JULY 2017 © Mimi Lozano

 

memory lane, historical photos


 

Photo: 1982: 
86-year-old World War I  
veteran Joseph Ambrose attends a parade for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. 
In his hands, he holds the flag that covered his son's
 casket, who was killed fighting 
in Korea.

 

 

 

JULY 4TH 
AND
|

EVERY DAY,
HONORING OUR NATION 
AND FLAG  


TABLE OF CONTENTS

United States
Spanish Presence in the Americas' Roots
Historic Tidbits
Heritage Projects

Early American  Patriots
Honoring Hispanic Leadership
American Patriots
Education
Religion

Culture
Books and Print Media
Surnames
DNA
Family History

Orange County, CA
Los Angeles County, CA
California 
Pan-Pacific Rim

Northwestern US

Southwestern US
Texas
Middle America
East Coast
Caribbean Region 
African-American
Indigenous
Sephardic
Archaeology
Mexico
Central & South America
Philippines
Spain
Southern Europe
International 
 

Submitters to July 2017

Somos Primos Advisors   
Mimi Lozano, Editor
Mercy Bautista Olvera
Roberto Calderon, Ph,D.
Carlos Campos y Escalante, Ph.D.
Bill Carmena
John Inclan
Galal Kernahan
Juan Marinez
J.V. Martinez, Ph.D
Dorinda Moreno
Rafael Ojeda
Ángel Custodio Rebollo
Tony Santiago
John P. Schmal


Esperanza Anaya
Ruben Alvarez
Dan Arellano 
Daniel Arbino
Monica del Arenal
Clare Barrios-Knox
Eva Booher 
Hon. Edward Butler

Dr. Carlos Campos y Escalante
Rosie Carbo  
Gloria Candelaria 
Walter Centeno Herbeck, Jr.
Angel de Cervantes 
Sylvia N. Contreras
Jack Cowan
Alton Gabbay
Henry Garcia
Eddie Grijalva
Julio Guerrero 
Pat Harriman 

Odell Harwell 
Arnulfo Hernández, Jr.  
Lonnie Horn
Rick Leal
Cate Lineberry
Don Lopez
José Antonio López  
Alfred Lugo 
Juan Marin
Eddie Martinez  

Juan Marinez
David Martinez
Eddie Martinez
Elsa Mendez Pena
Dorinda Moreno
Eddie Morin 
Daniel A. Olivas
Rudy Padilla
David Parra
Michael S. Perez
Laura Pipitone


J. Gilberto Quezada
José G. Ramos 
Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez, Ph.D. 
Placido Salazar
Rolando Salazar
Tom Saenz
Joe Sanchez 
Caitlin Stewart
Dr. Frank Talamantes, Ph.D.
Judge Emilio T. Vargas
Teresa Valcarce
Martha Vallejo McGettigan 
Doug Westfall
Yomar Villarreal Cleary 
Kirk Whisler 
Carlos Yturralde


Letters to the Editor

Oh my goodness I absolutely love your website
I would love to receive news letters or any publication available.  My Great great great grandfather was Colonel Juan n seguin  and another one of my great great great grandpa is Ferris Francisco Hernandez.

sugarciaperez@gmail.com

My name is Laura and I am a Social Studies teacher. I have been researching for good resource material for my class and came across your page http://somosprimos.com/resources.htm

It was complete and very useful so thank you for your helpful resource! I came across another page that I am now also using, https://creditcritics.com/giving-credit-to-your-past/. The page has some great information and I wanted to share it with you in case you were interested in including it alongside your other resources for other teachers to find.  Let me know your thoughts! :)

Thanks again and have a wonderful day! 
Laura Pipitone,
thelaurapipitone@gmai

 

 

Hello Mimi,
I absolutely love all the diversity that you put into the latest issue of Somos Primos. It's apparent how much work you've devoted to it and the smorgasbord of information is superb, good job!

Best,
Linda LaRoche 

 

Hi again. I have attached two articles. Thank you Mimi for your hard work. the work you do is appreciated and really needed. I love to be able to point my friends and family to the monthly publication of Somos Primos. This is a good and efficient way to educate the public.

Rudy Padilla (913) 381-2272.

 

P.O. 490
Midway City, CA 
92655-0490
mimilozano@aol.com
www.SomosPrimos.com 
714-894-8161

 

 

 
Quotes of Thoughts to Consider 
How can you hold a prejudice against another group of people, especially when your child married into and become part of them. I want my grandchildren to envelope all of who they are . . . . Mimi    "I walked in through the back door in order to open the front door for future generations." ~ Judge Emilio T. Vargas
Everybody is a genius.  But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.  Albert Einstein

Very short video - 1995 Bill Clinton speech, about 84 seconds.  Not one word of commentary needs to be added . . except . . . .   it will be a surprise to both the Democrats and the Republicans.
  
 https://www.c-span.org/video/? c4351026/c
Sent by Yomar Villarreal Cleary 

 

 

 

UNITED STATES

Marcelino Serna, April 26, 1896 - Feb 29, 1992, Most Decorated Texas WWI Hero Honored by U.S. House
1966  Martin High School,  National Defense Cadet Corps (Jr. ROTC) Laredo, Texas
Most Common Country of Origin of Legal Immigrants Other Than Mexico (2012) by Ben Blatt
Donald Trump, the first President ever to hold the office without prior military or government service:
       “The Presidency and the Constitution” free online class offered by Hillsdale College
Thirteen Alabama counties drop in food stamp, after work requirement for able-bodied adults were restarted.

The Unlikely U.S. Independence Trio by José Antonio López  
The United States and Mexico: Education and understanding
by: Earl Anthony Wayne & Sergio M. Alcocer
LULAC Supports Establishment of Smithsonian Museum Dedicated to Latino History and Culture in DC
NALIP selects Kate del Castillo, Outstanding Achievement in Television Award
NALIP receives California Arts Council Grant 
I Am Not Your Wetback by Felipe de Ortego y Gasca 

WWII: ‘Rumor Clinics’ Were Set Up to Dispel Morale-Damaging Gossip

M



Marcelino Serna, April 26, 1896 - February 29, 1992
Most Decorated Texas WWI Hero 
is Honored by U.S. House


Rep. Hurd honors the late Marcelino Serna at Fort Bliss with Serna’s daughter, Gloria
July 11, 2016 Press Release

Washington, DC -- Today, the U.S. House of Representatives unanimously approved U.S. Representative Will Hurd’s bill to rename the Tornillo Port of Entry in El Paso County after Army Private Marcelino Serna, a Mexican immigrant who was the most decorated WWI Veteran from Texas. The vote comes after a lengthy community effort led by local elected officials and veterans groups to honor Serna’s legendary heroism and service to our country.

“Private Serna’s exemplary story is more important than ever. Our nation was founded on the blood, sweat, and tears of immigrants; and their contributions will not be ignored or forgotten,” said Hurd. “I hope this serves as a reminder of the countless Mexican-American immigrants who have fought valiantly to keep our nation safe.”


Rep. Hurd honors the late Marcelino Serna at Fort Bliss with Serna’s daughter, Gloria.

“I am the last Serna survivor. I will feel highly honored before I pass to the other world to have this honored after him. Hopefully before I go, I get to see it. If not, hopefully my grandkids can see it,” said Gloria Serna, daughter of Marcelino. “I have gone to other officials a few years back but nothing ever happened. We have had a lot of slammed doors on our faces. You [Rep. Hurd and staff] are the first ones that have that attitude, a positive attitude.”

The bill must now pass in the Senate and be signed into law by the President. To learn more about Marcelino Serna and view support from the community, click here. 

https://hurd.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/most-decorated-texas-wwi-hero-honored-us-house 

 







1966  Martin High School,  National Defense Cadet Corps (Jr. ROTC) Laredo, Texas
 Photo, courtesy of Elsa Mendez Peña and Walter Centeno Herbeck Jr.  

 Strength of America



Most Common Country of Origin of Legal Immigrants Other Than Mexico (2012)

Source: Department of Homeland Security. 
Map by Ben Blatt 

================================== ==Cal=B===============================

Bhutan: Buddhism
Canada: Catholic

China: Buddhism
Cuba:  Catholic
Dominican Republic: Catholic
Ethiopia: Christianity

India: Hinduism   
Iraq:  Islam
Myanmar: multi-religion Buddhism
Philippines: Catholic
Somalia:  Islam
Vietnam: multi-religion Buddhism


Editor Mimi:  
This is an interesting bit of information on the countries where legal immigrants are residing in the United States. 
Since freedoms of speech and religion have become volatile current issues, challenged primarily by Muslim immigrants demanding that their Sharia Law be allowed by the courts to supercedes our constitution.

When I came across this statement in Wikipedia, I became concerned.
Islam is identified as the third largest religion in the United States after Christianity and Judaism. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States . 

I decided to look into the religions of those countries who were identified on the above map and see what other religious groups were among those countries.  Hoping for data which might help explain the continuing social and political problems which are/or seem related to the growing religious Muslim presence.  This is what I found:

A) Northern border
The Five states identified as receiving immigrants from countries whose religion is Islam were: Idaho, Minnesota, Michigan, Maine, and Tennessee.  Four of those states are on our northern border with Canada. 

Going from left to right by the states, it seems as if an Islamic wall is building.  Note the country from which the immigrants are entering and then the religion identified for the country.  The yellow highlighted information was from internet searching.

Washington:
 Immigrants from India. Islam is the second religion listed in India. 

Idaho:
Immigrants are from Iraq.  Islam is the religion of Iraq.

Montana:
Immigrants are from Canada, Islam is now the second identified religion in Canada.  

North Dakota:
Immigrants are from Bhutan. [Read below Vermont and New Hampshire]

Minnesota:  Immigrants from Somalia, main religion is Islam

Wisconsin: 
Immigrants from India, Islam is the second religion in the listing of the nine, after Hindu. 

Michigan:  Immigrants from Iraq, main religion is Islam

New York:
Immigrants from China, Muslim people have a strong presence within China, 616 AD, and have been shaping Chinese culture for thousands of years.  

Vermont and New Hampshire:  Immigrants from Bhutan, most are Buddhist. There have been violent wars between the government and Muslims.  Assamese live in the lower part of  the country are almost 100 % Muslim. 

Maine: 
Immigrants from Somalia, main religion is Islam  


B) East Coast 
Looking at the East Coast we see the immigrants to the east coast is heavily represented by immigrants from India. There are nine recognized religions in India, Islam is the second religion in the listing of the nine. 

C ) Middle America
Immigrants in Middle America were from Bhutan and Myanmar (known as Burma), South Central Asia.  Islam spread into South Central Asia as early as the 8th century.  http://history-world.org/islam7.htm 
Islam From The Beginning To 1300

Islam is the most widely practiced religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, ...

The two states who received immigrants from Ethiopia were South Dakota and Colorado.  in Ethiopia, Islam is the  second-widely practiced religion after Christianity.

D) West Coast 
Immigrants from the Philippines have made Alaska, California, Nevada, New Mexico, and Wyoming their home.
Islam is the oldest recorded monotheistic religion in the Philippines. Catholicism through the influence of the Spanish presence soon became and it is recognized as the major religion.  However,  Islam is the second largest religion in the country
www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/99572-map-islam-philippines 

E) Dispersed China presence in Oregon, Utah, New York
Muslim people have a strong presence within China, and have been shaping Chinese culture for thousands of years.
Of the 55 religious groups recognized in China, 10 are Sunni Muslim.  In what it claims is a crackdown on religious extremism, China has banned burqas, veils and “abnormal” beards in a predominantly Muslim province  Another government tactic in attempting to stem the the tide of Muslim radicalisms, is not allowing Chinese children to be given Arabic names.  

It is very apparent to me that even though only four states are identified as receiving immigrants from two countries whose religion is Islam, all the other countries are greatly historically connected and influenced by Islam. 

I suggest that the problems we are experiencing concerning the violence, progressive acts of not allowing diverse opinions on many university campuses is a result of the tenets of countries whose traditions do not include free speech, nor the right to practice the religion of one's choice.  

All religions should be respected evenly.   An individual who chooses not to cross his personal religious convictions to NOT OFFEND another is serving the RIGHTS OF ALL AMERICANS.  Muslims who demand the right to practice Sharia Law, have the freedom to do so, in countries that practice Sharia Law.    

United States of America is the most diverse nation in the world. Immigrants have come for various reasons and with varied success.  It is assumed that coming to the Unites States will result in tremendous adaptation and changes on the part of the immigrant whose religion and traditions still condone and practice behavior abhorrent in the United States.  It is the responsibility of the immigrant to make needed changes in becoming part of our great nation.

The strength of our nation is based on the solid foundation of our constitution.  Any act to weaken our constitution is an act to weaken our country.  We must stand firm that the law of the land, is the United States Constitution.  

Some afterthoughts: 

Data gathered during the two prior administrations indicated that over-stayed legal immigrants made up 50% of illegal immigrants.   I would think of special interest would be the home counties and the religions of those who were previously "legal" immigrants, but who have overstayed their VISA, and are therefore no longer legal.  Who are they?

Since those entering with a VISA (student, tourist, etc) have a name and identify, it seems that information of who they are and where they are living would be important, especially since most terrorist activities in the United States have been by Muslim, here in this country legally.  

    ~ Mimi

For more on this topic, click to: Soft Sharia in Turkey
and watch the Youtube below sent by Oscar Ramirez.  Comments are by Brigitte Gabriel who has been warning the United States that Islam's avowed intention of destroying Israel (little Satan) and the United States (big Satan) are real. 

 





Donald Trump, is the first United States President ever to hold the office
without prior military or government service experience.

Obama did not serve in the military, served as an Illinois State Senator and as a  
an Illinois US Senator, each for one term. He authored one bill. 



Dear Fellow American,

As the first President ever to hold the office without prior military or government service, Donald Trump’s presidency is already unorthodox. He promised to “drain the swamp,” which reflects a desire to rid Washington of the corruption, cronyism, dishonesty, and lack of accountability that has become entrenched there. 

But, what should a Trump presidency look like? What is the proper, constitutional role of the Office of the Presidency?

We have a front row seat to one of the most unusual presidencies in our nation’s history, and “draining the swamp” will not be easy. But too many Americans still don’t understand the proper, lawful role of the President according to the Constitution. Without more citizens understanding the proper role of the President, and without rebuilding the constitutional forms and structures our Founders established in the Constitution, any progress won’t long endure.

That’s why, to help you deepen your understanding, Hillsdale College is offering their popular online course for free – “The Presidency and the Constitution.” When you sign up for this free online course, the first lesson will be emailed to you immediately, with additional lessons to follow in the coming weeks.

I urge you as an American citizen to take this course and deepen your understanding of the proper role of the President in a constitutional republic.

Activate your free course now>>

Warm Regards,

larryarnn-sig

Larry P. Arnn
President, Hillsdale College
Pursuing Truth—Defending Liberty since 1844

AND ADDING TO YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE CONSTITUTION IS . . . . ANOTHER HILLDALE COLLEGE  OFFER 

Fellow American,

I hope you have enjoyed Hillsdale’s free online course, “Constitution 101: The Meaning & History of the Constitution.” I also hope you found it useful in terms of deepening your understanding of the Constitution and of how it has been undermined over the past century.

Since the course launched in 2012, we’ve been looking for ways to get it into more people’s hands and to make it possible for small groups to take the course and discuss it. So we’re offering “Constitution 101” as a DVD set for your home library or to give as a gift.

The DVD set provides ten lessons that cover the establishment of a limited government under the Constitution, the challenge to the Constitution posed by the Civil War, and the Progressive assault on the Constitution that continues to this day.

Be one of the first to get this edition of “Constitution 101” on DVD. We’ve produced a limited number of sets, so don’t delay!  Reserve your DVD set now using this secure link, while they last:

secure.hillsdale.edu/constitution-101-dvd/ 

Warm Regards, 
larryarnn-sig

Larry P. Arnn
President, Hillsdale College
Pursuing Truth—Defending Liberty since 1844 
Hillsdale College 33 East College Street Hillsdale, MI 49242 USA 
http://paracom.paramountcommunication.com/ct/42925685:WTEiH52ON:m:1:1533610705:724159F8E6F8B9314AE60403D69B0F2D:r



========================================== =============================
Thirteen Alabama counties saw a dramatic drop in food stamp participation after work requirement for able-bodied adults were restarted.  

Thirteen Alabama counties saw a dramatic drop in food stamp participation after work requirement for able-bodied adults were restarted.  

BY LEADA GORE  
lgore@al.com
 

 


Thirteen previously exempted Alabama counties saw an 85 percent drop in food stamp participation after work requirements were put in place on Jan. 1, according to the Alabama Department of Human Resources.  

The counties - Greene, Hale, Perry, Dallas, Lowndes, Wilcox, Monroe, Conecuh, Clarke, Washington, Choctaw, Sumter and Barbour - had been exempt from a change that limited able-bodied adults without dependents to three months of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits within a three-year time frame unless they were working or participating in an approved training program.  
================================== ==================================

During the economic downturn of 2011-2013, several states - including Alabama - waived the SNAP work requirements in response to high unemployment. It was reinstituted for 54 counties on Jan. 1, 2016 and for the remaining 13 on Jan. 1, 2017. As of April 2017, the highest jobless rate among the 13 previously excluded counties was in Wilcox County, which reported a state-high unemployment rate of 11.7 percent, down more than 11 percentage points from the county's jobless rate for the same month of 2011.

Ending the exemption has dramatically cut the number of SNAP recipients in the counties.

As of Jan. 1, 2017, there were 13,663 able-bodied adults without dependents receiving food stamps statewide. That number dropped to 7,483 by May 1, 2017. Among the 13 counties, there were 5,538 adults ages 18-50 without dependents receiving food stamps as of Jan. 1, 2017. That number dropped to 831 - a decline of about 85 percent - by May 1, 2017.  

"Based on the trend, the number of (able-bodied adults without dependents) recipients for SNAP benefits is expected to continue to decline statewide and in the formerly 13 exempted counties," according to Alabama DHR spokesperson John Hardy.

Statewide, the number of able-bodied adults receiving food stamps has fallen by almost 35,000 people since Jan. 1, 2016. Each recipient receives about $126 a month in benefits.

Nationwide, there are about 44 million people receiving SNAP benefits at a cost of about $71 billion. The Trump administration has vowed to cut the food stamp rolls over the next decade, including ensuring that able-bodied adults recipients are working.

 REAL-TIME NEWS FROM AL.COM
Posted on June 5, 2017

Sent by Oscar Ramirez   osramirez@sbcglobal.net 

http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2017/06/13_alabama_counties_had_85_per.html 

 



JULY 4TH . . .   

                     

                                                                                                                         (File photo: RGG/Steve Taylor)  

 


López:  The Unlikely U.S. Independence Trio

By José Antonio López

May 28, 2017

 


Remembering, 
soldiers named José, Juan, and Manuel also fought for U.S. independence.  At the same time, their civilian families in New Spain (Mexico) contributed financial support to the U.S. war effort.  Their descendants today living in Mexico & the U.S., must feel honored to know that our ancestors helped create the young U.S. nation, years before many of today’s U.S. citizens’ European families reached Ellis Island as immigrants

Indeed, it’s time to view Memorial Day & July 4th Independence Day celebrations in this new light. Read more in the article below.  


On December 16, 2014, the United States Congress finally recognized Spanish General Bernardo de Gálvez for his heroic service to our nation during the U.S. War of Independence (1775-1783).

With appropriate pomp and circumstance General Gálvez belatedly received honorary U.S. citizenship on that special day. Truthfully, it’s a most worthy homage because only eight other foreign individuals have been so privileged.

The rationale for the honor may surprise many in the U.S. general public. It rests on the fact that his singularly distinctive bravery helped herald the sound of liberty throughout the young U.S.  

Clearly, with July 4th Independence Day ceremonies fast approaching, I invite readers to reflect on this iconic date’s lesser known aspects. Most fittingly, they help to remind us that our Spanish Mexican ancestors gave substantial blood and treasure during the U.S. independence war.

To be sure, it’s not that we’ve learned the wrong U.S. history. No, it’s just that we’ve been taught an incomplete perspective, where historians typically reject Spain’s (and New Spain’s) essential support.  

Truly, in spite of the recent tribute, General Gálvez’ crucial role in gaining U.S. independence from England is not yet fully understood, recognized, or taught in mainstream U.S. history books. In short, without Spain’s alliance, there’s no doubt freedom for the U.S. colonies would have at best been hindered for years.  

Most certainly, the early days of the struggle were unclear, with factions embracing one of two main camps; those supporting the status quo under England or those wanting change. Still, among the various military principals leading the independence cause, the coordinated efforts of an unlikely threesome were extraordinary: Spanish General Bernardo de Gálvez, George Rogers Clark, and most importantly, the revolution’s commander-in-chief, General George Washington.

Essentially, their energy covered the colonies with a triangular-shaped blanket, with Gen. Gálvez operating in the south, George Rogers Clark in the west, and Gen. Washington to the east. Please note that two of those war fronts (south and west) were under Spain’s jurisdiction.  

Consequently, the superb three-prong attack discouraged, delayed, and eventually defeated the English forces in America. (For brevity’s sake, the following summary is limited to military operations only.)  

By the time the U.S. fight against England began, Spanish King Charles III had ordered General Gálvez to remove the British presence in the Gulf of Mexico. As proven shortly after by the king’s rewards and bestowing the motto “Yo Solo” (I Alone) to be included in Gen. Gálvez’ coat of arms, the general didn’t disappoint his king.  

As Spain’s Governor of Louisiana, he oversaw the Gulf of Mexico land mass from the Texas-Louisiana border to Florida. Plus, through capable Spanish officers, he controlled access to the entire Mississippi River. Thus, General Gálvez had ample resources at his disposal, consisting of an impressive force of Spanish officers and men ready, willing, and able to defeat England. In carrying out his orders, he operated his war strategy in two phases.  

Phase 1. His brilliant military strategy expelled the British from the Gulf of Mexico. In his book, “The Hispanic Presence in North America”, Author Carlos M. Fernández-Shaw cites Historian Buchanan Parker Thomson to describe Gen. Gálvez’ impact: “… this young Spaniard had given the most vital aid contributed by any one man to the struggling American colonies. In winning this triumphant victory …, he had not only served his king to the limit of his strength but had made to the United States the most important gift an ally could offer: the security of their southeastern and western frontiers.”  

Phase 2. Personally, leading battles in the Gulf of Mexico area, he entrusted Don Fernando de Leyba, Upper Louisiana Governor, and his staff to work with and assist the U.S. colonists in Missouri. It’s in this theater of operations where we meet the second member of the trio.

George Rogers Clark was from all indications highly admired among his contemporaries, such as Daniel Boone. Aided by substantial Spanish financing, Rogers Clark led his army in Missouri and helped end the British threat in the region. Had the British been allowed access to the river, they would have outflanked General Washington’s army from the west. For his courageous efforts during these military engagements, he was nicknamed “Conqueror of the Old Northwest”.  

Yet, even though he was promoted by President Jefferson to general, Rogers Clark’s early military feats were forgotten after the revolution. He was heavily criticized by political enemies, and his life spiraled downward from one controversy to another. That may be why today he is not warmly embraced by mainstream U.S. historians.  

As for the third member of the heroic triangle, General George Washington has truly earned the distinction of “Father of the country”. He deserves the credit for successfully binding all the elements of war against England. His is an impressive military résumé beginning in 1776 with leading several battles, among them, Boston, New York City, and Trenton.  

Valley Forge, just outside of Philadelphia, deserves special mention. It was here where the Continental Army camped for the 1777-78 winter. The men suffered greatly due to winter’s bitter cold, disease; resulting in the death of thousands of patriots. Yet, they endured and finally achieved victory over the British at the Battle of Yorktown, Virginia, ending in October 1781.  

Indeed, there is much that mainstream historians choose to ignore in rendering U.S. history, such as the specific aid to the U.S. by civilian Spanish subjects who lived faraway in New Spain (Mexico). Their help was crucial in the financing and equipping of the Continental Army.  

President George Washington never forgot it. He often mentioned his deepest gratitude to Spain through his ample correspondence and personal contact with Diego de Gardoqui, Spain’s chief minister, General Gálvez, and other high-ranking Spanish government officials.  

It was no accident that General Washington placed General Gálvez on his right as they stood in review of the troops during the first July 4th parade in Washington, DC. He meant to (1) show his personal gratitude to his brother in arms, and (2) officially recognize Spain for its vital financial and war materiel support.  

Finally, Spanish-surnamed U.S. citizens must learn to value the fact that the U.S. independence equation has a distinctive Spanish component. In particular, they must find comfort knowing that General Gálvez’ army included recruits from New Spain (Mexico).  

That’s why, regardless of negative U.S. media coverage, Spanish Mexican-descent citizens must view July 4th Independence Day celebrations in this new light. Clearly, their ancestors helped create the young U.S. nation, years before many of today’s U.S. citizens’ European immigrant families reached America’s Ellis Island. That’s the bottom line.  

About the Author:  José “Joe” Antonio López was born and raised in Laredo, Texas, and is a USAF Veteran. He now lives in Universal City, Texas. He is the author of four books.  His latest book is “Preserving Early Texas History (Essays of an Eighth-Generation South Texan)”. It is available through Amazon.com.  Lopez is also the founder of the Tejano Learning Center, LLC, and www.tejanosunidos.org, a Web site dedicated to Spanish Mexican people and events in U.S. history that are mostly overlooked in mainstream history books.

////

Look for this Lopez article in the San Antonio Express-News on July 2. 

 

The United States and Mexico: 
Education and understanding

http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=0017NTrSSTTgbFLVgujLfkwus5R90_oNkhwA2kd-dG7feFCc2_oWGIVOmx1utOuqrUEyJejkQw3hYVqnFzmcGiyg8XglVnBFqnLDbXA7jZzpHM_w2YGaZ_3B3WVIcB7CeKdpaWlYN0_1zTtSVeLQFVw5hnQ9F1NG3Us20pV9rAGydWkF5DCyM7gqW0WAjuxWsdXb7wg_ofxksIshKwDdN4DXFQSKZAKo8hGLSZWg7mLW7WvNKqo28OVzA==&c=5vCSNHehjRXGdAKADyJJwi7Emfd-HStTAdnUR0Tmw1kFn-H21PaLhA==&ch=uM-rupHgtGjvqsK2pEuWD-1EPyV4FuSqLg-q3BlTw4AJGHyL4HydfA==

================================== ==================================

Last week, officials from the U.S. and Mexico revitalized their commitment to fight cross-border smuggling of drugs, arms and money. U.S. officials recognized America's demand for drugs as "the magnet" that feeds drug smuggling, and Mexico committed to tackle jointly the elements of the cartels' business model.

While illegal immigration and drugs dominate much of the public discourse around U.S.-Mexico relations, the partnership between these countries is vital and dynamic in many other ways.

The two neighbors trade over U.S. $1 million a minute, employ many millions in good jobs on both sides of the border, have over a million legal border crossings each day and have over 35 million citizens of shared heritage.

We have devoted years of our professional lives (in government, academic and social sectors) to developing and implementing strategies for improving our countries' relationship. As such, we've been taken aback by the sharply critical U.S. rhetoric about Mexico in recent months and the anti-American sentiment that quickly rekindled in Mexico.

Our most recent work, however, shows that educational and research exchanges can bridge the widening divide, while also building workforces that can help the two nations thrive 
in the technological revolutions ahead.

Academic exchanges as long-term bridges

We have seen firsthand the impact of programs on young Mexicans who returned from U.S. stays with pride, enthusiasm and improved English. We've also witnessed how American students interacting with their counterparts in Mexico enhance the appreciation and respect for each others' countries.

Yet, student exchange numbers are not encouraging. Mexico ranks 10th for the number of full-time students studying in the U.S., placing it far behind China and India, and also trailing Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Vietnam, and northern neighbor Canada. The story is worse in the other direction: Only 4,712 U.S. students were studying in Mexico in 2014-15, 12th among destinations for U.S. students.

There are many reasons for the low numbers, but here is the bottom line: Two such interconnected neighbors should be doing better.

================================== ==================================

In 2013, we were a part of launching an initiative aimed at tackling this problem. The Bilateral Forum on Higher Education, Innovation and Research (known by its Spanish acronym, FOBESII) gathers educators, private citizens, companies and officials from universities and government. Their aim is to expand long-term investments in education and research partnerships between the U.S. and Mexico.

In the past four years, FOBESII has fostered more than 115 new agreements between Mexican and U.S. universities.

Mexico's federal government allocated an unprecedented $42.9 million for these programs during 2014-16. More than 100,000 Mexican students - many of them from low income families - came to the U.S. as full-time graduate students, as single-semester researchers or in summer programs designed to improve English proficiency. These experiences changed the way students (and their families) viewed their future potential and, importantly these days, their opinion about the United States was greatly improved.

 

Unfortunately, the U.S. public funds to support these exchanges were more limited than the investments made by Mexico. Private sector sponsors, however, have worked with the U.S. government to develop 32 academic projects with Mexican universities, ranging from engineering, physics, geology and health to environmental sciences.

                   Building things together

While targeting such exchanges provides opportunities to young scholars and promotes cultural understanding, it can also produce better educated workforces.

Mexico and the United States literally and figuratively build things together, with pieces crossing the border many times before a finished product emerges. American parts and products make up, on average, about 40 percent of the value of a finished manufactured product from Mexico. That's much more than the U.S. contributes to other countries' manufacturing and positively impacts U.S. jobs and profits.

The "fourth industrial revolution" is unfolding: digital technologies are leading to faster and more complex advances in practically all facets of life. Both countries are going to need better equipped labor forces to maintain this highly integrated production network and to compete with others in the world.

Read Full Article




June 16, 2017

LULAC Supports the Establishment of Smithsonian Museum Dedicated to Latino History and Culture
Washington, D.C.
– 

Today U.S. Senator John Cornyn (R-TX) introduced legislation titled National Museum of the American Latino Act that would authorize the Smithsonian Institution to create a museum honoring American Latinos. He joins Senator Menendez in the fight to establish a Smithsonian museum dedicated to Latino history and culture.

In response, LULAC National President Roger C. Rocha, Jr. issued the following statement:

“Latinos are the largest ethnic group in the United States and are an indisputable part of American history. We must honor their significant contributions to our country and ensure that future generations have a central place to learn about those contributions. We are proud to support the effort to establish a Smithsonian museum that spotlights Latinos as a significant part of America’s fabric and that celebrates our nation’s rich multiculturalism.”



Kate_award.png

NALIP is excited to present this year’s Outstanding Achievement in Television Award to actress, producer and activist, Kate del Castillo. Del Castillo first captivated American audiences with her award-winning performance in Under the Same Moon. Without skipping a beat, she showcased her brilliant abilities inWeeds, La Reina del Sur, Ingobernable, and various films and hit shows.

Del Castillo continued to mesmerize viewers as 2012 came around. She gave two critically acclaimed performances; first in, Colosio, and the second in K-11. Again in 2015, Castillo wowed audiences with her performance in Director Patricia Riggen’s, The 33, as she appeared alongside Antonio Banderas.

Aside from the industry, Del Castillo is an award winning and recognized activist and humanitarian. She holds the position of Ambassador for the Mexican Commission on Human Rights. Del Cast
illo is also a spokesperson for PETA, and was recently granted the key to the City of Los Angeles. Kate Del Castillo continues to push the envelope on what it means to be a performer, a producer and a philanthropist.

Don’t miss Kate del Castillo as she’s recognized at this year’s awards gala, June 24, 2017. To purchase a 
NALIP Media Awards Gala table, email liliana@nalip.org. 



NALIP RECEIVES CA ARTS COUNCIL GRANT 
POSTED BY NALIP ON
CA_Arts_Council.png 


The California Arts Council has announced grants totaling $15,032,837 to various nonprofit organizations statewide this year. A total of 1,076 grantees will receive state grant funding for their work spanning the Arts Council's 15 unique program categories, benefiting California's students, veterans, arts educators, at-risk youth, formerly incarcerated individuals, underserved populations, and communities at large.

NALIP is honored to receive one of the 33 grants in the Statewide and Regional Networks program of the California Arts Council. The Statewide and Regional Networks (SRN) program is rooted in the California Arts Council’s vision to nurture collaborative service organizations and networks that advance the arts and artists in the state. An arts service organization provides specialized, practical services to working artists, constituent organizations and the cultural community. Collectively, these networks help to activate California Arts Council constituents, the arts community, stakeholders, and the public.

With the support from the California Arts Council, NALIP will be able to fund signature programs and provide a pipeline of Latino content across all media. Statewide artists, and media professionals in California will benefit. This grant will go towards expenses for the Latino Lens Incubators in the: TV, Narrative, Doc/Film, Digital/stream and Tech Arts tracks and toward staff and logistic costs of the Latino Media Market. All participants will be featured via nalip.org. Thank you to the California Arts Council for their support and allowing NALIP to continue advancing Latino content creators across media.





I AM NOT YOUR WETBACK

Inspired by the James Baldwin documentary I am not Your Negro.

By Felipe de Ortego y Gasca  

Philip.Ortego@WNMU.EDU

Scholar in Residence (Cultural Studies, Critical Theory, Public Policy), 
Western New Mexico University; Distinguished Professor Emeritus of English and Comparative Literature, Texas State University System—Sul Ross. 


T
here are times when people have looked at me as if I were their wetback despite being born in Illinois and speaking English with a pronounced mid-western American accent. But these “supra-segmentals” are not visually evident —what is seen is a short, aged, dark-hued man of 90 who looks like a Mexican ergo he must be a Mexican and can therefore be approached as one who can be approached  . . .  as a Mexican. At least that’s how one common scenario plays out.

Not that many years ago when I was on the faculty of the English Department at Sul Ross State University at Alpine, Texas, I was busy one afternoon tidying up my front yard and cutting the grass when a car pulled up to the curb and an attractive middle-aged white woman stepped out of the car and beckoned me with an understandable motion of her hand.  When I reached the car she asked in a peremptory voice how much I charged for yard work. I explained that I wasn’t a paid yard worker but owner of the house busy with taking care of the property. Her face blushed with embarrassment as she sidled back into the driver’s seat and sped off. That wasn’t the only time for that scenario.

Another time when I was recruited by the University of Texas at El Paso as Professor of English and Founding Director of Chicano Studies, I went to the Registrar’s Office to pick up my class rosters to be met by the Registrar who saw me in cords (corduroy), with disheveled hair, a thick beard and mustache. Before I could say a word, in a loud peremptory voice the Registrar motioned that the trash baskets in the offices needed to be emptied.   I explained that I was Professor Ortego and was there to pick up my class rosters. “You’re a professor?” she bellowed, scanning me once more. “Yes,” I said, realizing why she thought I was the janitor. Professor Santiago Rodriguez, a social worker, and I were the two new hires for the academic year 1970-71. Together we doubled the Chicano faculty. It was obvious that while Mexican Americans were everywhere on campus as grounds–keepers, janitors, housekeepers, cafeteria servers, the white hegemonic elite of the university did not see Mexican Americans as faculty because there were so few of them as faculty, if any.

Once when Santiago Rodriguez and I had taken our wives to dinner at the El Paso Club atop the El Paso National Bank Building, Santiago and I were waiting for the ladies near the Maitre D’s stand when a party of diners was leaving. Seeing Santiago and me hovering near the Maitre D’s stand one of the men in the departing group approached us thanking us for such good service, handing me a 20 dollar bill. Stifling a laugh, Santiago and I looked at each other, I thanked the man and pocketed the money which Santiago and I shared later amid gales of  laughter.

However, the most egregious misperception occurred in 1973  when I made the finalist list for the presidency at Texas A&I University in Kingsville, Texas. I was 47 then and Assistant to the President at Metropolitan State University in Denver, Colorado.  Of the 80 candidates, I made it to the finalist list as the number one candidate. Mrs King, wife of the then president of the King Ranch was on the Selection Committee. That notwithstanding, the Board of Regents selected the number 3 candidate instead of following procedural protocol offering me the position as the number 1 candidate, despite strong student support for my candidacy as well as strong popular support in the Valley of South Texas. Had I been given the job, I would have been the first Mexican American to head a state university in Texas. I filed an EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) complaint against the University which was adjudicated in 1983 in my favor. I’ve joked that since the Regents fired the number 3 candidate two years later for incompetency why didn’t they give me the job? I could’ve been as incompetent as he was.

As a child and as a youngster I witnessed numerous instances of racism and discrimination but was unaware of their import. In caravans of cars heading west toward the fields of California we would stop at restaurants along the way. Select adults would go into the restaurants and emerge with armloads of food which we consumed outdoors. As a child I saw these moments as picnics unaware of their genesis and portents. Though placed prominently on the windows of shops and restaurants as a child I never saw their warnings of “NO MEXICANS SERVED.”

Once as an adult when I was a Captain in the Air Force enroute to Dover Air Force Base in Delaware through  Tennessee, I decided to stay overnight in Chatanooga. At the hotel desk I registered and showed the hotel clerk my Air Force ID. He gazed at the foto on the ID card then at me a bit longer than usual, then asked “What are you?” “What do you mean?” I asked. “Are you a Nigra?” he asked. Surprised, I said, “No!” The clerk asked “What kind of name is Ortego?” “Spanish,” I said. “Spanish,” he repeated, then handed me a key to the room. “Been out in the sun a lot,” he said. “Yes,” I replied, picked up my bag and headed for the room.

When I was 16 Snake Garibaldi rounded up a group of us guys from the Pilsen neighborhood and told us he had a girl who would have sex with us for a buck a piece. I was last in the Que. When the girl saw me, she blurted, “Snake, I ain’t fuckin’ no Mexican. “He ain’t Mexican, he’s Eye-talian. Tell ‘er. Phil. “Yeah,” I said. “I’m eye-talion,” the words sticking to my throat. I gave Snake Garibaldi a buck and left. As I was leaving I heard the girl tell Garibaldi, “I told you he was a Mexican, didn’t I.”

Being Mexican hasn’t been easy in the United States especially as progeny of a conquered people:

Mexican Americans have been characterized at both ends of the spectrum of human behavior (sel­dom in the middle) as untrustworthy, villainous, ruth­less, tequila-drinking, and philandering machos or else as courteous , devout, and fatalistic peasants who are to be treated more as pets than as people. More often than not Mexican Americans have been cast either as bandits or as lovable rogues; as hot-blooded, sexually animated creatures or as passive, humble servants. The pejorations and generalizations are to be deplored, and Mexican Americans today are beginning to rise up against the perpetuation of such racial clichés.

      “The Chicano Renaissance” by Felipe de Ortego y Gasca, Social Casework, May 1971

An incident that my sister and I still remember vividly occurred when she was 7. One day her teacher announced that my sister had head lice and was sent home with me accompanying her. With a theatrical flourish her teacher  had my sister’s desk removed from the classroom and burned on the back lot of the school, exclaiming: “Never can tell what vermin these Mexicans carry.”

A little known manifestation . . .influenced by eugenics, evolution, genetics, and social Darwinism occurred in the 1920’s in El Paso, Texas, where Zyklon-B (hydrocyanic acid used later in Hitler’s gas chambers) was used regularly as a vermin-control delousing agent on hundreds of thousands of “dirty, lousy people coming into this country from Mexico.”  

David Dorado Romo, Ringside Seat to a Revolution: An Underground Cultural History

of El Paso and Juarez: 1893-1923, pp 240-243,Cinco Puntos Press, 2005.

Some years later for a class art Project I decided to Paint a rampant horse. I studied horse picture for accuracy, and when I finished turned the painting in to the teacher who tore up the painting, screaming at me that I had not painted the picture. That ended my aspirations as an artist.

While in the Air Force, in 1958 after four years in France I was assigned to Biggs Air Force Base in El Paso, Texas. Settling in my wife and I enrolled the two older boys in the neighborhood school. Shortly thereafter Luis, my second oldest boy, came home with a note requesting a conference with his parents. It seemed that Luis had a language problem. I opted to look into the matter.  Arriving at the school, in uniform as a Captain, The Principal escorted me to Luis’ classroom. Almost immediately after a perfunctory greeting the teacher began in a heavily pronounced Texas accent: “Cap’n Tago, yore chil[d] don’t speak like the rest of us.” Dumbstruck, I restrained from laughing and explaining that my children spoke English the way my wife and I spoke English. That afternoon I explained the situation to my Commanding Officer who arranged Base Housing for me and my family whereupon I enrolled the boys in the Base School.

In my subsequent assignment to Dyess Air Force Base in Abilene, Texas, we (the family) checked into a motel from which I made calls to realtors inquiring about house rentals. One of the Realtors said he had just what I was looking for and he’d be right over. /we were waiting for him by the pool area. With an eager jaunt at first, he slowed down as he got closer to us. Then apologetically he began, all the while surveying us, “Cap’n, seems I don’t have anything for you. I was mistaken.” We knew what that meant as he hurried away. The Base Commander fixed us up with quarters right away.

The incidents cited above are tame compared to the travails and hardships endured by Mexicans cum Mexican Americans of the Conquest Generation of 1848-1912 when wholesale murder and lynchings of Mexicans along the U.S.-Mexico border were as common as lynchings and murder of African Americans in elsewhere. The Mexicans who stayed in their homes in the territory of the Mexican Cession believed The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo would secure their safety and rights as explained by Mexican officials who promoted the territorial invasion of northern Mexico by the United States. The United States did not really want them and treated them as arrimados/ hangers-on, notwithstanding that the American troops were an invading army

What to do with the Mexicans (?) became the national question. There was open talk about  removing them and relocating them the way the Indians had been removed. But the sheer number of the Mexican population vetoed that possibility. The territory of the Mexican Cession was not as void of people as had been bruited. There were major metropolitan areas like San Antonio, El Paso, Santa Fe, the San Luis Valley of Colorado, Tucson, San Diego, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Monterrey, San Francisco, and hundreds of hamlets between those centers dotting the landscape—in all, as many as 3 million Mexicans according to Chicano demographers, far more than the meager 75 thousand indicated by Carey McWiliams in North from Mexico.

The Mexicans of the Mexican Cession face three difficulties: (1) learning a different language, (2) navigating the American political system, and (3) dealing with a foreign education structure. Though challenging, none of these difficulties were insuperable. The real problem would be Anglo attitudes towards Mexicans, a problem still unresolved to this day.

As Mexicans in America (Mexicans and Mexican Americans) we are trapped in history and history is trapped in us as James Baldwin saw history in his Harper’s Magazine article of 1953 “Stranger in the village.” The essay is an account of Baldwin's experiences in Leukerbad, Switzerland. Baldwin uses that small Swiss village as a metaphor in contrasting race relations in the United States between white European immigrants to the United States and African Americans who were brought to the United States as slaves.

In " A Stranger in the Village," Baldwin relates his experiences in a small Swiss village composed of people who had never seen a Black man before he arrived in the village in the summer of 1951. Baldwin describes a kind of naive racism: children who shout "Neger!" when they see him, unaware of the echoes he hears from his past when others shouted a more damning word ("Nigger!") in the streets of New York City; local Catholic residents (the main religion of the village) who donate money to "buy" Africans so that missionaries can convert those Africans to Catholicism, told to Baldwin with pride, again without realizing the ominous undertones of that practice for a man who is a descendant of African slaves. Yet there is also a more sinister racism, even in a remote village that has direct experience with only one Black man: men who describe Baldwin as "le sale negre" (the dirty Black man) behind his back and assume that he stole wood from them, or of children who "scream in genuine anguish" when he approaches them because they have been taught that "the devil is a black man" (Baldwin 97.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger_in_the_Village).

I’ve used this essay in my literature and history classes in discussions of race relations in the United States; and visited Leukerbad, Switzerland, when I was an Air Force officer in France from 1954 to 1958. Baldwin’s sermonic augury in “Stranger in the Village” is that “white privilege” was ebbing in a world that will never be white again. In the 64 years since  Baldwin’s essay much has changed in American race relations—much still remains unresolved as the last 10 years remind us.  This is Baldwin’s message in I am not Your Negro documentary by Haitian filmmaker Raoul Peck.

In crafting this essay I’ve thought about Cesar Chavez who was not anyone’s wetback either. The first time I met Cesar Chavez was in El Paso in 1963 during the lettuce boycott; we would meet again during the grape boycott; and again during the march from the Valley in Texas to Austin in 1966 the year I turned 40. In 1971 when Sumner Glimscher was shooting the film North From Mexico based on Carey McWilliams’ book, I met Cesar Chavez for a segment of the film shot in California. At Carey McWilliams recommendation, I was a consultant for the script Harold Flender wrote and, later, I was asked to narrate the film in place of Paul Newman. Harold Flender wrote the screenplay for Paris Blues starring Paul Newman, Joanne Woodward, and Sidney Poitier.

When Gilda and I lived in Phoenix (1986-1990), we met with Cesar Chavez often when he visited the Valley of the sun. The last time I saw Cesar Chavez was in 1990 when he had lunch with the staff of Valle del Sol, a community service organization that with Arizona State University sponsored the Hispanic Leadership Institute of which I was Dean and concurrently Professor of English and Comparative Literature. We left Phoenix for Denton, Texas, in 1990. We were saddened in 1993 to learn that he died from complications of a fast although his death was listed as “natural causes.”

Cesar Chavez was one of those individuals whose stature grows commensurate with their public acclamation. He was not a man who sought the limelight, but neither did he shun it when it was in the best interest of the farmworkers cause. For as Rabbi Tarfon reminds us: “We are not obligated to complete the task; neither are we free to abstain from it” (Pirke Avot 2:21). As we all know, thatcause was larger than just farmworkers. For Cesar Chavez that cause was a universal imperative.

Cesar Chavez’ story began on March 31, 1927 near Yuma, Arizona. He was just 7 months younger than me. A decade later his family moved to California near San Jose to a barrio called “Sal si puedes—Get out if you can.” In conversations with Cesar, he would mention the traumas of elementary education he experienced in Yuma. We both attended segregated schools in which there were no teachers who spoke Spanish and who punished us for speaking Spanish, the only language we had when we started school. Bilingual Education was still four decades away. School did not seem like a venue for upward mobility for mejicanos.

We both lived through the great depression; his parents and mine were itinerant workers. Cesar quit school in 1942 after finishing the 8th grade; I quit school in 1943 after finishing the 9th grade. We often talked of those dark days of World War II. I joined the Marine Corps in 1943; he joined the Navy in 1944. We kidded about Swabbies and Gyrenes. I married in 1947; he married in 1948. After the war our lives took different turns. With the help of the G.I. Bill, I turned to a life of service in education; Cesar turned to a life of service with the farmworkers. 

His achievements are now legend. In 1962, Cesar, Dolores Huerta, and Gil Padilla organized the National Farmworkers Association His mantra was “Si se puede!” (Yes, we can!) coined more than 40 years before President Obama took up the cry in English. He was 66 when he died.

There are many who claim his cause—la causa—which laid the groundwork for the Chicano Movement. The Farmworkers struggle was certainly one aspect of that movement just as the struggle for literary representation via the Chicano Renaissance was another aspect of that movement. Cesar Chavez dedicated his life to the cause for social justice. In 1994 Chavez was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously for having "faced formidable, often violent opposition with dignity and nonviolence.”

He deserved the Nobel Peace Prize. Cesar Chavez Day (March 31) is currently a holiday in eight states: Arizona, California, Colorado, Michigan, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and Wisconsin. In California, only three birthdays are official state holidays: Jesus Christ’s, Martin Luther King’s, and Cesar Chavez’s.

Like Martin Luther King, Jr., Cesar Chavez was one of the most influential public leaders of the last half of the 20th century. Senator Robert F. Kennedy called Cesar Chavez “one of the heroic figures of our time."

Though honored with the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1967, and his work re­spected abroad, Martin Luther King, Jr. received few laurels from his coun­trymen, save from those who rallied to his cause. But it was not “his” cause he bore, but the cause of humanity. Many did not realize that then, and far too many still do not.

Forty-seven of the states have memorialized his work by establishing holidays in his honor, but mean-spiritedness persists in three states. And in those states that have a Martin Luther King, Jr. holiday, things are not as they could be. In the tumultuous days of yore Martin Luther King Jr. knew that the seeds of brotherhood some­times take longer to bloom in some hearts than in others.  

This has certainly been the case with the novel Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya who is also not anyone’s wetback. Why would anyone want to burn a book about a young seven year old boy growing up in the llanos of New Mexico whose father wants him to be a rancher and his mother wants him to be a priest. More distressingly, however, is that those who want to burn the book are Americans. This coming of age book—Bless Me, Ultima—by Rudolfo Anaya, first published in 1972, has become an American classic and a “family favorite of Laura Bush, one of her 25 Books to Read.  

In Norwood, Colorado, in 2005, Bob Condor, Superintendent of Schools granted the request of parents to burn in a bonfire Bless Me, Ultima which had become the center of a brouhaha at Norwood High School over “profanity” in the text and its “pagan content.”  Justifying his actions for burning the most influential novel in Chicano literature, Condor said, “That’s not the kind of garbage I want to sponsor at this high school.” Never mind that he had not read it. In 1981, Bless Me, Ultima was burned in Bloomfield, New Mexico.

Anti-Mexican hysteria in the United States has reached repulsive heights with rants about constructing a border wall that Mexico will pay for. I don’t doubt that some day soon some Trump supporter will accost me on the street and ask me if I’d like a job building a wall—to which I’ll respond: “I am not your wetback.   

 

 

 


 WWII, ‘Rumor Clinics’ Were Set Up to Dispel Morale-Damaging Gossip

A network of “morale wardens” tracked down the latest scuttlebutt.
by Crystal Ponti, May 17, 2017

Boston Herald assistant publisher W.G. Gavin at the “Rumor Clinic,” 1942. 
Bernard Hoffman/The Life Picture Collection/GettyImages

RUMORS, LIKE MOST FORMS OF gossip, are usually rooted in half-truths and outright falsities. Yet, during World War II, these insatiable tidbits of hearsay threatened to undermine civilian morale and even cause unrest within the military community when they nearly spiraled out of control.“Of all the virus that attack the vulnerable nerve tissues of a nation at war, rumor is the most malignant,” reported LIFE magazine in 1942. “Its most dangerous carriers are innocent folk who love to tell a tall tale.”Rumors snowballed in pubs and on factory floors, and other places where chatter was high, despite the government urging Americans to “avoid loose talk.” The most common rumors attacked U.S. war efforts and involved so-called crimes committed by and against U.S. soldiers. Others were outrageous claims, gaslighting techniques and psychological warfare waged by Germany and the Axis powers, meant to cause doubt, panic, and fear among the American public.

