslims, and the former interests found to outweigh the latter. What this case shows is that even at the smallest and seemingly inconsequential level, Muslims are challenging the laws and customs of the Infidels among whom they have been allowed to settle [i.e., stealth jihad toward sharia dominance]. Each little victory, or defeat, will determine whether Muslims will truly integrate into a Western society or, instead, refashion that society to meet Muslim requirements. The handshake has been upheld and, what's more, a stiff fine now willbe imposed on those who continue to refuse to shake hands with a female teacher. This is a heartening sign of non-surrender by the Swiss. But the challenges of the Muslims within Europe to the laws and customs of the indigenes have no logical end and will not stop. And the greater the number of Muslims allowed to settle in Europe, the stronger and more frequent their challenges will be. They are attempting not to integrate, but rather to create, for now, a second, parallel society, and eventually, through sheer force of numbers from both migration and by outbreeding the Infidels, to fashion not a parallel society but one society - now dominated by Muslim sharia. The Swiss handshaking dispute has received some, but not enough, press attention. Presumably, it's deemed too inconsequential a matter to bother with. But the Swiss know better. And so should we. There's an old Scottish saying that in one variant reads: "Many alittle makes a mickle." That is, the accumulation of many little things leads to one big thing. That's what's happening in Europe today. This was one victory for the side of sanity. There will need to be a great many more.
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A
stork has flown to the same rooftop in Croatia each year for 14 years to
be reunited with
his crippled partner who cannot migrate after she was shot by a
hunter. The faithful bird, called Klepetan, returns to the village of Slavonski Brod, in east Croatia, after a migration of 8,000 km.
He spends his winters alone in South Africa because his disabled partner, Malena, cannot fly properly.
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Klepetan
keeps a very strict timetable, usually arriving back at the same time on
the same day in March each year. |
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Malena
had been found lying by the side the road by schoolteacher, Stjepan Vokic,
who fixed her wing and kept |
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Each
summer, they raise a pair of chicks, with Klepetan giving the flying
lessons in preparation for the trip south |
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After leading adult chicks south, Klepetan spends his winters alone in South Africa.
But
this year he did not return at the usual time, causing panic among
local media and fans of the stork couple. Finally,
there was huge excitement when stork-watchers saw what they thought
was Klepetan circling over the
nest and then come in to land. But the new arrival turned out to be a different stork that was attempting to woo Malena. She quickly attacked him and drove him off and continued to wait for Klepetan.
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Heart-warming .... Klepetan finally returned, once again, six days late.
This
year, Malena made a rare flight and the couple were reportedly inseparable
for hours. She does have the ability to make very short flights but her wing has not healed well enough for her to make the trip to Africa, or even to properly feed herself
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The oldest recorded living stork is 39. Locals
are hopeful the couple's long relationship will continue for years to
come. |
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One day a teacher asked her students to list the names of the other students in the room
on two sheets of paper, leaving a space between each name. |
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05/01/2017 09:46 AM
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International 423
New Mosques Open in London, 500 Christian Churches Close by Giulio Meotti
05/01/2017 09:46 AM
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