For example:
No U.S. Navy vessels survived Pearl Harbor.
Related Stories
Quit Worrying, Fidget Toys Have Been Around ForeverThe Modern Movement to Exonerate a Notorious Medieval Serial KillerThe Intense Corporate 'Hell Camps' of 1980s Japan
A mother in Minnesota received a box from Japan containing the eyes of her captured soldier son.
Men and women were being killed at shipbuilding corporations for supporting military efforts.
A bomb containing “bubonic plague germs” was dropped in Curry County, Oregon.
The WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) were considered property of Army officers and the officers could do with them what they pleased.
The rumor mill churned.


Recognizing the potential for widespread distrust and damage to civilian morale, President Franklin Roosevelt signed an executive order creating the Office of Wartime Information (OWI) on June 13, 1942. OWI consolidated several agencies, and was designed to be a central repository for overseeing and disseminating all wartime information that circulated in the United States. The office’s objectives were to subdue the falsehoods and promote only “positive” information on the progress of the war effort and activities of the U.S. government. Along with patriotic radio broadcasts and Voice of America, a government-funded news source that operated as radio broadcast during WWII, OWI’s grandiose plans included the “Rumor Project,” which was first proposed in January of 1942, before the establishment of OWI.When Axis-inspired rumors became problematic, the Rumor Project was suggested as a way of informing and educating the American public on how to identify fact from fiction—real news from fake news, by today’s standards. The proposal for the project recommended that “Rumor Clinics” be instituted at colleges and universities across the United States, consisting of specialized groups of volunteer professors and students who researched well-known rumors and reported back to OWI.


Office of War Information research workers, Washington DC, 1942.
Library of Congress-LC-USW3- 024186-D

Eight potential clinics were initially identified, including one in Boston to be run under the direction of psychologist Robert Knapp, an early researcher in the psychology of rumor. Twenty more clinics were proposed. But the program fledged and stalled under government bureaucracy. Officials were uncomfortable with social scientists having any level of information control, and social scientists could not work within the politics of the “establishment.” 

The American public had also grown to mistrust the Roosevelt administration. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the government did not immediately provide details on the number dead and how the United States would respond. It took three weeks for them to release an official statement. The delay, combined with previous mishandling of public information related to the war, caused public confidence to drop to an all-time low and rumors to proliferate.

Knapp’s clinic was already up and running, despite the government considering scrapping the Rumor Project altogether. He formed a collaboration with the Boston Herald, and on March 1, 1942, the Boston Herald Rumor Clinic was established. Using a listening network of “morale wardens,” each Sunday, in a column also calledRumor Clinic, the newspaper refuted a common rumor. The rumor was placed in italics, followed by the word FACT.

For example:
Rumor: “Soldiers are being charged exorbitant prices in Army canteens for cigarettes and beer, etc.
FACT: Army Public Relations says, “False! Post exchanges are operated to the benefit of the soldiers. Soldiers are able to purchase commodities at the exchanges at GREATLY REDUCED RATES!”

The weekly refutation of a rumor that had been sent in by a reader often included how the rumor could have spread and where it likely originated. The text of the columns was attached to paystubs, posted on bulletin boards at factories, and dispersed in other ways for widespread circulation. According to The Jewish Veteran, Volumes 10-12, experts at the Boston clinic agreed that it was better to “drag a false rumor into the open, reply to it, disinfect it, than allow it to fester and spread like a poison.”

Image result for Don't be a blabbermouth WW II
“Don’t be a blabbermouth”: an OWI poster
from WWII. NATIONAL ARCHIVES/513739

In addition to the newspaper and its listening network of 300 morale wardens (bartenders, factory workers, waitresses, and countless other civilians who reported and tracked down rumors), the Boston Herald Rumor Clinic included the Division of Propaganda Research, set up within the Massachusetts Committee on Public Safety. Knapp ran the division, along with Harvard psychology professor Gordon Allport. Reader’s Digest and American Mercury ran feature stories about the Boston Herald’s pioneering efforts. 

The articles encouraged readers: Send in your rumors! What wild, damaging, morale-eroding stories similar to those described in this article are current in your community? Readers who wish to help the Boston Rumor Clinic, and further the organization of similar clinics throughout the country, are urged to put such stories in writing and send them to Robert H. Knapp.
Soon after the articles ran, other clinics began cropping up across the United States. At one time, there were at least a dozen clinics in operation, in cities such as San Francisco, Philadelphia, and Syracuse. Some clinics were set up by social scientists. Others were operated by women’s groups, students, and university clubs. Rumor clinics became a new way for civilians to get involved in the war effort.

The Roosevelt administration frowned upon these independent initiatives. It had established OWI to control the flow of information. For a brief time, OWI coordinated with Knapp and Allport at the Boston clinic, as well as various other clinics in the U.S. The Boston relationship deteriorated after Allport criticized a report released by OWI, which attacked local clinics and their methods for researching rumors.

An American WWII poster cautioning against spreading rumors. 
NATIONAL ARCHIVES/515079

Eventually, the government went on the warpath, launching a campaign against the local clinics. A set of guidelines was issued in October of 1942, outlining how the clinics should run. Groups that wanted to set up new rumor clinics were sent an extensive questionnaire. For those who managed to get through the labor-intensive process, they were then sent a “rumor bible.”

The bible outlined an organizational structure, requiring each clinic to have a project director, research director, an educational director, analytical assistants, field reporters, and a general advisory council. Most groups lacked the time and resources to meet OWI’s extravagant requirements, and the concept became entangled in a web of bureaucracy and red tape.

Aside from detailing the processes, the “bible” also criticized how the Boston clinic researched rumors and used examples from the Boston Herald column to demonstrate the various “mistakes” that were being made by Knapp and his team. But OWI didn’t stop there. They went on to condemn the clinics in a 1943 New York Times feature story, stating that the attempts to thwart rumors actually helped spread them. By the time World War II ended, the nation’s Rumor Clinics had vanished. What might be thought of as an extreme use of resources today was viewed as a necessary public intervention back then. Knapp likened a rumor to a torpedo. “Once launched,” he wrote, “it travels of its own power.”

LIFE magazine even tested the theory in 1942, when the clinics were still in operation. They had a man tell a random stranger on the street that the chimneys in Boston could hide anti-aircraft. Not long after, rumor spread that Boston’s rooftops were bristled with guns. 

Knapp wrote in his 1944 thesis that rumors “express and gratify the emotional needs” of communities during periods of social duress. They arise, in his opinion, to “express in simple and rationalized terms the uncertainties and hostilities which so many feel.” In other words, one man’s rumor is another man’s reality—until refuted and replaced with FACT.




 

 

SPANISH PRESENCE IN THE AMERICAS' ROOTS

New Projects:  
Life and Times of Bernardo de G
álvez by Eddie Martinez
Galvez Center Considered by Texas A&M University–San Antonio

La Independencia de HispanoAmérica y el Salto al Vacío de Nuestra Identidad 


NEW Gálvez Projects   

================================== ==================================
Hi Mimi, just a few lines to let you know that I am "well into" the telling of my version of the "Life & times of Bernardo de Gálvez." 

My target is an English speaking audience, both young and old with an interest in Adventure stories and the history of the American Revolutionary War.

A Special "thank you" for introducing me to this extraordinary Spanish General that assisted George Washington in winning the war of Independence against Great Britain.  Warm Regards,  Eddie

Editor Mimi: 
The Life and Times of Bernardo de Galvez, will be an illustrated historic novel, written and illustrated by Eddie Martinez.  eddiemart1512@gmail.com

 

Galvez Center Considered by Texas A&M University–San Antonio

Judge Edward Butler and Jack Cowan will be meeting with Provost Dr. O’Brien in July to discuss the possibility of locating a Center at the university dedicated to Bernardo De Galvez.

Esperanza Anaya
Executive Assistant to the Provost
Office of the Provost, 
Central Academic Building – Suite 435C | One University Way, San Antonio, Texas 78224 
(t) 210.784.1201 |(f) 210.784.1206 
Esperanza.anaya@tamusa.edu
 
www.tamusa.edu 


LA INDEPENDENCIA DE HISPANOAMÉRICA Y EL SALTO AL VACÍO DE NUESTRA IDENTIDAD.
por Patricio Lons.

================================== ==================================
I. Hispanidad y lucha.

Como argentino desperté mi hispanismo al ver, primero con asombro y luego con orgullo, cómo a España y a sus naciones hijas, le bastaba con menos para vencer lo que fuese y a quien fuera, un muerto como el Cid venció a los moros, dos hombres baldados de piernas, ojos y brazos perdidos en varios combates como Blas de Lezo y Millán Astray vencieron a ingleses y a los demás enemigos que les enfrentaron, halcones de vieja generación bramando a ras del agua desataban miedo y pavor en la flota británica en las aguas heladas del Atlántico sur y admiración en los hombres libres de todo el orbe.

Y cuando España estuvo en peligro de muerte, fueron mujeres sin entrenamiento militar las que dieron vuelta a las derrotas hasta convertirlas en victorias como María Pita en La Coruña, Galicia, al vencer a los ingleses en 1589, Rafaela Herrera en el Castillo de la Inmaculada Concepción de Nicaragua al derrotar a un ejército inglés en julio de 1762, la “tucumanesa” Manuela Pedraza, Martina Céspedes y sus hijas y la gallega Lorea en las invasiones inglesas en Buenos Aires en 1806-1807, y Agustina de Aragón en Zaragoza al vencer a los franceses de Bonaparte en 1809. Y nuestras maravillosas enfermeras en la guerra de las Malvinas que, como ángeles guardianes, dieron todo de sí mismas en un magnífico espíritu de abnegación para atender a nuestros heridos. Y cuando la identidad estuvo en peligro, Santa Teresa de Avila volcó la mano de Dios para señalar nuestro destino.


Era el concepto civilizador cristiano que nos mantenía unidos como cultura y como pueblos, hasta que nos empezamos a olvidar de lo que somos, dando un salto al vacío cuando nos separamos en el siglo XIX.

Cuando en cuarto grado de primaria me enseñaron la historia de las invasiones inglesas, me llené de orgullo al saber de lo que fueron capaces nuestros ancestros, derrotar a la mayor potencia naval de esos tiempos. Mas, ¡qué extraño era aprender en la segunda parte del año que los valientes próceres de las invasiones ya no lo eran, sino que pasaban a la condición de traidores y los ingleses dejaban de ser nuestros enemigos, para traernos a los futuros libertadores! Algo no me cerraba.

¡¡Parece que éramos muy malos cuando éramos españoles en todo el continente!! Sin embargo, al revisar la historia nos dimos cuenta que fue muy distinto, pues vivíamos felices bajo un cetro justo, gozando del testamento de nuestra primera reina de Indias, doña Isabel la Católica. Inocente era nuestra existencia, hasta que Albión nos convenció de que no éramos felices en nuestra civilización, que estábamos gobernados por tiranos y que libres de esos supuestos hombres viles estaríamos mejor. ¿Cuál fue el resultado? Ahora con la misma lengua y religión ¡somos las partes debilitadas de 25 nacionalidades distintas!! ¡¡¿¿Alguien puede explicar esta falta de cordura??!!
II. Balcanización e ingeniería social tempranas.
    Primera moneda global.

Sólo nosotros, los pueblos de América, conocemos y sufrimos semejante ingeniería social de balcanización. Un país en su origen unido por la fe, las leyes, la lengua, el gobierno y la cultura fue dividido en 25 partes ¿Acaso alguien conoce 25 Francias o 25 Rusias distintas? Y la pregunta que todo patriota debería hacerse es ¿quién se benefició con esta fiesta de repartijas territoriales que nos dejaron enfrentados entre nosotros y a merced de la voracidad extranjera? El pueblo, seguro que no. Las burguesías dominantes en Hispanoamérica desde 1810 y sus amos ingleses, seguro que sí, pues se quedaron con nuestra economía y nos convirtieron en vasallos, sin que nos diéramos cuenta. Destruyeron nuestra moneda, el Real de a ocho, que fue la primera moneda global que nos permitió dominar, entre los siglos 16 y principios del 19, el comercio del área Asia-Pacífico, tan disputada en estos días. Que, incluso resellada, era usada en Inglaterra y sus colonias. Y los gobernantes, clérigos y militares que reaccionaron ante el previsible desastre post-independencia, hoy son los malos de la película.

Con esta moneda mundial, el Real de a ocho, podías caminar desde el Río de la Plata hasta Filipinas y China, donde fue la base del yuan chino y otras monedas asiáticas y donde circularon 515 millones de monedas de plata americana con reconocimiento legal hasta 1948. 

Eso es 124 años después de la batalla de Ayacucho, cuando comienza nuestro declive, batalla en la cual se enfrentaron no menos de ochenta familias en ambos bandos, que cometen el suicidio de nuestra patria, en un crimen de lesa hispanidad.

Martín de Álzaga, héroe de las invasiones inglesas, que manejaba el comercio asiático con Filipinas y Buenos Aires, no quiso, en 1806, entregar las rutas comerciales a los ingleses y por eso, lo fusilaron los revolucionarios de Mayo y así perdimos todo nuestro comercio con Asia que, entre los siglos XVI y XIX, hizo que las economías de China e Hispanoamérica fuesen complementarias gracias a la fortaleza de nuestra moneda.

Por eso, la política de "la pérfida Albión" fue atacar a ambos imperios hasta destruirnos. Esta fue la primera moneda global reconocida en los cinco continentes, el Real de a ocho u onza castellana de plata que, aunque hoy parezca una fantasía, fue nuestra moneda. Y se perdió a partir del Tratado de amistad y comercio con Gran Bretaña firmado por los nuevos estados americanos en 1825. Se mantuvo como moneda global hasta que desaparecimos como imperio y fuimos sustituidos por la libra inglesa que se quedó con el mercado asiático y nosotros con la pobreza disfrazada de libertad.
¿Se ve ahora más claro por qué llevamos dos siglos de retraso con escasos y honrosos períodos de lucha por nuestra dignidad? ¿Entendemos, queridos amigos, por qué no debemos olvidarnos de aquel dos de abril de 1982 pleno de dignidad nacional, donde las únicas naciones que nos apoyaron en la guerra de las Malvinas fueron de origen español como Perú, Guatemala, Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Panamá, Venezuela y cientos de militares españoles que se ofrecieron voluntarios? ¿Podemos ver que si nos damos cuenta de que somos 550 millones de compatriotas hijos de la Madre Patria, podemos construir una potencia? Ahora se ve más claro por qué se trabaja tanto en destruir a nuestra identidad y cuál debe ser nuestro accionar frente a ello. Creo firmemente que tanto Malvinas, como Belice, Esequibo y Gibraltar deben ser gestas conjuntas de la hispanidad. Saquen sus conclusiones sobre estos acontecimientos. No hubo independencia, luego del 9 de julio de 1816, los próceres andaban buscando una potencia que los tutelase, ya fuese Brasil, Francia o Inglaterra; lo que hubo fue una secesión americana del resto de las Españas, como bien explica el Dr. Julio Carlos González, cuya obra recomiendo a todo historiador.
Con las falsas independencias promovidas por Inglaterra, perdimos todos y fabricamos conflictos chauvinistas. ¡Unámonos en un gran estado bioceánico y seamos fuertes de verdad como lo éramos en nuestro origen!

(Para leer el artículo completo pulsa el enlace):
http://blogs.periodistadigital.com/plano-picado.php/2016/10/15/la-independencia-de-hispanoamerica-y-el- 

Enviado por C. Campos y Escalante
campce@gmail.com 




 

HISTORIC TIDBITS

Categoría: Exploradores de América del Norte del siglo XVI nacidos en España
How Millions Of Secret Silk Maps Helped POWs Escape Their Captors in WWII  

Españolas fueron las primeras colonias europeas en los territorios de Estados Unidos

Muchos ignoran que España envió casi 100 expediciones por el Norte de América

Expediciones Españolas a Norte América que costaros miles de vidas

Los anglosajones normalmente al hablar de la Historia de los Estados Unidos mencionan principalmente dos hechos:

El descubrimiento de América (1492)
El establecimiento de los primeros colonos ingleses (1607).

 

NEW Gálvez Projects   

================================== ==================================

Y donde dejaron a todos los demás? Un ejemplo más de selectividad histórica... Que triste que sólo hayan escogido a unos cuantos de los cientos que participaron por siglos en ese territorio descubierto, explorado y colonizado por ellos más de cien años antes de que llegaran los primeros angloparlantes (sin visa). Aqui algunos de los que les faltó incluir sólo del siglo XVI:

Categoría:Exploradores de América del Norte del siglo XVI nacidos en España

Esta categoría contiene las siguientes 13 páginas:

Herramientas: Árbol de categorías (gráfico) • Intersección • Todas las páginas • Página aleatoria • Búsqueda interna
================================== ==================================

L



How Millions Of Secret Silk Maps Helped POWs Escape Their Captors in WWII

The ingenious maps played a role in some 750 successful escapes.

BY CARA GIAIMO 
DECEMBER 20, 2016
copyright Atlas Obscura

A "Mark III" military escape kit, with a silk map peeking out.

A "Mark III" military escape kit, with a silk map peeking out. OSHER MAP LIBRARY AND SMITH CENTER FOR CARTOGRAPHIC EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MAINE

IMAGINE IT’S 1942, AND YOU’RE a member of Britain’s Royal Air Force. In a skirmish above Germany, your plane was shot out of the sky, and since then you’ve been hunkered down in a Prisoner of War camp. Your officers have told you it’s your duty to escape as soon as you can, but you can’t quite figure out how—you’ve got no tools and no spare rations, and you don’t even know where you are.

One day, though, you’re playing Monopoly with your fellow prisoners when you notice a strange seam in the board. You pry it open—and find a secret compartment with a file inside. In other compartments, other surprises: a compass, a wire saw, and a map, printed on luxurious, easily foldable silk and showing you exactly where you are, and where safety is. You’ve received a package from Christopher Clayton Hutton—which means you’re set to go.

Hutton—“Clutty” to his friends—was not a typical intelligence officer, moving up the ranks in a predetermined fashion. He had followed his interests rather than any set career path, working as a journalist, a film marketer, and a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps. When war broke out, and he decided he wanted to join up again, he sent dozens of letters and telegrams to various branches of the War Office—all worded, he later wrote, such that “they could not possibly be pushed into a ‘Pending’ tray and discreetly forgotten.”

His gambit was successful. Finally called in for an interview, Hutton told the top brass about how, as a young boy, he had dared a touring Harry Houdini to forego his standard props and escape from a brand new box, constructed in front of a live audience. (Houdini accepted the challenge—and escaped anyway, by bribing the box’s onstage carpenter to use trick nails.)

In the end, it was this anecdote that convinced the head of MI9, Major Norman Crockatt, to hire him. “Old ideas are no good at all,” Crockatt apparently told the 44-year-old polymath. “We want new ones.”

Christopher Clayton Hutton in 1940, just after he begun working for the War Office.
Christopher Clayton Hutton in 1940, just after he begun working for the War Office. UK GOVERNMENT/PUBLIC DOMAIN

Hutton went straight to work. Over his six-year tenure as Technical Officer to the Escape Department, he would invent dozens of vital gizmos: ration packs squirreled into cigar boxes, miniature compasses hidden in buttons and cuff links, cigarette holders that doubled as tiny telescopes. But his first order of business was maps. In particular, he wanted to create maps to be included in “escape kits.” 

These maps would need to be thin enough to be snuck into a boot or coat lining, durable enough to survive wear and tear in the field—but detailed enough that escaping soldiers could use them to find their way through unfamiliar terrain.

Today, someone seeking accurate views of the world could turn to any number of satellite maps. But such amenities weren’t available in 1939. According to his autobiography, Official Secret, Hutton began his map quest by charging directly into the War Office’s Map Room—whereupon the major on duty gently told him that the British military did not own any maps of Germany at a scale that would be useful to escapees.

In the end, Hutton had to fly to Edinburgh, where he met up with mapmaker John Bartholomew, a decorated World War I veteran who was happy to aid the cause. He gave Hutton permission to use any and all of his maps, free of charge.

Now he just needed to figure out what to print the maps on. The necessary material had to fit a number of criteria: “It had to be so thin that it would take up next to no room when folded, and at the same time it had to be fairly durable and crease-resisting,” Hutton wrote. It also had to be waterproof, easy to print on, and easy to read—and most importantly, when secreted within a flak jacket or combat boot, it couldn’t rustle and give itself away.

A silk map depicting Switzerland's Gotthard Pass.
A silk map depicting Switzerland’s Gotthard Pass. BRITISH LIBRARY/PUBLIC DOMAIN

Hutton talked to paper manufacturers across London, but none of their offerings worked out. The heavy papers were far too loud, revealing themselves at the slightest prodding. The thin papers—“no thicker than that of the finest toilet roll,” Hutton wrote—were prone to disintegration. So Hutton turned to another substrate: silk.

After days of messy experimentation with different printing materials and methods, he came up with an ink-and-pectin mixture that sat perfectly on the silk’s surface. Soon, his suppliers were churning out maps by the thousands, with frontiers, demarcation lines, and other vital information clearly marked.

Hutton didn’t stop there. Expecting that the country’s silk supplies might soon be reserved exclusively for parachutes, he kept his eyes open for other useful materials. Eventually, he heard about a boatload of mulberry leaf pulp, en route from Japan. Japanese forces made this pulp into paper, which they then used to craft balloons for aerial bombs, sent via the jet stream to the unsuspecting American West Coast.

Hutton was able to get his hands on the valuable shipment. According to Official Secret, the cargo was brought to Hutton by a War Department friend, Bravada, whose job was to stop jewel money from flowing into Nazi coffers by intercepting diamonds traveling from Germany. Bravada—who does not seem to show up in any other accounts of World War II—apparently operated out of a secret room in an office building, located, Hutton wrote, behind a “huge painting of a reclining nude.”

A map of Danzig Port, showing where Swedish ships berthed to unload coal—a good escape prospect. The map also shows sentry points and at least one good hiding spot (the "large lone bush" at the lower left).

A map of Danzig Port, showing where Swedish ships berthed to unload coal—a good escape prospect.
The map also shows sentry points and at least one good hiding spot (the “large lone bush” at the lower left). 
BRITISH LIBRARY/PUBLIC DOMAIN

The same qualities that made the mulberry paper perfect for weaponized balloons also made it ideal for maps. Hutton brought it to a group of paper scientists, who got to work. “I jigged about like an excited schoolboy as I watched test after test,” Hutton wrote. “The results were sensational.”

The paper was thin enough to see through, but could hold detailed charts printed in seven different colors. It could be dipped in water, crumpled up, and shoved down into a boot—and when it was retrieved hours later, it could be smoothed out with nary a rustle.

Hutton’s next challenge was figuring out how the silk and mulberry leaf maps could be carried in a clandestine way. For soldiers not yet deployed, Hutton did as much as he could with flight boots: a silk map and compass were stuffed into cavity in the heel, a small knife was tucked into the cloth loop, and a long, thin wire saw was threaded into the laces. An escaping fighter could use the knife or saw to cut the boots’ tops off, transforming them into much less conspicuous “civilian shoes.”

But the fighters who needed the maps most—those who had already been captured—were trickier to access. Hutton came up with a plan for that, too. Thanks to the Geneva Convention, prisoners of war were allowed to receive packages from their families and other aid organizations. Parcels that contained games, sports equipment, and other fun pursuits were especially encouraged—not only by the POWs themselves, but by their captors, who figured hobbies would keep bored prisoners out of trouble.

“These voluntary gifts, designed for the comfort and entertainment of the prisoners, were flooding the camps from hundreds of sources,” Hutton wrote. “There was no valid reason why we should not take cover behind this multiplicity of well-wishers.”

A silk map of Holland, Belgium, France, Switzerland, and Germany.
A silk map of Holland, Belgium, France, Switzerland, and Germany
.OSHER MAP LIBRARY AND SMITH CENTER FOR CARTOGRAPHIC EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MAINE

Hutton and his team went to work setting up a number of fake organizations, each with their own letterhead, slogan, and address (often that of a recently blitzed building). The “Prisoner’s Leisure Hours Fund” gotscores of books past the German censors, who were too focused on the stories’ content to notice the maps and hacksaw blades stuffed inside their covers. If a table tennis kit came in from the “Licensed Victualers Sports Association,” prisoners would look for contraband maps and compasses secreted within the paddles.

Hutton laid intelligence groundwork to alert captured soldiers of these options: most of the prison camps eventually had “escape committees,” made up of the few soldiers from every squadron who Hutton had let in on his methods and taught to communicate in code. A month into what Hutton was calling Operation Post-Box, the rate of attempted escapes by British POWs had more than tripled.

As guards and censors cottoned onto his methods, Hutton became more ingenious. He hid maps inside gramophone records (as recipients would break the records open to get at the maps, Hutton called this “Operation Smash-Hit”). He cut a country’s map up into 52 squares, took a pack of playing cards, and hid one square inside each card (the Joker held the map key). He stuck maps into each side of a wooden chessbox, and a small wireless set inside the base of the king.

But the enemy, of course, wasn’t stupid. “By the end of the war, the German security experts must have been in possession of the full story of my inventions,” wrote Hutton. There was only one trick they never figured out: the clandestine Monopoly boards.

A silk map of the German/Swiss border, featuring detailed escape instructions and clearly designated "SECRET."
A silk map of the German/Swiss border, featuring detailed escape instructions and clearly designated “SECRET.” BRITISH LIBRARY/PUBLIC DOMAIN 

As Erin McCarthy details in Mental Floss, the company that printed Hutton’s silk maps for him, John Waddington Ltd., also manufactured all of the country’s Monopoly boards. After Hutton approached them, the Waddingtons set up a secret room in their factory, where a select cadre of employees rejiggered the game boards—punching small compartments into them, hiding the tiny tools, and covering the hole with a game space decal.

“When their job was done,” McCarthy writes, “the board was indistinguishable from one a regular citizen might buy in a store.” No one who wasn’t directly involved knew about this trick until the relevant documents were declassified in 1985.

Hutton’s gadgets eventually numbered in the dozens—and they were so nifty, he wrote, that his most aggravating security risk was when people who visited his offices pocketed them to show their friends. Hutton shared many of his creations with America’s Escape and Evasion Section, which duly began printing maps on rayon and carving up Monopoly boards. All told, the British and American military produced 3.5 million silk and rayon maps.

By the end of the war, expert Philip E. Orbanes says, 744 captured airmen had freed themselves using tools designed by Hutton. Thousands more who escaped without tools, or were shot down and evaded capture,may have benefited greatly from MI9’s overall philosophy of “escape-mindedness.”

In the aftermath of the war, many of Hutton’s secrets were publicized by German and British newspapers. The silk maps were declassified, and leftovers went on sale across Europe, as the same demureness and foldability that made them great escape aids made them even better scarves and handkerchiefs.

These days, the maps are a rare collectible, suggesting that many soldiers hung onto theirs as souvenirs. This makes a certain amount of sense. Soldiers may eventually get rid of uniforms. But who wouldn’t want to keep the bit of silk that came to you in a game box, folded up small, and—with nary a rustle—showed you how to make it back home?

“In 1949, in a French antique shop, I bought one,” Hutton wrote. “It cost me four pounds”—a 2,000 percent markup.

#ESCAPE ROUTES#MAPS#WWII#HISTORY#FEATURES

http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-millions-of-secret-silk-maps-helped-pows-escape-their-captors-in-wwii



 

HERITAGE PROJECTS

The Akat Café Kalli Project 
Hispanic Heritage Project 
The Voces Oral History Project

AARP Arizona Hispanic Connection
Hints for Planning a Family Reunion

photo donated by Stephen Texeira Photography

                  

              The Akat Café Kalli Project 


Akat Café Kalli is a family owned and community based café in Oakland, California. 

We took a risk, yet active role to create our own income, to create our own work schedule, to ensure time as family and to have the time and space to grow socially, intellectually, artistically, spiritually . . . holistically. 

We started back in 2012 making artisan coffee and hosting poetry readings for community members. From day one we have been about creating positive relationships and having a positive impact on the community we are also a part of. As folks began engaging with the space more and supporting it they made it more safe, welcoming and vibrant, we just continue to make the coffee and care how we interact with all of our relations. For the past year we have been roasting our own coffee and working directly with autonomous coffee producers. We are focusing on the relationships within the production of coffee and reporting back to folks from our visits with coffee producers.

Photo donated by Stephen Texeira Photography 

================================== ==================================
The moment has arrived to participate in the launch of the Sin Fronteras Coffee roasting project. We are raising resources to purchase a coffee roaster, import a ton of coffee and build a roasting space. A coffee roaster will not fit in our little cafe at 1603 2nd ave, however, we are dedicated to adding on to our community space to roast and brew coffee, highlight the relationships involved in the coffee production process, create "sustain to gain" opportunities for coffee workers all while doing it in a good way- based on collaboration and participation. 
Sin Fronteras Coffee will:  
(1) Collaborate with coffee producers and workers to create opportunities for economic sustainability and agency, "sustain to gain" 
 
(2) Purchase a coffee roaster and import coffee 

(3) Build a tallercito, a workshop space where young adults and people from the coffee lands living in the Bay Area can share and learn about all things coffee including roasting and operating a café.  
================================== === ==================================
The "sustain to gain" objective is partially inhibited by a lack of information regarding the coffee production process and the relationships it hosts. Too many times the focus is on the quality of the end product and it's branding, rather than the quality of the relationships that are involved in producing a drip coffee, latte or a bag of perfect coffee. Customers do not have enough information about the production process of coffee and relationships involved. Objectifying coffee producers and hanging their photo on a wall or sensationalizing their name and homeland on an organic ink-based label is not the way to build meaningful relationships. 

We will shift the value back to the relationships by highlighting them. The stories, the message of the coffee producers, their struggles and victories based on their geography and socio/cultural context. With the operation of this project, we will implement a profit sharing program where both coffee producers and cafe workers benefit and participate in the growth of the project. A portion of sales will also go directly to a community based project "zapatitos", which focuses on early childhood literacy in Oaxaca, Mexico. 
 El "Tallercito" will be a coffee training community space where transitional aged youth and people who have migrated to the Bay Area from their coffee homelands can share knowledge/learn about the production of coffee, the operation of a coffee house, coffee roasting and the social/cultural/political implications of our interactions with coffee. This is more than just good jobs, it is about working together and actively participating in one's self-determination, it is about the relationships. 

There is a lack of coffee spaces which offer good coffee and good food with a welcoming artistic and cultural environment which builds with the community from the coffee lands from which the coffee originates. Just like Akat Cafe Kalli, this work will occur in a vibrant community cultural space where people come together to create and engage in positive interactions; it's about the relationship, not the transaction. It is vital to shift resources to projects like ours where growth starts from below and expands horizontally, through collaboration and active participation.
Sin Fronteras Coffee has a solid community base and experience from which to grow. The experience of Akat Cafe Kalli has been a dignified struggle, one which has brought upon us many lessons, blessings and has connected us with beautiful and strong people. Over all it has been successful and we feel blessed and honored to be part of our community. We thank you for your support and commitment to this project. 

From the Shores of Oakland's East Lake Merritt,  
Akat Cafe Kalli / Sin Fronteras Coffee  
Photo donated by Stephen Texeira Photography 
  
Logo design by Latte Brands 
Much love and thanks to el compa Abad from Encinal Oakland who made the video above!!!Gracias Compa! 
There are many barriers to sustainable income and opportunities to gain economic and social agency within the coffee production process. It is our mission to create opportunities where people involved can "sustain to gain" and actively participate in breaking down those barriers. We envision the free movement of people just like the coffee we all enjoy.  

Risks and challenges
We understand that this project will take a lot of work and requires much time and energy. However, we also understand that we must take care of ourselves, keep stress down, keep our relationships healthy and enjoy the process. In the end it is about having good relationships with ourselves, each other, the coffee and the land. We are thankful for your active participation.

Click here: Akat Cafe Kalli - AOL Search Results

E

 

 

 

 




Greetings,
We are experimenting with mailchimp as a means to keeping you updated on our progress on imaging the colonial records of New Spain. I recently spent ten days last month visiting the sites of our current projects that being Durango, Guadalajara, and La Paz. 

In Durango we finished up the municipal archive and I was able to pick up our equipment and take it to La Paz.  When I visited the state archive, Dr. Miguel Villabueno, greeted me with open arms by saying, "We were wondering when you were coming."  He is the new director and welcomed me to help them publish the archive online. 

My second visit was to Lic. Gutierrez, the director of the Archivo Instrumentos Documentos Públicos that houses part of the collection Audiencia of Guadalajara. He would like that collection imaged and we are working on getting permission to do just that.



My next stop was La Paz where I deposited the equipment to begin imaging the colonial collection in the Pablo L. Martinez archive. The director Isabel Acosta was waiting for me with the contract which we signed to image the colonial collection online .I was impressed with the professional level of how that archive was functioning. They should be commended. They bent over backwards to help us by even allowing our man in Mexico, Ernesto Ochoa to image from 9:00 in the morning until 8:00 in the evening. We are happy to announce that the colonial collection 
has now been imaged.




On another important note, we are making progress working with a firm in Mexico to manage our PANES.INFO website.  We should shortly have the Parral archive and the La Paz archive on that website followed by the Durango municipal archive and the Zamora, Michoacan archive.

I want to express our most sincere appreciation to all of you who have donated to make this possible.

 
Carlos  
Copyright 2017* *Hispanic Heritage Project|*, All rights reserved.
Our mailing address is: *cmyturralde@gmail.com*
 

 



The Voces Oral History Project

June 9, 2017

================================== ==================================
Have you ever wanted to write your memoirs - or a book about a family member - or a children's book - or an op-ed, or needed to promote your work? Do you have old family photos and documents that have been stored in poor conditions, so now they're deteriorated? 

If you answered YES to any of the above, there's a short course for you. And the best part is Registration is now is only $40 for the whole weekend, thanks to a new sponsor!

Learn from experts about . . . . 

  • Preserving Family/Community history
  • Getting started on writing a book
  • Writing a memoir
  • Creating multimedia/Exhibits from oral histories
  • Writing and illustrating a children's book
  • Promoting your work
  • Writing a newspaper column
  • The Basics of Oral History
Register today for only $40! Use code STUDENT40 at checkout.  Discounted on-campus housing is available to registrants (Range from $42 to $80 for double room per night) More details can be found at the website: http://vocesshortcourses.org/
 

 

======================= ==================================

Keynote speaker:
Lt. Gen. Ricardo S. Sanchez (Ret.), who wrote his autobiography with the help of a collaborator.
Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez, Ph.D. Professor, 
The University of Texas at Austin School of Journalism
Director, Voces Oral History Project 
(formerly the U.S. Latino & Latina World War II Oral History Project)

Voces Oral History Project, The University of Texas at Austin School of Journalism, 300 W. Dean Keeton A1000, Austin, TX 78712



 

Dear friend and partner, greetings! AARP Arizona Hispanic Connection will host two important events tomorrow, Saturday, May 27.  

Our radio program #4, on The State of Arizona Hispanics Education, takes place from 8 am to 9 am (AZ time). Several issue experts from the education community will join us to discuss this important subject.  

Join by radio: 1190-am (Maricopa County) – radio has Spanish programing but our program is in English

Join by website: http://onda1190am.com/escuchanos-en-vivo/

Join by Facebook Live: www.facebook.com/aarparizonahispanicconnection

From 9:45 am to 12 noon we will have our Community Mural Painting Event. Governor Castro, Congressman Pastor, Post 41, and Chapito Chavarria will be portrayed on the mural. A press conference is scheduled for 10:45 am. Please see attached flyer for details, and click on this link to hear Alex Juarez provide information on this event: https://www.facebook.com/aarparizonahispanicconnection/videos/424191374646437/  

If you have not yet joined our Facebook page, please do and help us spread the word (www.facebook.com/aarparizonahispanicconnection).

Many thanks for being part of this journey. Take care. 
David Parra / Director of Community Outreach / AARP Arizona

16165 N. 83rd Avenue #201, Peoria AZ 85382 / 480-414-7637

______________________

Get Social with Us!
WEBSITE: www.aarp.org/phoenix
FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com/aarparizona
TWITTER: www.twitter.com/AZ_AARP
 

 




Hints for Planning a Family Reunion

The summer reunion season is upon us, so we ask, "What makes a memorable family reunion? Is it the hot dogs and watermelon? Or that crazy hat Uncle Lester always wears?
We believe the most important moments from these events are usually gently generated by the genealogists in the crowd, who often offer newly discovered tidbits or uncovered artifacts that touch all of the attendees in one manner or another.
These seemingly simple summer events can actually carry a lot of weight for generations to come. A sharing of family history can create a stronger self-identity for young and old alike. We would like to offer some ideas and tips to help get the most out of these occasions.
  • Take tangible items to the event to display. Put in an hour or two to create a display with labels depicting names, places, dates and the significance of each item.
  • Make copies of photos and documents to distribute to anyone who asks for them. This way, even if the originals are lost or destroyed, the family information survives in a tangible form - the more copies distributed, the better.
  • Go to the reunion with questions as well as answers. Take unidentified photos from your archive. It is possible a cousin can help.
  • Use the recorder on your phone or take notes as others relate family memories and be sure to get their contact information to follow up after the reunion. We are losing members of the great generation (WWII era), everyday. Both the men and the women from this important time have unique and interesting memories. Don't let them get away!
  • Consider a moment to honor all of the veterans of the family as a part of the program. This may lead to surprises and give you an opportunity to learn details of their service.
  • Pay special attention to the children in the crowd. One or more of them is the future family archivist and deserves special attention.

More than a family picnic, this courtyard of cousins is a well-spring of wonderful family knowledge and a great opportunity to give as well as receive.

* Special note - The National Genealogical Society has a free listing for family reunions. You can look up a surname or offer details about your next reunion. Click HERE to find a link to that listing - (Limited to NGS members).

Let us know HERE if you have a wonderful family reunion story to share.
We would love to hear about it!

 

Source: "The Heritage Room" - JustaJoy.com June 2017 Newsletter  joy@justajoy.com 
JustaJoy Family Heirloom Exchange | 8552 Hambright Rd., Huntersville, NC 28078

 

 

 

EARLY AMERICAN PATRIOTS

Conoce a Bernardo de Gálvez por Guillermo Fresser 

================================== ==================================
La huella de Bernardo de Gálvez en Estados Unidos es cada vez mayor. En 2014, el Congreso estadounidense aprobó colgar un retrato suyo en los pasillos del Capitolio. El mismo año, Barack Obama le nombró ciudadano honorario, situándole al nivel de otros como Winston Churchill o Teresa de Calcuta. Ahora, las hazañas del general español que se alió con George Washington para lograr la independencia de Estados Unidos del Imperio británico, también se adentrarán en las aulas.

El periodista y cineasta Guillermo Fesser presentó este jueves en Washington un libro infantil que resume la historia de Gálvez. Conoce a Bernardo de Gálvez es solo una demostración más de las raíces hispanas que cimentan EE UU, según dijo Fesser durante su discurso. “Tenemos un héroe americano que hablaba español”, afirmó sobre la historia de Gálvez, el militar malagueño que en jugó un papel fundamental en la conquista de Pensacola (Florida) para acelerar la independencia de las 13 colonias estadounidenses.

“Para aquellos que ahora dicen que llegamos (en referencia a personas de habla hispana) ayer y que cruzamos una frontera, no, estamos aquí desde la fundación de este país y contribuyendo desde el principio”, reclamó Fesser. “Quiero invitar a los jóvenes a que aprendan sobre el legado hispano y lo disfruten”.

Teresa Valcarce, la española que lideró la campaña para colgar el cuadro de Gálvez en el Capitolio —cuya batalla personal también recoge el libro— recordó que la población hispana supone la minoría más numerosa de EE UU y reconoció la publicación del libro como un logro más de la influencia cultural hispanoparlante.

La resurrección de Gálvez en el ámbito cultural estadounidense comenzó en 2013, cuando Valcarce leyó en un diario de Málaga que el Gobierno de Washington, en recompensa por su colaboración, prometió al general que encargarían un retrato suyo para colgar en el Congreso. Pero eso nunca ocurrió. Valcarce descubrió que ni siquiera se había pintado el cuadro.


Chris Van Hollen, un senador demócrata por Virginia, se interesó por el asunto tras una reunión con la española. Con la ayuda de la embajada española, Valcarce logró que EE UU cumpliera con su promesa 234 años después.

Sent by Theresa Valcarce  tvgraciani@gmail.com who in addition sent the following . . 

Hola Mimi, Te mando enlaces sobre el libro de Guillermo Fesser



HONORING HISPANIC LEADERSHIP

Brother Tom Treadaway, S.M.
Henry L. Lacayo, Educator Activist
Judge Emilio Vargas, Community Activist
Jonathan Sanchez, Longtime community newspaper man and activist 
A Tribute to our Mothers: 
Norberta Guerrero Villanueva



Remembering Brother Tom Treadaway, S.M.

Mimi, as  long as I live, I will never forget a totally unexpected occurrence that happened to me forty eight years ago this coming Friday, June 9.  It was a warm and sunny Monday morning when I arrived by bus in front of the Administration Building at St. Mary's University.  I walked the long distance to my room at Marian Hall to start my first summer session as a graduate student.  My dorm, Charles Francis Hall, was closed for the summer.  A couple of hours later, after I had unpacked and settled down I walked over to Assumption Chapel to say a few prayers of Thanksgiving.  This was my tradition whenever I returned to the university.   After climbing the concrete steps on the side of Reinbolt Hall, and with the blazing sun in my eyes, I opened one of the glass doors.  Stepping inside I could barely see anything.  There were no lights and my pupils had not adjusted to the darkness.  I managed to walk down the middle aisle towards the altar by touching the back of the pews when I bumped into some object.  I stopped, waiting for my eyes to adjust.  I then saw an open casket on a bier.  I quickly took one step back and slowly leaned over very cautiously to see who it was.  To my astonishment and in a state of shock, I just stood there staring down at him—it was Brother Tom Treadaway!—my dear registrar.  It was a staggering blow. My throat felt dry and lumpy.  The images that were rushing through my mind were about the graduation ceremony that took place just a days ago.  
On the early afternoon of Sunday, June 1, 1969, my proud parents and grandparents arrived at Charles Francis Hall in Papá’s1963 dark red, two-door Ford Galaxy, with the Thunderbird engine, to attend my graduation.  The distance from Laredo to San Antonio is about 150 miles.  After they rested, we went to the San Antonio Zoo, and I volunteered to drive. We got back in plenty of time to freshen up and head on to the Municipal Auditorium.  Father J. Willis Langlinais, S.M., dean of the School of Arts and Sciences, announced my name and the Very Reverend Father Louis J. Blume, S.M., president of the university, presented me with my Bachelor of Arts diploma, with cum laude honors, and a Secondary Education Teaching Certificate for teaching History and Health & Physical Education. Brother Thomas J. Treadaway was standing close by and ready to shake my hand. I was exuberant at reaching the third goal of my life. For having been raised in the Barrio El Azteca, receiving this degree meant a great deal to me and my family. 

I first met Brother Treadaway in the early part of May of 1967 when I took a trip to St. Mary's University, by way of a Greyhound bus to downtown San Antonio and then a taxi to the university.  My purpose in going was for several reasons:  (1)  I wanted to meet John A. Mitchel and give him my Application and Contract for Accommodations (Room and Board in University Residence Halls),  (2) 

I wanted to meet Brother Tom Treadaway and discuss with him my transcript record from Laredo Jr. College and plan my courses for the next two years, (3) I wanted to meet Miss Wylette Joyner, director of Chaminade Hall where I would be staying, and (4) I wanted to tour the campus.

In our initial meeting, Brother Treadaway appeared very congenial, helpful and courteous.  I thought he looked ancient, probably in his eighties or nineties.  Nonetheless, he impressed me, among his other personal qualities, his ability to read documents backwards. I was standing on the outside of the wooden counter silently reading them and he was standing behind the wooden counter reading them backwards to me.  During our conversation, he made me feel welcomed and told me he was available whenever I needed assistance.  Afterwards, whenever I was in the Administration Building, I made it a point to stop by and say hello to him.

It was only after he passed away on Saturday, June 7, 1969, did I find out that he was born in Edna, Texas and attended St. Joseph College in Victoria.  In 1915, he joined the Society of Mary and had been at St. Mary's University since 1938, a total of 31 years.  I also did not know that he had received a Ph.D. degree from St. Louis University and held the following positions:  Dean of Arts and Sciences, Dean of Faculties, and Professor of English.  

In retrospect, what has now surfaced about his age,  when I thought he was very old, a relic of the past, I found out that he died when he was only 71 years old!  And, I am just only five months away from turning 71 year old!!!  I wonder if the children of my nieces and nephews see me as an ancient person.  I am sure they do.


Gilberto Quezada 
jgilbertoquezada@yahoo.com
 




http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001PbW4EsZpW1Xmu2vPCyMuh9XGhiLxWhGiGqEmcXmSkEHMIHrZNZVDunKxsMp52g8Flcd907IY_YJtP0IXibUYIHLMPt1Nyj-rMcFhv49ShD53GEWGRGmKVEBRozwUmiwRR-pL34vtqQ0mbaAbtTacv0KmnmTo79sTbDnXEVrHyrvA30oShhHSmrtfXs0bsRYVxhQWI6OcOENmwYfbE6fPbw==&c=jAj9zDauvoRowP8vWd-gjQxumf1KHVgKFPNo_40wTxEIzcvhK_NoMg==&ch=Slp6q9Hyck2Gzbf7loVtz5Ojp-F5GnTgPo982ry_GwTrVsGWGrnYmg==
Hank Lacayo, political force and people's advocate,
By Jean Cowden Moore, Ventura County Star

Hank Lacayo, a local and national political force who advocated for people from kids to seniors, has died. Lacayo died May 1st at his Newbury Park home after battling throat cancer. He was 85. Lacayo dedicated his life to making others' lives better, said Richard Rush, the former president of CSU Channel Islands.

"All of his efforts were about helping people to live better lives," Rush said. "Whether it was through political means, education or philanthropy, he was trying to give people opportunities." And those people included everyone from the young to the old, said Assemblywoman Jacqui Irwin, D. Thousand Oaks. "Even when he was ill, he would be in Sacramento advocating for seniors," Irwin said. "He was worried about kids. He was worried about education. He was a Renaissance man in that way. He made such a huge impact in so many ways." On Tuesday, the day after Lacayo died, Alicia Flores said the community will need to carry on his work. "He always was worried about the community, about the working people," said Flores, director of La Hermandad Hank Lacayo Youth and Family Center in Oxnard. "It was a blessing he left on May 1, the day of the worker."

Like others, Eric Harrison remembered sitting at Lacayo's kitchen table in his Newbury Park home, drinking a glass of wine and talking. "You knew if you went over there, you wouldn't be leaving in an hour," said Harrison, president and CEO of United Way of Ventura County, where Lacayo served on the board of directors. "He was going to give you his thoughts, all his thoughts." Harrison also recalled picking Lacayo up at 7 a.m. for meetings at United Way, where he served on the board of directors. "He was always dressed to the nines," Harrison said. "It's an old world look. He always wore our United Way pin on his lapel."

In the hallway, and all through the house, Lacayo displayed photos of the political and labor leaders he met over the years, Harrison said. One that stood out was a photo of former President Jimmy Carter. At the bottom, Carter had written, "Hank, this day wouldn't have been possible without you," Harrison said.

Lacayo's dedication to the underserved began when he was a boy growing up in the High Sierra of Mexico, where his family was involved with helping the native Tarahumara people¨ said his son, Joshua Lacayo. "It's in our blood to be of service," his son said.

As a young man, Lacayo got involved with the United Auto Workers, where he organized aircraft employees and eventually became part of the union's executive team. Along the way, he served as a labor adviser to Democratic presidents beginning with the Kennedy administration and was prominent in local Democratic circles.

But it was in his public service where Lacayo truly shined, Rush said. "When you wanted to get something done and needed to have some political influence, you talked to Hank," Rush said. "He knew how to get things done."

Lacayo was well connected, frequently working with other key political figures including U.S. Rep. Julia Brownley, DWestlake Village. They met more than a decade ago when she was running for state Assembly. They stayed friends. "He's sort of an icon in Ventura County," Brownley said in a phone interview Tuesday, detailing how he refused at the end to give into his health problems.

"He had been fighting cancer for the last several years," she said, her voice breaking as she remembered seeing him at a seniors forum in March. "He was up and about and attending events. He just didn't let cancer stand in his way." 

Beyond being a political force with an indomitable will, Lacayo was a loyal friend, Rush said. "When you were his friend, you were his friend," he said. "It was a friendship that would not go away." He also was generous with advice, Harrison said. "He was good at feedback," Harrison said. "He would tell you things you may not have seen. He'd say, 'You may need to watch out for this person.' He always had my back."

Lacayo, whose given name was Henry, was born in Los Angeles in 1931, grew up in Mexico and returned to the U.S. for high school. He served in the Air Force before becoming a labor leader.

Today his name is associated with several local institutions, including the Henry L. "Hank" Lacayo Institute for Workforce and Community Studies at CSU Channel Islands and La Hermandad Hank Lacayo Youth and Family Center.

Channel Islands awarded him an honorary doctorate, and he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the United Way of Ventura County. 

Lacayo is survived by his wife of 44 years, Leah Lacayo, whom he met on the Tom Bradley for Mayor campaign in 1973. In addition to his son, Joshua, he is also survived by his children Jacob Lacayo, Lori Schelske, Jill Mulqueen, Heather Lacayo, Sonia Lacayo, Lauria Lacayo, Kama Long and Penny Palomares. His son Henry died before him. His survivors also include his siblings, Otto Lacayo, Sister Carmela Lacayo and Louis Lacayo, as well as numerous grandchildren.

Sent by Kirk Whisler
Executive Editor
Hispanic Marketing 101

email: kirk@whisler.com
voice: (760) 579-1696
web: www.hm101.com
Podcast: www.mylatinonetwork.com

 





Mimi, it is with a great deal of sadness that I send to you Judge Emilio Vargas’ obituary (see below). In his passing, we’ve lost another one of our giants who literally spent a lifetime fighting for dignity and equality. Thankfully, my wife Cordy and I were blessed to visit with him and our Goliad “familia”, during the recent Cinco de Mayo/General Zaragoza tribute in Goliad.

If I may, I invite you to reflect on the obit’s last paragraph. Many years ago, he very humbly described to me his first-person experiences with blatant discrimination. A poignant part of his account was when he was sworn in as justice of the peace, he quietly walked to the front of the Goliad County Courthouse and paused to view the building. He then slowly walked in the front door. He did so to symbolically demonstrate that indeed equal rights had been gained for Goliad’s Spanish Mexican-descent citizens, many of whom are descendants of Goliad’s founding families.

FYI, I am sending courtesy copies to Mr. Ernest Alaniz and Larry Zermeño from Goliad. If you wish to know more, please let us know. God bless you and your Somos Primos staff for what you do to preserve the rich Spanish Mexican history of this great place we call the U.S.A.

Very Respectfully,
José Antonio “Joe” López 

https://www.victoriaadvocate.com/obituaries/2017/jun/01/judge-emilio-t-vargas/ 




JUDGE EMILIO T. VARGAS

GOLIAD - Judge Emilio T. Vargas, age 83, passed away on May 28, 2017 after a short illness. He lived a blessed life and was surrounded by loved ones at the time of his passing.  Emilio and his siblings were first generation Americans. His parents Emilio Vargas and Eulalia Tobias Vargas preceded him in death. They both were immigrants from Mexico. 
================================== ==================================
Emilio was married to the love of his life, Coquita Cabrera Vargas. They were married for nearly 53 years and had three children, Michael Pereida (Mary), both deceased, Emilio (Sonny) Vargas III (Martha) and Jacquelin (Jackie) Vargas, five grandchildren and eight great grandchildren. He is survived by his sisters Nephtali Castoreno, Neurania Rubio, numerous nieces, nephews, cousins and in-laws.

After graduating high school, he enlisted in the United States Air force where he was honorably discharged in 1958 as an Airman First Class. It is at this time when Emilio actively began his ascent as a civil rights activist and social reformer. Over the course of his young life he saw, experienced and felt the degradation and humiliation of a segregated America and began a life long endeavor to bring equality to all of the people.

Judge Vargas belonged to numerous civic and political organizations and took on the fight to end the Poll Tax and to register as many citizens to vote as possible. He was always actively involved in his community, church and loved his family.


He served as a member and President of the Goliad ISD School Board, Goliad County Justice of the Peace, a social worker for the State of Texas, and as a Goliad County Reserve Officer. Judge Vargas has been recognized by both the United States Congress and by the Mexican Government for his tremendous civic accomplishments in both nations. In 2005, the Goliad Post Office was renamed Judge Emilio Vargas in his honor by an Act of Congress.

Judge Vargas fought discrimination his entire life and often said, "I walked in through the back door in order to open the front door for future generations." He firmly believed in God, country, family, education and the right to vote. He was a life long faithful Catholic.

In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to the General Ignacio Zaragoza Society, P.O. Box 235, Goliad, TX, 77963. This is 501(c)3 non-profit organization. Visitations were be held on at the Goliad Funeral Home, a Rosary recited at and a funeral Mass was held at the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church.




Longtime community newspaper man and activist Jonathan Sanchez dies at 64
by Esmeralda Bermudez  
Los Angeles Times
January 17, 2017


Jonathan Sanchez's Eastern Group Publications pioneered the bilingual format. (Courtesy Eastern  Group Publications) 

Jonathan Sanchez, a longtime Los Angeles County community newspaper executive and activist devoted to Latino issues, has died. He was 64.   Sanchez passed away Dec. 23 at his home in Highland Park, after  a short battle with cancer, relatives said. 

The associate publisher and chief operating officer of Eastern Group Publications ran a collection of community newspapers serving Los Angeles County, including the Eastside Sun, Northeast Sun, Montebello Comet and Commerce Comet. 

He and his wife, Dolores Sanchez, pioneered the bilingual format, publishing stories in English and Spanish in neighborhoods that often lacked resources and political influence.  

“He’s a huge loss,” said Congresswoman Lucille Roybal-Allard. “His reporting through the paper demonstrated his love and concern for the community. He did it with integrity, with objectivity and fairness.”

Roybal-Allard began reading Eastern Group newspapers at the start of her political career more than three decades ago. When she met Sanchez, she said, her admiration grew.

“I saw his passion, his commitment,” she said. 

Sanchez came from a big family. He was one of nine children, born to Juanita Beltran Sanchez and Jose Vicente Sanchez in 1952. He lived most of his life in Highland Park and Mt. Washington. 

He went to UCLA and started off as an art director at an advertising agency that published magazines. 

At Eastern Group, running the business was a family affair. He and his wife and their grown children, from previous marriages, played different roles, with Sanchez in charge of the business side of things.

Dolores is the publisher; daughter Bianca Preciado is the operations manager; stepdaughter Gloria Alvarez is the managing editor. 

As the lone Republican of the bunch, Sanchez sometimes differed with family on issues, but he always listened, Alvarez said. He never wanted the spotlight on himself, often gushing about his family and his staff, she said. 

“He’d always look at my mother and say, ‘Look how beautiful she is,’ ” Alvarez said.

Over the years, Sanchez created a vast network of connections: media leaders, business owners, politicians, nonprofit directors and youth advocates. Many knew him for his steadfast support of Latinos and small media. He was eager to lobby on their behalf, to preside over meetings and show up at promotional events. 

His death, announced by family a week after he died, came as a shock to many. Relatives said Sanchez was a private man who didn’t want to burden others with his illness.

“Jonathan left us too early and will be sorely missed,” his family said in a statement. 

Throughout his career, the news veteran mentored many new to the industry. 

Gregory Arroyo was among them. He was 23 when he got his start at the Montebello Comet. The English major was fresh out of college, he lived with his parents and had little clue what to do with his life, other than write poetry.

Jonathan and Dolores Sanchez took him in and got him hooked on journalism. They taught him to question everything, to demand attention and be a voice for the community.

During chats with Jonathan Sanchez, Arroyo learned about all the Latino movers and shakers who worked across Los Angeles and beyond to raise the profile of the community. 

“It was a whole new world I was not aware of,” said Arroyo, now 42 and editorial director for a group of automotive retail magazines. 

In May, Sanchez was honored for his contributions to the Los Angeles Boys and Girls Club.

Children were an important part of his outreach work. Through the EGP Foundation, he and the Sanchez family held an annual Letters to Santa program that helped more than 90,000 disadvantaged kids and families. 

They provide internships and encourage high school students to pursue careers in journalism. 

“He wanted kids to learn those journalism skills so they could also become advocates for their community,” said Juana Lambert, executive director of the Los Angeles Boys and Girls Club. 

 


https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_-U74Ljpq_k/WK-BLsfDF4I/AAAAAAAAChs/BKPdk8veHUg4G432EMW27EGFpfb6CLiGgCLcB/s400/JMS-and-Bill-Clinton.jpg

 
In Memoriam
by Abel Salas

Jonathan Sanchez, co-founder of Eastern Group Publications (EGP), a chain of newspapers that, until a recent consolidation, included the Eastside Sun, the Northeast Sun, the Mexican American Sun, the Bell Gardens Sun, the City Terrace Comet, the Commerce Comet, the Montebello Comet, the Monterey Park Comet, the ELA Brooklyn Belvedere Comet, the Wyvernwood Chronicle and theVernon Sun, took his leave on December 23rd, 2016. Associate Publisher and Chief Operating Officer at the vaunted East Side media organization, Sanchez was 64.

A life-long Eastside community spokesperson and advocate, Sánchez helmed the business alongside his partner and wife Dolores, with whom he established the business in 1979. He shared his last moments with loved ones after a brief but courageous battle with cancer.

Born to José Vicente Sánchez and Juanita Beltrán Sánchez in 1952 as one of nine in the lively Sánchez brood, the native Angeleno was raised and later established roots as an adult in and around the Northeast Los Angeles communities of Highland Park and Mt. Washington.  Bringing two families together with their marriage, the Sánchez’ purchased the venerable group of community newspapers—established originally in 1945 by Joseph Kovner, founder of the flagship Eastside Sun—and thereby  cemented a rock solid romantic and entrepreneurial partnership.

Over the next three decades, the couple would grow the family-run concern steadily, becoming an important source of news and information in the predominantly Latino east and northeast neighborhoods and municipalities where their newspapers were distributed. Today, EGP newspapers reach more than 106,000 households and businesses as the largest chain of Hispanic-owned bilingual publications in the country, serving the East, Northeast and Southeast sections of Los Angeles County.

During a memorial service held on January 6th at the Pillar of Fire Church on Figueroa and Ave. 49, a standing-room only crowd of family, friends, business associates and civic leaders gathered to celebrate Sánchez as a universally admired father, grandfather and great-grandfather who helped build the newspaper chain into the highly respected community bastion it is today.

Among the many who attended the service to offer their condolences and pay their respects were former California State Assembly Member and Los Angeles City Councilman Richard Alatorre, La Opinión Publisher & CEO Mónica Lozano, L.A. City Council Member José Huizar, Southern California Gas Company Regional Public Affairs Director Andy Carrasco, Council Member Gil Cedillo District Director Conrado Terrazas and Barrio Planners founder Frank Villalobos. Gloria Alvarez, EGP Managing Editor, recalled her step-father’s enthusiasm for politics, culture and commerce as well as his sincere efforts to win her over when he joined the family, giving her and her siblings “space and the opportunity to bring him into the family.”

“Whoever he happened to be with, at the time, always became the most brilliant, the most amazing person,” said Alvarez. Whenever he had the opportunity to introduce her to clients or other media industry professionals, she said, Sanchez could not keep himself from extolling her intelligence and her abilities. “And he meant it. To him it was true. And he had to let everyone else in the room know,” she recalled.  His generosity and genuinely friendly spirit, said Alvarez, were legendary.

“Last Christmas, one of my nephews was supposed to get a leather jacket, but it didn’t happen. When Jonathan realized it, he gave him the jacket off his back,” Alvarez said. “He was a mentor. No matter what, he had time for me. He listened. He gave advice. He was always fighting for us to have a voice, for people [Latinos on the Eastside] to get their fair share. And he and my mom poured everything back into that newspaper.”

“I had the great privilege of meeting Jonathan early on because I was friends with Dolores,” said Richard  Alatorre. “I was there for the forming of EGP and I watched him grow the newspaper. He was a man with conviction and big heart.” Because Sanchez was one of the few Latino Republicans in the community, said Alatorre, “we had some challenging conversations. But he grew on you. I feel honored to have known Jonathan. He was a giant. He really was.”

Teary-eyed daughter Deana Sanchez said, “My dad was someone who made a successful life. He was fun and positive to be around. He was full of life, and I’ve become confident and determined because of him. It’s been very hard to say good-bye.” Her simple, powerful farewell reflected the sentiments of people throughout the community. Her grief-tinged words, spoken through occasional sighs and small, halting attempts to breath,  echoed the feeling among the many whose lives were touched by the newspaper executive who championed similarly independent, community-based news sources and who often lobbied on their behalf as an industry stalwart.

Congresswoman Lucille Roybal-Allard and veteran journalist Gregory Arroyo, an editorial executive at Bobit Business Media, both expressed their regard for Sánchez in the Los Angeles Times, underscoring the indelibly positive imprint he left on the many whom he guided as a mentor, on the readers of EGP publications and those who benefited from his charitable efforts on behalf of the Boys & Girls Clubs of Los Angeles. Arroyo, who got his start in journalism with the East Side Sun, went on to become a reporter for the Los Angeles Times, was part of a team that developed a series ofL.A. Times weekly neighborhood editions remarkably similar those the Sanchez’ had been publishing for at least a decade before. 

Like Arroyo, Los Angeles Poet Laureate and renowned writer Luís J. Rodriguez cut his teeth as a journalist at the Eastside Sun as early as 1980. “Jonathan was an important person in my life,” said Rodríguez, author of numerous books and co-founder of Tia Chucha Press as well as Tia Chucha's Centro Cultural in the San Fernando Valley.

The passing of Jonathan Sanchez takes on an even more poignant significance here atBrooklyn & Boyle because he was someone who demonstrated that there was and still is an important place for small, community-based publications despite the growing reliance on digital media. Our recent work to resurrect the Theodore Roosevelt High School campus newspaper, the Roosevelt Rough Rider, after an eight-year void is a testament to the lasting contribution of Sanchez and his convictions as well as his optimism and his willingness to forge ahead against all odds.

We remain steadfast in the belief that if we fail to acknowledge those upon whose shoulders we stand, those who paved the way and opened the doors for us, we do ourselves and the community a disservice. It is our responsibility, we believe, to acknowledge the hard work and struggle of those in whose footsteps we have the privilege and good fortune to walk in today.

Brooklyn & Boyle humbly takes this opportunity to thank Jonathan Sanchez, Dolores Sanchez, Gloria Alvarez and the rest of the EGP family for having been foremost among those who have made it possible for a big-hearted, spunky little Eastside art, culture and community paper called Brooklyn & Boyle to not just simply exist, but to thrive. Jonanthan Sanchez, 1952 - 2016, QEPD (Que En Paz Descance).

 




A Tribute to our Mothers

Bendiciones familia, Norberta Guerrero Villanueva, Presente!!

Julio Guerrero camila@umich.edu 

Sun, May 28, 2017 
Mom would have been 92 years old in June; she left us on April 25th.

She was born Norberta Guerrero Villanueva in Laredo, Texas as her family like many others, would come north from Monterrey to work at the turn of last century, a pattern that was altered by the great depression of 1929.

During the following ten years, the US government saw Mexican labor as a burden on the economy and implemented a Repatriation program by which hundreds of thousands of families including their US born children ended up in Mexico. She grew up and got married in Mexico until she decided to return to Texas claiming her US citizenship where coincidentally met and married another repatriado from Guadalajara.   

Death is actually rare in our family; it seems to visit every thirty years (knock on wood).

In my immediate family I have only lost three members in 60 years; my great-grand mother in 1957, my grandmother in 1985 and Mom this year. We owe this to a strong gene pool, a conscious healthy diet growing up and a good sense to maintain a safe, healthy lifestyle all engineered, guided and inspired by the three of them.


Mom like all matriarchs in our family came from a generation that had great work ethic and incredibly strong determination, something inherent in most working class people that learned to fend for themselves from an early age. As a single mother for many years she worked two jobs sometimes to support the family and never asked for help. Instead, she was always ready to help others. Her giving nature was in her DNA coming from generations of workers in the service industry. Because of that, I make it a point never to ask for room service when I stay in hotels and honor the work of cooks and support laborers in public functions.

In fact, she worked all her life until a month before her passing as a teacher aid in a Houston schools seniors’ program. It was a program where seniors tend to the children to lighten the teachers’ work load. But for mom it was a lot more than that. She would tell me about her days with the children, all the class activities, projects, exercises involving, drawing, spelling, writing their names and the little tokens she created to reward them when they finished.

She gave them attention and probably the care many of them didn’t get as much at home and, in return they called her grandma’ and gave her love, hugs and kisses. A relationship permeated by the magic of innocence and patience. I find this cosmic because as loving as Mom was, often times she wasn’t as patient with some of us, the same as my grandmother. I realized in time that this is common when a single parent plays both roles.

Just the same, I learned that mothers are well rounded people; I know Mom liked to listen to Dean Martin, the Beatles, the hustle, Jim Croce and Eric Clapton, as much as Tim-Tan, Maria Victoria and Maria Luisa Landin. I remember she told me she liked the movie The Apartment by Jack Lemon and Shirley MacLaine. This one afternoon, as we were buying groceries we read on the paper the Apartment was showing on television. We had just moved into a town west of Chicago and had not even a chair to sit on but Mom decided to buy a black and white television set in a Montgomery Ward store.

We rushed home, unloaded the groceries, set the TV on the kitchen counter and while Grandma was cooking dinner we sat on the floor and watched the movie.

People like Mom are great teachers from whom we learn by example. An everlasting lesson from her is the realization of how insignificant we are and yet how important we can be in other people’s lives. A couple of years ago she was told that her kidneys were in perfect condition after a medical check-up so she told me she was thinking about putting one up for donation.

There is so much to write about a person like Mamá whose life personified our peoples’ spirit of survival with courage, humility and dignity. I only hope I can honor her memory through my actions and am able to pass on her legacy to my daughters whom she adored.

I write these lines as a tribute to her and as a way to say goodbye.
Although I know she’s resting now and finally at peace, every other morning I forget and reach out for the phone to talk to her.

We miss you Mamá ………………. 


Sent by Dorinda Moreno
 pueblosenmovimientonorte@gmail.com 

 


A million thanks for all your sympathies and reflections.  
In the process of celebrating mom’s memory I came to realize it was a portrayal of the history of many of our mothers, sisters and compañeras, hence a collective tribute and narrative of history, love and courage.

Really sorry to Hear that my dear friend Julio. I hope your family finds a soon resignation.
Contigo hermano, deseando que todo vaya bien y la tristeza de su partida se mescle con la alegria de los años vividos juntos, disfrutando nuestros viej@s.

And she loves you;. Always and forever and that's long

Thank you for this piece; what a courageous life she led. espero que estes bien!

Loving her for ever also because ha hecho un hombre como tu!. Linda homenage.

This is so beautiful. I remember her loving The Apartment Movie. I remember the TV. I knew she loved Eric Clapton & Dean Martin. I didn't know about the others. She did like one song from Aerosmith. I was surprised she listened to it. I wish I could remember which one. But it was in Toys in the Attic album. I am printing this and am going to put it in my Our Family Album with her picture and this letter. I am also going to print it for my kids. They will love it. I still cant believe she is gone. I have good and bad memories of her.

Beautiful words!
Dios,  la bendiga y  descanse en paz.
Mis oraciones y abrazos,  en solidaridad!

Thanks for sharing the wonderful life of your Mom.
It is easy to see her loving spirit and strong determination in you. I am from Rosita Coahuila and my family has gone through a similar journey as yours has.
I hope we can see you soon

A moving tribute, My condolences.   I lost my Mom a couple of years ago and felt about her a lot like you describe your feelings for your Mama.  As you say, we must try to conduct ourselves in the ways our mothers exemplified throughout their long, beautiful lives.
Un abrazo fuerte,

Beautiful tribute Julio.  My mom passed in 2015 at 99 and I still think she’s around.  She was extremely competent to a fault…and as a woman of her time played out her frustration with her second class lot not on the job away from the house but at home…where her attention to detail which was unstoppable invaded my and my brother’s waking moments.  We both broke fre of her expectations in very different ways.   But she left an imprint I would asay is like a scar…which I’m both proud and sad to acknowledge.  Life wants to live and we make our journey as much unplanned as planned.  The road is rocky and winding.  Surprises can be exhilarating and, or devastating.  And as I say the major cause of death is life…no way around it.   So we serve and expect to be served with more than a good reputation I guess.  Thanks for this note.  I really appreciate it.  

Qué hermoso y sentido texto. Evidentemente era una mujer extraordinaria y te felicito por haber tenido una relación cercana con ella. Espero que todos tengamos mamás tan fantásticas como la tuya!
Te mando un gran abrazo,

Gracias, Julio! Peace and blessings to the spirit of your mother. Peace, love, and solidarity forever,

Gracias Julio por compartir esta bella y poderosa historia de un legado que continua. Gracias por tu apoyo claro que eres el reflejo de su espiritu compasivo. Sin tu apoyo no seria posible continuar el saber que estas conmigo en este acompañamiento me llena de fortaleza para continuar.
Te envio un fuerte abrazo solidario y a ella le envio un cordial agradecimiento por crear en ti un gran ser humano. Que el universo la regocige con esa calidez para un dia encontrarnos con ella.
Gracias

Thoughtfully and beautifully expressed, Julio. And it took years before I finally tapered off thinking to call Mom about my gardens or something cute the cats had done. She passed in 1985, Dad in 1994.

Wow Que inspiradora historia la de tu mama! For sure she is in a better place .Abrazos hermano!

What a beautiful woman tu Santa Madre was.  It humbles me, when I think about my own sweet mother. 
My mother was extremely humble, pios, and giving. She only made it to 2nd grade, felt her English wasn't good enough to go to PTA meetings (always her excuse not to attend when we performed). However,  she never let us forget who and what we came from, instilled a desire to to learn.
She used to tell us that she and dad worked so that we would never have to experience working in the fields.  She felt it was cruel to make children work the fields. It something I'm extremely grateful to her for.  
God bless you,


This is a very nice recognition to your mother. May she rest in peace.

Julio,

I read your tribute to your mother.  Very heart-warming. I posted it on Facebook.  Hermano,

We must keep their memory alive and share with the world los modos y los hechos de estas grandes mujeres. I hereby encourage you to continue writing. Comparte mas de ella y sus acciones. Me dejastes a medias carnal! Sabes que te tengo mucho respeto y carino. Adelante pues.

Hermano this is a very moving and inspiring tribute a tu Mama.  No te despides es solamente una ausencia temporal, una gran celebración a tu jefita.  Un abrazao

Julio what a beautiful tribute to your mother.  You have her heart and passion. 
Thank you for sharing and know I am thinking about you. 



 


Latino soldiers
 Cebu, Phillipines, WW II

AMERICAN PATRIOTS

Valiant Press, books on the action of Mexican-American Combat Heroes
Call for Submissions: U.S. Latina and Latino Oral History Journal
Jose G. Ramos' Story 
Whittier Vietnam Veteran Jose G. Ramos to Receive High School Diploma
Vietnam War Veteran Gets Long-Awaited High School Diploma
Jose G. Ramos is the founder of Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day
Father's Day Poem by Jose G. Ramos
Vietnam War Hero With 37 Medals Barely Remembered
Book: "The House of Aragon" by Michael Perez: Los Angeles after World War II.  Historical Fiction based on personal interviews.  Go to: http://somosprimos.com/michaelperez/michaelperez.htm#ara 



         Valiant Press, books on the action of Mexican-American Combat Heroes

I strongly recommend each of these books to any Veteran, or to anybody who is interested in learning first-hand about the actions of Mexican-American combat HEROES witnessed by these two great authors:  Raul Morin (Dad) who served in WWII – and son Eddie Morin, who served in Vietnam.  I have read both of them and believe me, they are DAMN GOODPlacido Salazar

 I have always said: “We have no shortage of Mexican-American HEROES - Only a shortage of written or filmed material”. 

You can reach Eddie Morin, 2706 Fonda Way, Los Angeles CA 90031-2009 or call (323) 371-3417

 



DEDICATED TO THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN HEROES OF VIETNAM, KOREA AND WORLD WAR II


Among the Valiant
Mexican Americans in World War II and Korea

Intrduction by
Lyndon B. Johnson


The first factual account
by an Mexican American,
a must-read study of the history of Spanish- speaking Americans

Valor & Discord
Mexican Americans and the Vietnam War

By Eddie Morin


This penetrating new release details the actual accounts of veterans of the controversial Vietnam war. Over 30 photos. Includes commemorative postcard.

Commemorative Poster: U.S.
Mexican-American Medal of Honor Recipients

Look into the eyes of the Mexican-American heroes who earned our nation's most heartfelt gratitude.

NEW!
Poster of Vietnam Unit Badges

This colorful new poster features nearly all of the unit badges which our forces proudly carried in Vietnam, respectfully reminding us of the high cost of that war.

Home  |  Accolades  |  About the Authors  |  Order Now  |  Contact Us

Among the Valiant by Raul Morin  |  Valor & Discord by Eddie Morin  |  Poster of Medal of Honor Recipients  |  Poster of Vietnam Unit Badges

© Valiant Press / Eddie Morin. All rights reserved. Powered by Equitivity.

Sent by Juan Marinez  marinezj@msu.edu 



Call for Submissions:

U.S. Latina and Latino Oral History Journal
Vol. 3 (Fall 2019) – Narratives of Latino Migration to the U.S.
Deadline: October 1, 2017

The U.S. Latina & Latino Oral History Journal <https://utpress.utexas.edu/journals/us-latina-latino-oral-history-journal> invites the submission of original manuscripts for its third volume, focused on oral narratives of Latino migration to the United States.

The editorial board welcomes articles based on oral history of migration to all regions of the U.S. and from all Latino-origin communities.

Subjects of interest include the experience of braceros and other seasonal workers; narratives of “Operation Peter Pan” and the Cuban exodus following the advent of the Castro regime; the movement of Puerto Ricans to the continental United States, and the arrival of people escaping armed conflicts in Central America.

Submitted articles must be based primarily in oral history interviews and follow the best practices recommended by the Oral History Association. Please see the journal's submission guidelines <https://utpress.utexas.edu/journals/us-latina-latino-oral-history-journal> for length and formatting specifications .

Upon receipt, all texts will be subjected to a double blind peer review process.

The journal also welcomes the submission of reviews of academic books centered on U.S. Latinas/os, and which utilize oral history as a primary method. Submitted reviews should not exceed 1,000 words.

All texts should be submitted by the Oct. 1, 2017 deadline to Vinicio Sinta, managing editor, at latoralhistory@utexas.edu.

For more information, contact Vinicio Sinta or founding editor Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez, PhD (mrivas@austin.utexas.edu).

 
Vinicio A. Sinta
Managing Editor, US Latina & Latino Oral History Journal 
v.sinta@UTEXAS.EDU
Doctoral Candidate, School of Journalism
The University of Texas at Austin
Source: LARED-L@LISTSERV.CYBERLATINA.NET





Jose G. Ramos 

JOSE RAMOS STORY

WHITTIER. While other teenagers from Garfield High School in East Los Angeles were going to prom and getting ready to graduate 50 years ago this month, Jose Ramos was saving lives as a medic on the battlefields of Vietnam.

At the insistence of his father, Ramos enlisted in the Army on Dec. 28, 1965. He was just a 10th grader. 

On June 9, 2017, Ramos finally received his diploma - an honorary degree from the Los Angeles Unified School District - along with other graduates of Garfield High's Class of 2017 at East Los Angeles College in Monterey Park.



In attendance were 22 of his family members. As he walked, Ramos wore gifts from his grandchildren - a gold-colored rope from his grandson and a Mexican serape from his granddaughter - that they both wore at their own graduations.  Ramos also carried a photo from around 1950 of his parents, Agustine and Herminia.

Ramos talked to some of his fellow graduates before the ceremony, and he said they were excited for him.
"I never thought the diploma was important, but to still be here, and with these young people, who are about to really begin their lives, has been tremendous," he said.

As he reflected on his life, Ramos said his road to graduating last week was a long and treacherous one, beginning with his enlistment.

"I was the last of eight children, and my dad, who was 49 when I was born, was done with raising kids," said Ramos, a longtime Whittier resident.

One day after he came home from school, Ramos' dad presented him with enlistment papers.
"He told me that there wasn't enough room for two men in the house," Ramos said. "So basically he was my recruiter."

With the encouragement of his four older brothers who served in the Korean War but never saw combat, Ramos went off to the Army.

"In retrospect," he said, "leaving home for the Army was a relief. I was committing havoc at home, and I knew it was time to move on."

Training at Fort Bragg in North Carolina, Ramos joined the 82nd Airborne, then the 101st Airborne, both paratrooper units.

Because he was not yet 18 when he completed jump school and when his unit was sent to Vietnam, he was advised to apply for medical school.

Some told Ramos the assignment would keep him far from a battlefield. His fate was far different.
"I ended up becoming a grunt," he said, laughing, "but one with an aid kit."

"The training I received was about emptying bedpans and cleaning up vomit," Ramos said. "The first reality of being out on the battlefield is that this s--- is real! Second was the reality of mortality."

He said it took him two months, saddled with trying to keep his soldiers alive, to learn what it took to be a good medic.

"I had to shut down my emotions - the fear and anxiety - to deal with what I had to do," he said.

During his time in Vietnam, Ramos was shot in the leg and received the Purple Heart. His experiences left him with post-traumatic stress disorder upon returning home in October 1968.

The condition, commonly understood today by the medical community and the military, didn't have a name yet. Ramos grew depressed, and turned to alcohol. He never did learn to turn on his emotions.

"I buried my parents and other family and friends, but it did little to faze me," Ramos said.

Still, Ramos was able to work for years in emergency rooms of hospitals, first at Los Angeles County USC Medical Center and later at Martin Luther King Jr. Community Hospital. But by 1999, his condition led him to retire.

Ramos has been married to his wife, Sylvia, for 50 years this month. Together they have a son and daughter, and four grandchildren.

Since retiring, Ramos founded a grass-roots group recognizing Vietnam veterans, many of whom were shunned when they came home from the war.

"He decided the unfair treatment of our Vietnam vets had to end," said Alfred Lugo, a spokesman for the group, Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day Organization.

In 2004, Ramos led a bike ride from Irwindale to Washington, D.C., with seven other cyclists. They carried letters and postcards of support for such a day.

Through Ramos' lobbying efforts, the U.S. Senate officially designated March 30 as Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day.

After all that work, Ramos said his efforts are now focused on veterans from the Gulf War and the Iraq War.
"My life has been blessed," he said. "I want these vets to know there is a light at the end of the tunnel."


Sent by   Aicragjm1205@aol.com    MJG??



WHITTIER VIETNAM VETERAN JOSE G. RAMOS TO RECEIVE HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA
Alfred Lugo
alfredo.lugo@verizon.net
  

 

Today, June 15, 2017, there appeared an article in our local Whittier newspaper, talking about how I finally received my high school diploma from Garfield HS in ELA, fifty years after walking off of the campus for the very last time in 1965, just prior to my enlistment into the US Army. 

Receiving my diploma after so many years, turned out to be a very important event in my life. I never planned or contemplated on the idea of a diploma, however, it did naw at the back of mind. After so many years of serving my country, and in more recent years, serving my Veterans and my community, I have been to so many places, met so many famous Politicians, movie stars and people of importance, including the Prince and Duchess of England!!! I've received several awards, medals, plaques, etc, for recognition for some of the work I have done to help our Veterans move forward after their military obligations are completed. 

Ironically though, this HS diploma has turned out to be one if the best days of my adult life, no kidding. 

Fellow Vietnam Veteran Alfredo Lugo, was the main force behind this diploma becoming a reality, with an additional push from Carlos Venegas and Arnulfo Hernandez, also fellow Vietnam Veterans. Thank you all. 

However, I would like to tell you about Alfredo Lugo. He is well regarded and respected in the entertainment world as a produced Playwright, a fellow author and has produced several documentaries for PBS Television along with many for private organizations, many of these, pro bono. In most of his creativity, there is usually a Veteran or a Veterans cause affiliated with his "projects". I've seen Alfredo ride his bicycle across the nation, in order to find and film the homeless Veteran disgrace, while toting around tons of filming equipment plus personal gear. I've seen Alfredo Lugo go on travels that have taken him across the nation or across the globe for personal time or creative business, and on each occasion he returned with containers, holding something which brought within it, a sense of hope, of possibilities for a brother, a Vietnam Veteran who is suffering with incurable, inoperable cancer. He brought a small tin container with special dirt from a special place, a small bottle with a special oil, from a special place to give to me, his special friend, his fellow Vietnam Veteran José G. Ramos. 

How do you thank someone like Alfredo? How do I find the proper words? I think my best route might be to just share my story with those who know me, us, Alfredo and I.

To allow others to know, that I am very, very grateful to another human being, not only for caring but for ALWAYS taking the extra step and making the extra effort. 

Alfredo, you are a special kind of man and I am so glad that God chose to put you in my life. Thank you friend, God bless you and welcome home. 

José G. Ramos
whvvd@aol.com 


http://www.whittierdailynews.com/social-affairs/20170614/50-years-later-vietnam-veteran-and-east-la-native-who-went-to-garfield-high-receives-high-school-diploma 



Photo courtesy of Joe Leal, Founder Vet Hunters

Vietnam War Veteran Gets Long-Awaited High School Diploma

Jose G. Ramos is the founder of Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day

By Staff Report

A Whittier native whose efforts to honor Vietnam War veterans spread coast-to-coast was presented with his own high school diploma on Friday.

Jose G. Ramos, founder of Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day, attended Garfield High School's graduation ceremony and received the long-awaited honor.

Ramos was a medic with the 101st Airborne Division and served in

Photo courtesy of Joe Leal, Founder Vet Hunters

Phan Tiet, Vietnam from October 1967 to October 1968.

 


"Veterans never forget those who helped," said Alfred Lugo, a spokesman with the Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day Committee, in a news release. "Medics put themselves in harm's way to save their fellow soldiers' lives. A medic will never leave a man behind."

When Ramos returned from service, he suffered from PTSD, alcoholism, depression and he was suicidal, Lugo said. Ramos believed veterans were treated unfairly post service and wanted to do something to properly honor them.

That's when Ramos formed the Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day Organization and advocated for a day that would officially honor the servicemen with a well-deserved thank you. He rode his bicycle from Irwindale, California to Washington, D.C. and even stood in front of the White House to demonstrate.

Now, most states celebrate March 29 or 30 as Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day.

"Jose G. Ramos, as energetic in giving Vietnam veterans their due reception and appreciation, never thought of himself," Lugo said.

"He will now be able to enjoy receiving his Garfield High School diploma. In my opinion, he will be a Ph.D -- 'A Person Having a Diploma.'"

http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/veteran-Jose-Ramos-Vietnam-War-high-school-diploma- 427617543.html 

 




FATHERS DAY

 

On Father's Day 2017, I'll remember my clan, the men who we're fathers then and are fathers now, in my family. 

My dad has long passed. My four brothers and myself are all Veterans and are also blessed to be dads. 

This Fathers Day, I reach out to ALL Dads WHO SERVED. 

To all Veteran fathers who know better than anyone else what dedication, loyalty and truth, really mean. 

To all Veteran fathers I say thank you for giving up your family time, for missing birthdays, holidays, births and the ability to be with your your spouse, your children, mom and dad, your best friends. 

Today this Father's Day should feel very special For All Who Served, without you, today, would not be happening. Thank you from a grateful nation!!

 

God bless you. Happy Father's Day AND Welcome Home. 

JGR 

 




Vietnam War Hero With 37 Medals Barely Remembered

 

Many people have heard about Alvin C. York and Audie Murphy. Both men were portrayed in feature films as the most decorated soldiers of World War I and World War II, respectively. But what about Joe Ronnie Hooper?

image235


Hooper joined the U.S. Army at age 19 and served two tours in Vietnam from 1966 to 1968 as part of the 501st Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division, also known as the Delta Raiders. He earned 37 medals for his bravery on the battlefield, more than any other soldier in the history of the U.S. military. Somehow, American history seems to have forgotten the sacrifice of this soldier, even as the United States remembers the 50th anniversary of the unpopular conflict.

 

image137


The Army noticed Hooper’s uncommon valor during the Battle of Hue on Feb. 21, 1968, part of the Tet Offensive. Hooper single-handedly destroyed three enemy bunkers using grenades. He killed enemies in four more bunkers with grenades before killing more enemies with his rifle and bayonet during the six-hour battle. All the while, Hooper was wounded 11 times, and he refused any medical help until he knew the rest of his unit was safe. By the end of the battle, Hooper killed 24 enemies and somehow evaded machine gun fire to rescue his fellow troops.
Just 14 out of 189 men survived the battle, mostly due to Hooper's actions, before the hero passed out from loss of blood. One day later, he left the hospital and rejoined his unit still wearing his hospital gown. However, two days after he returned to duty, Hooper was wounded again. 

On March 17, 1969, President Richard Nixon awarded Hooper the Congressional Medal of Honor. As the most decorated American soldier, he also earned eight Purple Hearts, two Silver Stars and six Bronze Stars to go along with 115 confirmed enemy kills.

image415

Even with all of his heroism, bravery and decoration, Hooper remains a forgotten soldier. Sebastian Moraga of the Quad City Herald wrote in 2004 that Hooper's legacy hasn’t received the recognition he deserves because he fought in an unpopular war. Hooper also suffered from alcoholism. However, neither of those circumstances should detract from his sacrifices to save his fellow soldiers. Hooper died in 1979 at the age of 40.
Hooper’s actions deserve just as much recognition as those of other soldiers who earned medals for bravery. Hopefully, Hollywood rectifies this situation as the nation remembers Vietnam 25 years after it happened.

Sent by Odell Harwell odell.harwell74@att.net
For more information go to:  http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml

 

EDUCATION

Our Education System
Center for Mexican American Studies
Financial Aid and Scholarships for Hispanic Students
The Bernard Osher Foundation


 
Sent by Eva Booher EVABOOHER@aol.com 


================================== ==================================
http://utexas.us7.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=fc31e32d4002463e75d6ea7b1&id=c9dea82897&e=2a3bc8bc48

WEEK OF JUNE 12, 2017
What is CMAS?  The mission of CMAS is to serve Texas and the nation as a leader in the intellectual development of Mexican American Studies. Faculty and students affiliated with CMAS have worked to enhance our understanding of Mexican American cultural practices, historical development, and socioeconomic conditions, as well as the broader Latino experience, and to strengthen the presence of Mexican Americans and other Latinos in the intellectual terrain, both within and beyond U.S. borders.   
================================== ==================================
A note from Daniel Arbino, new Librarian for LLILAS-Benson

"Hello to everyone,  I want to introduce myself to the Department of Mexican American & Latina/o Studies and the Center for Mexican American Studies. My name is Daniel Arbino and I will be the new Librarian for Latina/o Studies at the LLILAS-Benson. Going forward I will be one of your main contact points should you need any guidance or have any questions about the Latina/o Studies collection.  I am looking forward to building a relationship with all of you.

A little about me, I have a PhD in Latin American Literatures and Cultures from the University of Minnesota (2013) and a Masters in Library and Information Science from the University of Arizona (2016). I have taught in both Spanish Departments and English Departments with my most recent position at Tulane University as a visiting assistant professor. Please don’t hesitate to contact me. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/services/suggest-a-pur

http://utexas.us7.list-manage.com/track/click?u=fc31e32d4002463e75d6ea7b1&id=6b7384fc78&e=2a3bc8bc48

 

 

 

 



7th Annual Barrio Writers Live Reading
Saturday, July 15 | 1–5 PM | Gordon-White Building Multi-Purpose Room (GWB 2.206) |  UT Austin

The Center for Mexican American Studies (CMAS) is pleased to host the 7th Annual Barrio Writers Live Reading this July! The live reading will feature youth writers who have spent a week reading, writing and creating their own works on the campus of The University of Texas at Austin. Read more on our website.


Guidebook to Financial Aid for Hispanic Students to Attend School: http://www. accreditedschoolsonline.org/ resources/financial-aid- scholarships-for-hispanic- students/
Scholarship and Financial Aid for Minority Students: http://www. learnhowtobecome.org/college/ financial-aid-for-minority- students/
Best, 
Caitlin Stewart
caitlin@csccr.org

 



The Bernard Osher Foundation


The Bernard Osher Foundation, headquartered in San Francisco, was founded in 1977 by Bernard Osher,
a respected businessman and community leader. The Foundation seeks to improve quality of life through support 
for higher education and the arts for seasoned adults. 

The Foundation provides post-secondary scholarship funding to colleges and universities across the nation, with special attention to reentry students. It also supports a national lifelong learning network for seasoned adults. The Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes, operating on the campuses of 120 institutions of higher education from Maine to Hawaii and Alaska, have a National Resource Center at Northwestern University. In addition, the Foundation benefits programs in integrative medicine in the United States and Sweden, including centers at the University of California, San Francisco; Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston; the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm; Northwestern University; and Vanderbilt University. Finally, an array of performing arts organizations, museums, and educational programs in Northern California and in Mr. Osher’s native state of Maine receive Foundation grants.

The Foundation has a nine-member Board of Directors, chaired by the Honorable Barbro Osher, Honorary Consul General of Sweden in California.  http://osherfoundation.org./ 

Thanks to Lonnie Horn who introduced the Osher Foundation to me.  Lonnie is associated with the Osher Foundation activities at the University of California. mail4lonnie@aol.com 

Hi Mimi,
 
It was nice meeting you today and I look forward to our great project.
 
The OLLI website is ce.uci.edu/olli. You will find all sorts of information there. If you click on the tab Spring Courses/Events you will see our offerings. If you click on a specific title the description will pop up. Notice how we tied SS 319 to SE 57. We often try to create a Special Event related to a class when we can.
 
You can find more information at osherfoundation.org.  
If you have any questions please let me know.
 
Regards, Lonnie Horn


History of the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at the University of Delaware

One spring evening in 1976, Art Trabant, President of the University of Delaware, commented to Jack Murray, head of the University’s Division of Continuing Education, “I think we should be planning something for the growing population of adults who are now beginning to reach retirement age in the Wilmington area. It has to be within a university context, of course, and should be educational in nature because we are a university. But it should also be something different, something unique and creative.”

Jack Murray began considering various ideas, including the idea of using Wilcastle, the old clubhouse of the Wilmington Country Club, which was located on the University’s Wilmington Campus and was being used by the University for evening classes. He passed his thoughts on to Richard Fischer, then the University’s Associate Director of Statewide Planning, and Nancy Aldrich, a Program Specialist in the Division. They put together a plan that was proposed to the University in the summer of 1979 and approved by Art Trabant in September of 1979.

Events moved rapidly. Louise Conner, former State Senator and civic leader, and Nancy Aldrich, liaison with the University, developed a nucleus of potential members and broadly publicized the ideas for the Academy. In late November 1979, nearly 200 people attended an informational open house at Wilcastle and 450 others expressed interest by telephone or in writing. From those who responded, a temporary steering committee, chaired by George Kazan, was formed to broaden interest in a lifelong learning program and develop a curriculum. By early January 1980, a curriculum of 22 courses had been developed and sent to all those who expressed interest, and on February 6, 1980, the Academy of Lifelong Learning opened on schedule for its first term. By its second term that fall, membership exceeded 200 and the number of courses had grown to 31.

The broad parameters of operation were those originally conceived: a program that is part of the University, with courses selected and taught by its members and a program that attracts vibrant, enthusiastic people of retirement age. The temporary steering committee concluded that the curriculum and other Academy programs should be determined by the members themselves. They established a permanent organization led by a governing Council of eleven members (later increased to 15 members with five elected each year). After elections in May 1980, the Council met in June and elected Bert Spivey as its first chair. The new Council then developed the organizational structure, including standing committees through which the work of the Academy was and still is conducted, from the Curriculum Committee to the Newsletter.

Organizational development

From the start and throughout its history, the Academy used the knowledge, talents, and experience of its members to provide a wide range of courses that are, in general, of a college level. The courses, as well as all other activities, are led by members who volunteer as teachers and program leaders according to their interests, abilities, and experience. The relationship with the University was and is critical. From the beginning, the Academy has been located on the Wilmington Campus of the University. Although during weekdays the Academy had priority use of Wilcastle Center and now Arsht Hall, the campus, and maintenance and operating expenses are shared with the other University operations, namely, Conference Services and the Division of Professional and Continuing Studies. The membership fees cover Academy costs. The Academy Council sets an annual budget which includes charges from the University for facilities, services, and staff. The University staff, from Nancy Aldrich to our present University Coordinator carry out the critical daily administration of the Academy. The Academy could not operate without the University nor could it operate without the hundreds of Academy volunteers who teach its courses, run its extracurricular activities and assist in its day-to-day operations.

Arsht Hall

Arsht HallThe Academy met a real need for seniors and they responded to its intellectual, social, and cultural offerings. By 1983, more than fifty courses were offered to more than 500 students and, by the fall of 1986, eighty-six courses were offered to 826 members, all in Wilcastle. Responding to the ballooning market, the University began planning new facilities. Thanks to the generous pledge of Roxanna and Sam Arsht, construction of Arsht Hall was authorized on December 8, 1988; ground was broken in May of 1990; and the building dedicated on October 18, 1991. In the end, the Arshts contributed $2 million, the members and friends of the Academy another million, and the University put up the remainder of the $6 million total cost. In the fall of 1991, the Academy of Lifelong Learning moved from Wilcastle to Arsht Hall. The vitality and quality of the Academy was reflected in its new building as well as almost 1400 members, with a curriculum of 108 courses.

The Academy had become the center of intellectual activity for retired adults in the area.

The Academy’s 25-year anniversary

The Academy has grown to become an institution equal in size to this country’s most respected small, liberal-arts colleges. It is an institution greatly admired for the quality, scope, and diversity of its intellectual and cultural activities and an institution recognized as a leader in its own particular field—learning in retirement. In 2004, it celebrated a milestone 25-year anniversary. While it grew in size to about 2,100 members by the fall of 2004, over its quarter-century history, the Academy has maintained its intellectual focus. In 1981 the curriculum included 6 courses in 5 languages, 5 in literature, 7 in scientific subjects, 14 in artistic subjects and 7 social and political courses taught by a faculty of 33 volunteer instructors. In the fall of 2004, its 197 instructors taught 244 courses, including, among others, 45 in 10 languages, 68 in the humanities, 51 in artistic subjects, 15 in scientific subjects, and 6 in social and political subjects. But the intellectual scope of the Academy has also grown to include performing arts, such as the Academy Band, Chorus, and Circle Singers, and 50 computer courses ranging from beginner to expert.

In addition to its travel program, from the beginning the Academy has had social hours, extracurricular activities, and an outreach program to the community. In the 1980s the travel class organized many trips in the United States and abroad. These activities have continued and grown to also include a guest lecture series, musical ensembles, and many more extracurricular activities. Now there is also a summer session including a weeklong retreat program at Rehoboth Beach, as well as a summer lecture series and short four-week courses in Arsht Hall.

Finally, no history of the Academy is complete without recognizing the hundreds of volunteers, other than instructors, who now work in the administrative infrastructure of the Academy. These include the Council, the governing body, and more than 26 committees that deal with everything from curriculum and summer school to staffing the reading room and the reception desk, duplication, social hours, and much more. The teamwork within the Academy and the cooperation of the University make the Academy an outstanding opportunity for intellectual stimulation, cultural enrichment, and social interaction.

Osher Institute affiliation

In 2010 the Academy of Lifelong Learning received endowment support from the Bernard Osher Foundation. In recognition of its affiliation with the Osher Foundation, the Academy became the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at the University of Delaware in Wilmington.



 

RELIGION

The Lost Tomb of Jesus through DNA
Soft Sharia in Turkey
Domatillia (Pontifical Commission of Sacred Art ) By Jason Daley
La catedral de Toledo el V centenario del cardenal Cisneros


               Editor Mimi: Although this date is past, I thought readers would be interested in this research:

                          The Lost Tomb of Jesus through DNA


Hello, I would like to invite you to attend a lecture on The Lost Tomb of Jesus through DNA.  If you would like to learn more about the lost Tomb of Jesus and the genetic testing done on the remains then this presentation is for you.  There will be a talk on the subject on June 16, at 3:30 PM, through the University 
of New Mexico Osher program.  The class number is 19731.
To register for this Osher class go to the following link:
================================== ==================================
In 1980, a bulldozer accidentally uncovered a first-century tomb in Jerusalem. Of the ten ossuaries (stone coffins) found inside, six bore inscriptions: Jesus
son of Joseph, Maria, Mariamene (the name by which Mary Magdalene was known), Joseph, Matthew and Judah, son of Jesus. Dismissed by archaeologists
as coincidence, the ossuaries were warehoused and forgotten. Twenty-five years later, additional study was done on the remains inside the ossuaries, which included DNA analysis among other scientific investigations. We will discuss the genetic results and their ramifications by watching a documentary about this incredible archaeological find.

Course Number: 19731 SUA Day/Date: Friday, June 16
Time: 3:30pm-5:30pm Tuition: $20. Location: UNM Continuing Education South Building Address: 
1634 University Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131


Angel R. Cervantes is an avid genetic genealogical researcher. He has worked at the New Mexico State Archives in Santa Fe, NM in 2001 as an Archivist. Mr. Cervantes has volunteered his time at the Special Collections Library in Albuquerque, NM, where he
has assisted people with their genealogy. In 2004, he pioneered the study of Anthropological Genetic Genealogy with the creation of the New Mexico DNA Project. He did this because  he felt that New Mexico with its rich history and cultural diversity needed its own representation in the realm of DNA and Anthropological Genetic Genealogy. 

In 2006, Mr. Cervantes participated in a PBS special with a discussion on Genetic Genealogy through DNA on the Founding Families of the Spanish New Mexico Colony.  Contact: angelrcervantes@gmail.com 

Ángel de Cervantes, Executive Director
New Mexico DNA Project
Iberian Peninsula DNA Institute


 

Soft Sharia in Turkey

The good news about Turkish justice is that despite 15 years of not-so-creeping Islamization, court verdicts do not yet sentence wrongdoers to public lashing, stoning, amputations or public hangings in main city squares. The bad news about the Turkish justice system is that it is increasingly religiously ideological, reminiscent of the Ottoman justice system where non-Muslims were legally inferior to the Muslims and were, in principle, expected to be constantly reminded of their inferiority to the dominant community through restrictions and markers.
In 21st century Turkey, fortunately, there are not [yet] markers revealing non-Muslim citizens or laws discriminating against non-Muslims. Nevertheless, with or without markers, there is positive discrimination in favor of pious Muslims and against the others. Turkish law enforcement is embarrassingly pro-pious Sunni Muslim.
Turkey, nominally, is not a Sharia state. But it is becoming one on a de facto basis. In January, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's government issued a decree stipulating that law enforcement officials, including security officials, police and coast guard officers, could lose their jobs if they marry a "known adulterer."
The legislation reads that law enforcement officials cannot "intentionally marry a person who is known to be impure, or to stay in a marriage, or continue to live with such a person." The offense is punishable by up to 24 months' suspension from work. In addition, the decree covers stricter rules against drinking, gambling, the vague and emphatic "going to places that would ruin your reputation," as well as "excessive spending," all while off duty.

In January, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's government issued a decree stipulating that 
law enforcement officials could lose their jobs if they marry "a person who is known to be impure." 
(Photo by Lintao Zhang/Pool/Getty Images)

What do those new offenses have in common? Adultery, impurity, drinking, gambling and excessive spending? They are all sins mentioned in the holy book of Islam. This is not only problematic from the viewpoint of modern state and public administration, but also from a technical point of view. When the offense is defined in such vague and holy scriptural language, judgment will inevitably become arbitrary. Who is a "known adulterer," for instance? Who is a person "known to be impure?" How will the Turkish state define "purity" or "a pure person?" How would an officer know beforehand that a place he goes for the first time will "ruin his reputation?" And what percentage of one's salary will mean "excessive spending?"
Last year a Turkish man stood trial for seriously injuring [with the intention to kill, according to the indictment] his ex-wife by stabbing her with a screwdriver. The court sentenced the man to an aggravated life sentence. The judges then gave the defendant a shocking reduction: Just 11 years in jail instead of life. Why the generosity? Because the court found out that the victim had the habit of going out with her "divorced lady friends and drank alcohol". In other words, the Turkish court ruled that the woman had half-deserved to be murdered because of that.
In April, an apparently conservative Turk addressed Selina Dogan, a Turkish-Armenian opposition MP, with the words: "You are all whores ... You are the servants of Byzantium." Dogan sued the man for hate-speech and insult. A Turkish court admitted that the content shared in social media indeed was insulting but acquitted the defendant. Dogan said: "This [ruling] is a free pass for hate speech".
More recently, Nurettin Yildiz, a columnist for the Islamist Milli Gazete, declared that in Islam it was permissible for children at the age of six to get married. Normally one would expect psychiatric examination for the man or prosecution for pedophilia. But Turkish justice can sometimes be generously tolerant to freedom of speech -- as long as the content is Islamist. A prosecutor, citing freedom of expression, dropped charges against Yildiz. Meanwhile, a secular news site, Odatv, outraged by Yildiz's statement, placed the man in the news with the headline: "Religious Fanatics Perverting." This time, the prosecution was not as generous as in the case of Yildiz. A prosecutor is now demanding up to 28 months in jail for Baris Terkoglu, editor of Odatv, for insulting Yildiz. Defending the marriage of six-year-olds is fine, but calling that a perversion is an offense punishable by jail.
One important difference between a modern state and a religion-based state is that the former punishes offenses harmful to the public interest while the latter tends to punish the "sin". Turkey, once a semi-modern state, is now drifting fast into the Sharia order -- without the name Sharia.
Burak Bekdil, one of Turkey's leading journalists, was just fired from Turkey's leading newspaper after 29 years, for writing what was taking place in Turkey for Gatestone. He is a Fellow at the Middle East Forum.
© 2017 Gatestone Institute. All rights reserved.

 

 



Stunning Frescoes: Centuries of grime have been removed from two chambers of the Domitilia catacombs, 
exposing images of fourth-century Rome

                     Domatillia (Pontifical Commission of Sacred Art ) By Jason Daley
                                                              Smithsonian.com, July 5, 2017  

The Domitilla catacombs are the largest underground burial chambers in Rome, housing 26,250 burials in a seven-odd mile stretch underneath the metropolis. While the area is a historian's dream, for centuries much of the information the catacombs offer on early Christianity has been obscured by layers of soot, algae and chalk. Now, reports Daniela Petroff at the Associated Press, two chambers of the catacombs have been restored, revealing the underlying frescoes and graffiti for the first time in centuries.

Petroff reports that the chambers' restored frescoes hearken back to Rome’s pagan roots and early Biblical influences. There are grapevines and cupids, as well as depictions of Noah and his ark, Daniel and the lions and Christ and his apostles.

Elisabetta Povoledo at The New York Times reports that workers used lasers to strip the crusty deposits off the frescoes "millimeter by millimeter." That painstaking work paid off—researchers were able to date the restored images to the second half of the fourth century.

“These works show the difficult path the Romans walked on the way to their new faith,” Giovanni Carru, of the Pontifical Commission of Sacred Art, tells Petroff.

Sarah Bond at Forbes reports that the frescoes also shed light on every day life in ancient Rome from the grain and baking trades. Bread was incredibly important in the Roman empire and artwork discovered illustrate the many people employed in making sure grain made it to the imperial city.

Researchers discovered a piece of trivia as well among the art. One of the restored frescoes includes the name Antonio Bosio. The Italian scholar rediscovered the catacombs under Rome in 1593, and at some point decided to scrawl his name in big black letters above Christ and his disciples, reports Povoledo.

A museum that includes artifacts from Romes catacombs is currently being completed and the restored chambers themselves will be open to the public later this summer. Povoledo reports that the restoration of the catacombs will continue since there are dozens of similar chambers waiting for the layers of grime to be peeled back.

About Jason Daley
Jason Daley is a Madison, Wisconsin-based writer specializing in natural history, science, travel, and the environment. His work has appeared in Discover, Popular Science, Outside, Men’s Journal, and other magazines.
Read more from this author | Follow @jasondaley608

Read more: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/restored-roman-catacombs-reveal-stunning-frescoes-180963532/#Wv5AX8yq6Cva6hdd.99 






La catedral de Toledo  
el V centenario del cardenal Cisneros

La Sacristía de la catedral de Toledo

Una visita nocturna al templo primado marcará el inicio de esta conmemoración en la ciudad

Desde donde cuidan su historia para las nuevas generaciones.​


Information: http://www.abc.es/  

espana/ castilla-la-mancha/toledo/ disfruta/abci-catedral-toledo- abre-este-viernes-centenario- cardenal-cisneros- 201701121355_noticia.html

CULTURE

32nd International Hispanic Theatre Festival of Miami 
NALAC Leadership Institute  
México ó Méjico

32nd International Hispanic Theatre Festival of Miami 
https://www.teatroavante.org/copy-of-2016  

 

PLEASE NOTE | For security reasons, the United States has severely tightened restrictions on visas and other travel documents. Such restrictions may impair our ability to adhere to the published Festival schedule. Please bear with us and keep in mind that our program may change without notice. Thank you!

July 6-23 | After each opening
Educational Component | Forums about each opening
BEATRIZ J. RIZK, Ph.D. | Educational Program Director
Don.Lopez@nasm.si.edu/ 



Welcome to the NLI Class of 2017!

The NALAC Leadership Institute (NLI) is a week-long rigorous program in arts management and leadership development that delivers innovative and practical strategies that lead to successful business practices in the arts. Meet our 2017 Fellows who will be convening in San Antonio, TX, this July.
Dante Alencastre, CA
Nahshon Anderson, NY
Rebecca Beltran, IL
Elisa Bocanegra, OR
Mari Burgos, CO
Alejandra Cisneros, CA
Mario Contreras, IL
Christie Correa, NJ
Diana Farfan, SC
Claudia Femenias, NC
Moises Garcia, CA
Liza Garza, GA
Adriana Gaviria, NY
Jadira Gurule, NM
Jennifer Herrera, TX

JUNE 2017 ISSUE




México ó Méjico

 

Para su conocimiento, México se escribe con "x" al menos desde hace casi 4 Siglos, por españoles peninsulares y americanos igual y la propia RAE recomienda hoy ya su escritura con "x". Por si no fuera suficiente, en los diarios españoles, El País y El Mundo, y el argentino El Clarín, su escritura es con "x" también ya desde hace tiempo. Así que queridos hispanistas estén enterados: insistir en usar la "j" es no menos que una terquedad.

http://ccaa.elpais.com/…/01/29/madrid/1454091895_398419.html

https://www.clarin.com/tema/mexico.html
http://lema.rae.es/dpd/?key=m%C3%A9jico

México. La grafía recomendada para este topónimo es México, y su pronunciación correcta, [méjiko] (no [méksiko]). También se recomienda escribir con x todos sus derivados: mexicano, mexicanismo, etc. (pron. [mejikáno, mejikanísmo, etc.]). La aparente falta de correspondencia entre grafía y pronunciación se debe a que la letra x que aparece en la forma escrita de este y otros topónimos americanos (Oaxaca y Texas) conserva el valor que tenía en épocas antiguas del idioma, en las que representaba el sonido que hoy corresponde a la letra j ( x3 y 4). Este arcaísmo ortográfico se conservó en México y, por extensión, en el español de América, mientras que en España, las grafías usuales hasta no hace mucho eran Méjico, mejicano, etc. Aunque son también correctas las formas con j, se recomiendan las grafías con x por ser las usadas en el propio país y, mayoritariamente, en el resto de Hispanoamérica.

Diccionario panhispánico de dudas ©2005
Real Academia Española © Todos los derechos reservados

​Saludos, Carlos Campos y Escalante  campce@gmail.com

 

 

BOOKS & PRINT MEDIA

McCarthyism: Memories of a Blacklisted Bert Corona by Carlos Larralde
2017 American Library Association Convention in Chicago
Abraham Lincoln and Mexico by Michael Hogan 
Four books written by Joe Sanchez: Latin Blues, True Blue, Red Herring, Yellow Streak  
Still Dreaming: My Journey from the Barrio to Capitol Hill by Congressman, Luis Gutierrez 
Los Invencibles de América: Hernán Cortés liberó a las tribus mexicanas de la tiranía del Imperio
      Azteca by Jesus A. Rojo Pinilla


Hello Mimi, 
I would like to share with you the extremely good news of the recent publication of a biography on Bert Corona by my good friend Carlos Larralde.  His book is entitled, McCarthyism: Memories of a Blacklisted Bert Corona, and he co-authored this very informative tome with Michael J. Lynch III.  Carlos received his Ph.D. in sociology from UCLA, while Michael earned his Ph.D. in historical geography from Texas A&M University.
To his scholarly credit, Carlos has published the following books:
        Mexican American Movements and Leaders
        Juan N. Cortina and the Struggle for Justice in Texas
        Judge J.T. Canales, Latino Civil Rights Leader
        Carlos Esparza, A Chicano Chronicle
        Grito del Sol--A Chicano Quarterly, June 1978, Mostly a short biography of Santa Teresa, Chicana Mystic                              
============================== ==================================
Dr. Carlos Larralde's new book on Bert Corona is a remarkable scholarly study.  It contains 33 pages of 419 interesting and informative endnotes.  These need to be read as well because they provide additional explanations and much information to the historical narrative.  The actual text consists of six intriguing chapters and an appendix.  Carlos knew his subject very well, having had him as a professor at California State University during the 1970s.  Their friendship spanned three decades, ending in 2001 with the death of Bert Corona at the age of 83.  Carlos wrote a superb historical and personal account of a renowned California Civil Rights activist, using a variety of sources to reconstruct the life of an important Mexican American icon during the McCarthy era. The introduction is aptly titled, " Bert Corona:  A California Labor Organizer," and states in part, "People rarely heard Corona's bitter experiences during the McCarthy era.  As I began to know him, I observed, listened and pondered what he said and did.  I could sense an irritable and restless spirit that haunted him.  But at times, I detected an invisible hard shell that distanced him from people.  I realized that he suffered from painful recollections as a victim of McCarthyism which made him vulnerable to anxiety and bouts of depression.  These McCarthy era reminiscences are what we note in the following pages."  This remarkable tome represents an important study in the historiography of Mexican American 
biographies.
Photo of a contemplative and anxious Bert Corona sitting next to a student during a political demonstration against the Vietnam War.  

The demonstration occurred in Los Angeles, California in 1970. (Bert Corona Papers, Larralde Collection) 
And, this is what Sentia Publishing has to say:  

 

"Carlos Larralde has crafted a study of Bert Corona, a California Latino civil rights activist.  This alone is a significant accomplishment.  As the reader will undoubtedly surmise, hard copy source materials were scant.  This is due primarily to the dearth of paperwork and notes available.  This, in turn, was due to the fears that primary source materials could be confiscated and used against the people central to the study, Bert Corona and the Latino activists associated with him.  These fears arose in conjunction with the very real danger that local, state, and federal government minions would distort and use against these Latino activists, the very records that would have verified and supported their verbal accounts.
Thus, in many instances, verbal accounts remain our only source materials for the history of this band of brothers and sisters who stood up to individuals and groups determined to squelch the basic human rights of ethnic and social minorities.  The reader, whether liberal or conservative, should find succor in the activities of these Latino activists.  For if none stand to restrain the government, we will all become subjects rather than citizens.  This is why the following narrative is powerful, and is such a valuable part of history.

One of history’s problems remains: just what is history and who has the right to craft historical narratives.  There is a somewhat accurate concept that the winners get to write history.  Fortunately, this tends to be true in the short run.  Over time, a more balanced narrative tends to develop which will incorporate voices not heard in the initial historical monologue.  I sincerely believe that the volume you are reading serves history by expanding the existing narrative.  The multiple voices resonating in this story enrich the history of California, Latinos, the United States, politics, society, and individual persons.  Some of these voices have been heard before and some have been heard by only a minute percentage of us.

In developing this narrative, Carlos Larralde has invested his time, talent, and lifeblood in its presentation.  The reader is offered a chorus of voices, not a cacophony of noise.  This is a difficult endeavor as so many voices and life stories can obfuscate the historical value within multiple lives and personal stories.  This work presents many voices and stories.  The reader will find it not necessarily an easy read.  Please remember that if something is easy, anyone could do it and it usually is not worth much.  Easy may be convenient and comfortable, but easy has but limited value.

In this vein, please remember to read the endnotes.  This may sound strange, but the endnotes contain more than just sources.  Within the source material and the ancillary comments attached to several of the notes is a presentation of the broad range of sources utilized by the author.  The endnotes should illuminate the reader with a fuller understanding as to why the narrative has been crafted as it has.  This narrative is primarily the story of a single person’s life, which has been richly intertwined with the lives of so many other persons, both heroic and base.  In this complex tapestry lies a mirror of our own lives and experiences.  One history of so many that comprises our individual and communal existence.

This is a work of scholarship and love compiled from multiple sources and frequently derived from personal interviews with the individuals who lived through this period.  Oral histories are difficult simply by the manner in which they are obtained, recorded, and stored for subsequent retrieval, often years later.  This alone affords such narratives substantial value, by their scarcity and by the craftsmanship of an individual who has dedicated his effort to bring these narratives to light."
Mimi, I was flattered by the complimentary inscription that Dr. Carlos Larralde wrote in the copy he mailed me.  It reads as follows:  "To a scholar who is an expert on the history concerning the Mexican American in Texas and also very knowledgeable about the Lower Rio Grande region. To the optimistic and cheerful J. Gilberto Quezada." 

That was very nice of him.  The book may be purchased through Sentia Publishing on the Internet.
Take care and may you continue to receive God's abundant blessings each and every day.
Gilbert
================================== ==================================


Facial portrait of Bert Corona (Los Angeles Times, October 9, 1994.  Book Review section, Sergio Munoz - Reviewer

Photo of Bert Corona, U.S. Passport, Corona was forty-three years old in this photograph.  As a blacklisted individual, Corona was lucky that he was able to hold a passport during the McGarthsim .  Most blacklisted persons had problems obtaining or renewing a passport.  (Bert Corona Papers, Larralde Collection)

 

"A critical chronicle of Latinos who suffered during the McCarthy era, in California that was told by numerous blacklisted Lations to the author  In the end, the author received most of their persona; papers and other documents."  Paul Vaderwood, California State University, San Diego

"It is a useful narrative to those who need to understand the Latino struggle for civil rights."  Jose Lopez, California State University, Long Beach

About the Authors
Carlos Larralde received his Ph.D. in sociology at UCLA in 1978 and has published numerous studies on the American Latino community in 2003.  His academic interests include ethnic studies, ethnic enclaves, and the history of ethnic empowerment.  While Michael J. Lynch III received is Ph.D. in historical geography from Texas A & M University.

 

 



Volume 15, Number 19
June 15, 2017
 
Hola!   
Next week I look forward to seeing many of you at the 2017 American Library Association Convention in Chicago, now the largest book industry conference in the USA. At Latino Literacy Now's booth, 2029, in the Diversity Pavillon, we will be presenting some of the 2017 Int'l Latino Book Awards Finalists for the first time and also some past Award Winning Authors. Please stop by and talk with us.
This past Monday we announced the 233 authors, publishers, translators, and designers that are being honored in 91 different categories in this year's Int'l Latino Book Awards. You can see more details below and click here for the complete list of 2017 winners. The 2017 Awards Ceremony will be held September 9th at California State University Dominguez Hills in Los Angeles County as part of three days of activities Celebrating the 2017 Award Winning Authors. Click here if you'd like to be one of our Partners for this important weekend of activities. 
This week Quote comes to us from Stephen M.R. Covey's excellent & insightful book The Speed of Trust. This is part of an important series we are doing on TRUST, a very key and often under appreciated aspect of doing business. Covey recently gave a World Class presentation at the Int'l Franchise Association's Convention in Las Vegas. Best business presentation I've ever heard. 
"To know what is right and not to do it is the worst cowardice." ~ Confucius
If you find a quote you like let me know. I will be happy to send to our 13,400 plus Hispanic advertising and media executives and give you a plug for sending it!
 
Our Goal  Latino Print Network's goal with each issue is for you to say at least once "Glad I learned that".    
  
Abrazos,
Kirk's signature
Kirk Whisler
Executive Editor
760-579-1696
kirk@whisler.co



Abraham Lincoln and Mexico by Michael Hogan 

Hi Mimi,  

I am not sure if previous Somos Primos issues included reference to a paperback book first released May 18, 2016 - “Abraham Lincoln and Mexico” by Michael Hogan (also available in Spanish, “Abraham Lincoln y Mexico”).   Evidently, the author (instructor in Guadalajara, Mexico) wrote the history as it has not been written before - in all of the 15,000 books about Abraham Lincoln.  And evidently the book is being purchased like wildfire.  

Available on Amazon, both English and Spanish versions.  Not yet available at the my local libraries (Los Angeles  Public Library, County of Los Angeles, and Long Beach Library).  Amazon currently has Kindle special for $3.99 - both in English and Spanish versions (not sure for how long sale price is available).  I don’t have a kindle, yet was able to download product to read online.   But I prefer hard copy and purchased both English (for me) and Spanish (for my mom) versions , so I now own all four versions.  By the way, on Mother’s Day, I had mentioned the book to my mom - before I could finish, she wanted to buy it - and did they have the book in Spanish.  Yes, and I purchased it for her Mother’s Day. She has NEVER asked for a book from me before.  When I first purchased the Kindle versions, she started reading it online (Mother’s Day).  I asked if she wanted the hard copy, and she practically yelled at me for even asking - “OF COURSE!” she said - too funny.   

President Polk claims that Mexico started war on American grounds (today Texas).  Abraham Lincoln disagrees with Polk - differences become to be known as “SPOT RESOLUTIONS.” Anyway, very exciting reading material - evidently matters not conveyed in the 15,000 books about Abraham Lincoln, according to publisher/author.

English  ($3.99 Kindle / $20 softbound copy )

https://www.amazon.com/Abraham-Lincoln-Mexico-Intrigue-Friendships-ebook/dp/B01E4CMHV
4/ref=pd_sim_351_1?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=6X5B7GZCDAPD9NDVF68M

Spanish (same)

https://www.amazon.com/Abraham-Lincoln-M%C3%A9xico-amistades-incre%C3%ADbles
-ebook/dp/B06XZ1PB1N/ref=pd_sim_351_1?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=5QFBY2H9T3B5CHN6PS3V

Then today, Facebook announcement as I’m reading the book:  controversy about Sam Houston statue in Houston (a former residence).  A group wants it taken down.   Ironically, the announcement comes through shortly after I read about Sam Houston in the book (p. 21) in that Texans (on Mexico land) vowed to shoot any Mexican who attempted to enforce the law for owning unregistered guns.   

Here’s the Facebook article:

http://www.click2houston.com/news/mayor-sylvester-responds-to-group-that-wants-to-remove-sam-houston-statue

Even though I think it’s too late, I thought I’d give it  a try for June’s Somos Primos edition. 

Thank you! Sylvia N. Contreras
562-394-6187 (cell/text)  
Sylvia@linkline.com

 



Thanks, Bryan, great improvement from my first business card 10 years ago. 
 
By the way, I mailed our 125 signed copies of Yellow Streak books last month, plus 20 Latin Blues, 18 Red Herring and 25 True Blue....that's  not including what I mailed out this month. I need to pick up another box of 50 books next week. One can go on Amazon to buy any of my 4 books. Don't forget I've been doing this solo for 10 years now. I do my own promoting and have gotten help from radio show host Michael Calderin,  Alex Martinez, president of the Latino Officers Association in Florida, Nick Estavillo president of the ARHP Retired Hispanic Police, NYPD. I've also been on the Mike Levin Expert  Witness Radio show. Mike is a highly decorated DEA agent and an author. I was also on the American  Heroes Radio Show, hosted by retired LAPD Lieutenant Raymond Foster. I've also gotten great reviews by former Daily News staff writer John Marzulli, El Dario La Prensa and  Doug Poppa, Baltimore Examiner staff writer. I've done pretty well, thank God. I have many good friends who are retired cops, still on the job, and other friends who were in the military. My friend Retired NYPD Detective Bo Dietl was nice enough to send me a signed copy of his book, One Tough Cop. I also sent him a signed copy of my book True Blue. . . 

 

He wrote a great inscription. He also wrote a letter on my behalf in support of a movie and a TV series called Joe Sanchez Picon, badge 3712. He said that the fact that my stories as a cop are filled with many true action pact stories, unlike some of the TV fiction cop series... and I being a  Vietnam combat wounded veteran, it's only right. Bo, working decoy for many years as a cop, and being mugged numerous times, knows what it's like risking your life working the means streets of the Naked City, while serving and protecting. Thanks again, Bo. 
 
I also want to thank my good friend Suzannah B. Troy for all her support and friendship and her You Tube documentary interviews. Also the retired cops who have spoken up for me on video:  Detective Ed Martinez, Ron Reynolds, Mike Digeorgio, Herman Velez, Charlie Wigfall, Al Torrado, IAD Lieutenant John Verwoert, and last but not least, retired IAD Lieutenant Angel Sosa. Writers Tony The Marine Santiago, Nelson Denis, Larry Bystran...and many other friends. You all know who you are. Right Al Lambiase , Ralph, Dave Fisher, Freddy Roman? I can keep naming... but too long a list. 
 
God bless to all.
 
-Joe

 





Still Dreaming: 
My Journey from the Barrio to Capitol Hill by Congressman, 
Luis Gutierrez 

Congressman Luis Gutierrez is a man who doesn't merely talk a line, he goes as far as he can in areas he believes in. As a national leader for immigration reform he has been arrested twice in efforts to help change our nation's immigration policies. In this book he shares the paths he has gone through to achieve the political and community success he has accomplished. A great read for anyone who politics or policy work.

From Publishers Weekly:
Ten-term Illinois Congressman Gutierrez recounts his political evolution from campaigning for Puerto Rican independence and stumping for Harold Washington&'s mayoral campaign in Chicago, to his role as a Chicago alderman and eventual rise to a spot on Capitol Hill. Gutierrez dutifully recalls the infighting and old-boy networks he&'s encountered on both a local and national level, and his passion for his constituents and the Hispanic community is undeniable. Known as a champion of immigrants&' rights, as a writer, Gutierrez sometimes lets the trees get in the way of the forest, as he has a tendency to dwell on the minutiae (such as an interaction in which Barack Obama, whom Gutierrez had supported, blows him off) while letting the larger stories escape. His political career in Chicago is rendered with great detail, while his congressional campaign receives barely a mention. Readers interested in the machinations and day-to-day diplomacy of politics at all levels will likely find Gutierrez&'s account to be honest and informative. Those looking for a larger picture, one of the local boy makes good variety, may find their patience tested, as Gutierrez&'s micro-level focus tends to grind. 8 pages of photos. Agent: Ayesha Pande, Ayesha Pande Literary. (Oct.)

From Booklist:
Gutierrez has been a U.S. congressman for 20 years, but he still thinks of himself as the Puerto Rican kid from Chicago, challenging the powers that be. This engaging autobiography, coauthored by Gutierrez’s former chief of staff, takes readers back to the congressman’s formative years, when he developed the ideals he has carried with him to the present. At the age of 15, Gutierrez was uprooted from Chicago’s teeming melting pot to rural Puerto Rico, his parents’ native home. With limited Spanish-speaking skills, he was immediately marked an outsider, an experience that continues to shape his empathy for immigrants. Back in Chicago, his interloper’s mind-set served him well as he took on the city’s infamous political machine and won. In candid, self-deprecating style, Gutierrez writes about city-council wars and his push for immigration reform from the perspective of a foot soldier, not a policy wonk. The result is a civics lesson masquerading as entertainment. In his less-than-glowing portrayal of President Barack Obama, Gutierrez clearly still revels in his troublemaker status. Change, Gutierrez-style, is not a matter of hope; it’s one of force. --Patty Wetli

 See all Editorial Reviews

Sent by Kirk Whisler
Executive Editor
Hispanic Marketing 101

email: kirk@whisler.com
voice: (760) 579-1696
web: www.hm101.com
Podcast: www.mylatinonetwork.com


Los Invencibles de AméricaHernán Cortés liberó a las tribus mexicanas de la tiranía del Imperio azteca
by Jesus A. Rojo Pinilla






El escritor madrileño presenta su libro, Los Invencibles de América, con pinturas de Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau, 
prólogo  de Luis Alfonso de Borbón y Martínez-Bordiú 
y epílogo del descendiente primogénito del emperador Moctezuma

=========================== ===============================================

Portada del libro «Los Invencibles de América»

http://www.abc.es/historia/abci-hernan-cortes-libero-tribus-mexicanas-tirania-imperio-azteca-201606010152_noticia.html#

 

–Es el relato de un continente hostil, de unos barbudos fieros y astutos, de la luz sobre Europa, del mayor mestizaje de la historia y, por desgracia, también de una leyenda inventada para esconder lo que realmente ocurrió. Jesús Ángel Rojo Pinilla, autor de «Cuando éramos invencibles» (el Gran Capitán ediciones, 2015), publica su segundo libro de historia trasladando en esta ocasión a sus invencibles a América. «Los Invencibles de América» nace para combatir la leyenda negra que ha transformado el nacimiento de Iberoamérica y su riqueza cultural en un cuento de terror a la medida de los intereses anglosajones. «Cuando los españoles estuvieron en América algunos lugares vivieron el momento de paz y de bonanza económica más grandes de su historia», recuerda Jesús Ángel Rojo.

–Insiste usted en que tu libro, para bien o para mal, no va a dejar a nadie indiferente. Por el momento ha recibido una buena respuesta de la embajada de Perú.El embajador de Perú es una persona muy interesada en la figura de Francisco de Pizarro. La embajada de México parecía entusiasmada también al principio, pero luego le surgieron una serie de compromisos al conocer el contenido del libro, sobre todo porque hay una crítica muy fuerte al olvido de Hernán Cortés. Uno de los personajes más importantes de la historia universal está enterrado casi de forma clandestina y en los años 80 los indígenas asaltaron la iglesia para destrozar su tumba. Es una pena que ni España ni México hayan hecho un homenaje a Cortés.Portada del libro «Los Invencibles de América»

–¿Por qué México debe mejorar su opinión sobre Cortés?–Hernán Cortés es el padre de México, se quiera o no, y el país actual no se puede entender sin él. Él amó profundamente México y liberó a todos los pueblos sometidos por la tiranía y la brutalidad de los aztecas. Nada más conquistar un pueblo, los aztecas esclavizaban a hombres y mujeres de forma extrema. Cuando los españoles empezaron a vencer y mostraron que no iban esclavizando a su paso, las tribus mejicanas (mexicas) se unieran a su lucha. No reconocer eso es un insulto a la memoria de todos y a Cortés.–El que no ha faltado a la cita, e incluso escribe el epílogo, es el descendiente directo de Moctezuma, Juan J. Marcilla de Teruel-Moctezuma. ¿No le guarda rencor a España?

–A la muerte de Moctezuma, la leyenda negra nos ha contado que toda su familia fue exterminada. Esto es falso. Cortés cuidó a sus descendientes e incluso tuvo un hijo con una de sus hijas. Además, la Corona les dio pensiones vitalicias a varios caudillos aztecas y, en general, veló por los vencidos y los introdujo en la nobleza española. El testamento de Isabel «La Católica» y las Leyes de Burgos de 1512, que es el primer instrumento legal para proteger a los indígenas de un pueblo conquistado, demuestran la preocupación española por los vencidos. España quería que esos indígenas formaran parte de las nuevas sociedades, a diferencia de los anglosajones.«Lo que ocurre es que la historiografía mundial no puede soportar que la mayor hazaña de la humanidad fuera realizada por españoles»

–La imagen de los conquistadores hasta hoy es la de hombres codiciosos, crueles y traicioneros, ¿el libro «Los Invencibles de América» combate esta imagen?

–Los conquistadores españoles no emplearon más violencia que la que se desplegaba en esa Europa; ni más de la que acostumbraban las distintas tribus de América. Lo que ocurre es que la historiografía mundial no puede soportar que la mayor hazaña de la humanidad fuera realizada por españoles y ha distorsionado su imagen. En tanto, ponen la lupa sobre todo lo que hicieron mal para crear una imagen totalmente oscura. Los conquistadores puede que tuvieran puntos negros, pero su hazaña es inigualable.

–López de Cárdenas se asoma al enorme tajo (el Cañón del Colorado)- Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau–Remarca usted que el Descubrimiento y Conquista de América es el hecho más importante de la historia universal, ¿por qué?

–España sacó con este hecho a Europa de sus tinieblas y la convirtió de nuevo en la potencia mundial, puesto que hasta entonces el Imperio otomano llevaba la voz protagonista. Con el Descubrimiento y Conquista de América se produce la mayor unión de razas y culturas jamás vista. Y no solo sacamos a Europa de la oscuridad, sino que América pasó de la Edad de Piedra a evolucionar en 50 años hasta la Edad Moderna. Eso no ha sucedido en ningún lugar del mundo, y no hay ninguna experiencia de mestizaje de esas dimensiones. No olvidemos que España tiene el honor de haber fundado más de 1.000 ciudades. Muchas de ellas son patrimonio de la humanidad

.–Las Leyes de Burgos, que insistían en que los indígenas no podían ser explotados, fueron precursoras dentro del derecho internacional: ¿Cómo alcanzó España una legislación tan vanguardiasta?

–Las Leyes de Burgos es el primer texto legal que protege a los indígenas de un país conquistado y prohíbe expresamente la esclavización. Esto ocurre 300 años antes de la Revolución francesa o la Guerra de Independencia de EE.UU. Leyes tan progresistas que incluso otorgaban a las mujeres tres años de derecho de maternidad para cuidar a sus hijos. Los españoles se adelantaron en materia de derechos humanos al resto de países y consideraron casi desde el principio a los indios como súbditos y no como esclavos. En este sentido, es verdad que existieron las encomiendas, aunque tienen más que ver con las servidumbres medievales que con la esclavitud. En Europa se vivía todavía en regímenes de servidumbre en muchos lugares, y nadie los consideraba a ellos esclavos.

–Su libro es crítico con la cultura anglosajona y su forma de solapar episodios protagonizados previamente por españolas.

–Los anglosajones, en definitiva, no buscaban crear una sociedad nueva como los españoles, simplemente trasladaron e impusieron su sociedad a América. Los puritanos eran religiosos radicales que usaban la Biblia a su antojo. El indio no era un ser humano para ellos. Esa diferencia entre unos y otros es lo que la historiografía anglosajona ha querido ocultar, para hacer olvidar que donde han estado han exterminado a todas las razas aborígenes. Su forma de explotar a sus pueblos es parasitaria; sus colonias son factorías.España no dejó expoliado el continente, que sigue siendo el lugar con más recursos naturales del mundo.

–Ciertos sectores políticos están repitiendo mucho la idea del genocidio en fechas recientes.–Dan argumentos casi infantiles: hubo un genocidio, los españoles mataron a los indios, violaron a las mujeres y se llevaron el oro. No obstante, lo primero que invalida la teoría del genocidio es que hasta avanzado el siglo XVI los españoles eran muy escasos, es decir, estaban en una inferioridad numérica que no daba lugar a una acción así. Por otro lado, su afán de mestizaje es evidente casi desde el principio, porque daban su apellido a los hijos nacidos de relaciones entre razas.En materia económica, España no dejó expoliado el continente, que sigue siendo el lugar con más recursos naturales del mundo. Cuando los españoles estuvieron en América algunos lugares vivieron el momento de paz y de bonanza económica más grandes de su historia. Hispanoamérica era la zona más rica del mundo y la separación de España provocó una involución de 100 años.

–El genocidio parece una idea también extendida en la opinión pública española e iberoamericana.

—Aquí en España la conquista ni siquiera se cuenta en los colegios y cuando se hace se pide perdón por los actos cometidos. Hay que enseñar en ambos lados del charco el contexto y la historia sin complejos. Lo que no se puede hacer es manipular con intereses políticos y populistas esa historia con el fin de que esos pueblos hermanos se queden huérfanos de su pasado. Un pueblo huérfano y que desprecia su historia es un pueblo sin futuro. Esta manipulación solo beneficia a unos pocos políticos y no beneficia a la gran sociedad hispanoamericana.


–Lo que tampoco se puede ocultar es que la colonización de América fue resultado de una conquista militar, ¿cómo lograron los españoles superar su inferioridad numérica?

–Nos han contado el mito de que los españoles tenían una superioridad tecnológica tan enorme que parece que iban con naves espaciales y metralletas de repetición. Eso es falso. Estaba la superioridad que daba el caballo, el acero y los perros de la guerra, pero la victoria se consiguió por hombres de una gran valentía y una inteligencia increíble. Las personas que les acompañaban venían de luchar en los tercios en Europa y eso les hacía los mejores soldados del mundo. Los indígenas, por el contrario, lo que tenían de su lado era la superioridad numérica, un clima hostil a los españoles, grandes cordilleras, guerra civiles entre hispanos y enfermedades autóctonas. Para superar todas estas dificultades, España hubo de concebir en pocos años un número de héroes que algunos países jamás podrán reunir en toda su historia.«Hay historiadores pro indigenistas que hablan de que el pueblo azteca estaba al borde del colapso al ritmo de sacrificios que llevaban»–Cree que su libro logrará hacer cambiar de opinión a quienes siguen creyendo al detalle la leyenda negra.–Lo importante es dar a conocer esta historia y dar argumentos para combatir la leyenda. Convencerlos ya es más difícil. Vamos primero a enseñar la historia de los conquistadores y acabar con el mito de que los indios que vivían allí eran hermanitas de la caridad. Sin ir más lejos, hay historiadores indigenistas que hablan de que el pueblo azteca estaba al borde del colapso al ritmo de sacrificios que llevaban.

–Los críticos con la conquista pueden remitirse a los datos de muertes de indígenas que siguió a la llegada de los españoles, ¿cómo se argumenta contra eso?–La culpa originalmente es de Bartolomé de las Casas, que escribió un libro que no contaba con datos fiables y sirvió a los enemigos de España para crear la leyenda negra. Por ejemplo, decía que en la Española había 30.000 ríos y vivián 3 millones de personas o que Alonso de Ojeda con 12 españoles mató a 10.000 indios. Ha pasado la historia como un protector de los derechos humanos, pero yo creo que fue un activista político que solo pretendía adquirir ciertas cotas de poder y llamar la atención del Emperador Carlos. Por eso exageró los datos. En cualquier caso la gran mayoría de muertes entre indígenas se produjo por el choque microbiano.
http://www.abc.es/historia/abci-hernan-cortes-libero-tribus-mexicanas-tirania-imperio-azteca-201606010152_noticia.
html#ns_campaign=rrss-inducido&ns_mchannel=abc-es&ns_source=fb&ns_linkname=noticia&ns_fee=0

La lectura cura la peor de las enfermedades humanas, "la ignorancia".
Colaboración de Dr. C. Campos y Escalante  campce@gmail.com

 



http://www.salememail.net/dhrdpstmdgdftjmnfrkwlfzltsfjhkkjgctlppnmhrhscpj_zdsspfwdrfdw.html

We Help Writers Become Authors.

This FREE Christian Publishing Guide illustrates how you can go from Christian Writer to Published Author. You have a calling to write. Click below to
get your FREE Guide and respond to that call.
https://www.salemoffers.com/campaign/free-publishing-guide-2017/rc/SWNemail-a

 

Spanish SURNAMES : Grijava 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JuanGrijalvaCuellar.jpg
Juan de Grijalva 


================================== ==================================
Hi Mimi, When I discovered this great part of The Grijalva's History, I wondered what else is still out there to be discovered.

Well, I said to myself, Self, just keep on doing what you enjoy doing while there is still time. These two parts go to gather, because the Grijalva River was named in honor of Juan de Grijalva the Explorer, that discovered the River, named for him, the Rio Grijalva.  The river mouth is the Gulf of Mexico
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sumidero_6.jpg
 

Grijalva River, formerly known as Tabasco River. (Spanish: Río Grijalva, known locally also as Río Chiapa and Mezcalapa River) is a 480 km long river in southeastern Mexico.[1] It is named after Juan de Grijalva who visited the area in 1518.[2] The river rises in Chiapas highlands and flows from Chiapas to the state of Tabasco through the Sumidero Canyon into the Bay of Campeche. The river's drainage basin is 134,400 km² in size.[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Villahermosa_Panorámica_3.jpg  

Grijalva River flowing through Villahermosa.
After flowing from Nezahualcoyotl Lake, an artificial lake created by the hydroelectric Malpaso Dam, Grijalva River turns northward and eastward, roughly paralleling the Chiapas-Tabasco state border. It flows through Villahermosa (where, in 2001, a new cable-stayed bridge was constructed to cross the river) and empties into the Gulf of Mexico, approximately 10 km northwest of Frontera. The river is navigable by shallow-draft boats for approximately 100 km upstream.

Juan de Grijalva (born around 1489 in Cuéllar, Crown of Castille - 21 January 1527 in Nicaragua) was a Spanish conquistador, and relation of Diego Velázquez.[1]:27 He went to Hispaniola in 1508 and to Cuba in 1511.

Grijalva was one of the earliest to explore the shores of Mexico. According to Hernán Cortés, 170 people went with him, but according to Pedro Mártir, there were 300 people. The main pilot was Antón de Alaminos, the other pilots were Juan Álvarez (also known as el Manquillo), Pedro Camacho de Triana, and Grijalva. Other members included Francisco de Montejo, Pedro de Alvarado, Juan Díaz, Francisco Peñalosa, Alonso de Ávila,[1]:50 Alonso Hernández, Julianillo, Melchorejo, and Antonio Villafaña. They embarked in the port of Matanzas, Cuba, with four ships in April 1518.

After rounding the Guaniguanico in Cuba, Grijalva sailed along the Mexican coast, discovered Cozumel, and arrived on 1 May at the Tabasco region in southern Mexico. The Río Grijalva in Mexico was named after him. He was also the first Spaniard to encounter Moctezuma II's delegation. One of the natives joined them, being baptized as Francisco, and became an interpreter on Cortes' expedition. Bernal Díaz del Castillo wrote about the travels of Juan de Grijalva in his book.[1]:27-43,82

Hernan Cortes stayed at Juan's home in Trinidad, Cuba, at the start of his Mexican expedition. He recruited men there, including the five Alvarado brothers.[1]:49-50  He was killed by natives in Honduras on 21 January 1527.

================================== ==================================

Grijalva contrariado por su desplazamiento, se trasladó a La Española. En 1523 se integra a la expedición de Francisco de Garay, gobernador de Jamaica, al Golfo de México. Debían reunirse en las inmediaciones del río Panuco, en una guarnición previamente establecida por Diego de Camargo. El sitio fue atacado por los nativos y Garay, que había pactado con Cortés, falleció por neumonía. Grijalva y otros capitanes se amotinaron contra el hijo de Garay, la sublevación fue controlada por Gonzalo de Sandoval y Grijalva y los otros cabecillas regresados a Cuba.

En 1524 marchó a Centroamérica donde se puso a las órdenes de Pedrarias, quien le comisionó varias campañas contra los nativos. En una de ellas, en Olancho (Honduras), su campamento fue sorprendido por un ataque nocturno el 21 de enero de 1527 muriendo en el combate junto a otros diecinueve españoles.

Expedición a las costas de México (1518)

En 1517, Diego Velázquez del Cuellar, para ese entonces gobernador de la isla, había patrocinado la expedición de Hernández de Córdoba que llegara a la península de Yucatán, los sobrevivientes que regresaron relataron que se trataba de una región densamente poblada donde abundaban los objetos de oro. Entusiasmado, el gobernador se dispuso a organizar inmediatamente otra expedición.

El 25 de Enero de 1518, Juan de Grijalva parte de Santiago de Cuba, Antón de Alaminos -que había integrado la expedición de Hernández de Córdoba- era el piloto mayor, Juan Díaz el capellán. También formaban parte de la tripulación Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Gil González de Ávila, Pedro de Alvarado, Francisco de Montejo, además de unos 200 hombres, cañones ligeros y perros de guerra.

Inician el viaje bordeando la costa norte de la isla, en el puerto más tarde conocido como Matanzas tienen una parada prolongada durante la cual sustituyen una de las naves. Parten hacia el cabo San Antonio -según Bernal Díaz el Castillo el 8 de abril, según Juan Díaz el 1º de mayo-, cruzan el Canal de Yucatán y el 3 de mayo desembarcan en la isla Cozumel a la que llaman Santa Cruz. El 6 de mayo el capellán Juan Díaz oficia la primera misa católica en suelo mexicano. 

 

Al día siguiente continúan por la costa este de Yucatán hasta la Bahía de la Ascensión. De aquí viajaron hacia el norte, pasaron por Tulum -Juan Díaz escribió: "Corrimos el día y la noche por esta costa, y al día siguiente, cerca de ponerse el sol, vimos muy lejos un pueblo o aldea tan grande, que la ciudad de Sevilla no podría parecer mayor ni menor, y se veía en él una torre muy grande"-, luego por a isla Mujeres, tras la cual doblaron cabo Catoche, empezando a recorrer el litoral norte de la península.

     

El 22 de mayo llegan a las tierras del cacique Lázaro. Necesitaban aprovisionarse de agua, lo que les fue permitido, incluso hubo intercambio de regalos, antes que los nativos les pidieran que se retiraran, Grijalva se negó y dos días más tarde hubo un enfrentamiento, con bajas en los dos bandos; decidieron seguir navegando hacia el oeste.

El 29 de mayo llegaron a Champotón, lugar donde la expedición de Hernández de Córdoba había sido derrotada y diezmada un año antes:

Grijalva entra a Tabasco

Grijalva se entrevista con el cacique de Potonchán en tierras tabasqueñas.1

Grijalva en el Río Banderas

Grijalva recibe a los embajadores de Moctezuma 
en el río Banderas.1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

"De aquí reconocimos hasta Champotón donde Francisco Fernández, capitán de la otra armada, había dejado la gente que le mataron, que es lugar distante treinta y seis millas, poco más o menos, de este otro cacique; y por esta tierra vimos muchas sierras y muchas barcas de Indios, que dicen canoas, con que pensaban darnos guerra. Y como se llegasen a un navío les tiraron dos tiros de artillería, los cuales les pusieron tanto temor, que huyeron. Desde las naves vimos las casas de piedra, y en la orilla del mar una torre blanca en la que el capitán no nos dejó desembarcar." (Juan Díaz)

El 31 de mayo llegaron a la Boca de Laguna de Términos, bajaron en lo que llamaron Puerto Deseado (Puerto Real, en Isla del Carmen). 

A así lo contó Juan Díaz:

"El día último de Mayo encontramos por fin un puerto muy bueno, que llamamos Puerto Deseado, porque hasta entonces no habíamos hallado ninguno; aquí asentamos y salió toda la gente a tierra, e hicimos una enramada y algunos pozos de donde se sacaba muy buena agua; y aquí aderezamos una nave y la carenamos ..."

El 8 de junio llegan a las tierras tabasqueñas, encuentran la desembocadura de un gran río al que la tripulación puso el nombre de Grijalva. Decidieron internarse por él y se toparon con cuatro canoas de indios que descontentos con su llegada les hacían señas de guerra. Enviaron dos interlocutores para hacer saber que venían en son de paz. Así continuaron y llegaron al pueblo de Potonchán, continuando el relato de Juan Díaz:

"Comenzamos a 8 días del mes de junio de 1518 y yendo la armada por la costa, unas seis millas apartada de tierra, vimos una corriente de agua muy grande que salía de un río principal, el que arrojaba agua dulce cosa de seis millas mar adentro. Y con esa corriente no pudimos entrar por el dicho río, al que pusimos por nombre el Río de Grijalva. 

Nos iban siguiendo más de dos mil indios y nos hacían señales de guerra (...) Este río viene de unas sierras muy altas, y esta tierra parece ser la mejor que el sol alumbra; si se ha de poblar más, es preciso que se haga un pueblo muy principal: llamase esta provincia Potonchán."

 

     

Grijalva, con ayuda de los intérpretes mayas -Julianillo y Melchorejo- que llevaba comenzó a entablar un diálogo amistoso, además de halagar a los naturales con obsequios, suplicándoles que llamasen a su jefe para conocerlo y conferenciar con el. Al rato se presentó el cacique Tabscoob con sus nobles, saludando al capitán español. Durante la entrevista, ambos personajes intercambiaron obsequios: Tabscoob le obsequió unas láminas de oro en forma de armadura y unas plumas, mientras que Grijalva le regaló su jubón de terciopelo verde y un calzado rosado.

Tabscoob le indicó al capitán español, que en un lugar llamado Culúa que estaba "hacia donde se pone el sol..." había mucho más de ese material dorado al que los españoles llamaban oro. Grijalva en su turno, le habló al cacique maya con cortesía, le informó que venía a nombre de un gran señor llamado Carlos V el cual era muy bueno y los quería tener por vasallos. Tabscoob le respondió que ellos vivían felices así y que no necesitaban de otro señor, y que si quería conservar su amistad, se marcharan. Grijalva, después de abastecerse de agua y víveres, se embarcó en busca de Culúa (hoy San Juan de Ulúa).

Continúan por la costa, y el 11 de junio encuentran un río "con dos bocas, del que salía agua dulce, y se le nombró de San Bernabé, porque llegamos a aquel lugar el día de San Bernabé" (Juan Díaz) y más adelante según Bernal Díaz de Castillo: "un pueblo junto a tierra que se dice el Ayagualulco. Y andaban muchos indios de aquel pueblo por la costa, con unas rodelas hechas con concha de tortuga, que relumbraban con el sol que daba en ellas, y algunos de nuestros soldados porfiaban que eran de oro bajo. Y los indios que las traían iban haciendo pernetas, como burlando de los navíos, como ellos estaban en salvo, por los arenales y costa adelante. Y pusimos por nombre a este pueblo La Rambla, y así está en las cartas de marear."

Pedro de Alvarado se adelantó con su nave y entró en el río Papaloapan y "un río que en nombre de indios se dice Papaloaba, y entonces le pusimos nombre río de Alvarado, porque entró en él el mismo Alvarado. Allí le dieron pescado unos indios pescadores, que eran naturales de un pueblo que se dice Tacotalpa". (Bernal Díaz del Castillo). Luego de esperar a las otras tres naves, continúan todos juntos hasta que el 17 de junio llegan a la Isla de Sacrificios:

     

"Y yendo más adelante vimos otra isla algo mayor que las demás, y estaría de tierra obra de legua y media, y allí enfrente de ella había buen surgidero. Y mandó el general que surgiésemos. Y echados los batles en el agua, fue Juan de Grijalva, con muchos de nosotros los soldados, a ver la isleta, porque había humos en ella, y hallamos dos casa hechas de cal y canto, bien labradas, y en cada casa unas gradas, por donde subían a unos como altares, y en aquellos altares tenían unos ídolos de malas figuras, que eran sus dioses. Y allí hallamos sacrificados de aquella noche cinco indios, y estaban abiertos por los pechos y cortados los brazos y los muslos, y las paredes de las casas llenas de sangre. De todo lo cual nos admiramos en gran manera, y pusimos nombre a esta isleta de Sacrificios, y así está en las cartas de marear." (Bernal Díaz del Castillo).

El 19 de junio Grijalva desembarca en lo que llamó San Juan de Ulúa (la lengua de tierra en la Bahía de la actual Veracruz). El 24 de junio, en el río Jamapa -que los expedicionarios llamaron Banderas, por los emblemas que enarbolaban los nativos para comunicarse-, se entrevistó con dos embajadores -Teutlamacazqui y Cuitlalpitoc- de Moctezuma, quien informado de su presencia le acercó obsequios pensando que podría tratarse del retorno de Quetzalcoatl. La calidad de los regalos recibidos -vasos de oro y mantas tejidas- aumentó la codicia de los expedicionarios.


Grijalva tomó posesión del territorio con el nombre de Santa María de las Nieves, primer nombre español dado a México, pero, pese a la presión de Alvarado y otros tripulantes, se negó a fundar asentamiento alguno, debido a que no tenía instrucciones específicas de Diego de Velázquez. Decidió enviar a Alvarado de regreso a Cuba con parte del botín obtenido para noticiar al Gobernador y continuar la expedición hacia el norte. Luego de pasar el Cabo Rojo, en las cercanías de la desembocadura del río Panuco, cuando la expedición llevaba más de cinco meses de viaje y las provisiones escaseaban, Grijalva decidió retornar, arribaron a Santiago de Cuba el 21 de septiembre de 1518:

" ... nos embarcamos y vamos la vuelta a Cuba, y en cuarenta y cinco días, unas veces con buen tiempo y otras en contrario, llegamos a Santiago de Cuba. donde estaba Diego Velázquez, y él nos hizo buen recibimiento: y desde que vió el oro que traíamos, que serían cuatro mil pesos, y lo que trajo primero Pedro de Alvarado, sería por todo veinte mil; otros decían que era más ..." (Bernal Díaz del Castillo). Sin embargo el Gobernador, descontento con la actuación de Grijalva, según los informes recibidos por Alvarado, había dispuesto ya sustituirlo por Hernán Cortés, que saldría de Cuba al año siguiente y conquistaría México-Tenochtitlan.

 

DNA

MEXICO
¿Una Nación  ó Varias en el mismo territorio?


¿UNA NACIÓN ó VARIAS en el mismo territorio?

 


================================== ==================================
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7YlyQXX1XHc/Vj0qabTWA_I/AAAAAAAAAAs/xPOitnbdG_o/s1600/Genetic+map+of+Mexico.PNG Map showing multiple autosomal genetic studies performed in the Mexican population

Genetics of Mexico and other curiosities

The map above is intended to be a map that  shows the European, Native American and African genetic admixture found in Mexico, maps like this one already exist, but what makes this one different are the next features: 

This map aims to be the most complete and representative map ever done regarding the gentics of Mexico, the intention was to include studies for all the states but six were missing in the end. Besides the classic circular graphs to represent the proportions of admixture, a color code for each  state was implemented, with the colors meaning. 

Orange - representative sample | Blue - some kind of sample bias  Grey – No data

The map above is intended to be a map that  shows the European, Native American and African genetic admixture found in Mexico, maps like this one already exist, but what makes this one different are the next features: 

This map aims to be the most complete and representative map ever done regarding the gentics of Mexico, the intention was to include studies for all the states but six were missing in the end. Besides the classic circular graphs to represent the proportions of admixture, a color code for each  state was implemented, with the colors meaning.

3 - The map prioritizes studies done on representative samples over studies with some sort of sample bias. A study is considered as representative when it declares to have been performed in the general population, with no sort, when it don’t claims to have any kind of sample bias, and when the results are consistent with other studies in the state that don’t have sample bias as well as being consistent with studies of the neighbouring states, it’s consistency with states all over the country is considered aswell, for example, if a study on Mexico city obtains an European admixture of 22% in average and then there are studies in Oaxaca and Yucatan (states with very big percentage of native populations) on which the European admixture is of 30% and 40% sample bias is assumed because is impossible that Mexico City is more Amerindian than these states and is also inconsistent with studies done in Mexico City that have declare to be done with general representative samples (Studies that report a rather low European admixture in Mexico often declare to be done in diabetics, with diabetes being a disease that affects people with high native ancestry, thus there’s a sample bias).

4 - The sample bias category  includes studies done on diabetics (for the reasons stated above) asthma (asthma itself is correlated with low socioeconomic status which is related with higher indigenous ancestry in Mexico), studies that declare beforehand to have a sample bias (some studies are kind enough to state that their goal. 

================================== ==================================

List of studies

1 - Genetic admixture in three Mexican Mestizo populations based on D1S80 and HLA-DQA1 loci   Study done in the three largest metropolitan areas of Mexico.

Study done in Mexicans from Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas.

This study states to have been done using the most general population samples.

Study done in Tlaxcala and Coahuila, Saltillo appears blue because the study focuses on the transplanted tlaxcaltean population living in said city.

Study done in Mexicans from Nayarit, in the chart included Nayarit appears close to Monterrey, the study that is cited for Monterrey has an European average for Monterrey of 60%.

================================== ==================================

Study performed on Chihuahua, not many details about sample selection are given, but is inconsistent with neighbouring states so the state will be blue.

Study for Sinaloa, the African result appears rather high, specially compared with al the neighbouring states but Chihuahua, perhaps north African/semitic influence or sample bias? Not sure about it.

Study in north eastern Mexicans, the same sample was tested using two different methods.

Study done in Mexico city, Toluca, Queretaro, Morelos and  Puebla, the average for all is 52% European, 39% Amerindian and 9% African, to not put five circles with same value the admixtures were distributed based on other studies done in the region, making sure the total average ends up being 52%, 39% and 9%.

================================== ==================================

10 - Variation in the gene frequencies of three generations of humans from Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
An study done in Monterrey, claims to have been performed in 3 different groups (divided by generations) and there's four different results. It's not stated if the samples groups were related or not.

11 - A Genomewide Admixture Map for Latino Populations 
A genetic study of various Latin American populations, among them Mexicans from Mexico city.


12 - Gene frequencies and admixture estimates in a Mexico city population.

An old study done in Mexico city. Amerindian is the dominant admixture.

An study performed in the autochtonous (indigenous) population of the state of Hidalgo. 

15 - 
Admixture estimates innine Mexican Indian groups and five East Coast localities.

A study done in coastal cities of Mexico, the African and native american are considerably high and the study is old, but no more recent studies exist. Google Images seems to agree with them so it will be put as representative (orange color).

 

Study from 1996 done in cities from Oaxaca, Merida, Guanajuato and Coahuila, curiously Merida (in the State of Yucatan) is the city that obtained the highest European admixture despite that is one of the states with the highest percentage of Amerindians, Saltillo is again considerably  high in native american admixture and so is Leon. Both states, Coahuila and Guanajuato are bordered by states that have considerably high European admixture (Queretaro, San Luis Potosí, Jalisco, Nuevo Leon, Zacatecas) it’s quite a inconsistency and don‘t match with what I‘ve seen when I‘ve been to Torreón (although the Study is from Saltillo, which have transplanted Tlaxcaltecs on it), and google images, specially in the case of Coahuila seems to disagree. I haven’t been to Guanajuato so don’t know much about it. This study by the same author includes results of the principal study in this point plus other ones and reads as it‘s conclusion:  “the main ancestral contribution to non coastal lower middle class mestizo populations is Indian (above 50%)” this suggests a sample bias because economic stratification and similar admixture variations have been reported in lower class people in Mexico city (the definition of lower middle class itself varies a lot and the admixture degrees reported certainly match better with those of Mexicans of low income socioeconomic background rather than middle class, including middle low, this study satates that majoritarily Amerindian admixture has been a constantin studies done in low income Mexicans. The fact that the study is from the same author as the two other studies mentioned in this point do helps to sustain this theory.

================================== ==================================

Genetic structure of three Mexican populations based on the HLA-A system.   Another Study for Jalisco, in the graph included in the study the sample appears really close to the European samples, more than it is close to even  Nuevo Leon, but will be put as 73% to make it consistent, there is another study that found people from Guadalajara to be similar to Spaniards and white Brazilians but different from Amerindians, Black Brazilians and European Americans but because no percentages, charts or at least allele frequencies are accessible it will be omitted for now.

Study for Durango, European is lower than expected, probably because is a study by INMEGEN, which has sample bias as will be explained below, additionally this study is focussed in Amerindian diversity and genetic structure, so it wouldn’t have made sense to test  people with small or no visible Amerindian ancestry, Another couple of studies exist that have found the allelicfrequencies of Durango Mexicans to be very similar to whites, but no way of calculate the exact admixture is given.

 

19 -Evaluation ofAncestry and Linkage Disequilibrium Sharing in Admixed Population in Mexico.&
20 -Analysis of genomicdiversity in Mexican Mestizo populations to develop genomic medicine in Mexico.
 

================================== ==================================

The first study ever done by INMEGEN regarding genetic admixture, as opposed to it’s successors in this study the European admixture is dominant, even in Guerrero which is reported to have the least European Admixture at 51%, this study do test the same states that the study from 2009 test (number 20), this is Sonora, Veracruz, Zacatecas, Yucatan, Guerrero and Guanajuato, yet in the 2009 study the European admixture takes a drop of 16% in average, why? Many theories could be proposed to explain this, like the sample of the 2009 study  being 300 Mexicans and the sample of 2006 being 100, but if anything it would mean that they begun to select predominantly Amerindian Mexicans or as they say it in the "Material and methods" section of the 2009 study “self reported mestizos”. 

This methodology of selection is highly misleading: People at INMEGEN assume that, as reported in the census from 1921 the majority of Mexicans are mestizos (and that census in question didn't include the mestizo category, but one for mixed heritage, without specifying any degree). 


Another base INMEGEN could have used is that investigators have often opted for classifying Mexicans on a liguistic criteria that by lingüistic criteria, meaning that Mexicans that speak Spanish = mestizos regardless of how they look; and Mexicans who speak indigenous languages are considered amerindians; this leads to the country being 90% mestizos and 10% indigenous, which not only is incorrect from a biological/racial point of view, but also incorrect for the fact that no one has asked Mexicans what they identify as in nearly a century and nowadays the national census of the United States proves that the majority of Mexicans identify as white, so in reality they aren't testing 80-90% of the populatuion, they are testing less than half. 

That’s the only plausible scenario here regarding the increase of sample size, because have they kept expanding the sample size in a general manner at least one or two states would have go up in the European admixture, but instead all went down, although less notorious the African admixture went down aswell, specially in Veracruz and Guerrero.

Another explanation could be that, as stated in the 2009 study the European markers used were Northern European, as opposed to Southern and Western European, that is from where the European ancestry of most Mexicans come from, (The largest European ancestries within Mexico are Spanish, French and Italian in that order), They don‘t use Siberians to calculate the native american ancestry in Mexicans so why would they use northern Europeans instead of western and southern ones?. 

To add more questions to the whole thing is the fact that in the webpage were the abstract of the 2006 study is aviable, the percentage of African admxture was changed from 5% to 10% some months ago after being 5% for almost 8 years, in fact, if look the phrase “A study conducted by Mexico's National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN) reported that mestizo Mexicans are 58.96% European, 35.05% "Asian" (Amerindian mostly), and 5.03% African. Sonora shows the highest European contribution (70.63%) and Guerrero the lowest (51.98%) which also has the highest Asian contribution (37.17%). African contribution ranges from 2.8% in Sonora to 11.13% in Veracruz.” in google we find these percentages cited in many web forums and even images based on these numbers exist.

So why was it just changed? no one can know for certain what’s going on in INMEGEN, however as reported in this special investigation by Springer with interviews from insiders of INMEGEN that keep their identities as secret:conflicts of interest have took place. 

http://ssdhm.blogspot.mx/

​Enviado por: Dr. C. Campos y Escalante     
campce@gmail.com



FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH

Free Family History Library Classes &Webinars for July 2017
Giving Credit to Your Past: A Guide to Genealogy for the Entire Family
Evidence Explained by Elizabeth Shown Mills  
M


 
Free Family History Library Classes & Webinars for July 2017

 

================================== ==================================
SALT LAKE CITY, UT (June 28, 2017),  The Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah, has announced its free family history classes and webinars for July 2017. 

Participants can attend in person or online. 

Many of the July classes teach beginners how to research using historic records in various countries and languages. See the table below for the full schedule of offerings. Mark your calendars for events you want to join so you don't forget. Easily find and share this announcement online in the FamilySearch Newsroom.

 

Online classes are noted on the schedule as webinars. Webinar attendees need to click the link next to the class title at the scheduled date and time to attend the class online (no preregistration). Those attending in person simply go to the room noted in the Library. Invite your family, friends, and colleagues. All class times are in mountain standard time (MST).

If you are unable to attend a class in person or online, most sessions are recorded and can be viewed later online at your convenience. To access these, go to the archive for Family History Library classes and webinars.

 

 

DATE / TIME

CLASS (SKILL LEVEL)

WEBINAR | ROOM

Sat, 1 July,1:00 PM

¡¡¡En sus marcas, listos, AHORA!!! (Beginner)

Webinar | B1 Lab

Mon, 3 July,10:00 AM

Using the FamilySearch Catalog Effectively  (Beginner)

Webinar | MF Lab

Wed, 5 July,11:00 AM

Ask Your United States Research Question  (Beginner)

Webinar | MF-B

Mon, 10 July,10:00 AM

Using the FamilySearch Catalog Effectively (Beginner)

Webinar | MF Lab

Tue, 11 July,11:00 AM

Tips and Tricks for Using FamilySearch’s Historical Records(Intermediate)

WebinarMF Lab

Wed, 12 July,10:00 AM

Indexing Reviewer Training Class (English language) (1½ hrs)(Beginner)

Webinar | MF-Lab

Wed, 12 July,6:30 PM

Indexing Reviewer Training Class (English language)  (1½ hrs)(Beginner)

Webinar | B1 Lab

Thur, 13 July,11:00 AM

United States Naturalization Records (Beginner)

Webinar | MF-B

Sat, 15 July,1:00 PM

Recursos genealógicos de Chile (Beginner)

Webinar | B1 Lab

Mon, 17 July,10:00 AM

Using the FamilySearch Catalog Effectively (Beginner)  

Webinar | MF Lab

Tue, 18 July,1:00 PM

Starting Family Tree: Open Questions & Answers (Beginner)

WebinarMF-C

Thur, 27 July,11:00 AM

Planning and Implementing a Research Trip (Beginner)

Webinar | MF-B

Mon, 31 July,10:00 AM

Using the FamilySearch Catalog Effectively (Beginner)

Webinar | MF Lab

================================== ==================================
About FamilySearch

FamilySearch International is the largest genealogy organization in the world. FamilySearch is a nonprofit, volunteer-driven organization sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Millions of people use FamilySearch records, resources, and services to learn more about their family history. 

 

To help in this great pursuit, FamilySearch and its predecessors have been actively gathering, preserving, and sharing genealogical records worldwide for over 100 years. Patrons may access FamilySearch services and resources free online at FamilySearch.org or through over 5,000 family history centers in 129 countries, including the main Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah.


Giving Credit to Your Past: A Guide to Genealogy for the Entire Family


Table of Contents:

Overview of Genealogy
Types of Records Used in Genealogy
Standards Used in Genealogical Research
Research Methodologies for Genealogy
Researching Your Family’s Genealogy
Creating a Family Tree
Genealogy Resources on the Web
Genealogy Resources for Kids
Overview of Genealogy

Genealogy has become an increasingly popular hobby for most families in America. America is a melting pot, with countless people from other countries emigrating to find a better life for their families. We all want to know where we come from, who our family is, and how far back we can trace our family roots. Genealogy can be conducted on your own or by a professional. If genealogy interests you more than just a hobby, you can even become a genealogist and help others find their family roots.

Types of Records Used in Genealogy
There are many resources that professional and hobbyist genealogists need to use to uncover a family tree. Family Search states that there are two categories for genealogy research: Genealogical records and Reference tools.

Genealogical records include vital events, other events (like paying taxes), and personal characteristics.
Reference tools can be places, records, and other facts such as immigrant ship’s name, naturalization records, or meaning of obscure words no longer used.

According to Your Family Tree, you will most likely use census or family records which are readily available online. With census records, you can only go as far back as the early 1800s. If you are unable to find much information with local or national records, you might have a better chance checking passenger ship lists or naturalization records. You can also check church and parish records or historical societies, as these were the main places for record keeping. However, depending on how well the clerk kept these records is variable. Be sure to cross-check the data and information from these places.

For more information regarding ancestry, visit Secondary genealogical resources at Ancestry.org.

Standards Used in Genealogical Research

When researching for yourself or as a professional, there is a set of standards in genealogy to follow. It is of utmost importance to use sound data and provide truthful accounts in a family tree. The National Genealogical Society lists the standards all genealogists and family historians must abide by:

Genealogy information can come from various sources such as documents, artifacts, and genetic testing.
Always record and site your sources for each item you collect.
Test credible evidence and reject those that evidence shows as incorrect.
Always seek original documents or images of the original document.
Use compilations and public records as guidelines in finding original documents and records.
Avoid distributing false documents or inaccurate information.
Make available or publish your findings and research in libraries and resource institutions.
Become familiar with ethical standards through organizations like Board of Certification of Genealogists and the Association of Professional Genealogists.
For more information, visit:  Board of Certification of Genealogists: Standards in genealogy research
Mesa Family Search Library: How to analyze your records

Research Methodologies for Genealogy
Researching for genealogy can be extremely tedious, with all the fact checking, citing sources, and dedicated time. The genealogical method is a scientific method. The International Institute for Environment and Development states that genealogy is an analytical tool in studying kinship. The method of genealogy starts with researching countless data and records in regards to a line of ancestors.

First, a fieldworker would ask the family for names, relations to the family members mentioned, and the names they use for those members, such as “mother” or “grandfather.” Once you gather enough information, you would research that information through records, documents, and any files that exist. It is important to make sure the records and data are correct and that there isn’t any incorrect data within those records. The fieldworker would then start creating a diagram or chart. At the bottom, one might list the informant and work upward as far back as the informant can remember family members. Sometimes, symbols will be used to identify males, females, marriage, offspring, and so on.

To learn more, visit:
New York Public Library: Genealogy research tips
Library of the University of Illinois: Genealogy research, methods, and sources

Researching Your Family’s Genealogy
It is fairly easy to begin researching your family line. There are numerous resources online and most likely available at your local historical society or library. Begin by asking the eldest member of your family about their parents and grandparents. Try to get family member names and relations as far back as possible. If they have any documents, get copies to obtain more data to assist in your research. Make sure to check the accuracy of the documents with other sources.

One resource you can use is the US Census Most recent records are not viewable and all census information is confidential for 72 years.

If your family entered through Ellis Island, you can find your family name at the Statue of Liberty – Ellis Island website for more information. This is especially useful since your ancestor might have had a name change when entering the United States.

PBS also has a website with numerous free and paid sources to utilize for researching your family tree.

Creating a Family Tree
Now that you have your information, you can begin creating a family tree. This part of your research can be as stylized or simple as you like. You can hand-make it or download a template.

Your Family Health History calls the family tree a pedigree chart. This term is used by all genealogy professionals and genetic counselors. These use specific symbols so that anyone can read and understand the family tree.

If you would like templates, Obituaries Help has several for download from the traditional upside down pyramid to stylized tree images.  For more ideas, visit Sophia: How to make a pedigree chart.

Genealogy Resources on the Web
The vast majority of resources can be accessed through the internet, historical societies, and even libraries. Below are some of the various places you can visit to research your family’s history.

National Archives – offers a list of genealogy resources and websites
Toledo’s Attic – also has an extensive list of places on the web to research genealogy
Porter County Public Library – has several helpful databases that can be accessed through their website
Library of Congress – is a good official place to start doing record genealogical searches
Indianapolis Public Library – suggests some helpful national resources, although most are specific to Indiana
American Ancestors – has an extensive database of names in which you can search for ancestors

Genealogy Resources for Kids
Allowing our children to create your family tree and research data and documents related to their family is an amazing experience for them. Check your local library for genealogy classes or seminars for kids as this is usually an informative and free option. You can include them in the research or teach them how to research with these kid-friendly online resources below.

The Houston Library offers reading lists and resources for children interested in genealogy.
The Czech and Slovak American Genealogy Society of Illinois has a great list of links.
The St. Charles Public Library offers suggestions and links to get kids started.
The Birmingham Public Library suggests books and databases for children to develop an interest in genealogy.
GenWriters discusses how to get children involved in learning about their genealogy.
The Washington State Library has a great resource at Genealogy for kids.
Great Schools offers helpful advice on their Family trees page.
The Michigan Genealogy Web suggests websites and resources for kids and teens to explore genealogy.

https://creditcritics.com/giving-credit-to-your-past/ 

Sent by Laura Pipitone,  thelaurapipitone@gmail.com




Evidence Explained by Elizabeth Shown Mills 

======================= ==============================================




Book: Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace by Elizabeth Shown Mills 

Winner of the National Genealogical Society's 2008 Award of Excellence.

Try one of the quickie lessons:
https://www.evidenceexplained.com/tags/quicklesson

 

A Library Journal “Best Reference”
“Historians will welcome the publication of this detailed guide to citations. Even avid users of the Chicago Manual of Style regularly encounter sources for which that handbook gives no guidance. Now we can turn to Elizabeth Shown Mills’s comprehensive work."

—Journal of Southern History
“A key resource guide for scholars and serious researchers who must rely upon and understand historical evidence. Highly recommended."

—Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries
“An essential reference work, highly recommended."
 
—Library Journal
“The definitive guide for how to cite every conceivable kind of source a historian might use, from traditional archival materials to the most arcane sources imaginable. This volume will be indispensable to every serious scholar, writer, and editor."

—John B. Boles, William P. Hobby Professor of History, Rice University
“Twenty-first century technology confronts historians and students with a bewildering proliferation of information—some of it accurate and too much of it dubious. Evidence Explained demonstrates how to separate the wheat from the chaff—and how to report one’s sources. This encylopedic guidebook is an invaluable resource for historians, students, and editors alike.”

—Jon Kukla, author of Mr. Jefferson’s Women and A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the 

 

ORANGE COUNTY, CA

July 8: SHHAR: Lizeth Ramirez, Archivist/Reference Librarian for the City of Orange Public Library
Killefer Grade School by Douglas Westfall 
July 4: 7th Festival Anal, 4 de Julio, Celebrando el Dia de la Independencia 
July 19th: Culture Clash's OG Summer Desmadre
UCI meets U.S. Department of Education eligibility as a Hispanic-serving institution 
M



Come join us at the  July 8, 2017 monthly meeting of the Society Of Hispanic Historical & Ancestral Research (SHHAR) where our featured speaker will be Lizeth Ramirez, Archivist/Reference Librarian for the City of Orange Public Library.  

Her topic will focus on the library services offered to the Hispanic Community to include outreach programs and special projects undertaken in collaboration with area educational institutions and community groups.

The free presentation will take place at the Orange Family History Center, 674 S. Yorba St., Orange. Volunteers will provide research assistance from 9 -10 a.m., and Ramirez will speak from 10:15 -11:30 a.m. For information, contact Letty Rodella at lettyr@sbcglobal.net.

 


 
Killefer Grade School by Douglas Westfall 

500 block of Olive St, Orange, California  



The kindergarten class of Killefer Elementary School poses in 1945, before segregation in California officially went away in 1947 with the Mendez vs. Westminster case..  Photos, courtesy of Doug Westfall, who writes "My friend, Emigdo Vasquez is on the far right."

 


Overview

Killefer Grade School was constructed in the Cypress Barrio in 1931 as a Mission Revival school for the white population. Killefer sits on a 1.7 acre plot of land.  

In that same year, just a block from the Killefer school, a barrio school was constructed for the Hispanic children.  
It was constructed out of the remains and materials of the original 60 year old white school that had been torn down nearby. 

The Killefer Grade School is named for Lydia Killefer who came to Orange from the local farming community of Bolsa and taught from 1895 to 1931, when she was made principal of the school. Lydia lived nearby on Glassell at Maple, and walked to the school named for her.  

The significance of the structure is tri-fold in that the Mission Revival architecture externally is in very good condition, the building represents an important icon for the local community known as the Cypress Barrio, and it is possibly the only remaining grade school building in California that voluntarily integrated white and Hispanic children -- over ten years before legislation required them to do so.   

Description  

Killefer Grade School was constructed in the barrio in 1931 as a Mission Revival school building. Two striking features grace the building: a hexagon tower over the main entry with copper weather vane and widow's walk, and a north-facing bay window on the north-east corner auditorium. Copper rain gutters and down spouts adorn the entire the structure.  

The main structure is 200 feet long, north and south, with two rear wings each extending 100 feet west. Although constructed with a peaked tile roof, the tiles have been replaced by shingles over the past 20 years. The peaked roofline does however, cover only the front of the main building and the outside portions of the wings, with an open patio forming a 'U' on the inside, around an open lawn.  

The north wing held the administration offices, the main building had Kindergarten through third grade, and the south wing held the fourth and fifth grades. The auditorium in the north-east corner has a small stage with the bay window behind it.  

There are two front entrances to the main building, with the primary access through the right double arched doorway under the tower, and a secondary left entrance through a double door between the last two rooms. Both have tiled stairways with wrought-iron hand railings. All of the classrooms and the administration rooms are accessible through individual single doorways. The wing rooflines are broken and open to the sky, at the west end of each the wings.  

The south wing in addition has a basement with access through an interior stairway and a small external staircase on the south side adjacent to the front driveway access. In the basement are two rooms, one with a full size kiln with a fire door.  

Every room has large multi-pane windows in three center runs and two additional outside runs to the outside with transoms on the inside under the patio roofline. Ceilings are twelve feet in all rooms save lavatories, closets and utility rooms, which are located in the administration wing. An ornate wooden gate provides rear access to the south classroom. Here is a small patio with a tree dating from the origins of the school.  

Historic Narrative  

Old Towne Orange is the third largest architectural historic district in America, which includes part of the area known as the Cypress Barrio north of the Plaza District. The barrio ran north and south along the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe rail lines ranging from Maple Ave. to Rose Ave. including Palm, Sycamore, and Walnut avenues, then from east to west from Olive St. to the railroad tracks including Lemon and Cypress streets.  

The Cypress Barrio in Orange California was formed as a colonia by 1920. Immigrants came from the central area of Mexico due to the dangerous environment of the 1910 Mexican Revolution of Pancho Villa. The economic support of the area including all of Orange, was primarily the citrus crop where the Barrio men worked in the fields as pickers and the women worked in the packing houses as packers. Pickers could receive up to 35¢ per hour yet the packers received 40¢ per hour for grading oranges. There were numerous types of fruit and nut groves however, Valencia and Naval oranges were the primary crop. The hours were long as the work was seasonal; Valencias coming ready in spring and summer while Navals came in the late fall. Payroll was every two weeks and in the off season, the men and women took their families up to the San Joaquin Valley during the winter, to find additional work.  

The barrio initially began between Sycamore and Walnut Avenues in the 400 block of Cypress Street and spread out both north and south adjacent to the rail lines. All the packing houses were next to the railroads to facilitate shipping; some citrus houses were built right up to the tracks while the walnut packing house was built over a siding just west of the tracks at the Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe station. Atchison Street still serves the 1938 Mediterranean Revival Santa Fe Depot (NRHP:1997) to this day. Packing houses included the S. Cypress 1909 Industrial Red Fox Orchards building (NRHP:1997), the W. Almond 1924 Mediterranean Revival facility (NRHP:1997), and the N. Cypress 1933 Industrial Santiago Orange Grower’s Association plant (NRHP:1997). The central building there dates from 1919 and later became known as the Villa Park Orchard’s Association Packing House.  

The small homes of the barrio were originally owned by Anglos who rented them to the Hispanics, yet over the years the workers of the barrio built their own homes or bought existing structures. One of these rented houses on N. Cypress is an 1890s Vernacular Victorian and once had a small pool hall built adjacent to the home. Today there are over 200 historic homes in the Cypress Barrio of which over 80 are listed on the National Register of Historic Places,  NRHP. As well there are some two dozen commercial, industrial and public structures and near half of these are on the NRHP.  

Two distinct Hispanic populations evolved, migrants who rented local homes and traveled throughout the western US for work, and residents who obtained jobs locally and remained throughout the year. One boy who traveled extensively with his family, Jess Perez, eventually settled in another barrio here in Orange and grew up to be the Mayor of Orange. Another young man that lived here permanently, Fred Barrera, grew up to be Orange's Mayor Pro Tem. He literally grew up across the street from the Killefer School.  

By the 1930s, the barrio in Cypress held no less than three schools and had two church buildings: the W. Sycamore 1923 Western Gothic Revival Church (NRHP:1997) and the N. 1923 Cypress Friendly Center structure (no NRHP). Considered the Hispanic church, the Friendly Center began with the donation of land by local merchant FJ Lewis who had rented out homes to Hispanics in the barrio and funding came through the Presbyterian Church. The building was both a church and community center and operated that way until it was rennovated to just a community center many years later.  

All religious holidays were celebrated here, and twice a year a Jamaica fair was held in the streets, with the electric power being brought from the adjacent homes. Jaimaca street fairs are named after the flowered juice beverage that comes from the hibiscus plant. Food, dancing, booths and music became the norm and this was the forerunner of the Orange International Street Fair, started by two Hispanics and authorized by then Mayor Jess Perez in 1973.

Schools

One of the founders of Orange, AB Chapman, donated 2½ acres in February of 1872 for a school. This was on the SE Corner of Lemon and Sycamore, called the Lemon Street School and was but 24 x 26 feet of two rooms on a single floor. By June of that year there were 70 students. Another building was added on Cypress in 1874 as the student population had grown to over 100. Other schools were added in 1875 and 1886 south of the Plaza, and two added east of the Plaza District in 1880 and 1887. The high school was opened in 1903 where Chapman University is today, and an intermediate school across the street in 1914.  

The Lemon Street School continued to be added to until it was a two story, multi-room school with a bell tower. In the early 1920s a two room school house was built behind the Lemon Street School on the property. The Hispanic students attended La Cobertizia (the barn) through the fifth grade. This started segregated schools in Orange. Although all sixth through ninth grade students then transfered to the intermediate school, some Hispanic students did so, most quitting school to work in the fields. After intermediate school very few Hispanic students ever attended the high school.  

Other developments include the closing of Rose Street to Lemon in 1964 to make way for the Richland Continuation School and the Friendly Center moved to Killefer Park in the 1980s where it continues operation today.

###

Douglas Westfall, National Historian The Paragon Agency,
 Publishers P.O Box 1281 -- 
Orange, CA 92856 (714) 771-0652 --
 www.SpecialBooks.com
 *** Our 27th Year ***

 

 

 


M



Information,
Influence, 
Imagination, 
Innovation

Connecting 
People, 
Businesses, 
& Organizations 

17 years in Publication
8 Million Emails Sent
20,000 Readers

Ruben Alvarez, Publisher
714-661-9768
StayConnectedOC@Gmail.com



Culture Clash's OG Summer Desmadre
Sunday, July 19th 7:30 PM
John Anson Ford Amphitheatre
Hollywood, Atzlan  

 

 





Richard Montoya, Ric Salinas and Herbert Siguenza are OG comedians, playwrights and rabble-rousers, together since the '80s! They are the LA-based Latino/Chicano performance trio known as Culture Clash. Turning their satirical gaze upon the events of this past year, Culture Clash has curated a post-Independence Day celebration bash that will cure your political hangover by causing a desmadre (wild, chaotic rave) this post-election summer.

Together baby, on stage for the very first time, Culture Clash will be joined by legendary Latin R&B band Tierra, Chicana punk rocker Alice Bag and her band, trio La Victoria, and standup comedians Rudy Moreno, Emilio Rivera and Sandra Valls, with a special appearance by Pacífico Dance Company!

Sent by Ruben Alvarez, 714-661-9768
StayConnectedOC@Gmail.com

 

 

 

 

 

 



 

UCI meets U.S. Department of Education eligibility as a Hispanic-serving institution  
Latino enrollment reaches 25.7 percent, 
reflecting campus commitment to diversity 
 

================================== ==================================
Irvine, Calif., May 22, 2017 — The U.S. Department of Education has named the University of California, Irvine a Hispanic-serving institution for 2017-18, meaning that fully one-quarter of undergraduates identify as Latino and that half of all students receive financial aid. 
 
The designation builds on UCI’s recognition earlier this year as an Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander-serving institution, demonstrating the university’s dedication to providing a world-class education to every qualified student.  
HSI and AANAPISI are part of a federal program to help universities support first-generation and low-income students. 

They increase UCI’s eligibility for funding and grants from the departments of Education, Agriculture and Housing & Urban Development that can be used for a variety of purposes: to boost financial aid and other student services, to purchase scientific and laboratory equipment, for faculty development and to improve classrooms. 
 
================================== ==================================
“This milestone validates our commitment to diversity and aligns with our aspiration to be a national leader and global model of inclusive excellence,” said UCI Chancellor Howard Gillman. “This program enables UCI to serve as an engine of social mobility for all Californians and empowers us to create a more brilliant future for everyone in the state.” 
 
UCI’s current Hispanic enrollment is 25.7 percent, double what it was a decade ago, and the campus received more Chicano/Latino freshman applications for the 2017-18 academic year (23,463) than any other UC school. 
 
“Latino students represent some of California’s most talented and promising high school graduates, chiefly from Los Angeles, Orange and San Diego counties,” said Douglas Haynes, UCI vice provost for academic equity, diversity and inclusion. “This impressive growth signifies the aspirations, dedication and achievement of Latino students, families and communities. We are a Hispanic-thriving institution, first and foremost.” 
 
Besides the Hispanic portion, UCI’s student population is 38.6 percent Asian, 14.1 percent Caucasian and 2.9 percent African American. Half of all undergraduates are the first in their families to attend college.  
“As a public institution, our undergraduates reflect the community,” Haynes said. “When you see UCI, you see California as it is today.” 
 
A Hispanic-thriving campus 
UCI offers guidance and resources to high school students throughout the region, advising them on courses to take and assisting with the college application process. 
 
One focus is Santa Ana, a predominantly Hispanic city, where the Anteater Academy – a college prep program and small learning community – has been established at Santa Ana Valley High School. Its graduates have been admitted to some of the nation’s elite universities – including UCI – and are now pursuing careers in a wide range of professions, including law, medicine, engineering, computer science, economics, architecture and criminal justice. 
 
On campus, UCI invests in Hispanic student success through scholarships, internships, mentorships and leadership development via programs such asSAGE Scholars. And with its world-renowned faculty, the Department of Chicano/Latino Studies provides undergraduates with chances to examine the historical and contemporary experiences of Americans of Latin American origin. 
     
UCI also offers numerous access, support and enrichment programs for Hispanic students and is home to more than 25 Latino student organizations, ranging from Ballet Folklorico to the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos & Native Americans in Science. 
 
“I believe that UCI is a Hispanic-thriving institution because there are so many opportunities and support systems to help us get connected on campus and succeed,” said Estrella Estrada, a senior in psychology & social behavior. “While at Santa Ana College, I was in the Transfer Mentor Program, which helped build my confidence that I could get into a UC school and would do well when I got here. Through my SAGE Scholars internship, I’ve built relationships and developed skills that are valuable for achieving my career goals after graduation.” 
 
UCI is only the second member of the prestigious Association of American Universities – which includes the country’s leading research institutions – to have HSI status. The New York Times in 2015 ranked UCI the No. 1 school in the nation for doing the most for low-income undergraduates. 
 
For more on UCI, visit www.uci.edu
 
About the University of California, Irvine: Founded in 1965, UCI is the youngest member of the prestigious Association of American Universities. The campus has produced three Nobel laureates and is known for its academic achievement, premier research, innovation and anteater mascot. Led by Chancellor Howard Gillman, UCI has more than 30,000 students and offers 192 degree programs. It’s located in one of the world’s safest and most economically vibrant communities and is Orange County’s second-largest employer, contributing $5 billion annually to the local economy. For more on UCI, visit www.uci.edu. 
 
Media access: Radio programs/stations may, for a fee, use an on-campus ISDN line to interview UCI faculty and experts, subject to availability and university approval. For more UCI news, visit news.uci.edu. Additional resources for journalists may be found at communications.uci.edu/for-journalists.


Dr. Frank Talamantes, Ph.D,
Professor of Endocrinology (Emeritus)
University of California
Santa Cruz, California, 95064

For more information, contact: 
Pat Harriman  pharrima@uci.edu    

https://news.uci.edu/campus-life/uci-meets-u-s-department-of-education-eligibility-as-a-hispanic-serving-institution/    


LOS ANGELES

July 22: Abraham Lincoln and Mexico: A History of Courage, Intrigue and Unlikely Friendships 
Raul R. Morin Memorial, intersection of Lorena, Indiana and Cesar E. Chavez Avenue, Boyle Heights
Champions of Chicano Art Need to Face Reality:  A Response to Cheech Marin’s New Art Center
Zoot Suits: A Fashion Movement that Sparked Mexican American Resistance
June 3rd, 2017, The Brotherhood of The Americas of Our Lady of Rocío held its XIV Rocío USA 
Book: "The House of Aragon" by Michael Perez: Los Angeles after World War II.  Historical Fiction based on personal interviews.  Go to: http://somosprimos.com/michaelperez/michaelperez.htm#ara 
M


 
 
July 22, special presentation on the book:
Abraham Lincoln and Mexico: A History of Courage, Intrigue and Unlikely Friendships 

================================== ==================================

Dominguez Rancho Adobe Museum has scheduled a special series talk on Saturday, July 22 at 1:00pm about the book “Abraham Lincoln and Mexico” (2016) by author Michael Hogan.  The editor, Mikel Miller will be the presenter.  Both author and editor reside in Mexico. Mikel will be visiting Los Angeles and volunteered his time for YOU!  Come listen to history on the first 1784 southern California Spanish land grant.  A beautiful place today where a Mexican-American war occurred on October 8-9, 1846!  Right there with Lincoln’s era!  Hope you can attend!  

Here’s an intriguing synopsis:  "A History of Courage, Intrigue and Unlikely Friendships uses primary documents and an extensive bibliography to examine Lincoln's legacy of support for Mexico as a Congressman and as President. Inspired by classroom discussions with students who wanted to learn more than what textbooks contained, the book is based on archival maps and other original documents about relationships between the USA and Mexico in the 1840's and 1860's"

  

Here’s a Feb 2017 article from the Smithsonian Magazine about Hogan’s book:
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-mexico-loved-lincoln-180962258/

Sent by Sylvia Contreras  Sylvia@linkline.com 



====================================================== =======================



IN MEMORIAM


THE MEXICAN COLONY

GRATEFULLY DEDICATES 

THIS MONUMENT TO THE

SACRED MEMORY OF THE

AMERICAN SOLDIERS OF

MEXICAN DESCENT WHO 

GAVE THEIR LIVES IN 

WORLD WAR II, 191-1945  FOR

 THE SURVIVAL OF THE

 PRINCIPLES  OF DEMOCRACY.


DEDICATED MAY 30, 1947, 

ERECTED BY 
 
THE LATIN AMERICAN CIVIC &

CULTURAL COMMITTEE, INC.

 

 
 Mimi  . . I enclosed a photograph of the memorial plaque in ELA and asked Councilman Huizar to read the wording carefully. This memorial was intended to honor Mexican American heroes-not "All Wars". Enclosed also is a copy of the letter that I sent him. The rest is self explanatory.

More information about the Raul Morin Memorial is available at: wwwRaulMorin.com For those who want to chime in, you may phone Councilman Huizar at: 323 526-9332


                                                                        June 5, 2017

Councilman Jose Huizar
2130 E. First Street, Suite 241
Los Angeles, CA 90033
(323) 526-9332

Edward D. Morin
PO Box 31476
Los Angeles, CA
(323) 222-4625
eddie_morin@sbcglobal.net

To Councilman Huizar;

            Enclosed is the wording of the plaque that was dedicated to the Americans of Mexican Descent back in 1947. As you can see, there is no mention of the phrase “All Wars Memorial”, not there, or anywhere else on the five-points area. No one can claim that there is an All Wars Memorial without lying.

            I recall, a few years ago that I sat in your office voicing this same concern to you and you assured me, “Don’t worry Mr. Morin, no one is going to change anything”. The All Wars Committee was allowed to take liberties and create a vortex where no dissenting opinion could be heard and they never could have succeeded without your complicity. I managed to attend a meeting of the Memorial Day planning committee and when I asked for fair representation based on the city proclamation designating the area as Morin Memorial Square, Mr. Tony Zapata stated that, “Huizar assured me that the proclamation is nothing more than a piece of paper.” I was appalled by this outrageous statement but when you alluded to “All Wars” on Memorial Day you indicated clearly your collusion with this group.

            Obviously, I am disappointed and I assure you that this matter is still live and the last word has yet to be heard.

            The condition of the Memorial area is another subject that I wish to address. It seems to me that you have been derelict in providing proper maintenance. I phoned twice about the overgrowth of weeds and then I went down in person to your office and every time I was assured by your staff that, “We’re on it”. Well that didn’t work out so I enlisted a friend along with my wife and we cleared nineteen bags of cuttings and clippings. Damage has been done by reckless drivers that include tearing out some of the wrought iron and knocking out a park bench. Again, no immediate action on your part and it has been weeks. All this seems to encapsulate your indifference to the integrity of the Morin Memorial Square.

            It is my hope that you can rectify matters-it’s not too late to make things right.

                                                            Edward D. Morin  

 

CC: Mayor Eric Garcetti  
Supervisor Hilda Solis  
Congresswoman Lucille Allard Roybal  
et al
 

For those who wish to write to councilman Huizar, his address is:
Councilman Jose Huizar
2130 E. First St.
Suite 241
Los Angeles, CA 90033




Champions of Chicano Art Need to Face Reality: 
A Response to Cheech Marin’s New Art Center
by Karen Mary Davalos,
Sorce: Artnet News,  May 8, 2017

Cheech Marin with a painting by Margaret Garcia in 2012. ©Patrick McMullan.

Cheech Marin with a painting by Margaret Garcia 
  ArtHamptons in 2012. ©Patrick McMullan.

For decades, comedian Cheech Marin has been finding ways to bring attention to Chicano art. The avid art collector has produced several traveling exhibitions from his collection, served as an ambassador to mainstream museums, and hosted private events to introduce emerging artists to his network. And while critics may turn up their noses at shows based on his collection of Chicano art, they cannot so easily write off his latest venture to open a Center for Chicano Art in Riverside, California. After all, Eli Broad has received nothing but praise for doing exactly the same thing. The Broad in downtown Los Angeles is still considered the icing on the LA art-scene cake. 

Cheech Marin is truly an advocate for Chicano art, but lost in the celebratory coverage of his vision for an art center in Riverside is the fragile infrastructure that endorses Chicano art. In Southern California, the region with the nation’s largest population of Mexican Americans, institutional support for Chicano art is thin. This might be the reason Cheech has copied Eli Broad’s strategy—one with centuries of tradition, too. If you don’t like how mainstream museums are neglecting important collections, then build your own.
=====================

Linda Vallejo, Standing Spirits, 1999. Photo courtesy Wikimedia Commons.


And he is right. None of the major museums in the region have a permanent collection policy for preserving Chicano art. None permanently display the artwork, and none of them have employed a full-time expert on Chicano art. Following the national trend, you will only find Chicano art specialists in the education or public programs departments, and not in curatorial positions, where they might shape the interpretation and presentation of these museums’ collections. 

 
Without systematic stewardship, what will happen to the masterpieces created by Chicano artists? Will they continue to linger in basements and under beds, damaged by dust, mold, and critters as UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center reported in 2003?

 

Pablo Andrés Cristi, If La Virgen Returned (2009). Image courtesy Riverside Art Museum, collection of Cheech Marin.
Pablo Andrés Cristi, If La Virgen Returned (2009).
Image courtesy Riverside Art Museum, collection of Cheech Marin.

================================== ==================================
We know what happened to Chicano murals in Los Angeles. Between 2002 and 2013, the city banned all murals, even those commissioned on private property, to avoid legal challenges from corporations claiming that massive multistory advertisements were protected by free speech. The mural moratorium prevented artists and private owners from creating murals throughout the city. We lost the title of mural capital of the world to Philadelphia, because of this decade-long mural moratorium.  Several non-profit arts organizations have worked to preserve the murals that enliven communities throughout the southland. But arts institutions, such as SPARC (Social and Public Art Resource Center), carry this burden for all of us, asking private and public funders for support, while also trying to produce new public works of art.


East Los Streetscapers, Gateway to Manifest Destiny, 1982. 
Photo © Grace Lane Gallery.

================================== ==================================
Cheech Marin is among a handful of private collectors acquiring and protecting Chicano art. The celebrity owns the most extensive collection of paintings (about 700). A scholar in the Midwest has the largest collection of works on paper (over 10,000), and a businessman in Texas has amassed over 2,000 paintings, prints, sculpture, and drawings. Luckily, they all allow their private collections to tour the country, but this is no way to preserve the heritage of our nation, let alone inspire future generations. 

 

Granted, Southern California witnessed an unprecedented number of Chicano art exhibitions at major institutions in 2011. As part of the Getty Foundation’s inaugural Pacific Standard Time, Art in LA, 1945-1980, six Chicano art exhibitions premiered that fall. At least nine more Chicano art exhibitions are planned for the latest installment of Pacific Standard Time, called “LA/LA,” standing for Latin American and Los Angeles. One will be a solo exhibition of Carlos Almaraz at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, August 6–December 3, 2017.
 

 

Carlos Almaraz, Night Magic (Blue Jester) (1988). Courtesy Smithsonian American Art Museum, © 1988 Carlos Almaraz.
Carlos Almaraz, Night Magic (Blue Jester) (1988). 
Courtesy Smithsonian American Art Museum, © 1988 Carlos Almaraz.

================================== ==================================

Nevertheless, the Getty’s economic and arts stimulus package cannot alone fix the lack of consideration that Chicano art faces. For example, Carlos Almaraz’s art is part of LACMA’s permanent collection because the artist’s wife, Elsa Flores, donated his work to the museum after his death in 1989. No administrator or curator had the foresight to create a plan to purchase his art. Although this donation is ten times larger than all other collections of Chicano art in Southern California museums, the curator for the retrospective show, Howard Fox, had to make a public plea to private collectors in the pages of the Los Angeles Times. LACMA did not have enough art around which to build an exhibition.

Three other shows of Chicano art, all part of the Getty’s Pacific Standard Time: LA/LA, faced similar challenges, however these problems were forged by the Getty itself. The Museum of Latin American Art in Long Beach, LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes in downtown Los Angeles, and UCLA—the home institution of one of the curators for “Home: So Different, So Appealing,” an exhibition of U.S. Latino and Latin American art, scheduled to open at LACMA—turned to crowdsourcing to raise funds for their catalogues, programming, and exhibition expenses.
 

 

Carlos Almaraz, The Struggle of Mankind (1989). Courtesy of Smithsonian American Art Museum, © 1989 Carlos Almaraz Estate.
Carlos Almaraz, The Struggle of Mankind (1989). 
Courtesy of Smithsonian American Art Museum, © 1989 Carlos Almaraz Estate.

================================== ==================================
Why was the Getty not covering the full costs of mounting these exhibitions, an initiative reportedly focused on Latin American and US Latino art in dialog with Los Angeles? In fact, an analysis of the Getty grants awarded to support research and implementation of Chicano art exhibitions reveals that it represents approximately 17% of total funding. This cursory inclusion is likely a factor for Marin to build his own institution to advance Chicano art. While I applaud Marin’s efforts, I also recognize that his art center will also need more than bricks and mortar. Chicano art requires more than just periodic initiatives, spectacular special programs, and neatly designed galleries. It demands long-term sustainable investment to create, preserve, and interpret the art of Mexican Americans. That investment needs to be widespread, fair, and equitable, especially for those arts organizations that have made Chicano and Chicana art central to their DNA for over four decades, since the onset of the Chicano Movement.

Wenceslao Quiroz, Pallet Pickup on 6th Street Bridge (2013). Courtesy of Riverside Art Museum, collection of Cheech Marin.
Wenceslao Quiroz, Pallet Pickup on 6th Street Bridge (2013). 
Courtesy of Riverside Art Museum, collection of Cheech Marin.

================================== ==================================
To become the national leader in the conservation and support of Chicano art, Southern California necessitates an infrastructure that safeguards its art for generations to come. I envision that each arts organization participating in the Getty’s Pacific Standard Time: LA/LA initiative would have a full-time staff devoted to the scholarship and curatorial study of Chicano art. Public and private foundations, corporations, and philanthropists should shift their focus to those arts institutions that have been serving Chicano residents and producing art for decades. Funders like the Getty would require mainstream arts museums to operate as collaborators with Chicano arts organizations from the inception of their new, sparkly and important programs and exhibitions. Universities, especially those educating students of art and cultural history, need professors, research centers, and programs devoted to Chicano art, now more than ever.


Karen Mary Davalos is a professor of Chicano and Latino Studies at the University of Minnesota and the President of the Board of Self Help Graphics & Art in Boyle Heights, California. She is an independent curator and an author of three books about Chicana/o art. She recently launched a major project, “Xican@ Art since 1848,” which will result in the first comprehensive, multi-volume book and digital archive on Mexican American art in the United States since the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
 
 

 




Zoot Suits: A Fashion Movement that Sparked Mexican American Resistance
Angela Fichter, June 9, 2017
Yes! Magazine


This June marks the 74th anniversary of the Zoot Suit Riots, a series of weeklong race riots that swept Los Angeles in the summer of 1943. The spirit lives on today. 

Clanton 14 gang members, pictured above, and their contemporaries sparked widespread fears among white Angelenos over "dangerous, unruly," Mexican teens, mostly known as zoot suiters for their attire--ballooned pants and long coats.  [ Wikipedia] 

Dressed in a white shirt and pegtop trousers, the fashion of the time for young males influenced by jazz culture, José Díaz headed to a friend's birthday party in rural Los Angeles. It was the summer of 1942, and 22-year-old Diaz, who was born in Mexico but raised in the United States, was scheduled to report for induction into the U.S. Army the next day. According to accounts, Díaz was excited about the U.S. entering World War II and looked forward to the opportunity to serve his country. Because he would be leaving home for boot camp, he decided at the last minute to attend the party, although he'd initially told his mother he didn't feel up to going. Toward the end of the night, a group of young people known for trouble showed up seeking revenge for an earlier altercation. A fight broke out, and many were injured. Díaz was left beaten and stabbed, and would later die in the hospital from a brain contusion.
The incident, which became known as The Sleepy Lagoon Murder, sparked widespread fears among white Angelenos over "dangerous, unruly," Mexican teens, mostly known as zoot suiters for their attire-ballooned pants and long coats. Then-Governor Cuthbert L. Olson used Díaz's death as a call to action. The Los Angeles police arrested more than 600 Mexican American youth. More than 20 indictments were issued in Díaz's death, and, in 1943, members of a group called the 38th Street Boys were convicted. One was sentenced to life in prison.

Within months, what became known as the Zoot Suit Riots would erupt.

In the throes of WWII, extreme patriotism reigned. Much like today, fear of the other had permeated the American psyche, and many working class whites were emboldened by a pervasive jingoism as the United States asserted its strength on the national stage, while dis-empowering its own citizens at home.

Japanese Americans were expelled into internment camps, Blacks migrated North in droves to escape racial hostility in the South, and The Bracero Program, the largest U.S. contract labor program, brought several thousand Mexican guest workers into Los Angeles. The "City of Angels" had a booming economy, but discriminatory policies in employment and housing kept people of color on the periphery.

Though about 350,000 Mexican Americans fought in WWII, (More than 500,000 Latinos-including 350,000 Mexican Americans and 53,000 Puerto Ricans served.), their very presence in urban areas was considered a threat.
Riots erupted in various cities across the nation, and the racial tension brewing in Los Angeles placed the Mexican American struggle front and center.

For first- and second-generation Mexican Angelenos, a sense of identity was necessary for survival. As they struggled to navigate older familial and generational values and widespread bigotry, fashion became an important form of cultural expression. For Mexican youth, who would call themselves Pachucos and Pachucas, the zoot suit did just that.

The flamboyant garb, inspired by the drape suits initially popularized by African American jazz musicians such as Cab Calloway, made its first appearances throughout nightclubs in Harlem and New Orleans. The long jackets with exaggerated padded shoulders, high-waisted ballooned trousers, and pork pie hats defined the look and also made it easy to jump, jive, and swing to the fast-paced jazz rhythms. Women wore their own versions too, subverting the status quo and testing established notions of womanhood and femininity. Working class whites, Blacks, and other youth of color, including future activists Malcolm X and Cesar Chavez, embraced the look in its early days. But Mexican youth adopted the attire as an unofficial uniform of resistance-much like young Black boys today who are profiled, criminalized, and murdered in their hoodies for embracing urban fashion and choosing not to conform.
In a national effort to preserve resources, the War Preparedness Board banned the production of wool, pleats, cuffs, and long jackets-key elements that helped define zoot-suiter style. The 1942 mandate had practical purposes, and to resist was dangerous. Bootleg tailors continued sales, and those who stood in defiance were branded unpatriotic when American patriotism was at an all-time high.

But Pachucos and Pachucas were American, and in the innovative ways marginalized ethnic groups have always done, they explored ways to carve out an identity in a society that wanted them to disappear. In turn, Mexican youth-as well as Black and Filipino zoot suiters-were hunted, brutally beaten, and stripped of their suits. They then watched servicemen burn their clothes in the streets. Mobs of hundreds of white sailors and Marines poured into Mexican neighborhoods and local hangouts and brutalized them with impunity.

The same bigotry plagues the country today, evidenced by the Latinos, Muslims, Blacks, and Asians subjected to vicious hate crimes for the color of their skin or for wearing "ethnic" clothing. Young zoot suiters learned the very act of daring to assert themselves was, in the minds of many, un-American. Nothing about the zoot suits was explicitly Mexican, but boldly demanding to be seen was an affront to American identity.

As the riots made national news and anti-Mexican sentiment persisted, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt expressed concern in her column, My Day: "The question goes deeper than just [zoot] suits. It is a racial protest. I have been worried for a long time about the Mexican racial situation. It is a problem with roots going a long way back, and we do not always face these problems as we should." 

The weeklong race riots ceased when servicemen were confined to their bases and more than 500 Mexican youth were arrested. Smaller clashes continued shortly thereafter, and the L.A. City Council made wearing a zoot suit on Los Angeles streets punishable by a 30-day jail sentence. The riots were arguably the first fashion movement to cause mass civil unrest in American history.

Still, the zoot suit had lasting influence and the riots were a pivotal moment in Mexican American history. Zoot suiters became leaders in the formation of the Chicano Movement during the Civil Rights Era; fought barriers to education, fair pay, and housing; coordinated walkouts and strikes; and formed countless organizations addressing everything from the plight of farmworkers to student activism on college campuses. What's more, they exposed a struggle that was uniquely Mexican, and helped to affirm Chicanos as a legitimate political force.

The zoot suit spirit inspires urban Mexican style into the 21st century. Today, as inner-city youth continue to endure systemic racism, poverty, incarceration, police brutality, and gang violence, they still use fashion to reclaim their identity. The policing of Black and brown people who dare to challenge the status quo and embrace their own culture, often without a political agenda, continues to this day. The ban on Black hairstyles in the workplace, schools, and the military in recent years, or attacks on hijab-wearing women, are modern examples of the ways in which cultural expression is continually silenced. But the pushback from white dominant culture has undeniably been the catalyst for politicizing cultural identity at various points throughout history.

After all, zoot suiters demanded to be seen, and their suits embodied more than style. They became a bold political statement in the face of bigotry, cultural oppression, and injustice.

Youth of color have always been at the forefront of history's key social movements: subverting cultural norms and giving the middle finger to white supremacy, police brutality, and gendered and racial violence by using fashion and self-expression as a means of not only coping with oppression and subjugation, but also of claiming space rightfully owed and deserved. 

http://portside.org/2017-06-10/zoot-suits-fashion-movement-sparked-mexican-american-resistance 



AltarVirgin2017
El Rayo de Luz en Nuestro Altar es Luz Natural y no la podimos explicar

================================== ==================================
This past Sunday, June 3rd, 2017, The Brotherhood of The Americas of Our Lady of Rocío held its XIV Rocío USA at St. Casimir's Catholic Church in The City of Angeles.  The Festivities were dedicated to Eminance Baltazar Enrique Cardinal Porras Cardozo and The People of Venezuela, as a symbol of solidarity with those fighting for democracy and liberty in the land that gave Latin America one of its greatest liberators Simon Bolivar.

The Celebration consisted of Holy Mass, with sevillanas and the traditional Salve Rociera del Olé.  Following Holy Mass the Rocieros moved to the parish's hall where they held a luncheon/benefit for Los Angeles Catholic Worker's Hospitality Soup Kitchen in the Skid Row section of The City of Los Angeles. 

El pasado domingo 3 de junio, 2017, La Hermandad de Las Américas de Nuestra Señora del Roció celebro su XIV Roció USA en La Iglesia de San Casimiro de La Ciudad de Los Angeles, California. Las festividades fueron dedicadas a su Eminencia Baltazar Enrique Cardinal Porras Cardozo y el pueblo venezolano como símbolo de solidaridad en su lucha por la democracia y libertad de la tierra que le dio a nuestra América Latino uno de sus grandes libertadores, Simón Bolívar.

La celebración consistió de La Santa Misa dedicada a La Blanca Paloma, con sevillanas y la tradicional Salve Rociera del Olé. Siguiendo la Santa Misa, los rocieros asistieron a un almuerzo/beneficio para el Comedor Social de "Los Angeles Catholic Workers".

Procession

RocioCuadron

================================== ==================================
The Luncheon featured entertainment headlined by Claudia de La Cruz Flamenco, Palomas Rojas, members of The Los Angeles Zarzuela Project, St. Casimir's Choir, The Carolina Russek Dance Company and guests. Present were civic leaders from local Spanish Organizations, and many nationalities from continents making this a Rocío in the spirit of St. John Paul II, for his wish when he visited The Shrine of Our Lady of Rocío was "May All The World Be Rocieros". El almuerzo fue amenizado por Claudia de La Cruz Flamenco, Palomas Rojas, miembros del Proyecto Zarzuela de Los Angeles, el Coro de San Casimiro, La Compañía de Danza de Carolina Russek, e invitados.

Estuvieron presentes líderes de organizaciones españolas, y diversas nacionalidades de todos los continentes, haciendo de nuestra festividad un Roció en el espíritu de San Juan Pablo II, quien en su visita a la ermita del Roció dijo "Que Todo El Mundo Sea Rociero".

================================== ==================================
FB_IMG_1496669984481

Bishop


Note article below: 

Our Lady of Rocio
event in San Diego. 

 

 

CALIFORNIA 

July 22: Canet & Romero Family Reunion
The Advocation of Our Lady of Rocio
August 16-20: San Diego International Mariachi Summit
The Present is a Dream of the Past Martha Vallejo McGettigan  and David Martinez
Data: California population explosion

Mexican migrant workers came to California to pick grapes. Now they own wineries.

 

July 22: Canet & Romero Family Reunion
El Chorro Park & Camp Grounds
Not too late to attend, email: Canet-Romero@msn.com  

 



================================== ==================================

The Advocation of Our Lady of Rocio is not well known in the American Continent outside the Spanish Immigrant Community.  Yet the cultural and religious traditions associated with this wonderful advocation to the Mother of Our Lord Jesus Christ are in many ways weaved into the reality of the Spanish Conquest of The Americas, and the cultural exchange that took place and perhaps continues to take place from Spain to the Americas and to some extend from the South to the North of  The American Continent.

Spanish traditions are embedded into the heart of it's ex-colonies and territories, including The United States. It has always amazed me to see how many places in these great adopted homeland of ours have Spanish names. Everywhere you go, from Ohio, to the Southern States, and as far North as Alaska, you will find small reminders that the Spaniards were here. Although the conquistadores are long gone, many of the traditions that we may now identified as "Mexican" or Latino can trace their origin to Spain.

Through  the history of conquest is not something we may wish to glorified in this day an age, we can not deny that we are all a product of these great human migration. Aside from naming many of the places we call home today, the Spaniards left us a great cultural heritage including many of the Mission Churches that served as cultural centers in their golden days. As you travel from San Francisco to Carmel, then further south to Monterrey, Santa Barbara, and San Diego, or east to Tucson's Saint Xavier del Bac, you can't help but notice some of the rich cultural heritage and perhaps bitter-sweet history these places hold. You can almost hear the ancient whispered prayers of all those who one day passed through these churches and stopped to pray and perhaps hoped for a better tomorrow.

Out of the past are born traditions, and we must make a conscious effort not to let the foot-steps of our ancestors be forgotten. With time, traditions are revived, re-invented, and adopted to new surroundings in the hopes of keeping them alive for generations to come. Whether its "Cinco de Mayo", the celebrations of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Christmas, Quinceañeras, a baptism, birthday, wedding or even a funeral, all these personal mile stones are an expression of our inner self and of the ways we were taught to deal with our most intimate, yet public emotions.

It is therefore of no surprise that the Spanish speaking communities in California and in the ibero-american community throughout all of The Americas have taken upon themselves to preserve the beautiful traditions of El Rocio. Not only as a mere cultural tradition, but as expression of their Christian Faith.

The modern celebrations of El Rocio in California were started 1992 by La Peña Andaluza of California, under the direction of Charo Monge and it's members at large. It takes place once a year in the area of San Diego, CA. The celebration consists of a solemn Mass followed by a gathering of the community for some singing and dancing in honor of Our Lady of Rocio. People dress in Andalusian costumes and dance Fandangos and Sevillanas. 

The festivities high-point is the singing of the traditional Salve (Hail Mary) to Our Lady of Rocio.
It is the hope of the member of The Peña Andaluza  and this new Brotherhood of Our Lady of Rocio to propagate the devotion of Our Lady of Rocio amongst all in the Catholic Community of the Americas and perhaps one day establish a "Camino del Rocio" in California along what was once the Camino Real.


================================== ==================================
It's time!!! It's an amazing pleasure to finally announce the 2017 San Diego International Mariachi Summit, Presented by Southwest Airlines, August 16-20. Headlining the Gala Concert, Aug. 18 at the San Diego Civic Theatre will be Mariachi Nuevo Tecalitlán, the Ballet Folklórico from the University of Guadalajara, Symphonic Mariachi Champaña Nevin, the Orquesta de Baja California, and the San Diego Binational Symphony Orchestra!! Once again, this will be the biggest mariachi concert in San Diego of the year. Tickets are on sale now, so get them early and invite your whole family! The Ballet Folklórico from the U de G is bringing 52 dancers and musicians and they'll put on a show like nothing you've ever seen. Mariachi Nuevo Tecalitlán is absolutely one of the greatest in the world, and the combination of these symphony orchestras with our mariachis... you know it's going to be special! :-) 

 

Tickets are incredibly affordable considering quality (and quantity!) of performers, starting at just $16.50! We are also holding a VIP fundraising reception before the concert with premium seats for $100, seats at every price in between. Click here for tickets.
Upcoming Events

Dreams
The Present is a Dream of the Past
El Presente es un Sueño del Pasado

Dreams was the keynote welcoming for San Francisco last year, 2016, of  the California Missions Foundation

================================== ==================================
We're here today because of the dreams of our forefathers - and our foremothers!
Life is but a dream
And dreams themselves are dreams

It takes a belief of new dreaming
What did it take
To make those dreams come true?
What did it take
For a woman
To leave everything she knew and start a new life?

What did it take 
For a husband to convince his wife
and for the wife to trust -
that he knew the way
that she and her children would be safe?

What did it take
Desperation of the then current positions in life?
Desperation turned to hope? 

What did it take - then
To not despair in the cold and the snow
In the heat and the desert?

To travel - camp and pack - day after day - month after month-
finding food and water for 8 months and over 250 days on horseback  and in a strange land.

What did it take 
To keep the faith - 
In God
In Anza
In the dreams?

What did it take
It took - 
Strength - tenacity - sensibility - tears - laughter - music

It took
The characteristics and values that formed the core -
The heart and the strength of the women
of the 2nd Juan Bautista de Anza Expedition
And the Californios
And now California's people of today.
¡Estamos aquí por los sueños de nuestros antepasados!
La vida es un sueño
Y los sueños, sueños son

Hay que tener fe en nuevos sueños
¿Que se necesitaba 
Para realizer esos sueños?
¿Que se necesitaba
Como podría una mujer dejar todo lo que conocía
Y empezar una vida nueva?

¿Que se necesitaba
Como podría un esposo convencer a su esposa,
y la esposa confiar en que el sabia el camino
y que ella y sus hijos estarán fuera de peligro?

¿Que se necesitaba
La desesperación de la vida?
La desesperación convertida en la esperanza?

¿Que se necesitaba - En aquellos tiempo
Para no desesperar en el frio y la nieve
En el calor en el desierto?

Viajar y campear - día tras día - mes tras mes -
encontrando comida y agua por 8 meses, tras doscientos
cinquenta días a caballo en una tierra extranjera.

¿Que se necesitaba
Como se mantenía la fe
En Dios
En Anza
En los sueños?

Que se necesitab
Se necesitaban La fuerza - la tenacidad - la sensibilidad - la lagrimas - la risa - la musica 

Se necesitaban
Las características y los valores que forman 
el corazón y fuerza de las muyeres 
de la Segunda Expedicion de Juan bautista de Anza
y Los Californianos
y ahora la gente de California hoy en dia.

by
Martha Vallejo McGettigan  and David Martinez
Spanish Translation by Clare Barrios-Knox

Inspired by General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo and La Vida es Sueño by Pedro Calderón de la Barca, 1635,
  and The Women of the  Juan Bautista de Anza 2nd Expedition 1775-1776 



In early 1848, California's non-Indian population was less than 20,000; two years later, the federal census accounted for 93,000 non-Indians - but that does not include the census returns from San Francisco, Contra Costa, and Santa Clara counties because they were lost.

1848:      20,000, non-Indian population
1850:      93,000, non-Indian population
1852:    223,856 state took its own census 
1860:    379,994
1870:    560-247
1880:    864-694
1890:  1,213,398
1900:  1,485,053

Population in California went from 20,000 to 1,485,054 in 52 years.  



Mexican migrant workers came to California to pick grapes. Now they own wineries.
By Dave McIntyre, May 30




Photo: Marvin Joseph/The Washington Post


Reynaldo Robledo, center, came to California in 1968 to work in the fields of Napa Valley. Nearly 50 years later, he runs his own vineyard, with the help of his children. Lazaro Robledo, one of Reynaldo’s seven sons, manages the tasting room at Robledo Family Winery. Also pictured is Reynaldo Robledo’s girlfriend, Leticia Trejo. 


[Outside Robledo Family Winery, south of Sonoma, on a cool April Sunday, the U.S. and Mexican flags whipped a stiff salute in the wind blowing off the San Pablo Bay. A third banner bore the winery logo. The flags represent three themes central to the lives of Reynaldo Robledo and many other Mexican migrant workers who have helped shape California’s wine industry: heritage, opportunity and family.

In February 1968, when family duty called Reynaldo, then 16, to the migrant labor camps of Napa Valley, he was not satisfied pruning vines for the Christian Brothers winery for 10 hours a day, six days a week, earning $1.10 an hour. “I needed to help the family,” he says. “And I wanted to be the boss, so I worked extra hours without pay so I could learn everything.”

And that, he did. Fast forward to 2008, and his own wines were being served at the White House, one of many honors bestowed on his acclaimed winery.


Robledo is part of a small but growing community of Mexican American families who started as migrant workers and now have their own wineries. They have emerged from the invisible workforce of laborers who prune the vines in bitter winter cold and tend them under searing summer sun. We read about them when they collapse from heat exhaustion in California’s Central Valley or perish in a winery accident. But they rarely appear in the glossy magazines that extol the luxury wine lifestyle, except as cheerful extras in harvest photos.

[What it takes to drive a cabernet from good to great]

This month, the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of American History featured five of these families during its annual winemakers’ fundraising dinner. The event, “Rooted in Family: Wine and Stories from Mexican American Winemakers,” echoed an exhibit to open at the museum this summer, “Many Voices, One Nation,” part of a wider theme called “The Nation We Build Together.” (The themes were chosen years ago, before immigration from Mexico became a campaign issue and a policy priority for the Trump administration.)


I met with each of the five families in April during a visit to Napa and Sonoma counties. Their stories are at once similar yet distinctive. They came from Michoacan or Jalisco, two agricultural provinces near Mexico City. Their fathers left for El Norte as migrant workers — some under the Bracero guest-worker program, others crossing the border illegally but gaining legal status in a time when papers were easier to come by. They worked in California’s burgeoning agricultural industry before settling in Northern California wine country. They encountered some of Napa Valley’s most celebrated winemakers and contributed to California’s wine revolution in the 1970s and 1980s, a period that saw dramatic changes in viticulture and food culture as the United States became a wine-loving nation. Their wineries today are not the Tuscan-style villas or French-style chateaus that dot so much of the Napa Valley landscape, but more modest facilities in Carneros, a warehouse park in Napa, or a cave carved into a hillside north of Calistoga.

“Their story is the journey,” says Steve Velasquez, who researches Mexican American winemakers for the museum’s American Food History Project. “A journey from Mexico to the U.S. to work in agriculture, from a handful of families to a thriving community of Mexican Americans, from vineyard workers to winery owners. .?.?. These families represent Mexican Americans who once just supported an industry but now help shape it.”

And as they helped transform California wine from provincial agriculture to a world powerhouse, they embraced their new home and the opportunities it offered.


Amelia Morán Ceja, owner of Ceja Vineyards, fought back tears at the Smithsonian dinner as she said, “I am a poster child for the American Dream.”


Reynaldo Robledo, second from left, walks with his sons Everado, left, Lazaro, second from right, and Jenaro, right, walks through a vineyard together at the Robledo Family Winery in Sonoma, Calif. (Eric Risberg/AP)




Reynaldo Robledo

Robledo Family Winery

Reynaldo Robledo tears up with pride as he describes how in 2003, he became the first Mexican American migrant worker in California to open his own tasting room to the public. He displays mementos of other career highlights, including those White House dinners and a 2008 visit to the winery from Mexican President Felipe Calderón.

Robledo’s story began more modestly, and he related it to me in quiet, hesitant English as we sat at a large table made of wood from his native Michoacan state while his youngest son, Lazaro, prepared to welcome the day’s first customers to Robledo Family Winery, in the Carneros region a few miles south of Sonoma.

Even as a young boy in Mexico’s agricultural Michoacan state, Reynaldo was used to being in charge. He was the oldest of 13 children whose father, grandfather and uncles spent eight months of every year working in apple orchards and vineyards in El Norte, and he assumed family responsibilities in their absence.


[A wine lover’s trifecta: The right maker, a singular grape, a good price]

So as a teenager in Napa Valley, he was quick to seize opportunity, which was plentiful in those heady early years of California’s wine boom. Napa was rapidly transforming from a sleepy agricultural region of prune and walnut orchards into a viticultural powerhouse. An Italian American vineyard manager taught him how to graft vines, a skill that earned him as much as $4.75 per vine. He learned to drive a tractor. Before long he was a crew chief for a vineyard management company planting and managing thousands of acres of vineyards.

Learning the wine business literally from the ground up was not enough. Robledo dreamed of owning his own vineyards and putting his family name on a label. In 1984, he purchased a 13-acre junkyard in Carneros no one else wanted for about $126,000. He cleaned it up, planted vines and sold the grapes to Mumm Napa for sparkling wine. Today, Robledo Family Winery owns or leases 350 acres of vineyards in Carneros and Lake County.

While growing his business, Robledo was also raising a family. He married his childhood sweetheart, Maria, in 1970, and they raised seven sons and two daughters. It wasn’t all bliss and harmony. He and Maria divorced in 2012, and Reynaldo hints at some strong disagreements with his children.

“The boys didn’t understand the business,” he says. “In wine, you invest your money and you don’t see it for a few years. When people don’t understand the business, they want money right away.” Even so, in 2014 he formally turned ownership of the winery and vineyard management firm to five of his sons, including chief executive and winemaker Everardo and tasting room manager Lazaro.

Robledo, 64, also struggled with the clash of American culture and the patriarchal traditions he brought from Mexico.

“When we first made a sauvignon blanc, I told the family I wanted to call it Seven Brothers for my sons. That was a mistake,” he says with a laugh. “My two daughters were very angry.”

Another wine was less contentious. Los Braceros is a blend of cabernet sauvignon, syrah and merlot. “Braceros means strong arms,” Robledo explained. “A worker could bring his wife and one son. These grapes represent the family: father, mother and son.”


Amelia Moran Ceja (left) and Dalia Ceja 
of Ceja Vineyards. 
Photo: Marvin Joseph/The Washington Post
Amelia Morán Ceja: Ceja Vineyards  

When young Amelia Morán moved from Jalisco, Mexico, to Rutherford, Calif., in September 1967, she worked in the vineyards after school. Her father, Felipe, was a manager for Oakville Vineyard Management, which tended the now-famous To Kalon vineyard for Robert Mondavi Winery. Mondavi, who would become the most influential vintner in California, was just in his second harvest, and the winery was not yet finished.

Amelia, 12 at the time, remembers enjoying the work and meeting a young boy her age who had just arrived from Mexico, Pedro Ceja, whom she would later marry. And she remembers liking the To Kalon cabernet.

“Pedro tells everybody I ate the grapes for the first two hours,” she says. “It’s true!”




[You can thank an 83-year-old Frenchwoman for bringing burgundies to America]

Her other impressions of food in her new home were not positive. “It was all processed food,” she recalls. She began making her own lunches from recipes her grandmother taught her back in Mexico.

Today, Ceja is an enthusiastic ambassador for Mexican cuisine, filming instructional videos and demonstrating recipes in television appearances. “I want to take the best of Mexican culture — not the macho stuff, that’s no good — and incorporate it with the best from my adopted country,” she says.

Ceja, 61, is the first Mexican American woman to be president of a California winery. She co-founded Ceja Vineyards in 1999 with Pedro and his brother, Armando, the winemaker. They own or lease 150 acres in Napa and Sonoma counties and plan to break ground this year on a winery on their property in the Napa section of Carneros.

Two years ago, Ceja lobbied in Washington for revisions in worker protection regulations that had not been updated since 1992. Her activism grew out of the turbulent labor movement of the 1970s led by Cesar Chavez, who would stay with her family when her father was president of the local United Farm Workers chapter. “I marched with them on Route 29,” she recalls.

“People understood that in order to live a life of dignity, they needed the support of someone to advocate for them,” Ceja says. “Even today, the farmworkers are invisible, and we need to advocate for them. Through our wines we are paying homage to the true artists of wine — the workers.”

Though still a young winery, Ceja Vineyards is preparing for generational change. Amelia’s three children are all involved; Dalia Ceja, with an executive MBA, is sales and marketing director, and Armando’s daughter is assistant winemaker.

“There is an expression in Spanish, ‘Aun hay mas,’?” Ceja says. “There is much more to come.”

Gustavo Wine

Gustavo Brambila was only 3 when his father brought the family from Mexico to Rutherford, in the heart of Napa Valley; perhaps it’s no surprise then that he has little or no memory of the strictly hierarchical society in Mexico. His independent streak was apparent when his career in the vineyards lasted one day. It was harvest 1968, 
and the 13-year-old was recruited to help the crews his father supervised at Beaulieu Vineyard.

“It was brutal,” he recalls. “It’s having to endure humiliation. It’s having to endure backbreaking activities. They were working so hard and so fast, I couldn’t keep up. The supervisor” — a friend 
of his father’s — “just kept barking orders, not showing respect for the workers.”

So Brambila got a job gardening. But an explosive development drew him back to wine.

Gustavo Brambila, Owner & Winemaker 
at Gustavo Wine

“One day during harvest, my father brought home a small bottle of just-pressed muscat juice,” he recalls. “It was good, nice and sweet, and I put the rest in the refrigerator.” The juice then fermented, and two weeks later the bottle exploded, ruining all the food in the refrigerator. “I heard a loud noise, and then my mother started cursing. I told her then and there I would find out why that bottle exploded.”

[Illegal immigrants help fuel U.S. farms. Does affordable produce depend on them?]

That vow led him to the viticulture and oenology program at the University of California at Davis, where he became the one of the first Mexican American students to earn a degree in fermentation science. After graduation, he borrowed his father’s suit and interviewed for a job with Mike Grgich, the winemaker at Chateau Montelena.

Brambila was at Montelena in 1976 when word came from France that the winery’s chardonnay had bested white burgundies at a tasting that would become known as the “Judgment of Paris,” which is credited with opening the door to New World wine producers.

“There was this big commotion upstairs,” he recalls. “We thought the bosses had gone crazy.”

Brambila’s association with the Paris tasting earned him some fame in 2008 when he was portrayed by Freddy Rodriguez in “Bottle Shock,” the highly fictionalized account of California’s vinous triumph over France. “Everything in the movie was fluffed up,” he says. That doesn’t stop him from using it in his marketing and on his website, however.

When Grgich left Chateau Montelena and created Grgich Hills winery, Brambila followed and worked for him for 23 years, rising to be winemaker and general manager. In 1996, he started making wine on his own, and by 2002, he had his own winery and vineyard management company.

Brambila, 63, follows an unconventional model: His facility is a warehouse in an industrial park within the Napa city limits, where he is not covered by the many restrictions imposed on wineries by Napa County. (Among other rules, wineries there are required to own at least 10 acres, which can be exorbitantly expensive.) The park has become home to more than a dozen wineries and is known informally as the Crusher D

“One day during harvest, my father brought home a small bottle of just-pressed muscat juice,” he recalls. “It was good, nice and sweet, and I put the rest in the refrigerator.” The juice then fermented, and two weeks later the bottle exploded, ruining all the food in the refrigerator. “I heard a loud noise, and then my mother started cursing. I told her then and there I would find out why that bottle exploded.”

[Illegal immigrants help fuel U.S. farms. Does affordable produce depend on them?]

That vow led him to the viticulture and oenology program at the University of California at Davis, where he became the one of the first Mexican American students to earn a degree in fermentation science. After graduation, he borrowed his father’s suit and interviewed for a job with Mike Grgich, the winemaker at Chateau Montelena.

Brambila was at Montelena in 1976 when word came from France that the winery’s chardonnay had bested white burgundies at a tasting that would become known as the “Judgment of Paris,” which is credited with opening the door to New World wine producers.

“There was this big commotion upstairs,” he recalls. “We thought the bosses had gone crazy.”

Brambila’s association with the Paris tasting earned him some fame in 2008 when he was portrayed by Freddy Rodriguez in “Bottle Shock,” the highly fictionalized account of California’s vinous triumph over France. “Everything in the movie was fluffed up,” he says. That doesn’t stop him from using it in his marketing and on his website, however.

When Grgich left Chateau Montelena and created Grgich Hills winery, Brambila followed and worked for him for 23 years, rising to be winemaker and general manager. In 1996, he started making wine on his own, and by 2002, he had his own winery and vineyard management company.

Brambila, 63, follows an unconventional model: His facility is a warehouse in an industrial park within the Napa city limits, where he is not covered by the many restrictions imposed on wineries by Napa County. (Among other rules, wineries there are required to own at least 10 acres, which can be exorbitantly expensive.) The park has become home to more than a dozen wineries and is known informally as the Crusher District. Brambila leases vineyards to source his fruit, and his son, Brendan, runs the vineyard management company that tends them.

He had distributors in 29 states when the Great Recession hit. “Half of them owed me money and went belly up, and the banks pulled my credit lines.” So once again, he decided to go independent and now sells his wines only through direct-to-consumer sales.

And for a while, he stopped making chardonnay. “I prefer European-style wines, and when everyone wanted oaky, buttery sweet wines, I couldn’t put my wine against that,” he says. But he started making it again in 2013, in the style of the Chateau Montelena that won the Paris tasting.

“I felt consumers were ready for crisper wines,” he said. “I wanted to bring the style back.”

Mi Sueño Winery
Rolando and Lorena Herrera of Mi Sueño Winery. 
Photo: Marvin Joseph/Washington Post

Rolando Herrera

Disobeying orders changed the arc of Rolando Herrera’s career. It was summer 1985, and the 17-year-old from Michoacan got a job at Stag’s Leap Wine Cellars cutting stones for a wall being built around the home of winemaker Warren Winiarski.

“They told the workers not to look at El Señor,” Winiarski recalls. “But this young man made eye contact, and there was something in his eyes that said, ‘I am capable of much more than this.’ So when the wall was done, I offered him a job in the cellar.”

Herrera realized he had found his calling. “I never knew I could have so much fun scrubbing barrels and tanks, lugging hoses, getting dirty and all covered with leaves,” he says.

He stayed at Stag’s Leap for 10 years, finishing high school and college while learning the tricks of his new trade. Winiarski was an able teacher — the former college professor had made the cabernet sauvignon that won the 1976 Paris Tasting against some top bordeaux.

[The world’s best places to buy Italian wine: Italy, and one tiny store in D.C.]

Herrera’s hard work enabled him to pursue his dream of getting an education and someday owning his own company. His father brought the family to St. Helena in Napa Valley in 1975, when Herrera was 8, but took them back to Mexico five years later. Rolando missed his California friends and lifestyle, but most of all, the opportunity.

“I didn’t want to stay and get married and have kids at 17 or 18 and pick strawberries for a living like everyone else,” he says. So at 15, his father allowed him to venture north again and join an older brother in St. Helena. He enrolled in high school, working nights in the kitchen of Auberge du Soleil under chef Masa Kobayashi, first as a dishwasher and then as a prep cook.

Once launched on his wine career, Herrera worked with winemaker Paul Hobbs and consulted for several wineries. One client was Robledo Family Winery, where he became winemaker and married Lorena Robledo, the oldest child of Reynaldo and Maria Robledo.

Herrera started making wine for himself in 1997 and called his label Mi Sueño, Spanish for “my dream.” He still makes wine for a few other wineries at his facility in the Crusher District, around the corner from Gustavo Brambila’s Gustavo Wine.

Part of Herrera’s heart remains in Mexico. He calls his cabernet sauvignon-based red blend El Llano, after his home town in Michoacan. And in 2010, when the Michoacan government invited him to pour his wines at the state fair, he recruited 10 other Mexican American vintners to participate. That was the genesis of the Napa and Sonoma Mexican American Vintners Association.

“I hated that we were competing and bickering at each other instead of supporting each other,” he says. “This was an opportunity for the people of Michoacan to see the sons of Mexican farmers becoming growers and winemakers.”

At 50, Herrera still exudes the restlessness of someone with a lot left to accomplish. His next project will be to plant vines and build a winery for his second label, Herrera, on 20 acres of land he purchased last year on Mount Veeder.

“People say, ‘How do you do it?’ I say, ‘By working three jobs, 24 hours a day, seven days a week,’?” Herrera says. “Failure — that’s not following your dream.”

 

Lupe and Hugo Maldonado of Maldonado Vineyards in their wine cellar. 


Maldonado Vineyards

Hugo Maldonado carved his own place in Napa Valley. In 2007, he purchased a small, rocky piece of land just off the Silverado Trail in Jericho Canyon, north of Calistoga. “It was an old billy goat hill,” he says, with little to offer except a view of the Calistoga Palisade Mountains and a valid winery-use permit. When mining companies told him how much it would cost to dig a cave out of the granite, he decided to learn excavation and do it himself.

Today, the small cave is nearly overflowing with barrels, bottles and the equipment he uses to produce Maldonado Vineyards wines, and he’s thinking of expanding. Not back into the hillside, though. “We’ll put a building in front,” he says.

Hugo’s father, Jose Guadalupe Maldonado, known as Lupe, came to California from Michoacan in 1962. He picked apples in Sebastopol, then tended vines at Christian Brothers, Sterling Vineyards and finally Newton winery, where he stayed nearly three decades. In 1982, he brought his family north from Mexico. Hugo was 10.

In St. Helena, he led what he calls “a typical Mexican family life.”

“I went to school, then worked afternoons, evenings and weekends at multiple jobs,” he recalls. “I graduated high school in 1989 at 17, then married that year. I was a father by 19.” His wife, Lidia, is second-generation Mexican American. Hugo graduated from the University of California at Davis with a degree in viticulture and oenology, then joined his father in what was by then a family business.

The Maldonados bought their first vineyard in the early 1990s, selling the grapes to Newton. They began making their own wine, a chardonnay, in 2002, to immediate critical acclaim. It was also served at the White House. Today they own 56 acres of vineyard and manage more than 200 more for other wineries. They produce up to 10,000 cases of wine each harvest, including their own label and a second line called Farm Worker.

“The basis has always been sweat equity and trying to build something for ourselves,” Maldonado says.

The migration from Mexico has slowed, and now there is a shortage of labor in Napa Valley. “It’s hard to get a quality employee, and their knowledge of agriculture is poor,” he says.

Maldonado, 45, cites better economic times in Mexico — “strawberry farming is booming” in Michoacan — and tougher deportation policies implemented seven years ago by the Obama administration as reasons for the shortage. He predicts another immigrant community will eventually fill the need.

“The Italians were the workers, then they became the managers and the people who knew how to graft, and the Mexicans became the workers,” he said. “Someone will come.”

But his generation of Mexican migrant workers, and the two or three before them, have seized the opportunities to rise from the ranks in the vineyard rows, to the tractor seats, to the barrel caves and tasting rooms. They may be viticulturists, winemakers or chief executives, but their proudest title is “owner.”

“A lot of us, when we were growing up, never thought we’d be winery owners,” Maldonado says. “Winery owners were rich people. We’re not getting rich, but it’s nice to have some security for our kids.”

Sent by Rosie Carbo rosic@aol.com
Source: Rene Carbo rcarbs27@hotmail.com

 

 

PAN-PACIFIC RIM

Los Voluntarios Macabebes
¿Qué hacen soldados japoneses en el Ejército Español?
Formosa (actual Taiwan) cuando se administraba desde Nueva España (o sea México)



Por la vuelta a España de Cuba, Puerto Rico y Filipinas
sábado, 4 de junio de 2016
LOS VOLUNTARIOS MACABEBES



Cerca de la Plaza de Legazpi en Madrid, España, se encuentra una calle que honra los Voluntarios Macabebes. ¿Por qué se llama así? En su país natal, los voluntarios son considerados traidores a la revolución filipina. 

Los feroces guerreros macabebes con pelo largo.
Una declaración reveladora de esos tiempos vino de un periódico español Mar y Tierra, que publicó en 1900: 1 «El pueblo de Macabebe puede asegurarse que ha sido victima de su fidelidad, escribiendo en el libro de la historia una página que todo buen español debe grabar tanto en su corazón como en su memoria.

Durante la época española, Macabebe, situado en la provincia de Pampanga, fue uno de los pueblos más fieles a España. En 1897 Coronel Eugenio Blanco, nacido en el mismo pueblo, de padre español y de madre mestiza, organizó un regimiento de voluntarios contra los insurrectos, y más tarde contra los norteamericanos

Algunos historiadores han pensado que ellos no eran voluntarios sino mercenarios al servicio de España. En cualquier caso, lucharon valientemente y ofrecieron una tenaz resistencia a los insurrectos.

Cuando la corriente de la guerra se volvió en contra de España en 1898, muchas unidades de voluntarios filipinos, armados ingenuamente por el Gobernador Agustín, desertaron y se pasaron al campo de la revolución con armas y bagajes. Sólo los Voluntarios Macabebes permanecieron fieles a España.

En los meses subsiguientes, todos los destacamentos españoles de las provincias sublevadas cayeron uno pos de otro en manos de los revolucionarios. En Julio 1898, las tropas españolas de General Monet se replegaron al pueblo de Macabebe. Un soldado español, Carlos Ría-Baja 2, escribió en sus memorias :

Don Eugenio Blanco
El día 16 de junio desembarcó la columna en Macabebe, donde se encontraba una compañía al mando del capitán Alcaina, del batallón de cazadores número 4, y el batallón de voluntarios de Macabebe, con su coronel D. Eugenio Blanco, la cual fuerza defendió brillantemente el pueblo, distinguiéndose de modo especial el Coronel citado con sus voluntarios, que dejaron á altura inconmensurable el nombre del pueblo á que pertenecían.

Bien por Blanco y por sus voluntarios! El batallón Blanco-es la única nota simpática de la campaña de Filipinas.

En 26 de julio todos los peninsulares salieron por esteros á la bahía de Manila, porque estaban empezando a quedarse sin municiones. Muchos voluntarios macabebes optaron por quedarse y defender el pueblo, sabiendo que ellos se enfrentarían a la ira de los insurrectos. Según el periódico Ilustración Artística 3 

 

Al salir los españoles de Macabebe, los voluntarios quedaron defendiendo el pueblo: como ya no tenían cartuchos, enterraron los fusiles, y con bolos y lanzas contuvieron aún durante cuatro días á las numerosas fuerzas insurrectas que les sitiaban, armados de fusiles modernos, rifles y con ochos cañones, entrando a fin éstos en el pueblo con la condición de respetar vidas y haciendas de los que quedaban. El número de bajas de los insurrectos fue enorme, y cuatro veces mayor que las que sufrieron los leales voluntarios.


La Casa vieja del coronel Blanco 
en Macabebe, Pampanga




Medalla De Los Voluntarios Indigenas de Filipinas 
Foto cortesia de Luis Enrique Rubio


Después de que España perdió la guerra, Blanco recibió órdenes para dirigirse con tres compañías de soldados macabebes al archipiélago de las Marianas (**El resto de los soldados macabebes fueron dejados atrás en Manila) Permanecieron en las islas hasta el 17 de noviembre de1899 4, ya que el gobierno español cedió sus últimos territorios del Pacífico a Alemania por 25 millones de pesetas. Así, podríamos decir que al final del Imperio Español en el Pacifico, las últimas tropas españolas fueron filipinos leales.


El acto de la cesión se verifico en Saipán, el dia 17 de noviembre de 1899. A las tres de la tarde los voluntarios macabebes formaron en ángulo recto delante de la Casa Gobierno y la marina alemana del cañonero Jaguar cerró el lado abierto. (La Ilustacion Artistica, 3 de septiembre de 1900)

Blanco y sus tropas fueron repatriados posteriormente al España. Después de seis meses, decidieron regresar a las Filipinas, para reconstruir sus casas y propiedades quemadas por los insurrectos.

Los macabebes habrían de caído en el olvido si no hubiese sido por los esfuerzos de un teniente norteamericano. En agosto de 1899 Matthew Batson inicialmente reclutó cien macabebes en una fuerza de combatientes, llamado Macabebe Scouts. En aquel entonces los filipinos libraban una guerra de guerrillas contra la ocupación norteamericana. 


Teniente Batson con dos soldados macabebes.



[Use Indians to catch Indians] fue la táctica utilizada en el Viejo Oeste norteamericano, la cual se usaría también en Filipinas . En los próximos dos meses, Batson regresó varias veces a Macabebe para organizar 5 compañías completas de 127 soldados de cada una. Todos eran veteranos de guerras anteriores. 

En marzo de 1900, el teniente Batson escribió una carta al Adjutant General del ejercito estadounidense, solicitando permiso para organizar un regimiento de caballería de Macabebe. [These soldiers under General Blanco were considered the best troops Spain had in the Philippines], explicó él y continuó [they were fearless in battle and it is almost impossible to ambush them.]

 

 

En su primera batalla, los macabebes lanzaron un ataque contra un batallón élite de Aguinaldo, en que los soldados del gobierno revolucionario sufrieron de 34 bajas y 59, incluido el comandante, fueron capturados. 6,8 Pero el único acontecimiento que los hizo famosos (o notorios) fue la audaz  captura del presidente Aguinaldo en 1901. Desde entonces, los macabebes son considerados por nacionalistas como traidores a su patria. Algunos historiadores explican que los macabebes fueron cegados por su propia lealtad étnica y odio por los tagalos y no se sentían parte de la nueva “república tagala.” Mientras que otros dicen que ellos sólo estaban haciendo su trabajo como soldados profesionales. 9 ¿Mercenarios?

Los macabebes que vigilaban la casa de Aguinaldo en Palanan, poco después de su captura. Los macabebes se integraron al ejército estadounidense, y constituían la columna vertebral del nuevo unidad del ejército, los Philippine Scouts. Sus sucesores iban a ser las mejores tropas en la defensa de Bataan durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

 

Caballería de los Philippine Scouts

FUENTE: neptunoazul.blogspot.com 
http://aventurasdelahistoria.blogspot.mx/2017/06/los-macabebes-los-ultimos-en-defender.html?m=0 

Colaboración de Dr. C. Campos y Escalante  campce@gmail.com



¿Qué hacen soldados japoneses en el Ejército Español?

Por A. Manzano

Más artículos de este autor

Viernes 07 de abril de 2017, 12:00h

 

 
El Ejército español es uno de los escasos en el mundo que ha contado en sus filas con una unidad de soldados japoneses.

La Historia de España es tan antigua, amplia y variada que encontramos relatos curiosos y muy poco conocidos sobre nuestros antepasados. Lo que primero destaca de ellos es que eran muy osados, muy ‘echaos p’alante’, como se diría vulgarmente, y no les acobardaban proyectos ambiciosos o incluso descabellados. El lema ‘Plus Ultra’ del escudo de España define a la perfección esa manera de ser y actuar, y que les llevó a intentar los proyectos más descomunales. El mayor, América, tras tropezarse Colón con ella; otro fue asentarse en las islas Filipinas, en la otra parte del Mundo.Recordemos también la expedición de Magallanes-Elcano -1519 a 1522- que dio la vuelta al Mundo navegando en unos barquichuelos que nos daría escalofríos verlos hoy, de lo pequeños y frágiles que eran. Y lo hicieron, aunque sólo lograran regresar a Sevilla 18 hombres de los 234 que partieron y un solo barco de los 5 iniciales.

O recordemos también el hecho de que, poco después, se elaborara una propuesta para conquistar China que llegó a estudiarse en la Corte de Madrid para analizar su viabilidad, aunque no fue aprobada. Esta propuesta fue seguida por otro plan, este sí llevado a cabo, de invadir las islas Británicas y conquistar Londres por la Gran Armada que zarpó el año 1588. Ya sabemos que, pese a lo que diga la versión interesada británica –que sorprendentemente muchos españoles aceptan sin discutir-, fueron las tormentas y la imposibilidad de reunirse con la flota que debía zarpar de Flandes lo que impidió el éxito de la expedición; y no los buques ingleses que, por no atreverse, ni se acercaban al combate con los españoles.

Los soldados japoneses
La historia de los soldados japoneses del Ejército de la Monarquía Hispánica pertenece a esos fabulosos siglos XVI y XVII en los que cualquier aventura y expedición parecían posibles y no faltaban españoles que se decidieran a llevarlas a cabo.

Pero para saber de estos soldados asiáticos hemos de desplazarnos hasta las Islas Filipinas. Allí había una colonia floreciente de comerciantes extranjeros que alimentaban el comercio con Europa a través de México, cuyas mercancías se enviaban regularmente en la flota llamada ‘Galeón de Manila’ o ‘Nao de Acapulco’, flota que navegaba libremente por ‘El Lago Español’ –así se llamaba entonces al Océano Pacífico’- y regresaba a Manila con mercancías españolas y americanas con destino a los mercados asiáticos; todo un mercado globalizado. Los comerciantes más emprendedores asentados en las Filipinas eran los chinos y los japoneses que, lógicamente, rivalizaban entre sí a la hora de hacer prosperar sus respectivos negocios con los españoles.  La presencia de soldados japoneses cristianos entre las tropas españolas era antigua, al menos desde 1598 pues participaron en una ‘famosa jornada’ –o expedición- que se llevó a cabo desde las Filipinas hasta la actual Camboya y en otras que tuvieron menos éxito.En octubre de 1603, los comerciantes chinos de Manila protagonizaron una sangrienta revuelta ante la que los japoneses se pusieron de parte de las autoridades españolas y participaron con entusiasmo en la represión de sus competidores chinos a los que casi exterminaron.

Estos voluntarios japoneses eran de “extremada bravura y bizarría”; usaban armas españolas –no japonesas- y seguían dejándose la coleta típica de su cultura. Para aceptarlos como soldados, era necesario, como en el resto del Ejército español de aquellos siglos, ser católico, conversiones que lograban los misioneros que predicaban entre ellos el Cristianismo.

El “Tercio de Xapones
”En 1612 conocemos a Juan Nangasaque y Simón García, que eran los “caveças de los japones” –es decir, capitanes- destacados en la fortaleza de Nuestra Señora del Rosario,
en la lejana Ternate, en las islas Molucas, muy al sur de las Filipinas, ocupada desde el año 1606.En 1616, en la flota que mandaba el almirante Juan de Silva, iba, entre otras tropas de infantería, el Tercio del coronel Francisco Moreno Donoso, que estaba formado por 11 “compañías xaponas”, unos 500 hombres en total que se habían alistado en Manila. Aunque éstos, y en general los japoneses, eran “de natural soberbios y arrogantes” no resultó muy difícil mandarlos pues el coronel Moreno conocía su mentalidad, costumbres y rasgos culturales peculiares ya que había sido embajador ante el sogún de Japón en los años 1606 y 1607.
Colaboración de Dr. C. Campos y Escalante
La lectura cura la peor de las enfermedades humanas, "la ignorancia".



Ysla Hermosa, Formosa (actual Taiwan)

historia que se desconoce...cuando se administraba desde Nueva España (o sea México)

================================== ==================================
Puerto de los españoles en Jilong, Formosa, en un mapa del año 1626 11 de mayo de 1626: una expedición española llega a Taiwán

Por Francisco Marín / Antonio Manzano
Más artículos de este autor
Lunes 11 de mayo de 2015

¿Sabías que en Taiwán -antes conocido como Formosa- llegaron a levantarse fortificaciones españolas? El descubrimiento y colonización española de las islas Filipinas son conocidos, pero no tanto las expediciones que, desde allí, ampliaron nuestra presencia en Asia. Descubre la que se completó un 11 de mayo de 1626.

El descubrimiento y colonización española de las islas Filipinas son conocidos, pero no tanto las expediciones que, desde allí, ampliaron nuestra presencia en Asia, llegando hasta Formosa -el actual Taiwán-, donde quedan fortificaciones españolas.

Desde la arribada en 1521, la actividad comercial española en Filipinas fue incrementándose de tal modo que hizo necesario organizar estructuras militares, comerciales y administrativas, a cuyo frente se puso, en 1565, a Miguel López de Legazpi, su primer gobernador.

Aquella lejana parte del Océano Pacífico se llamaba Islas de Poniente, pues, poniendo a Madrid en el centro de la Monarquía Hispánica, eran los territorios situados más hacia el oeste, mucho más allá que América. Eran las islas Filipinas, las Marianas –o de los Ladrones-, las de los Pintados, las Carolinas, etc. Todos estos territorios pertenecían administrativamente al Virreinato de Nueva España, es decir, México.El comercio era la principal actividad de los españoles, pero también fue importante sobre todo para los chinos, pues valoraban mucho la gran calidad de las monedas de plata mexicana que traía a Manila la 'Nao de Acapulco'.

La estratégica situación de las Filipinas y el importante comercio de seda y especias provocaron ataques de piratas –principalmente chinos y malayos- y también de holandeses, que quisieron apoderarse del archipiélago varias veces.
================================== ===========================
Europeos en Formosa
En 1582, navegantes portugueses –cuyo rey era el mismo Felipe II de España- llegaron hasta una gran isla cercana a China a la que dieron el nombre de Fermosa y se instalaron en ella. Poco después, en 1583, el jesuita Alonso Sánchez propuso al Consejo de Indias la conquista de China, hecho que, desde las Filipinas, se creía factible enviando diez o doce galeones y unos doce mil hombres pero la propuesta fue desechada.

Con el tiempo, Holanda también se interesó en esa zona del planeta y, tras intentar en 1624 -sin éxito- asentarse en la bahía de Manila, también se fijó en Formosa estableciéndose, en 1625, en las islas de los Pescadores –situadas entre Formosa y el continente-, donde construyeron un fuerte al que denominaron Zelandia, donde actualmente está la ciudad de Tainan.

Preocupado por este asentamiento holandés, que perjudicaba las relaciones comerciales con China, el gobernador de Filipinas, Fernando de Silva, decidió obtener información directa y envió a Pedro de Vera, un experto piloto, que, disfrazado y metido en un inocente shampan -barco mercante autóctono– a que espiara el puerto y las fortificaciones holandesas.

Considerados los holandeses de Zelandia como una seria amenaza al comercio español, de Silva comunicó al Rey su intención de establecer en Formosa una plataforma para la conquista comercial de China. Así, el 5 de mayo de 1626 envió desde Filipinas una expedición compuesta por doce shampanes y dos galeras al mando del sargento mayor Antonio Carreño de Valdés. Tras costear el este de Formosa localizaron el 11 de mayo un puerto en el norte, la bahía de Kelung -actualmente Jilong-, que bautizaron como bahía de Santiago.

Dicho lugar resultó ser un excelente puerto natural con una isla en la entrada que facilitaba su defensa. Inicialmente, se fundaron el puerto de los Españoles y la ciudad de San Salvador, bautizando la pequeña isla de la entrada como de Todos los Santos. Carreño solicitó apoyo urgente a Manila, enviándole el gobernador personal, armamento y materiales para fortificarse, al tiempo que otorgó beneficios especiales a los españoles que se asentaran allí permanentemente.
En San Salvador se construyó el fuerte de La Santísima Trinidad, y otros tres fuertes menores cerca: San Millán o La Retirada, San Antonio o La Mira, y San Luis o El Cubo
Desde este asentamiento español en Kelung se realizaban tanto actividades comerciales antes efectuadas en Manila como intentos de colonización, primero en las cercanías de Kelung y, en 1628, en un nuevo asentamiento en Tamsui – Danshui actualmente-, edificándose allí el fuerte de Santo Domingo. Pero no hubo progresos en esta otra zona por la oposición de los nativos, al contrario que en Kelung, que habían resultado amistosos, tanto, que algunos combatieron junto a los españoles contra los holandeses. En 1630 había unos 400 españoles asentados.El siguiente gobernador de Filipinas, Juan Niño de Tavora, envió comunicaciones al que denominó 'Rey de China' justificando nuestra presencia en Formosa como reacción frente a la presencia holandesa y solicitando comerciar con aquel reino.

Pero las dificultades del abastecimiento, los tifones y las enfermedades debilitaron la presencia española en la isla que fue disminuyendo hasta abandonarse Tamsui en 1638 para reforzar el asentamiento originario de Kelung.

La decadencia culminó cuando el siguiente gobernador, Sebastián Hurtado de Corchera, a partir de 1639 dejó de atender las necesidades del asentamiento de Formosa por considerar que no resultaba rentable y porque una revuelta de los chinos de Manila le obligó a utilizar en dicha capital las pocas fuerzas disponibles. 

Ataques holandeses

Todo ello, a pesar de los informes sobre las intenciones de los holandeses de atacar el puerto de los Españoles, pues, conociendo esta situación, desde Zelandia se aprestaban a ocuparlo.

http://www.onemagazine.es/fotos/editor/23024/ISLA_FORMOSA-1896.jpg


La isla de Formosa en 1896

Así, en septiembre de 1641 dos navíos de guerra holandeses y dos de transporte entraban en el puerto de los Españoles sin sorprender a su guarnición, alertada por los informadores nativos. El cañoneo dañó a uno de los barcos atacantes y los arqueros filipinos causaron numerosas bajas en la fuerza de desembarco.

El 17 de agosto de 1642 partió desde Zelandia el capitán Harouse con cinco barcos, un patache y un junco, con 370 soldados además de las tripulaciones. El día siguiente, los españoles del fuerte de San Millán rechazaron este intento alcanzando tres veces al navío 'Waterhondt' por lo que intentaron otro desembarco fuera del alcance de los cañones españoles. Ante esta nueva amenaza, el gobernador español envió al fuerte de La Mira 80 hombres -la mitad eran soldados españoles y arqueros filipinos–, con la orden de avanzar ostensiblemente hacia la cumbre, con los estandartes desplegados, para aparentar más fuerza que la real.Harouse envió a 300 hombres en 17 barcas, fuerza que fue combatida por Carreño y sus hombres durante dos horas, tras lo cual se replegaron al fuerte de La Retirada. Al día siguiente, los holandeses ocuparon La Mira y atacaron el fuerte, donde 18 soldados españoles y 30 filipinos resistieron defendiéndose con sus tres cañones de bronce. Durante dos días, y mientras en La Retirada se reforzaban los muros, los holandeses construyeron en La Mira plataformas para dos cañones de a 18 libras que dispararon más de 100 proyectiles contra La Retirada, consiguiendo derribar el muro exterior.

El 25 se produjo el asalto final, replegándose los escasos supervivientes españoles al fuerte principal. Los holandeses concentraron entonces su fuego sobre La Santísima Trinidad, hasta que los defensores solicitaron el alto el fuego y el 26 se firmó la rendición. Los españoles no habían recibido ningún refuerzo.

Así terminó este episodio que, durante mucho tiempo, ha permanecido en el olvido, para cuyo recuerdo queda en su lugar la fortificación española de Tamsui y que los habitantes de Formosa siguieron llamando Santiau –por Santiago- a la bahía antiguamente llamada de los españoles.
http://www.onemagazine.es/noticia/23024/nacional/11-de-mayo-de-1626:-una-expedicion-espanola-llega-a-taiwan.html 


Enviado por Dr. C. Campos y Escalante
campce@gmail.com 


NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES 

Remembering the Spanish explorers of the Northwest Coast: 
http://www.corsarios.net/indepenamerica/in0espana-descubridores-america-norte.php

(1542) Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
(1542) Bartolomé Ferrer (Ferrelo)
(1593-1601) Sebastián Vizcaíno
(1774) Juan Pérez Hernández
(1774) Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra
1779) Ignacio de Arteaga)
(1786) Alessandro Malaspina
(1789) Esteban José Martínez Fernández


(1542) Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo

Navega por la costa de California y llega a Oregón

================================== ==================================


(1542) Bartolomé Ferrer (Ferrelo)

Llegó hasta el actual Port Orford en Oregón

Sent by Dr. Carlos Campos y Escalante 

Sale de México con el objetivo de recorre la costa de Norteamerica y llegar hasta China.Tras recorrer la costa de California llega a San Diego, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Santa Catalina.

A la muerte de Cabrillo le sucede en el mando Bartolomé Ferrer que navega hasta Oregón.

Bartolomé Ferrelo formaba parte de la expedición de Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. Al morir este, continuó con el itinerario hasta Oregón. La región llamada por los españoles como "El Orejón" de orejones quedó como nombre de la zona (Oregón).

Pasó por Cabo Mendocino hasta que tuvo que volver por mal tiempo y falta de suministros.

 


(1593-1601) Sebastián Vizcaíno

Realiza mapas de California y el capitán Martín de Aguilar llegó hasta Oregón

Explorador de la Baja y Alta California, completó los datos obtenidos 60 años antes por el explorador Cabrillo.Buscó especialmente lugares en los que pudiese fondear el Galeón de Manila en su ruta de retorno a México.  Uno de sus capitanes Martín de Aguilar llegó hasta la Bahía de Coos en Oregón.

Sin embargo el cambio de Gobernador pospuso la colonización de California, que ya no fue realizada definitivamente hasta 1769 por Gaspar de Portolá y Junípero Serra.
http://www.corsarios.net/indepenamerica/in0espana-descubridores-america-norte.php

Enviado por Dr. C. Campos y Escalante
campce@gmail.com 




(1774) Juan Pérez Hernández

Nutkat Bay (Vancouver) y se aproxima a Alaska

La expedición compuesta de una sola fragata parte con la orden de llegar a Cordova (Alaska), pero por la enfermedad de la tripulación,no pasan de Nutkat (Vancouver).  Realizan los primeros comercios con los indios y realizar dibujos de sus costumbres.

================================== ==========================





(1774) Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra

Expedición a Alaska llegando hasta Sitka

 

Enviado por España ante los rumores de asentamientos rusos recorrio parte de Alaska sin encontrarlos.   Tomó posesión de la Bahía de Bucareli en Alaska, bautizada por él en honor de Virrey de Nueva España Antonio Maria de Bucareli.  En esa expedición llegó hasta Sitka, pero se vió obligado a regresar por enfermedad de la tripulación.

Posteriormente en el año 1792 de acuerdo con el Capitán Inglés Vancouver se bautizó la Isla de Nutka como " Isla de Cuadra y Vancouver".     Sin embargo la cartografia inglesa ha omitido la primera parte.

================================== ==================================

(1779) Ignacio de Arteaga

Expedición a Alaska

Realiza una expedición a Alaska.
Recorrió la Bahía de Bucareli.

A continuación exploró la zona y la denominó Puerto de Santiago, tomando posesión de ella para España. se conocería posteriormente desde el año 1787 como Port Etches.

Exploró la llamada actualmente Ensenada de Cook. También tomó posesión de la Península de Kenai.

 

(1786) Malaspina   

Alaska (Estrecho de Bering) en su circunvalación del mundo. En su intento de encontrar el paso del Noroeste recorre la costa llegando hasta la bahía de Yakutat y Prince William.
Crea las colonias en Váldez y Córdova 

======================= ==================================

(1789) España ocupa la isla de Nutka

Esteban José Martínez Fernández

Construye el Fuerte de San Miguel para asegurar la zona.  Captura 4 barcos ingleses y los envia a México.

Se crea Santa Cruz de Nuca la primera colonia europea en el actual Canada (Columbia Británica)

Durante más de 400 años los españoles exploraron la mayor parte de las costas 
y territorios del Nuevo Mundo

================================== ==================================

Circunnavegó la isla de Vancouver en Canada

Siguiendo la dirección de Nootka Sound recorrieron la costa de la Isla de Cuadra y Vancouver.

Caamaño: Alaska y la Costa Sur del Nootka Sound en Canada

Recorrió y cartografió la costa de Alaska y Columbia (Canada). Recorrió la zona y puso numerosos nombres a los lugares que visitó: Zayas, Bahía de Cordova, canal de Revillagigedo, Canal de Laredo, Bocas de Quadra, Isla Aristizábal, Caamaño Sound, Caamaño Passage, etc.

Expediciones por la Costa del Pacífico hasta Alaska

Siempre que se habla de España en América, se piensa en Centro América y Sudamérica. Sin embargo España también exploró los actuales territorios de Estados Unidos y llegó a establecer alguna colonias en Canada y Alaska.

Incluso durante la guerra de Independencia Norteamericana los españoles continuaban explorando el Océano Pacífico e incluso colonizando.

 

Como recuerdo de su paso por estas zonas han quedado en lejanos lugares como Alaska, nombres como Cordova, Váldez, Bucareli, Malaspina, Revillagigedo, Zayas, Isla de Cuadra y Vancouver etc.

Sent by Dr. Carlos Campos y Escalante 


SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES
   

From AARP in Arizona
Early Spanish Explorers: 
(1539) Hernando de Soto  
(1540) Vázquez de Coronado  
(1598) Juan de Oñate
Juan de Onate y La Batalla de Acoma
(1866) Goodnight-Loving Trail 


FROM AARP IN ARIZONA

Dear friends, just to inform you that our radio program on Saturday will be on Raul H. Castro.

If you have not liked our page please do, and share it with others. www.facebook.com/aarparizonahispanicconnection).   

Radio program ad on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/aarparizonahispanicconnection/videos/432441300488111/

Radio program ad on YouTube: https://youtu.be/s6yI8gqW4XQ

Many thanks.  
David Parra / Director of Community Outreach / AARP Arizona  

16165 N. 83rd Avenue #201, Peoria AZ 85382 / 480-414-7637

Get Social with Us!  
WEBSITE: www.aarp.org/phoenix  
FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com/aarparizona  
TWITTER: www.twitter.com/AZ_AARP

 

 

================================== ==================================

(1539) Hernando de Soto

Explora desde La Florida a Texas, descubriendo el Río Mississippi

Expedición de más de 600 hombres con la intención de colonizar pero pudo más la busqueda del Oro. Desembarcando en la Península de La Florida llegó a pasar el Río Mississippi. Cruzó Georgia, Carolina del Norte, Carolina del Sur, Tenesse, Alabama, ArKansas, Oklahoma, Texas. En el año 1543 navega desde el Río Mississippi hasta México.



(1540) Vázquez de Coronado

Cañón del Colorado

Una expedición de 400 españoles y unos 800 indios salió a explorar el interior de los territorios que hoy son Estados Unidos.

Recorrieron Arizona, Nuevo México, kansas, Nebraska. Un miembro de la expedición García López de Cárdenas encontró el Gran Cañon del Colorado.

================================== ==================================

(1598) Juan de Oñate:  Funda la primera ciudad de Nuevo México

Realiza una expedición por Nuevo México, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas.

 

http://www.corsarios.net/indepenamerica/in0espana-descubridores-america-norte.php


https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AAduP_OspYs/WRXUw7scZWI/AAAAAAAAF7c/_2WtuaKtOzMGy1K_xXV2WzdYt9YJr9WKACLcB/s1600/juan+de+o%C3%B1ate+plaza+de+armas.jpg

JUAN DE OÑATE Y LA BATALLA DE ACOMA:

  EXPLORACIÓN 
ESPAÑOLA DE NORTEAMÉRICA 
VOL.2

 

       Hace un tiempo en colaboración con el canal de Ivoox “Plaza de Armas” comenzamos un reto de dar a conocer a los exploradores españoles de Norteamérica.

         Aunque la intención principal era hablar de Nuevo México, las apasionantes aventuras de Ponce de LeónCabeza deVaca, Pánfilo de Narváez, Coronado nos hicieron vagar por el desierto en búsqueda de nuestras ciudades de Cíbola y de Quivira...

         Tras un largo peregrinaje pero a la vez que ameno y divertido que os invito a escuchar, llegamos al fin a cruzar la Frontera del Norte y adentrarnos en Nuevo México. En este audio descubriréis la vida de Juan de Oñate, el Camino Real de Tierra adentro, la minería, el sistema legal del poblamiento de nuevas tierras. Muchas anécdotas e historias olvidadas pero sobre todo la épica batalla en la ciudad del cielo, Acoma.

Sin más dilación os invito a escuchar:

 la 2ª parte de la Exploración Española de Norteamerica.

“EXPLORACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE NORTEAMÉRICA VOL.1” AUDIO“EXPLORACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE NORTEAMÉRICA VOL.1” AUDIO

 

 




The Goodnight-Loving Trail   
Related image

Editor Mimi:  Most of the easily accessible online cattle-trail information seems to focus on the trail information after the influx of the Anglo immigrants.

Unfortunately this focus conveys the impression that the world of the cowboy started with the newly arrived non-Spanish immigrants, implying the English speaking immigrants developed the trails.  

For a truer historic picture of the importance of the Spanish vaqueros,
I recommend "Los Mesteños, Spanish Ranching in Texas, 1721-1821" by Jack Jackson.
 

The Goodnight-Loving Trail ran from Young County, Texas, southwest to Horsehead Crossing on the Pecos River, up the Pecos to Fort Sumner, New Mexico, and on north to Colorado. In the spring and early summer of 1866 Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving drove their first herd of longhorn cattle over the Butterfield Overland Mail route from near Fort Belknap via the Middle Concho River and Castle Gap, to Horsehead (on some old maps marked Dead Horse) Crossing. 

Leaving the former mail route there, they worked up the Pecos, crossing it from time to time as the terrain and watering places required. They drove a second herd, bought from John S. Chisum, from his Concho River range to Fort Sumner later that same summer. 

The northern extension of the Goodnight-Loving Trail was first blazed by Loving in the fall of 1866. Initially, it ran north from Fort Sumner up the Pecos to Las Vegas, then followed the Santa Fe Trail to Raton Pass and around the base of the Rockies via Trinidad and Pueblo to Denver, Colorado. Since that was a roundabout way, Goodnight in the fall of 1867 altered the route fifty or sixty miles to the east, crossing the Gallinas valley and the well-watered plains of northeastern New Mexico near Capulin Mountain before swinging back northwestward to Raton Pass. At Raton Pass "Uncle Dick" Wootton had established a toll station near the summit and charged Goodnight ten cents a head for passage. Goodnight complied, but not without protest. At the head of Apishapa Canyon, forty miles northeast of Trinidad, he set up a ranch and cattle-relay station. 

In the spring of 1868 Goodnight entered into a contract with John Wesley Iliff in which he agreed to deliver his cattle to Iliff at the Union Pacific Railroad town of Cheyenne, Wyoming. From the Arkansas valley near Pueblo, Goodnight and his men struck out due north, passing east of Denver, to the South Platte River. They crossed that stream at the site of present Greeley and followed a tributary, Crow Creek, to Cheyenne, where the delivery was made. Afterward, Goodnight and his men went back to New Mexico to buy more cattle from Chisum at Bosque Grande. 

Returning north, Goodnight further "straightened out" the trail by leaving the Pecos north of Fort Sumner and traveling north to Alamogordo Creek and across the plains via Cuervo Creek and its tributaries to a spot on the Canadian River twenty miles west of Fort Bascom. From there he proceeded to the Cimarron Seco west of Capulin Mountain. In order to avoid Dick Wootton's toll road, Goodnight opened a new, easier passageway through Tinchera Pass into Colorado. 

The Goodnight-Loving Trail was thus routed, and although Goodnight himself made only one more delivery at Cheyenne, many cattle concerns from Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado used all or portions of the trail extensively until the advent of railroads in the Southwest in the early 1880s. The trail was sometimes known simply as the Goodnight Trail.

Content courtesy of the Handbook of Texas 
http://tshaonline.us7.list-manage.com/track/click?u=9ac611cecaa72c69cecc26cb8&id=4b892e5d5f&e=3967c4da92  
Charles Goodnight


Copyright © 2017 Legacy of Texas, All rights reserved. 
Our mailing address is: Legacy of Texas
3001 Lake Austin Blvd.
Suite 3.116
Austin, TX 78703

More on the cattle trails:
https://tpwd.texas.gov/education/resources/keep-texas-wild/vaqueros-and-cowboys/texas-cattle-drives 



TEXAS

El Vuelo y su Semilla Exhibit by Renowned Mexican Artist, Betsabee Romero 
Mexico: Through the Wall - A Traves del Muro 
Dan Arellano on San Antonio's Tricentennial Committee
The History of My Ancestor: Manuel Margil Delgado by Gloria Candelaria
May 28th, 1861: San Antonio mission reopens as Marianist training center
June 12th, 1901: Killing of sheriff precipitates ballad tradition
May 30th, 1898 -- "Rough Riders" ordered from San Antonio to Florida
May 31st, 1783 -- San Antonio merchant killed by Apaches
Hospital Officials, Descendant Groups Discuss Plans for Uncovered Human Remains


The Consulate General of Mexico, through the Mexican Cultural Institute San Antonio, presents the exhibition


EL VUELO Y SU SEMILLA Exhibit 
By the Renowned Mexican Artist, Betsabee Romero  

Open to the public from June 15 to August 27, 2017
Betsabee Romero will be present for the Opening Reception was held on June 15th


The artist will take part in different activities during the event.  El vuelo y su semilla is an exhibition of select contemporary installations by Betsabee Romero (Mexico City, 1963). The exhibit reflects on the identity and culture that Mexican immigrants carry with them in their journeys. Romero's works explore these concepts through symbolic
objects, like papel picado and tires; and culinary components, like bread and corn. Her work underscores the role eating and cooking play in the formation and transformation of Mexican identity. The result is a body of work that places Mexican culture as a fundamental part of the migrant journey from Mexico to the United States.

Betsabee Romero lives and works in Mexico City. For over 15 years she has developed a critical visual discourse on issues such as migration, miscegenation and mobility through resemantization of symbols, and everyday rituals of the global consumption culture. Her extensive body of work recycles found objects to transform them into narrators of stories that speak to us about the contradictions of modernity.

She has had more than 40 solo exhibitions in Mexico, the United States, Europe, and has participated in numerous residencies and international exhibitions. Her solo exhibitions have been presented at the British Museum, Nevada Museum of Art, Neuberger Museum, Nelson & Atkins Museum of Art, Museo Anahuacalli, Museo Amparo in Puebla, MARCO y Museo de Monterrey, Canberra University Museum, Museo Carrillo Gil, and la Recoleta in Buenos Aires, among others.

This exhibition is organized by the Mexican Cultural Institute San Antonio and the Consulate
General of Mexico, with the support of Mexican Agency for International Development
Cooperation (AMEXCID) of the Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Mexican Cultural Institute San Antonio
600 Hemisfair Plaza Way, San Antonio, Texas 78205
Downtown Parking at the Tower of the Americas and Magik Theater
Free parking at Durango lot, located at Cesar E. Chavez Blvd. corner Indianola St. (after 6 PM)

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
May 30, 2017
Contact: Monica del Arenal, Executive Director
mdelarenal@sre.gob.mx
 





A Theatre for Social Change Project

MEXICO: THROUGH THE WALL - A TRAVES DEL MURO
By 
Regina Moya http://geminiink.org/tag/regina-moya/ 
Directed by Roberto Prestigiacomo 
Scene Design by Betsabeé Romero

Carlos Alvarez Studio Theater, San Antonio
Performances June 16 - 18


Through the Wall/A Traves del Muro is created from testimonies of Mexican migrants that have illegally crossed the border between Mexico and United States. It considers texts generated from interviews and stories of children, women, men, families and all those people who alone or accompanied embarked on the adventure to cross the border and achieve the American dream. 

A parallel program will be developed at the Cultural Institute of Mexico in San Antonio on the topic of Protection of Mexicans Abroad, Migratory Policies and Trafficking, as well as activities for children with the participation of storyteller Carolina Quiroga-Stultz. The program will start June 15th with an exhibition of Betsabeé Romero installation work called El Vuelo y Su Semilla.  

https://www.tobincenter.org/box-office/2017-06/mexico-through-walla-traves-del-muro
 

Project in Collaboration with:  Mexican Cultural Institute https://icm2.sre.gob.mx/culturamexsa/index.php 
The Tobin Center for the Performing Arts http://www.atticrep.org/ 
Trinity University https://new.trinity.edu/  Gemini Ink http://geminiink.org/  http://www.atticrep.org/ 

Rosie Cader rosic@aol.com   




Dan Arellano on San Antonio's Tricentennial Committee


Dear Friends,
I have a couple of announcements

First of all today at noon I met with the CEO of San Antonio’s Tricentennial Committee, Edward Benavides and was informed that County Commissioner Paul Elizondos request that I be made a Commissioner and to serve on the official committee had been voted on and it was unanimously approved.

About two months ago I met Commissioner Elizondo when I was dressed as WWI Medal of Honor recipient David Barcley a Tejano from Laredo Texas. This was at a reception honoring our WWI heroes held by the County Central Hospital and we spoke about history for about an hour. He handed me his card and said call me in the morning; make an appointment, we need to talk. That’s when he offered me a position on the board and I immediately accepted, and now it is official. So know you all had better address me as commissioner, just kidding.
The other announcement is that the Battle of Medina reenactment will be September 30th on the shores of the Medina River at the Alamo RV Park in Von Ormy Texas. Please see it on utube. It is a 40 acre facility and it is perfect. I am negotiating with the owner for free over night camping for the reenactors, perhaps 2 or 3 nights. I will be meeting with the Mayor, Chief of Police and other city officials to work out the details. More of this later. For now please save the date.

Dan Arellano  
danarellano47@att.net 






THE HISTORY OF MY ANCESTOR: MANUEL MARGIL DELGADO

This is the story of a true Hero: my ancestor, who did so much for Texas:
By GLORIA CANDELARIA

RECORDS ACCORDING TO JACK JACKSON’S BOOK LOS MESTENOS

(pg72) Manuel Delgado married into the ROCHA family, i.e., Don Simon de Arocha was the leading exporter of cattle to other provinces; others in the family who married into the De Arocha family were LEAL and MONTES DE OCA. ANGELA DE AROCHA, Manuel’s wife, was the SISTER of Don Simon.

(pg90n) Padre CARDENAS Ranch posted a lawsuit in 1770 between Manuel Delgado and Manuel de la Fuente.

(Pg129n) A petition of Bexar citizens in 1778 concerning their cattle includes Manuel Delgado and 13 others.

(Pg143) Manuel Delgado is listed as enjoying privileges which others do not and which enraged others – complaint made by Rodriguez.

(Pg207n) Manuel Delgado signed a complaint, along with 16 others to suspend exportation of cattle, to no avail.

(pg246) Manuel Delgado was elected Ranking Alcadle in 1782.

(pg312) Manuel Delgado’s cattle exports 1779 – 1786 showed 225 head, up to 308 head.

(Pg330n) Manuel Delgado signed his POA to organize persons allowed in a roundup, see Nacogdoches Archives to his SIGNAURE on his POA.

(pg362) Manuel Delgado takes his and several other herds to Saltillo and paid trail hands 570 pesos in 1778, later disputed that monies not paid.

(Pg373) Manuel Delgado is elected REGIDOR (constable) because he was related to Don Simon de Arocha (as were so many other PROMINENT RANCHERS), thus known as a “Clan” with a consolidation of power.

(Pg385) Manuel Delgado’s ranch was called SAN CRISTOBAL DE ESPANTA PERROS in 1791; ranch listed as “unpopulated with improvements.”

(Pg397) Manuel Delgado listed as signing petition to Gov. Munoz that too much cattle had diminished and some scare, Aug. 1793.

(Pg402n) In Juan. 1794, as a Town Council Cabildo, Manuel Delgado joins others in a petition to gather cattle, brand them, and give their titles to appointee.

(Pg414) Manuel Delgado married Angela de Arocha. Also, Ignacio Calvillo married Antonia de Arocha (Don Simon’s sister); their daughter, Ana Maria de Arocha married Gavino Delgado, son of Francisco Delgado (or Manuel Delgado’s brother). Ignacio Calvillo’s ranch called La Santa Cruz y Paso de las Mugeres.

 

Page 2 

(Pgs540-541) Manuel Delgado fled to the United States “because of traitorous crimes” having participated in aid to rebels; he lost his lands in 1813.  It was called the Royalist Insurgents witch hunt”.  There are Rebel Property Folders in the San Antonio Spanish Archives courthouse with these folders.  When the witch-hunt began of the “Rebels against the Crown, many cattle rancher’s property records were destroyed, lost and some were carried to Laredo, Texas.

Antonio Delgado, Manuel’s son, was a corporal in the militia in San Antonio, and he and 60 to 100 men offered to escort the ousted Gov. Salcedo and his cabinet out of San Antonio shortly after the insurgent’s group captured the city, and on their trip out of the city, Antonio had his group dismount the Gov. and his men, where they slit their throats and left them dead in the field.  Antonio declared, upon returning to the city, that he did this because the Governor had killed his father (MANUEL MARGIL DELGADO) and his brother, and had Manuel’s head pitched on a pole in the city’s gate, and his body dragged throughout the city to give all citizens a warning not to follow suit. Many thought his action were just. This is the beginning of BATTLE OF THE MEDINA episode.

(Pg526) By January 1811, the revolt came to Bexar for the struggle for freedom against SPAIN’s unfair policies and laws.  For example, Juan Bautista de las Cases was supported at the onset by most of Canary Islanders (with Manuel Delgado and other Delgado’s at the forefront).

Juan Manuel Sambrano known as a tempestuous character of questionable virtue, was a sub-deacon of San Fernando Church; he had previously been exiled from the province in 1807. He was the son of Don Jose Macaro Sambrano, and was born in 1772. His ranch was called La Laguna de las Animas, and he had 2 brothers, Jose Dario and Jose Maria, both also priests although Jose Maria has married twice.  Juan Manuel was a bitter enemy of Manuel Delgado. Juan Manuel worked to oust Casas out of the area, including having Gavino Delgado and others on his side. Casas was arrested and carted off to trial to Chihuahua where he was executed and his HEAD returned to San Antonio to be posted to the gates of San Antonio.  SPAINISH officials were restored to power.

THE BATTLE OF THE MEDINA ensued; many lost their lands – and the struggle to obtain these lands ILLEGALLY began. Juan Sambrano eventually kept a lot of Leal and Delgado’s lands; others were given lands for their loyal to the king.  AMNESTY was finally granted 10 Oct 1813 by ARREDONDO.  After the revolution, the citizens of San Antonio were under MARTIAL L AW.

 

Page 3

OTHER MENTION OF MANUEL MARGIL DELGADO IN OTHER Texas BOOKS:

A.        [The Texas Connection with the American Revolution, by Robert H. Thonhoff, Eakin Press, Austin, Texas,1981,]

On May 8, 1779, Spain formally declared war against Great Britain on the side of the American colonies, and the ranchers in Texas immediately began to make plans to help in the Revolution. The first and official cattle drive out of Texas was brought to fruition when Galvez sent his emissary to San Antonio to gather two thousand head of Texas cattle from the ranches and Missions and individuals in Bexar to La Bahia to go to Louisiana. Between 1779 and 1782, over 9000 head of Texas cattle were trailed overland into Louisiana, along with several hundred head of horses, sailed up the Mississippi to George Washington’s troops. Many soldiers form Texas Ranches were even recruited to fight in Washington’s the army.  By 1783 peace negotiations ended the war.

In Texas and about the time of the American Revolution, thousands of head of livestock roamed the ranges in the area between Bexar and La Bahia (San Antonio and Goliad, Texas) including Manuel Delgado and his progeny, friends, and family’s ranches: they had their large stock of cattle, horses, donkeys and mules, including small stock such as sheep and goats.

Manuel Margil Delgado’s ranch was known as RANCHO DE LAGUNA DE LAS ANIMAS. His brother-in-law, Ignacio Calvillo’s ranch, was known as RANCHO DEL PASO DE LAS MUJERES, (he was the husband of Antonia de Arocha, sister of Manuel’s wife, Angela de Arocha); RANCHO DE SAN RAFAEL was Don Simon de Arocha’s ranch (Angela’s father); Leonor Delgado’s ranch, was RANCHO DE SAN JOSE DE LOS ALAMOS; and Manuel Delgado operated the RANCHO DE SAN CRISTOBAL DE ESPANTA PERROS, as many other rancheros and friends.

It was this list of rancheros and their vaqueros who lent a hand in the winning of the American Revolution for America: besides Manuel Margil Delgado, was Clemente Delgado, Jacinto Delgado.

 

B.        Forgotten Battlefield of the First Texas Revolution: The Battle of Medina, August 18, 18113. By Ted Schwarz; Robert Thonhoff, Editor and Annotator; illustrate by Jack Jackson.

 

There were two groups fighting: the ones who were FOR THE CROWN and their Governor Salcedo were the LOYALISTS.  Those opposing were the REPUBLICANS, including Manuel Margil Delgado, and brother and had their heads dragged through the streets. This book accounts the actions of Antonio Delgado who stated that his republican detachment informed Bernardo Gutierrez that the 14 prisoners had been put to death.  Delgado was court-martialed but acquitted – he justified his action as retribution claiming that Gov. Salcedo had taken the lives of his father (Manuel Margil Delgado); he also stated that his mother (Angela de Arocha) was compelled to be present and by order of Salcedo, the

 

Page 4

blood from the bleeding head of his father was sprinkled over his unfortunate mother [but Jose Antonio Navarro, in his story, denies this happened].

When the revolution of the Republicans against the Royalists began, many began to flee the San Antonio area, among them were to DELGADO family, including their kin, the DE AROCHA and LEAL family – scions of the well-known families since 1730. They took with them on their trip to Nacogdoches only a sack of dried corn plucked from their own fields. Mexico had sent Capt. Arredondo to quell the fight and bring Royalist government BACK to San Antonio.

Arredondo arrived at the Trinity River on the 28th, 10 days after the Medina battle. He sent out search parties to find the rebels. One group found and seized the DELGADO FGAMILY, killing Antonio Delgado, and when he fell before his mother, they began to stab him with their lances and stripped and left as food for the wild beasts, which was done.  The mother was Angela de Arocha, who had previously been forced by Gov. Salcedo to witness the beheading of her husband; she also lost two other sons and several nephews at the Trinity.

Arredondo gathers the women into a building called LA QUINTA, where they were made to grind corn and make tortillas for Arredondo’s soldiers, where they were treated with great brutality, whipped, ravished, and maltreated in every possible form, for 54 days, they were then released and into the streets, destitute, their homes and possessions having been confiscated.

 

C.        JOSE ANTONIO NAVARRO, DEFENDING MEXICAN VALOR IN TEXAS, HISTORICAL WRITINGS, 1853-1857, State House Press, Austin, Texas, 1995.

Navarro writes of the descendants of the Canary Islanders such as the DELGADOS, Arocha, Leal’s, and other patriots.  He states (on page 62) that Yoakum write that the father of Capt. Antonio Delgado (Manuel Margil Delgado) was shot in San Antonio and his head put on public display – yet others state that the venerable man died of old age and sorrow at the Trinity River while Elizondo was pursuing the fugitives from the battle of Medina (?). Navarro writes that these descendants of the first Islanders, the settlers of Bexar, its legitimate original masters, found bold and daring ways to humiliate the arrogance of the Spanish governors. They had established privileged families in Bexar, and considered nobility from the time their fathers came to San Antonio in 1730.  When Casas, who had come to help in the fight of Republicans, had accompanying him Gavino Delgado. To the eastern bank of Salado Creek, near the same spot where the BATTLE OF ROSILLO occurred where they dismounted from their fine horses with no other arms than the big knives. Antonio’s men insulted the men and with their knives cut their throats. One day after the slaughter, a horde of those assassins arrived with their officer, Antonio Delgado, who halted in front of the Casas Reales to inform Bernardo Gutierrez that the 14 victims had been dispatched where he doffed his hat in the presence of General Gutierrez and, stuttering, he uttered some words mingled with shame. He handed Gutierrez a paper which contained a list of those whose throats had been cut, including Manuel Salcedo, Governor, which they boasted publicly of their crime and having divided the spoils among themselves in shares. 

 

Page 5

On Antonio Delgado, Navarro writes that on the fourth of April or possibly on the night of the fifth, a group of 60 Mexican men under the command of Antonio Delgado, led 14 Spanish prisoners, including four of Mexican birth, out of San Antonio

Navarro adds: ANTONIO DELGADO was riddled by bullets from the rifle of an American bastard (Antonio Delgado, b. 1796 in San Antonio, was murdered on Karnes County on September 12, 1857, during the Cart Was. Delgado contributed t to Texas Independence by fighting in the Battle of Medina, and in the 1835 siege of Bear that drove General Martin Perfecto de Cos out of Texas. Exiled in Louisiana aft the royalist triumph in 1813, Delgado fought in the battle of New Orleans. The subsequent murder of this Tejano hero by North Americans enraged Navarro and provoked an investigation by the state government. See San Antonio Ledger 19 Sept. 1857.)

 

By: GLORIA CANDELARIA

candelglo@gmail.com;  June 2017

 


ON THIS DAY . . . TEXAS STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION

================================== ==================================

May 28th, 1861 -- 
San Antonio mission reopens as Marianist training center

On this day in 1861, Mission Concepción in San Antonio was solemnly reopened as a training center for postulants and novices of the Marianist order. Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña Mission was originally established in East Texas in 1716 and moved to its present site in San Antonio in 1731. The four San Antonio missions were partially secularized in 1794, a process that was completed with Mexican independence in 1823. In 1841 the Republic of Texas conveyed the title of ownership of the Concepción church and land to the Catholic Church, represented by Bishop J. M. Odin. Andrew M. Edel, a French Marianist, conditionally purchased the ninety-acre property in 1855 as a farming project to support St. Mary's Institute, a boys' school he had founded. The Marianists transferred the title of Concepción to the bishop in 1911. Soon afterwards an orphanage was built on mission grounds, staffed by the Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word, who also built a convent there in 1926. Concepción is now part of San Antonio Missions National Historical Park.

 

June 12th, 1901 -- 
Killing of sheriff precipitates ballad tradition

On this day in 1901, Gregorio Lira Cortez shot and killed Karnes County sheriff W. T. Morris and fled. The apparent misunderstandings that led to the killing, and the extended pursuit, capture, and trials of Cortez made him a folk hero. His exploits are celebrated in many variants of El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez, a popular ballad that has inspired books and at least one movie. Cortez, a Mexican native, was farming near Kenedy in 1901, when Sheriff Morris and his deputy, Boon Choate, questioned him about a stolen horse. With Choate interpreting, a misunderstanding apparently occurred that caused Morris to shoot and wound Cortez's brother Romaldo, after which Cortez shot and killed Morris. While newspapers followed the subsequent manhunt, Cortez became a hero to many Hispanics and some Anglos. Violent reprisals and a series of trials and appeals followed. During them, Cortez was held in eleven jails in eleven counties, after which he was finally granted a conditional pardon and released in 1913. The corrido lionizing him was sung as early as 1901.

 

 
=============================================== ==========================
May 30th, 1898 -- "Rough Riders" ordered from San Antonio to Florida

On this day in 1898, Gen. Nelson A. Miles ordered the First United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, better known as the "Rough Riders," to Tampa, Florida, to take part in the forthcoming invasion of Cuba as part of the Spanish-American War. The regiment, nominally commanded by Col. Leonard Wood but in fact led by Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, was one of three volunteer cavalry regiments raised in the western states and territories to augment the regular defense establishment, and the only one of the three to serve in combat. After assembling in San Antonio, the men of the First--many of whom were Texas Rangers--encamped in what is now Roosevelt Park and learned drill and discipline. As no transports could be found to move the division's horses to Cuba, however, they fought as infantry. The Rough Riders were the first United States troops to land in Cuba, and on July 1, with elements of the Ninth and Tenth United States Cavalry regiments, made the famed charge on San Juan (actually Kettle) Hill, seizing the Spanish fortifications and pushing the defenders back into Santiago de Cuba. The fame of the Rough Riders catapulted Roosevelt into the vice presidency and later the presidency of the United States. In San Antonio, in addition to Roosevelt Park, Roosevelt Street and the Roosevelt Bar of the Menger Hotel, a favorite watering place of the regiment, are named in memory of their sojourn in Texas.
May 31st, 1783 -- San Antonio merchant killed by Apaches

On this day in 1783, San Antonio merchant and alderman Fernando Veramendi was killed by Mescalero Apaches near the presidio of San Juan Bautista in Coahuila. Veramendi, born in Spain in 1743 or 1744, came to Texas around 1770. He married into a family of Canary Islanders in San Antonio in 1776. Once established in San Antonio, Veramendi's business thrived. He opened a store, acted as moneylender, and bought extensive tracts of agricultural land. His success allowed him to build an opulent house on Soledad Street that later came to be known as the Veramendi Palace. He served in the city's militia, was alderman in the ayuntamiento of 1779, and was elected senior alderman for the year 1783. He was killed while on a business trip to Mexico City. His son Juan Martín de Veramendi served as governor of Coahuila and Texas in 1832-33.


Hospital Officials, Descendant Groups 
Discuss Plans for Uncovered Human Remains

 

HANNAH WHISENANT / RIVARD REPORT
Trenches mark the location at The Children's Hospital of San Antonio where human remains from a former cemetery on the site were found.
Representatives of two early San Antonio descendant groups said they prefer the human remains recently found on the grounds of The Children’s Hospital of San Antonio be left undisturbed.

Hospital officials and descendants of those long-ago city residents met Wednesday to begin discussing the future of the remains after hospital officials confirmed last week that as many as 70 people – some of San Antonio’s early settlers including Native Americans, Canary Islanders, soldiers, and other Tejanos – may still be buried at the site, what was once San Fernando Cathedral’s cemetery, a campo santo or holy field.

Descendants of the buried have felt left out of the process that would decide what will happen to the remains, which are still being uncovered by archaeologists from the University of Texas at San Antonio. The meeting Wednesday was the first they had with hospital officials since construction workers discovered remains in September, which halted work on a prayer garden at the hospital.


“I think it was a positive first step,” said Mari Tamez, president of the Canary Islands Descendants Association, after the meeting. “I thought it was a good opportunity for them to hear our stories collectively.”

After the meeting, a hospital spokeswoman said the court-ordered removal of remains has been suspended “to give the hospital time to explore other options as it seeks diligently to faithfully create a prayer garden while honoring those who are buried there.”

About 25-28 people attended the private, 90-minute meeting at the hospital, Tamez said. Members of various descendant organizations shared their personal stories about the nearly 3,000 early San Antonians who once were buried beneath the hospital and quickly exhumed and relocated in the 1920s. Along with Tamez, the meeting included Ramon Vasquez, executive director of American Indians in Texas at the Spanish Colonial Missions.


Representatives, including an attorney from the hospital, nuns of the Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word, and Regional Vice President of Mission Integration at Christus Santa Rosa Health System Dennis Gonzales listened to the stories and contributed to an open dialogue, Tamez said.

“They wanted to hear our concerns, so several folks spoke about their concerns and several of the Native American individuals gave passionate stories about the … reinterment of remains [at the Missions] that had transpired,” Tamez said. “I think these were stories that many of [the hospital officials] were not familiar with.”

Tamez said hospital representatives will organize another meeting to discuss next steps in determining the fate of the remains, adding that officials did not say when that meeting would take place.

“They indicated to us they had no set intentions right now” in terms of whether to relocate the remains, Tamez said, although there had been talk about moving them to an area of Sunset Memorial Park that would be consecrated by a Catholic priest.

Melissa Krause, CHRISTUS Santa Rosa Health System director of marketing and strategic communications, said in a statement Wednesday that “we are all in agreement that the remains should be treated with the upmost dignity and respect; after all, it is a shared heritage that we are addressing.”

Tamez, whose ancestor Margarita Chavez Menchaca was buried at the site, said she and others at Wednesday’s meeting proposed leaving the remains where they are and allowing the hospital to continue building its prayer garden above the campo santo. Vasquez agreed, but said he would also be open to moving them to the adjacent Milam Park and constructing “an above-ground crypt where they can be placed and memorialized.

“And each descendant organization can pay tribute any way they feel they need to,” Vasquez added.



“The Children’s Hospital of San Antonio is taking great care to honor those whose remains were uncovered during the creation of our prayer garden,” Krause said in a statement issued earlier this week. “Although as a Catholic ministry we would prefer to rebury the remains in a Catholic cemetery, Texas law dictates that the remains must be buried in a ‘perpetual care’ cemetery, and there are only a few in the city, including Sunset Memorial. Because of that stipulation, we have asked that a Catholic priest consecrate the site prior to the burials.

“Our actions are a result of careful consideration as we faithfully execute the court-ordered actions, and we mean no disrespect to any family’s legacy.”

Human remains were found at the construction site of Children's Hospital of San Antonio.
HANNAH WHISENANT / RIVARD REPORT
Exterior of the Children’s Hospital in downtown San Antonio.
When the human remains at The Children’s Hospital were first discovered last September during construction work at the facility, hospital officials thought the site contained only three bodies. A state district judge granted hospital officials’ request to reinter the remains at another location, and they placed a classified legal notice to that effect in the San Antonio Express-News. The hospital’s plans to relocate the remains were approved by the Archdiocese of San Antonio, the Bexar County Historical Commission, and Texas Historical Commission. Officials from the historical commissions did not return requests for comment before publication.

Krause said that the hospital system did not hear from any descendants after the legal notice ran in February and March.

Vasquez, who says he has relatives from his mother’s side of the family buried at the hospital site, and other descendants believe the hospital should have personally contacted them about finding the remains and that they did not see the legal ad in the paper.

“Right now there’s a lot of upset people, because they were left out of the conversation and they were not included,” he said Tuesday. “And their families are buried there.”

UTSA archaeologists have not yet begun excavating the site along Houston Street, but are performing tests to determine where the 70 sets of remains may be, a process that will take at least a few months, said UTSA archaeologist Shawn Marceaux. Along with the human remains, Marceaux’s team has discovered “buttons from clothing, some wood associated with coffins, and some coffin hardware like nails and tacks,” he said.

They’ll eventually transfer the excavated materials to a lab to determine factors such as sex, age, and cause of death for each uncovered individual, Marceaux said.

The nearly 3,000 early San Antonians buried at the site and at nearby Milam Park were said to have been exhumed and relocated in just 24 hours in the 1920s to San Fernando Cemetery No. 1 in order to accommodate downtown growth. In the 1990s, some remains at what was then Santa Rosa Hospital were uncovered, confirming the worries of some community members that not all those buried were successfully relocated.

The Archdiocese of San Antonio archivist has been unable to locate any documentation about the 1920s exhumation and moving of the remains, and archdiocese officials have said that a past fire and flood at San Fernando Cathedral – in 1869 and 1921, respectively – could have consumed the records.

After Wednesday’s meeting, Tamez said she thinks the descendant groups and hospital officials will find a way to remember her ancestors and other early San Antonians with dignity.

“Many of [the hospital officials] said they did not know the stories, and that’s the problem,” Tamez said. “Here we are going on our Tricentennial and people are not aware of these important stories because they’re focusing on the Alamo or they’re focusing on other aspects of the celebration of the 300 years, but I’m worried that the beginnings of the Spanish-colonial era is once again going to be forgotten.

“This campo santo situation is an opportunity to set the record straight.”

Remains were found by construction workers at the Children's Hospital.
HANNAH WHISENANT / RIVARD REPORT
Trenches dug by archaeologists on the grounds of The Children’s Hospital.
A timeline of events, provided in an email by The Children’s Hospital officials, is below:

September 2016: Human remains found during trench work for a water feature at The Children’s Hospital of San Antonio’s prayer garden. San Antonio police are called, preliminary calls are made to archaeologists at UTSA, Texas Historical Commission, and City of San Antonio’s archaeologist.

October 2016: UTSA Center for Archaeological Research (UTSA-CAR) identifies three areas of suspected remains revealed by the trench. Texas Historical Commission and the City of San Antonio’s archaeologist are notified. By law, at this time all excavations must be halted until a court order is received.

January 2017: Filing of “Notice of Existence of Cemetery” with Bexar County Clerk, notice given to Texas Historical Commission, Bexar County Historical Commission of Petition for Removal of Cemetery Designation, which includes a statutory requirement of reburial in a perpetual-care cemetery.

February 2017: Disinterment Permit Application submitted to Vital Statistics Unit of Texas Department of State Health Services. Archdiocese of San Antonio consulted regarding reburial arrangements. Temporary Order entered requiring notice by publication to potential descendants via notice in San Antonio Express-News once per week for three consecutive weeks.

March 2017: Order signed by Court, removing cemetery designation and ordering reburial at Sunset Memorial.

April 2017: UTSA archaeologists begin excavation of previously identified remains.

May 2017: UTSA archaeologists begin exploration of remaining garden.

ABOUT CAMILLE GARCIA
Camille Garcia
Reporter/Assistant Editor Camille graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a bachelor's degree in journalism, and joined The Rivard Report in January 2016. When she's not on assignment, you can find her hiking/camping, practicing Spanish, or traveling the world. Contact her at camille@rivardreport.com 


Sent by Henry Garcia  
curbeloconnections@gmail.com
 
Canary Islands Descendants Association cida.satx@gmail.com


MIDDLE AMERICA

Rochelle, Always Near by Rudy Padilla
The summer of Change – The Learning years - 1952 by Rudy Padilla
The Shawnee Trail



Rochelle, Always Near

By Rudy Padilla

 

http://kansascitykansan.com/sites/kansascitykansan.com/files/Rochelle.jpgThe rain was falling and it was a cold gray cloudy day on January 13, 2001 as Tom Vieyra and wife Debbie were in Wichita, Kansas at the invitation of the American GI Forum State Commander, Richard Duran. 

The young-looking couple looked on as the meeting progressed.  Sitting with their children, they were a handsome family.  Their children are Carmen, Gerard, Jeremy and Maria.

As the meeting continues, the discussion covers the need for all veterans to make appointments with their closest V.A. Hospital.  Various items of importance for the coming year are discussed.  The AGIF continues to be an important Hispanic organization for the families of Hispanic veterans.

State Commander, Duran continues the meeting.  As the “New Business” part of the meeting begins, he asks the Vieyra family to please step forward.
Tom motions for Carmen, Gerard, Jeremy and Maria to join him and their mother. 

The children of Tom and Debbie are very neat-looking and proud.  Tom Vieyra is himself a former U.S. Marine who served from 1973 - 1977.  He and Debbie insist on the entire family having their evening dinner together at the dinner table.  Maybe that is why they are very united.

They then stepped forward together – as the family which we all want. 
The Vieyra family was without Rochelle that day.  They lost her on July 11, 2000.

Tom Vieyra was reminded of the day his eldest daughter, Rochelle informed him that she wanted to join the U.S. Marines.  His thoughts would remind him of how far Rochelle had grown in her self-confidence.

Tom Vieyra and Debbie are from Hutchinson, Kansas and that is where they have raised their family.  Hutchinson is a small town in the central part of the state.  The surrounding agricultural businesses support the large grain elevators which are a prominent part of the skyline. 

In addition to the small-town atmosphere, there is the Cosmosphere and Space Center.  The Stamey Hotel on Main Street was built by two widowed sisters who owned several hotels in Kansas.  The hotel was said to be visited by some celebrities and was used in two movies.  One of the movies was the classic “Picnic” which was based on a story about a small town.

Rochelle Vieyra would attend primary school at Roosevelt elementary school.  Tom remembers her as a child walking across the street and then turn left over the short distance to Adams Street. 

Rochelle was very quiet when she started grade school.  The teachers were concerned because she did not say very much.  Her parents believe that she did not communicate her feelings often because she was deep into her own thoughts. 

Rochelle would play the violin.  Later she would learn how to communicate with the beautiful and sensitive sound of violin music.  Her interests would later lead her to play on the soccer team and be loved by her family and many friends. 

Roosevelt grade school then only had a few Hispanic children but Rochelle did not differentiate between the races or color.  She was naturally friendly to everyone.

When answering “Why would a young beautiful Hispana from Hutchinson, Kansas join the U.S. Marines?”  Debbie’s answer is that Rochelle was a very special person.  “She loved life. She pushed herself - she was a self-motivated person.”  She also was a protective person.  “I want the challenge - I want to serve my country” she would say.

Rochelle graduated from Hutchinson High School in May and in June she was off to Parris Island, South Carolina for Marine boot camp.  It was in Parris Island that she wrote home how impressed she was with the drill instructor’s ability to push the recruits and bring out their strengths. 

When she returned home she was already thinking of re-enlisting in four years and becoming a drill-instructor-specialist.

Upon her return to Hutchinson she hugged the family but insisted on carrying her own sea bag.  “I can carry it dad,” she said.  Rochelle was still the loving daughter, but now she was also a very confident young woman. 

It was after boot camp she would have a short visit home then on to Aviation School in South Carolina.  Her mother remembers the excited phone calls she received from Rochelle as she visited from different locations.  “Guess where I am Mom?  I am in Florida!”

There was more out there for Rochelle to see before she settled down in Hutchinson.  Her abilities were also being recognized by the U.S. Marines.  She also did maintenance work on the F-16 jet fighter as part of her duties.

Rochelle lost her life in a traffic mishap in San Diego, California on July 11, 2000.  She had traveled from the east coast to California.  She was to take a flight to Japan the next day.  Her mother remembers how excited she was to be going on the trip - but it was not to be.

We will never know how much we have missed.  What we can do now is be aware of all she gave us for the time she was here - her love of family, life and country.  If we need a role-model, one only needs to think of Rochelle Ann Vieyra from Hutchinson, Kansas.  She did all of the right things for the right reasons.

At the services in San Diego by the U.S. Marines and later in Hutchinson by family, the number of caring friends was great.  The American GI Forum on January 13, 2001 presented a plaque to the entire Vieyra family “For Service to Our Country.”

Among the many letters sent to the family was a plaque with the U.S. Marine symbol.  Below were the words:

Have I Not Commanded Thee?
Be Strong and of a good courage;
Be not afraid, neither be thou dismayed:
for the Lord thy God is with thee whithersoever
thou goest    - Joshua  1:9

Her younger sister, Carmen Vieyra graduated from Hutchinson H.S. and went on to the University of Kansas, majoring in pre-med.  Younger brother Gerard Vieyra graduated from Hutchinson High School and joined the Air Force. Another brother, Jeremy Vieyra would go on to be a football player in school. The youngest of the family, Maria took an interest in ballet and dancing classes.

A few years later Debbie Vierya wrote to Caminos how she still feels the presence of her daughter:  “Rochelle’s sea bags are still full, and left untouched as if they are waiting for Rochelle to unpack them or leave for someplace with the rest of the squadron.  Maybe one day I will unpack her bags.  The Marines that came to our house often teased me when they would say ‘God really wanted the best – because he took a Marine! 

He did’ I tell them – because he took Shell!  Her death was so hard to take, but we – her dad and I realize that in her 19 years she lived it to the fullest – and would often say – that she would never be afraid to die. 

I know that her faith was so strong that is why she embraced God so lovingly and never feared death.  Rochelle gave of herself until the end, by donating her organs and her brother, Gerard has also included that on his driver’s license.

I can’t believe that July 11, will be here so soon.  It was in the year 2000 year that God took Shell, but I thank God for letting us have her for 19 years.  Those 19 years are so full of memories, laughter, her smiles, tears of Rochelle.”





The summer of Change – The Learning years - 1952 
by Rudy Padilla 
A typical road in Burlingame, Kansas, close to Bonner Springs, Kansas City, where we lived on a small farm.  Then when I was 12, we left the farm West of Bonner Springs KS - moved to Kansas City, Kansas. 


A few years ago, my daughter Mary Dolores took photos of the area, I call home.  Dolores also took a photo of the isolated road that still runs past the front of our farmhouse. I recalled a day of the past…

The speedy horse that we had on the farm had several personalities, but most of the time he felt superior to any horse or human. Over the years I have been told by others that horses generally did not like them. On some occasions, our horse Dynamite acted as though I was really annoying to him and other times he thought I was okay.

I recall one time he bit me on top of the head, another time he butted me in the back with his head and he once stepped on my foot with his front hoof and wouldn’t get off. I was always on guard that he didn’t swish his bushy tail across my face.

I was about 12 years of age that day when I thought of riding like a real cowboy. I had decided that a cowboy was going to be my identity and career. I had seen in recent movies where cowboys rode their horses fast. Sitting in a saddle on Dynamite that day on a dirt road, he was stopped and I had both hands on the reins.  I tapped him on the shoulder and shouted “Go” - and Dynamite took off like a bullet.

I had no idea how strong he would start off. I could feel myself being jolted backward – fast.  In a moment of panic, I grabbed the front of the saddle with my left hand. I am sure this saved me from doing a backward flip off of his back. He was then running really fast as I remember the sound of his hoofs pounding on that dirt road. That gallop sounded like distant thunder.

About then I decided that I didn’t like going that fast and I was having trouble breathing, so I pulled back on the reins until he was just walking. I still like to watch horses run, but if I am riding them, I prefer that they walk.  I still remember that quiet road.

The end of June that year went by in a blur. Suddenly I was told we would be moving soon – and most stunning to me – we would live in the city. That news was very hard to take. I definitely did not want to leave the farm, the place I had called home for four years. When I was six, my daily routine was to visit mi abuela who lived in a house next to ours. My grandmother and I were very close. She had lost her eyesight a few years previously. She loved to ask me to describe what the sky looked like – if any clouds, the tree colors. She liked that I could communicate to her in Spanish whatever she wanted to know. She loved to know if it was a starry night – and where the moon was located - if it was visible. I recall the heartbreak when I was told that she was gone – to live in another town far away. When I was eight, suddenly we were moving to a farm, and then at the age of twelve we were moving to Kansas City, Kansas with little notice. I still do not like surprises.

My last day on the beloved farm was a sad day as I made my final visits to my pets. Then, we still had the old crank phone – you had to use a series of short or long rings on that party line – all of those homes connected knew if it was for their home. I do not recall if I called any of my friends to let them know I was leaving for another location to live. Soon we were in a car heading east for Kansas City, Kansas.

I was having a hard time living in my new home. It was the end of June and beginning to grow hot. I was not used to all of the heat generated by all of the pavement surrounding the neighborhood. Our two-story house was built on s small lot. Only about 30 feet separated us from the neighbor’s house on the east. That house was occupied by an older Anglo couple. They were not particularly friendly, but at least they did not show any hatred toward us because we were Mexican. On the west was a Standard gasoline station, owned by two Irish brothers. They were friendly and they would grow to appreciate mi mama. Later when it snowed mi mama would feel sorry for them. That is when they put in long hours and no restaurants were close for them to eat. So mi mama would cook plenty of fried chick – then she would have one of us deliver them a nice chicken dinner with hot coffee.

Mi hermaño Ruben, knew that I was hurting. I stayed home, not wanting to tell anyone that I was afraid to cross the street because of all the traffic on Seventh Street. I would have to cross Seventh Street to go to the grocery store, drug store or the city park. Ruben had been working for about two years, so we did not get together as when we were younger. But he now had a car. He also had an active social life, but a few times that summer he took me to an amusement park where we could also go in the swimming pool and take in some of the rides.

I had no problem communicating with people at all. We had an alley behind the back yard. When I saw a boy about my age in the yard across the alley, I called out to him – “What’s your name?” He did not appear to be able to focus on me or anything. Later I found out that he and his grandmother were both mentally challenged.  He would be in their yard, but could not carry on a conversation. His grandmother would only speak to herself- in German. Soon after that a young man stopped by to introduce himself.

His name was Rex Cash. He was a good-looking boy about 14 years of age. He had very blonde hair and he said he thought that I was new in the neighborhood so he stopped by. He was 14 and I was 12. He went to Central Junior high school and always stopped by to visit if he saw me in the yard. I later found out that his stepfather did not like him. He was a good friend but he did not seem to have many other friends. I believe that since he was good-looking that others were jealous of him. He did not deserve that – he was friendly and funny

By mid-July I was walking across Seventh Street to Splitlog city park. I did not know how to play baseball at first, but soon I was being invited to play. There was always people wanting to pick up sides to play baseball. For the rest of July until mid-August, I would play baseball almost every day. Usually the Waliczek brothers would also be at the park, that is how I was to know them. I found out they lived up the alley not far from my home. I was getting to know more people as they walked to the small park close to Seventh Street in Kansas City. I was the only Mexican who went there. My home was surrounded by businesses, so I had few neighbors.  But crossing Seventh Street where the park was situated, were blacks and whites. We got along well. After about a year, one of the black men about 20 years of age approached me – he had been drinking. During the day I always told him “hello” and treated him as a friend, even though he was older than me. As he was slurring his words that day, he surprised me when he told me he had served time in the state prison. He didn’t tell me why he served time, but he told me he liked me and all Mexicans, because we tried to get along. We spoke for a while. He didn’t’ like the way blacks were treated in society. I was young but I tried to bring a positive to the discussion. I told him that all of us at the park liked him and that he was very good at sports. I liked the way he treated me and everybody at the park, that I thought he could be a good boss or a teacher. I do not recall seeing him after that, but I hope he has had a good life.

As July came to a close, the Waliczek brothers one day at the park asked me where I would be going to grade school. I was not sure, but I told them wherever the public school was – I had no idea where. They then asked, “why don’t you go to our school?” I was surprised, and they told me they went to “Holy Family Catholic grade school.” I had no idea the school was only about six blocks away. I soon liked the idea. Religion was very important in the life of the family.

Mi mama was having a hard time deciding whether to let us go to Holy Family Grades school. Since I was the one wanting for us to go there, she asked “How do you know they let Mexicans go there – Mexicans are not allowed to in some places.” I was a bit stunned, when she gave me this reality of life. Those of school-age who would be attending in the family were Esperanza (Daisy), myself, Alice, Amelia, Rita and Richard. Soon mi mama gave permission for us to attend the school. The sisters did not seem to mind and Richard was only about six years of age and didn’t know or care.

In mid-August, we began our first year at Holy Family grade school. I was the oldest male, so I felt responsible as the oldest. When I first stepped into that school, I felt right away that my life would change. It has been determined long ago, that the bad and good encounters we have, make up the story that we call life.

 

 



The Shawnee Trail

================================== ==================================

Of the principal routes by which Texas longhorn cattle were taken afoot to railheads to the north, the earliest and easternmost was the Shawnee Trail. Used before and just after the Civil War, the Shawnee Trail gathered cattle from east and west of its main stem, which passed through Austin, Waco, and Dallas. It crossed the Red River at Rock Bluff, near Preston, and led north along the eastern edge of what became Oklahoma, a route later followed closely by the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad. 
Texas herds were taken up the Shawnee Trail as early as the 1840s, and use of the route gradually increased. But by 1853 trouble had begun to plague some of the drovers. In June of that year, as 3,000 cattle were trailed through western Missouri, local farmers blocked their passage and forced the drovers to turn back. 
================================== ==================================
Why some began calling it the Shawnee Trail is uncertain, but the name may have been suggested by a Shawnee village on the Texas side of the Red River just below the trail crossing or by the Shawnee Hills, which the route skirted on the eastern side before crossing the Canadian River. 

This opposition arose from the fact that the longhorns carried ticks that bore a serious disease that the farmers called Texas fever. The Texas cattle were immune to this disease; but the ticks that they left on their bed-grounds infected the local cattle, causing many to die and making others unfit for marketing. Some herds avoided the blockades, and the antagonism became stronger and more effective. In 1855 angry farmers in western and central Missouri formed vigilance committees, stopped some of the herds, and killed any Texas cattle that entered their counties.

Missouri stockmen in several county seats called on their legislature for action. The outcome was a law, effective in December of that year, which banned diseased cattle from being brought into or through the state. This law failed of its purpose since the longhorns were not themselves diseased. But farmers formed armed bands that turned back some herds, though others managed to get through. Several drovers took their herds up through the eastern edge of Kansas; but there, too, they met opposition from farmers, who induced their territorial legislature to pass a protective law in 1859.
During the Civil War the Shawnee Trail was virtually unused. After the war, with Texas overflowing with surplus cattle for which there were almost no local markets, pressure for trailing became stronger than ever. In the spring of 1866 an estimated 200,000 to 260,000 longhorns were pointed north. Although some herds were forced to turn back, others managed to get through, while still others were delayed or diverted around the hostile farm settlements.

James M. Daugherty, a Texas youth of sixteen, was one who felt the sting of the vigilantes. Trailing north his herd of 500 steers, he was attacked in southeastern Kansas by a band of Jayhawkers dressed as hunters. The mobsters stampeded the herd and killed one of the trail hands; (some sources say they tied Daugherty to a tree with his own picket rope, then whipped him with hickory switches.) After being freed and burying the dead cowboy, Daugherty recovered about 350 of the cattle. He continued at night in a roundabout way and sold his steers in Fort Scott at a profit. 

With six states enacting laws in the first half of 1867 against trailing, Texas cattlemen realized the need for anew trail that would skirt the farm settlements and thus avoid the trouble over tick fever. In 1867 a young Illinois livestock dealer, Joseph G. McCoy, built market facilities at Abilene, Kansas, at the terminus of Chisholm Trail. 
The new route to the west of the Shawnee soon began carrying the bulk of the Texas herds, but the Shawnee Trail continued to supply cattle to processing plants and the path was mirrored by the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad.




EAST COAST 

Communication between Joe Sanchez and Rolando Salazar
La Exploración de Norteamerica, costo miles de vides de españoles y se gastó mas de 1,000.000 de pesos

(1524) Esteban Gómez Llegó a Nova Scotia



Communication between Joe Sanchez and Rolando Salazar

Rolando, thank you for sharing. Like Ivan and Victor Salgado, I served with you guys in the 2/7 D Company and was wounded alongside Sgt Fred Booker, Robert Martinez and George White. Below is your Website of 2/7 D Company of which I am proud of. 
 


http://www.rsalazar.net/

Sgt Fred Booker,  Medic Robert Martinez & George White.  Robert at the hospital in Texas where he was for more than a year. 4th photo of you with other soldiers crossing a river. 5th photo of Ivan getting a hair cut. Ivan as you know passed a few months ago. God bless his soul. I have Salgado's photo somewhere in my computer.


 
At the reunion, we we're talking about Ivan Alfaro and Victor Salgado and how they were Puerto Rican. Someone wanted to know why they were in the U.S. Army if they were foreigners. I had to give them a history lesson as to how all Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens and that Puerto Rico is part of the U.S. It's amazing how many people don't know this.
I told them I wasn't a citizen since I was born in El Salvador, but was a permanent resident alien at the time and got drafted like everyone else. You should have seen the shock and disbelief.

Rolando Salazar, June 12, 2017
rsalazar94598@gmail.com

========================

If I had been there I would have given those uneducated people more than a history lesson on Puerto Rico. Shows you how bad the American schools are when it comes to American History. Sad but true. Garry, Owen and God bless, hermano. I will share this with others.  

Check out the Borinqueneers' service to America in Korea and all the medals they received.    

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_military_personnel 

Scroll all the way down to see a photo of  retired NYPD Chief of Patrol Nick Estavillo and another former NYPD cop. My friend Tony "The Marine Santiago's story is also there as is my friend Actor Eddie Velez, not to mention The real Vietnam Rambo from Puerto Rico,  Jorge Otero Barreto; Carlos Lozada, Congressional Medal of Honor; Eurípides Rubio, Congressional Medal of Honor; Héctor Santiago-Colón, Congressional Medal of Honor and more.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Otero_Barreto 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Lozada 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%ADpides_Rubio 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Santiago-Col%C3%B3n 

Joe Sanchez 




La Exploración de Norteamerica 
costo miles de vidas de españoles y se gastó mas de 1.000.000 de pesos

 

Los intentos españoles de colonizar desde el Golfo de México fueron muy costosos. No solo se perdieron miles de vidas en soldados, colonos e indios amigos, también toda una inversión en materiales. Los huracanes habituales en la zona hundieron decenas de barcos. Colonias enteras fueron arrasadas por estos huracanes, por enfermedades y ataques de los nativos.
================================== =========================================
(1513) Ponce de León 
  
LA FLORIDA
La primera expedición a Florida la realizó Ponce de León, Gobernador de Puerto Rico. Veterano ya desde la segundo expedición de Cristobal Colón en 1493, hizo fortuna colonizando y explotando las minas de la isla de Puerto Rico.
En el año 1513 dirigió una expedición con tres naves que partió desde Puerto Rico. Bordeando la mayor parte de la Florida a la que creyó una isla, tomó posesión de ella para España.

Sin embargo la primera ciudad en el territorio actual de Estados Unidos fue San Agustín en 1565. Fundada por Menéndez de Avilés, para evitar asentamientos de otros europeos.

http://www.corsarios.net/indepenamerica/in0espana-descubridores-america-norte.php

Enviado por: Dr. Carlos Campos y Escalante  campce@gmail.com



 

================================== ==================================


(1524) Esteban Gómez

Llegó a Nova Scotia
Recorrió Cabo Cob, Isla de Nantucket, Nueva York, Rio Hudson volviendo hasta Florida.



En una nueva exploración buscando un paso hacia las Indias, sale desde España directamente a explorar el Norte de América. Explora la Bahía de Narragansett, Cape Breton, Maine Río Merrimac (Río San Antonio), Cape Cod (Cabo de las Arenas). Nombraria a los Estados de Nueva Inglaterra como Tierra de Esteban Gómez.

Aunque no encuentra un paso sus informaciones completaron las existentes.

Sus informaciones permitieron que el Cartografo Real de España Diego Ribeiro (1529) hiciese el primer mapa de Norteamerica.

 


http://www.corsarios.net/indepenamerica/in0espana-descubridores-america-norte.php

 

CARIBBEAN REGION

Puerto Rico Chooses Statehood, Results of the Status Plebiscite
La Conquista De Cuba


http://visitor.constantcontact.com/email.jsp?m=1101040629095

National Institute for Latino Policy (NiLP)

25 West 18th Street
New York, NY 10011
800-590-2516


 

Board of Directors
José R. Sánchez, Chair
Edgar DeJesus, Secretary
Israel Colon, Treasurer
Maria Rivera, Development Chair

Hector Figueroa

Tanya K. Hernandez  
Angelo Falcón, President
 

The NiLP Report on Latino Policy & Politics is an online information service provided by the National Institute for Latino Policy. For further information, visit www.latinopolicy. org
Send comments to editor@latinopolicy.org.      

Sent by Joe Sanchez  bluewall@mpinet.net


Update
Puerto Rico Chooses Statehood?
Results of the Status Plebiscite
The NiLP Report (June 11, 2017)
__

 

 
The Jones–Shafroth Act (Pub.L. 64–368, 39 Stat. 951, enacted March 2, 1917) —also known as the Jones Act of Puerto Rico, Jones Law of Puerto Rico, or as the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act of 1917— was an Act of the United States Congress, signed by President Woodrow Wilson on March 2, 1917.[a] The act superseded the Foraker Act and granted U.S. Citizenship to anyone born in Puerto Rico on or after April 25, 1898. It also created the Senate of Puerto Rico, established a bill of rights, and authorized the election of a Resident Commissioner (previously appointed by the President) to a four-year term. The act also exempted Puerto Rican bonds from federal, state, and local taxes regardless of where the bond holder resides.
 
How long has Puerto Rico been a territory of the United States?
Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States. It became a U.S. territory in 1898, when it was acquired from Spain after the Spanish-American War. With approximately 3.5 million residents, Puerto Rico is the most highly populated of all United States territories. People who are born in Puerto Rico are U.S. citizens
 
Currently, the United States has sixteen territories, five of which are permanently inhabited: Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and American Samoa. They are classified as unincorporated territories. 
 
United States unincorporated organized territory with commonwealth constitution (1952–present) In 1947, the U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor. In 1948, Luis Muñoz Marín became the first popularly elected governor of Puerto Rico
 
Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States. In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters, 54%, expressed dissatisfaction with the current political relationship. In a separate question, 61% of voters supported statehood (excluding the 26% of voters who left this question blank
 
Puerto Rico is often called “a commonwealth” but “Commonwealth” is actually just a part of its formal government title.   Four States (Virginia, Massachusetts, Kentucky and Pennsylvania) and another territory (the Northern Mariana Islands) also use the name “Commonwealth” in their constitutions

 

       

La Conquista De Cuba

================================== ==================================
Vista de la bahí­a Miel de Baracoa

Volvemos un poquito atrás en el tiempo, hasta 1511, para narrar la conquista de Cuba y su colonización.  Hasta ese momento Cuba no habí­a atraí­do demasiado a los españoles, administrativa y económicamente todo se centró en la isla Española, y las últimas expediciones de conquista se dirigieron hacia la Tierra Firme.

En 1508 fue enviado Sebastián de Ocampo para confirmar lo que más o menos ya se sabí­a: que Cuba era una isla y no una pení­nsula como creí­a o querí­a hacer creer a todo el mundo Cristóbal Colón.

 

================================== ==================================
En 1511 Diego Colón se lanzó a incorporar dicha isla a sus dominios americanos y poblarla, y para ello contó con Diego de Velázquez. Este militar segoviano habí­a llegado a la Española en el segundo viaje de Colón. Aquí­ forjó importantes contactos con los Colón, Ovando Bobadilla  ocupando un importante lugar en la sociedad de Santo Domingo. Fundó las poblaciones de Salvatierra de la Sábana, Verapaz, San Juan de Xaragua, Villanueva de Jáquimo, Sábana de Armilla y Aznar. Fue nombrado capitán general por Bartolomé Colón y teniente por Ovando. Era un hombre de importante carisma y poder. La expedición conquistadora partió en agosto de 1511 de Salvatierra de Sabana, localidad situada en el sur de la isla Española,  constaba de 4 naves y 300 hombres. Por la cercaní­a de la isla no tardaron mucho en llegar al oriente cubano, concretamente al puerto de Palmas, cerca de la actual Guantánamo. Sin más tiempo que perder Velázquez fundó en agosto de 1511 la primera villa en Cuba, Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Baracoa, a la que hizo capital y sede del primer obispado cubano.

http://www.historiadelnuevomundo.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/f1761.jpg
Mapa de la Conquista de Cuba

No hubo gran resistencia indígena, ya Cristóbal Colón  habí­a visto que en general los cubanos eran gente pacífica y amable. Extremos corroborados por otras expediciones que tuvieron la oportunidad de pasear por la isla, como la de Ocampo Ojeda. El único problema y resistencia fue la organizada por el cacique taíno Hatuey, que había huí­do de la Española y llegado a la zona unos años antes y que ya advirtió a los habitantes de la posibilidad de que también llegasen allí­ esos extraños seres extranjeros. Hubo varias escaramuzas, sobre todo de acoso de los indígenas a los españoles, y finalmente el líder fue capturado y quemado en la hoguera, con lo que la resistencia terminó. Por lo menos de momento.

Continuaron explorando y fundando poblaciones. Velázquez envió al capitán Pánfilo de Narváez, recién llegado de Jamaica junto a 30 flecheros,  a la conquista de la región de Bayamo y de allí­ en dirección a Camagüey, después a Matanzas, población más importante en aquel momento de la provincia de La Habana. Quedando prácticamente pacificada toda la isla por la buena disposición de los caciques a colaborar con los recién llegados. Tan sólo hubo un caso en el poblado de Caonao donde según cuentan los cronistas se produjo una brutal matanza de indígenas sin aparente motivo ya que éstos no realizaron ninguna acción que pudiese parecer agresiva o amenazante.

 
Llama la atención que los mismos que se supone que realizaron aquella matanza luego estuvieran de maravilla con otros nativos.

Primer escudo de Cuba 1517

Tras todos estos avances Diego de Velázquez se reunió en la Jagua (actual Cienfuegos) con Narváez y sus hombres. Viendo que todo estaba tranquilo procedieron a la creación de nuevos establecimientos en puntos estratégicos. Cerca de este lugar crearon el pueblo de Trinidad, en donde repartieron indios entre personas que posteriormente tendrí­an un importante peso como Juan de Grijalva, Pedro de Alvarado, Bartolomé de las Casas para que desarrollasen económicamente la zona. Cerca de Trinidad fundaron Sancti Spiritus en donde quedaron como encomenderos Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, Juan Velázquez de Elón, Alonso Hernández Portocarrero y  Gonzálo de Sandóval entre otros. También fundaron San Salvador de Bayamo y Santiago de Cuba en el oriente cubano y en la costa norte Puerto Prí­ncipe (actual Camagüey). Posteriormente fundaron San Cristóbal de La Habana, primero en la costa sur para luego trasladarla a su actual emplazamiento en el puerto de Carenas.

Pronto comenzaron a recoger oro, del cuál se habían encontrado interesantes minas en diversas zonas de la isla, criar ganado traído de la Española y plantar huertas, al igual que a construir buques para el comercio con el resto de poblaciones españolas. Las islas antillanas ya estaban todas colonizadas.

http://www.historiadelnuevomundo.com/index.php/2010/12/la-conquista-de-cuba/

​Colaboración de​ campce@gmail.com




AFRICAN-AMERICAN

Advanced Trainings for Rosenwald School Boards a Success
Book: Be Free or Die by Cate Lineberry

M




Advanced Trainings for Rosenwald School Boards a Success

ROSENWALD SCHOOLS ENEWS | May, 2017
Rosenwald PLT/Dunn, NC
http://my.preservationnation.org/site/R?i=zxydWt4tbMGJ9tlGAhBafg  

Two Advanced Board Building and Fundraising Workshops were held this spring in North Carolina through a grant from the Marion Stedman Covington Foundation to the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The workshops, held at the Harnett County Training School campus in Dunn, a Rosenwald School, and Johnson C. Smith University in Charlotte, were facilitated by Robert Bull of Robert Bull Nonprofit Consulting. 14 Boards, all graduates of the Basic Board Building and Fundraising Workshop, participated in the daylong training. The North Carolina workshops represent one component of the National Trust's 15 years of support providing resources to nonprofit grassroots organizations and Rosenwald School alumni groups restoring, rehabilitating, and reusing Rosenwald Schools across the south.

Mayor of St. George, South Carolina, Persistent in Saving Rosenwald School 

Every now and then you run across someone with enough determination nothing will stop them. Anne Johnston, Mayor of St. George, South Carolina is one of those people. She has plans to reuse the former St. George Colored School for the betterment of the surrounding community, and she is driven to make this happen through multiple partnerships. She is a pioneer in her efforts to raise $1 million from local and state resources whom typically overlook rehabilitation projects in underserved communities. Read more here about her dream for the St. George Colored School and learn more about the alumni group she collaborates with on this project here.

Rosenwald Newsroom 

View this video from Campbell County Training School Volunteer Day 
The Orangeburg, South Carolina, Chapter of The Links, Inc. continues Marker Program and Dedication 
Orlando Sentinel's Florida Flashback: Commentary on Rosenwald Schools 
Billlingsville Rosenwald School a Bustling Community Center 

Photo courtesy of Tracy Hayes

©2017 National Trust for Historic Preservation 
2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20037
202.588.6000 | 800.315.6847 | 202.588.6085 (fax) 
Forum.SavingPlaces.org | Manage Email Preferences | Forward to a Friend
VISIT THE BLOG

CONNECT WITH US
http://my.preservationnation.org/site/R?i=kmImrojj1l_nAViofR2-YQhttp://my.preservationnation.org/site/R?i=3-sGi7KQOUMzFJ3SuJirOQ




M



Book: BE FREE OR DIE 
by Cate Lineberry




The Thrilling Tale of How Robert Smalls Seized 
a Confederate Ship and Sailed it to Freedom  
By Cate Lineberry
Smithsonian.com, June 13, 2017  

 

He risked his life to liberate his family and became a legend in the process

 
The only way Robert Smalls could ensure that his family would stay together was to escape. (St. Martin's Press)  

 

Darkness still blanketed the city of Charleston in the early hours of May 13, 1862, as a light breeze carried the briny scent of marshes across its quiet harbor. Only the occasional ringing of a ship’s bell competed with the sounds of waves lapping against the wooden wharf where a Confederate sidewheel steamer named the Planter was moored. The wharf stood a few miles from Fort Sumter, where the first shots of the Civil War had been fired just a little more than a year before.

As thin wisps of smoke rose from the vessel’s smokestack high above the pilothouse, a 23-year-old enslaved man named Robert Smalls stood on the deck. In the next few hours, he and his young family would either find freedom from slavery or face certain death. Their future, he knew, now depended largely on his courage and the strength of his plan.

Like so many enslaved people, Smalls was haunted by the idea that his family—his wife, Hannah; their four-year-old daughter, Elizabeth; and their infant son, Robert, Jr.—would be sold. And once separated, family members often never saw each other again.

The only way Smalls could ensure that his family would stay together was to escape slavery. This truth had occupied his mind for years as he searched for a plan with some chance of succeeding. But escape was hard enough for a single man; to flee with a young family in tow was nearly impossible: enslaved families often did not live or work together, and an escape party that included children would slow the journey significantly and make discovery much more likely. Traveling with an infant was especially risky; a baby’s cry could alert the slave patrols. And the punishment if caught was severe; owners could legally have runaways whipped, shackled, or sold.

Now Smalls’ chance at freedom had finally come. With a plan as dangerous as it was brilliant, he quietly alerted the other enslaved crew members on board. It was time to seize the Planter.

Smalls’ plan was to commandeer the Planter and deliver it to the imposing fleet of Union ships anchored outside Charleston Harbor. These vessels were part of the blockade of all major Southern ports President Abraham Lincoln had initiated shortly after Fort Sumter fell in April 1861. As one of the largest ports in the Confederacy, Charleston was a lifeline for the South. A largely agrarian society, the South depended on imports of war materiel, food, medicine, manufactured goods, and other supplies. With the U.S. Navy blocking the harbor, daring blockade runners, looking to make hefty profits, smuggled these goods into Charleston and carried cotton and rice out of the city for sale in European markets. After supplies arrived in Charleston, the city’s railroad connections delivered them throughout the Confederate states.

Although crucial, blockading such an important port was a staggering task. The many navigable channels in and out of the harbor made stopping all traffic nearly impossible and had led Northerners to refer to Charleston as a “rat hole.” Although many vessels outran and outmaneuvered the blockade, the Union was able to intercept some and either capture or destroy them.

Though the wharf and the U.S. fleet were only about ten miles apart, Smalls would have to pass several heavily armed Confederate fortifications in the harbor as well as multiple gun batteries along the shore without raising an alarm. The risk of discovery and capture was high.

The Planter created so much smoke and noise that Smalls knew that steaming past the forts and batteries undetected would be impossible. The ship had to appear to be on a routine mission under the command of its three white officers who were always on board when it was underway. And Smalls had come up with an inspired way to do just that. Protected by the darkness of the hour, Smalls would impersonate the captain.

This relatively simple plan presented multiple dangers. First, the three white officers posed an obvious obstacle, and Smalls and his crew would have to find a way to deal with them. Second, they would have to avoid detection by the guards at the wharf as they seized the Planter. Then, since Smalls’ family and others involved in the escape would be hiding in another steamer farther up the Cooper River, Smalls and the remaining crew would have to backtrack away from the harbor’s entrance to pick them up. The Planter’s movement up the river and away from the harbor was likely to attract the attention of sentries posted among the wharves. If everyone made it on board, the party of 16 men, women, and children would then have to steam through the heavily guarded harbor. If sentries at any of the fortifications or batteries realized something was amiss, they could easily destroy thePlanter in seconds.

Once safely through the harbor, Smalls and company faced yet another big risk: approaching a Union ship, which would have to assume the Confederate steamer was hostile. Unless Smalls could quickly convince the Union crew that his party’s intentions were friendly, the Union ship would take defensive action and open fire, likely destroying the Planter and killing everyone on board.

Clearing any one of these obstacles would be a remarkable feat, but clearing all of them would be astounding. Despite the enormous risks, Smalls was ready to forge ahead for the sake of his family and their freedom.

**********

For the past year Smalls had been a trusted and valued member of the Planter’s enslaved crew. Although Smalls had become known as one of the best pilots in the area, the Confederates refused to give him, or any enslaved man, the title of pilot.

Smalls was part of a crew of ten that included three white officers—the captain, Charles J. Relyea, 47; the first mate, Samuel Smith Hancock, 28; and the engineer, Samuel Z. Pitcher, 34.

In addition to Smalls, the rest of the crew included six other enslaved black men who ranged in age from their teens to middle-age and acted as engineers and deckhands. John Small, no relation, and Alfred Gourdine served as engineers, while the deckhands were David Jones, Jack Gibbes, Gabriel Turner and Abraham Jackson.

As the new captain of the Planter, Relyea occasionally left the ship in the hands of the black crew overnight so he and his officers could stay with their wives and children in their homes in the city. Relyea may have done so because he trusted his crew, but it is more likely that he, like many whites in the South, and even the North, simply did not think that enslaved men would be capable of pulling off a mission as dangerous and difficult as commandeering a Confederate vessel. It would be nearly impossible for anyone to take a steamer in a harbor so well guarded and difficult to navigate; few whites at the time could imagine that enslaved African-Americans would be able to do it.

By leaving the ship in the crew’s care, Relyea was violating recent Confederate military orders, General Orders, No. 5, which required white officers and their crews to stay on board, day and night, while the vessel was docked at the wharf so they could be ready to go at any minute. But even beyond his decision to leave the crew alone with the ship, Relyea himself was a key element of Smalls’ plan.

When Smalls told Hannah about his idea, she wanted to know what would happen if he were caught. He did not hold back the truth. “I shall be shot,” he said. While all the men on board would almost certainly face death, the women and children would be severely punished and perhaps sold to different owners.

Hannah, who had a kind face and a strong spirit, remained calm and decisive. She told her husband: “It is a risk, dear, but you and I, and our little ones must be free. I will go, for where you die, I will die.” Both were willing to do whatever it took to win their children’s freedom.

Smalls, of course, also had to approach his fellow crew members. Sharing his plan with them was in itself a huge risk. Even talking about escape was incredibly dangerous in Confederate Charleston. Smalls, however, had little choice in the matter. His only option was to recruit the men and trust them.

The crew met secretly with Smalls sometime in late April or early May and discussed the idea, but their individual decisions could not have been easy. All knew that whatever they decided in that moment would affect the rest of their lives. It was still quite possible that the Confederacy would win the war. If it did, staying behind meant enduring lives of servitude. The promise of freedom was so strong, and the thought of remaining in slavery so abhorrent, that these considerations ultimately convinced the men to join Smalls. Before the meeting ended, all had agreed to take part in the escape and to be ready to act whenever Smalls decided it was time.

**********

It would be a remarkable feat. Most enslaved men and women trying to reach the Union fleets blockading Southern ports rowed to the vessels in canoes. No civilian, black or white, had ever taken a Confederate vessel of this size and turned it over to the Union. Nor had any civilian ever delivered so many priceless guns.

Just a few weeks earlier, a group of 15 slaves in Charleston had surprised the city by seizing a barge from the waterfront and rowing it to the Union fleet. The barge belonged to General Ripley, the same commander who used the Planter as his dispatch boat. When it was found to be missing, the Confederates were furious. They were also embarrassed at being outsmarted by slaves. Nonetheless, they failed to take any extra precautions in securing other vessels at the wharf.

Smalls quietly let the men know his intentions. As the reality of what they were about to do descended on them, they were overwhelmed by fears of what might happen. Even so, they pressed forward.

**********

When Smalls judged the time was right, he ordered the steamer to leave. The fog was now thinning, and the crew raised two flags. One was the first official Confederate flag, known as the Stars and Bars, and the other was South Carolina’s blue-and-white state flag, which displayed a Palmetto tree and a crescent. Both would help the ship maintain its cover as a Confederate vessel.

The Confederate guard stationed about 50 yards away from the Planter saw the ship was leaving, and even moved closer to watch her, but he assumed the vessel’s officers were in command and never raised an alarm. A police detective also saw that the ship was leaving and made the same assumption. Luck seemed to be on Smalls’ side, at least for now.

The Planter’s next task was to stop at the North Atlantic Wharf to pick up Smalls’ family and the others. The crew soon reached the North Atlantic Wharf and had no trouble approaching the pier. “The boat moved so slowly up to her place we did not have to throw a plank or tie a rope,” Smalls said.

All had gone as planned, and they were now together. With 16 people on board, and the women and children belowdecks, the Planter resumed her way south toward Confederate Fort Johnson, leaving Charleston and their lives as slaves behind them.

At about 4:15 a.m., the Planter finally neared the formidable Fort Sumter, whose massive walls towered ominously about 50 feet above the water. Those on board the Planter were terrified. The only one not outwardly affected by fear was Smalls. “When we drew near the fort every man but Robert Smalls felt his knees giving way and the women began crying and praying again,” Gourdine said.

As the Planter approached the fort, Smalls, wearing Relyea’s straw hat, pulled the whistle cord, offering “two long blows and a short one.” It was the Confederate signal required to pass, which Smalls knew from earlier trips as a member of the Planter’s crew.

The sentry yelled out, “Blow the d—d Yankees to hell, or bring one of them in.” Smalls must have longed to respond with something hostile, but he stayed in character and simply replied, “Aye, aye.”

With steam and smoke belching from her stacks and her paddle wheels churning through the dark water, the steamer headed straight toward the closest of the Union ships, while her crew rushed to take down the Confederate and South Carolina flags and hoist a white bedsheet to signal surrender.

Meanwhile another heavy fog had quickly rolled in, obscuring the steamer and its flag in the morning light. The crew of the Union ship they were approaching, a 174-foot, three-masted clipper ship named the Onward, was now even more unlikely to see the flag in time and might assume a Confederate ironclad was planning to ram and sink them.

As the steamer continued toward the Onward, those aboard the Planter began to realize their improvised flag had been seen. Their freedom was closer than ever.

The two vessels were now within hailing distance of one another, and the Onward’s captain, acting volunteer lieutenant John Frederick Nickels, yelled for the steamer’s name and her intent. After the men supplied the answers, the captain ordered the ship to come alongside. Whether because of their relief that the Onward had not fired or because Smalls and his crew were still quite shaken, they did not hear the captain’s command and started to go around the stern. Nickels immediately yelled, “Stop, or I will blow you out of the water!”

The harsh words jolted them to attention, and the men maneuvered the steamer alongside the warship.

As the crew managed the vessel, those on board the Planter realized they had actually made it to a Union ship. Some of the men began jumping, dancing, and shouting in an impromptu celebration, while others turned toward Fort Sumter and cursed it. All 16 were free from slavery for the first time in their lives.

Smalls then spoke triumphantly to the Onward’s captain: “Good morning, sir! I’ve brought you some of the old United States guns, sir!—that were for Fort Sumter, sir!”

From Be Free or Die by Cate Lineberry, copyright © 2017 by the author and reprinted by permission of St. Martin’s Press. On sale June 20, 2017.  BUY

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/thrilling-tale-how-robert-smalls-heroically-sailed-stolen-confederate
-ship-freedom-180963689/#8OAmZAmfber7M4e4.99
 

 

INDIGENOUS

Taking Alcatraz - Film Screening and Panel held June 15
June 27th, 1874 -- Indian raiders strike again at Adobe Walls


 

Taking Alcatraz - Film Screening and Panel held June 15

================================== ============================
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10154725402825829&set=gm.112156546055314&type=3

 

¡Est

The California Historical Society is proud to present a special screening of the documentary film, Taking Alcatraz - a short film about the American Indian occupation of Alcatraz Island in 1969. The screening will be followed by a panel discussion with the filmmakers, John and Grace Ferry, leading American Indian and social justice activists, Eloy Martinez, Mary Crowley, Alan Harrison, Dr. Larry Brillant, Sacheen Littlefeather, and amazing local photographer Ilka Hartmann. This program is presented in collaboration with the New Museum Los Gatos exhibition Cement Prairie: The History and Legacy of the 1952 American Indian Urban Relocation Program, which closes on June 25.

The California Historical Society originated in 1871 in San Francisco. In 1979, it became the official California state historical society with locations in both San Francisco and Los Angeles.

Note from DM/FMG: Working my way to Mexico City in August, attending a Memorial (Arturo Garcia Bustos) an honored icon of the mural world of the 50's, and also commemorating the mural of Maria Guardado, El Salvador victim of torture by death squads (mural in her honor at the Reforma (she did not live to see the mural which is on a l0-story building; gigantic) will honor her also. Maria is amongst the many women who are the inspiration of the 'Mujeres de Las Americas, Condor y Aguila, norte y sur (Indigena, Afro-Latina, y popular), anticipated dates (from January 10 to March 8, 2018) in complement to Women's March, included in the FMG intent of honoring 5 decades and more of women as part of the contributions to history that are the curriculum demands of Ethnic, Women's, and Labor Studies, past, present and future. 
Developing 'Women of the Americas' Condor y Aguila, north and south. I pray that I am able to achieve this, which will be my last public event while I close off to pull the #FMG Archive of almost 5 decades for preservation and publication. Will so my best to include the contributions of all in the papers, tapes, news-clippings, photo's, books, posters, artifacts. This, via a new and innovative cyber platform that will surely turn my hair white, to put all the bells and whistles of social media, Twitter, FaceBook, LinkedIn, Instagram, etc.--on ONE platform and record all input from public, queries, forwards, donations, all interactions logged and reported instantaneously. This is a big deal for me, but the public support north and south is only way this can become the tool that is necessary in recording and preserving Digital Indigenous history 500 years and beyond that we have nurtured through movements, ethnic studies, etc.
As always, I will let you two know of the developments as we go through the process. This, in preparation for being launched at main event, Women of the Americas. Indigena, Afro-Latina, y popular', as the 'broche de oro'/golden gift presentation at the culmination of almost 50 years of work that contributed to Ethnic and Women's Studies, it is an honor and privilege to be communicating with you 'full circle' from the event you were special guest that convened the circle of warriors of the 70's at SFSU, where Stokely Carmichael, Lee Brightman, Inez Garcia, amongst other historic icons. (This event history must be found in the archives of SFSU and I must make it a point to research what is in that archive including the meeting we had with then President S.I. Hayakawa, who set horses on the students during the SFSU Strike, and from that student victory demand got us Ethnic Studies, where I came to work with Richard Oakes in the advent of Native Am Studies. We students ran with the departments, created them, and classes, and the rest is history. And, principles from this time are amongst those receiving this update. All this must be logged from archive to Clearing House of Information. Here now is the Richard Oakes Multi-Cultural Room, where FMG had its 40th Anniversary event, and from over l00 panels, ours was made of of the 'Originals' that braved the departments into being. The Archives, are important to researchers and students of the future, if it isn't recorded as this film, it will not be carried forward as it was presented by struggle and sacred path of the originals.

Thanks for reading and responding your concerns and support. Please be advised that the FMG seeks Sponsors, Endorsements, Donations, Artistic Collaboration, and especially digital technology specialists to advise and participate in this imperative which speaks to the power of bridging the past and present through the contributions of the masters in whose spirit we continue our service to the Ancestors and Elders of the Condor y Aguila. Your participation makes the difference between boxed history and live offerings vis a vis the digital library that together we can protect and preserve for all students of Indigenous America and from throughout our Mother Earth.

Respectfully,  
Dorinda Moreno, FMG
Lupe Library (inaugurated at DQU) 1970's. 

pueblosenmovimientonorte@ gmail.com




 
June 27th, 1874 -- Indian raiders strike again at Adobe Walls

On this day in 1874, a party of about 700 Plains Indians, mostly Cheyenne, Comanches, and Kiowas, attacked a buffalo hunters' camp about a mile from the ruins known as Adobe Walls (the scene of a previous encounter between Indians and U.S. troops), in what is now Hutchinson County. The battle and the siege that followed became known as the Second Battle of Adobe Walls. The defenders, twenty-eight men and one woman, gathered in three buildings and repelled the initial charge with a loss of only two men. The Indians continued the siege for four or five days, but, when hunters came to the assistance of the camp, gave up the fight. During the siege, in one of the most famous feats of marksmanship of the Indian wars, William (Billy) Dixon is reported to have shot an Indian off his horse from a distance of seventh-eighths of a mile. The larger significance of this fight is that it led to the Red River War of 1874-75, which resulted in the final relocation of the Southern Plains Indians to reservations in Indian Territory.

Source: Texas State Historical Association


SEPHARDIC

Presentan libro: 'La Herencia Sefardi
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
Una destinasion desconosida by Yehuda Hatsvi

Outstanding History of Spain, "Family De Riberas" available on Somos Primos. Compiled through personal family history research by Michael Perez, who traced his roots back to his Jewish heritage, go to:



 

En el Archivo General del Estado

Presentan libro ‘La Herencia Sefardí’

Una ardua investigación de equipo

 

http://www.eldiariodecoahuila.com.mx/u/fotografias/fotosnoticias/2017/5/25/544427.jpg


http://www.eldiariodecoahuila.com.mx/u/fotografias/fotosnoticias/2017/5/25/544426.jpg

http://www.eldiariodecoahuila.com.mx/u/fotografias/fotosnoticias/2017/5/25/544429.jpg

 

http://www.eldiariodecoahuila.com.mx/u/fotografias/fotosnoticias/2017/5/25/544430.jpg

Por Elena Hernández
En las instalaciones del Archivo General del Estado se llevó a cabo la presentación del libro "La Herencia Sefardí: familias y sus descendientes que vivieron en la parte más oriental del valle del Guajuco, lo que ahora es Allende, Nuevo León”, a cargo del coordinador del libro, Jorge Salazar Salazar y de la investigadora Mónica Montemayor Treviño.
Durante esta presentación que fue posible gracias al gobierno del estado de Coahuila y al archivo mismo, se contó con la presencia de un público que gusta de la historia, entre ellos, historiadores, genealogistas y estudiantes.
Lucas Martínez, director del archivo, dio la bienvenida a los presentes destacando la publicación a presentar como un gran logro de quienes intervinieron en la obra y cuyos resultados fueron los esperados y con el objetivo cumplido de haberlo realizado. 
También adelantó que próximamente se presentarán nuevas publicaciones que engrandecen la investigación histórica de la región.
En su intervención, Mónica Montemayor destacó que este libro es el resultado de un proyecto que se realizó para que una familia tuviera la posibilidad de adquirir el certificado Sefardi, del cual orgullosamente puede mencionar se obtuvo gracias a esta publicación, en donde fueron varias personas que participaron en ella para su elaboración.
UNA COMPLETA INVESTIGACIÓN
"Es una obra de 608 páginas, que abarca a 1262 personas de quienes se detallan actas de nacimiento, matrimonio y defunción, es decir 185 árboles genelógicos graficados de manera descendente y lineal, al presentarse también la investigación familiar de las esposas y el modo en como se relacionan entre sí las familias”, comentó.
Se puede apreciar que la herencia sefardí existe en especial en pobladores que habitaron lo que hoy es Allende, Nuevo León, pero que también abarca áreas como Montemorelos, Linares, Villa de Santiago, General Terán y Monterrey, dijo.
Por su parte, Jorge Salazar Salazar, especialista en Historia Familiar y coordinador de la obra, mencionó en este trabajo tuvo la colaboración de varios especialistas, por ejemplo Benicio Samuel Sánchez García, que es el presidente de la Sociedad Genealógica y de Historia de México; Yuri Saldívar Parra, que es vicepresidente de la Sociedad Genealógica, así como del estudiante Eduardo Ríos, y Mónica Montemayor Treviño.
Para este trabajo y como resultado se puede apreciar en el contenido los árboles genealógicos, costumbres, tradiciones, un panorama de los fundadores, el lenguaje que era un español ladino, las comidas, entre otros aspectos.
Benicio Samuel Sánchez García, por su parte, comentó también parte de la realización de la obra, la cual se prolongó por más de un año de trabajo.

14 GENERACIONES
De igual manera se aprecia en este libro un estudio entre los años 1600 a 1990, cuyo resultado son 14 generaciones de pobladores con herencia sefardí, es decir descendientes de los judíos que habitaron y vivieron en España, y que al residir en México lo hicieron en lo que antes se llamaba El Guajuco, hoy Allende, Nuevo León. El nombre de sefardí responde a un orígen bíblico.
El capitán Juan Cavazos y su esposa, Inés Garza fueron los pilares de esta investigación, la cual tardó más de un año y cuyo resultado, luego de su presentación del libro en España, fue la obtención del cerfícado sefardí.
Entre los vestigios de la investigación, la expositora comentó hay varios apellidos que son de herencia sefardí, tales como Salazar, Marroquín, Garza, Montemayor, Carrasco, entre otros, por lo que se recomienda consultar el libro, pues las ventajas de obtener un certificado sefardi es la oportunidad de la nacionalidad española y de la Comunidad Europea, lo que brinda oportunidades en distintas áreas.
Finalmente la expositora mencionó algunas tradiciones de la comunidad sefardí, y que hasta el momento pueden continuar, tales como las reglas al cocinar, que son en una vajilla especial y en vasijas especiales para cada guiso, el lavarse las manos hasta el codo, o incluso después de ir a un funeral regresar a casa y bañarse, entre otras, finalizó.
El libro está diseñado para que quien lo desee lo pueda consultar y si se cuenta con abuelos con origen norestense, es mayor la posibilidad de obtener un certificado sefardí, obviamente bajo las investigaciones sobre el árbol familiar de cada uno.
 
Fotos Elena Hernández / EL DIARIO

-----
Benicio Samuel Sánchez García

Presidente de la Sociedad Genealógica y de Historia Familiar de México
Genealogista e Historiador Familiar

Miembro de la Federation of Genealogical Societies
Miembro de la International  Society of Genetic Genealogy
Miembro de Hispagen
Miembro de Hispania Nostra
Miembro de la Asociación Canaria de Genealogía
Miembro de la APG


Email: samuelsanchez@genealogia.org.mx
Website:  http://www.Genealogia.org.mx
Cell Phone: 811 1916334 
Desde Monterrey agrega 044+811 1916334
Cualquier otro lugar de Mexico 045+811 1916334
Desde USA 011521+811 1916334

* Nuestra pagina web oficial la encuentras en http://www.Genealogia.org.mx 
- Ayudanos donando un poco https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=RMCWU7BKWCT2Q

 

 

 




http://www.sephardicstudies.org/images/top2.gif

The Americanization of a Hispanic Group:
The Sephardic Experience in the United States

The Literary, Social and Cultural Life of the Judeo-Spanish
Sephardim During the Immigrant Generation (Early 1900's)

By Marc D. Angel

Proceedings of a Conference in NYC April 5, 1981

In his book, THE PROMISED CITY, Moses Rischin describes New York's Jews during the period from 1870 until 1914. This was an amazing period in American-Jewish history, with hundreds of thousands of Jews pouring into New York. The lower East Side became the most densely populated section of the city, with many thousands of Jews peopling its tenements and staffing its industry.

This book, as could be expected, focuses almost entirely on the Yiddish-speaking Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. There are a few scattered references to "Levantine Jews", and these references are quite superficial and contain inaccuracies. Rischin's book is a valuable study of Jewish life on the lower East Side and it is also a valuable reflection of the general ignorance concerning the Sephardic dimension of the Jewish life of the lower East Side.

Historians have not taken the time to study the experience of the Sephardic immigrants of the early 20th century. This is not very surprising. Even at the time when thousands of Sephardim were arriving in New York, the general non-Sephardic community was relatively unaware of their existence. Since they did not speak Yiddish, since they did not fit into the "normal" Jewish patterns of life, for the most part they were either ignored or misunderstood.

Over 25,000 Sephardic Jews from Turkey, the Balkan countries, Syria and elsewhere migrated to the United States during the first two decades of the 20th century. The vast majority settled in New York mostly on the lower East Side. The largest group of these immigrants spoke Judeo-Spanish. There were also smaller groups of Sephardim who spoke Arabic or Greek. Our concern in this paper is with the Jews of Judeo-Spanish background.

Some of my research on these Sephardim appeared in an article in the American Jewish Year Book of 1973. That article included a historical background of Sephardic life in the United States, the reasons for their migration here, some of the early communal and cultural efforts; the article also includes a sociological survey of American-born Sephardim which attempts to describe the effects of the Americanization process on this group. I have also written a book, scheduled to be published by the Jewish Publication Society, based on the Judeo-Spanish newspaper, La America, which appeared during the years of 1910 through 1925. These works provide a comprehensive picture of the Sephardic experience in New York -- and indeed in the United States -- and this paper will only touch on some of the major points.

The Judeo-Spanish speaking Jews formed their own unique society in the lower East Side. They brought with them their cultural heritage from the Sephardic communities of Turkey and the Balkan countries. They were quick to establish restaurants and coffee houses to cater to their culinary tastes. They established their own self-help groups, their own synagogue services, their own burial societies, and their own communal organizations. Sephardim naturally gravitated to streets and buildings which were already inhabited by other of their countrymen. There were buildings and streets which were populated almost exclusively by Sephardim. By living in these enclaves, the new immigrants could feel as if their social context had not been completely uprooted, that they were still living among their own people. In particular,Sephardim were concentrated on Chrystie Street, Forsythe Street, Allen Street, Broome Street, Orchard Street, Eldridge Street and the streets in the general vicinity.

The lower East Side was hardly a beautiful place to live. Jack Farhi, writing in the summer of 1912 in La America, described the situation of the Sephardim of the lower East Side: "We live in New York! In an oven of fire, in the midst of dirt and filth. We live in dark and narrow dwellings which inspire disgust. We work from morning to night without giving ourselves even one day a week for rest. We sleep badly, eat badly, dress ourselves badly..... We are very frugal, saving our money to send to our relatives in the old country or just hoarding it for a rainy day. We are losing the best days of our lives, the time of our youth..."

Because the setting of their lives was so dismal and so disorienting, Sephardim sought opportunities to meet their co-religionists in order to reminisce or just to pass the time of day. The Sephardic coffee houses and restaurants mirrored the hopes of the immigrants and also their frustrations. They would pass the time playing cards, drinking Turkish coffee, and discussing topics of concern to them. Because of their popularity, coffee houses not only served as recreational centers but also as intellectual and political centers. Any cause or movement which needed to win adherents would seek them in the coffee houses. Orators would make their speeches. Publicists would post their flyers and circulars on the walls. Yet the coffee houses also mirrored problems within the community. They became hangouts for idle and unemployed people, many of whom had become despondent. Also, some of the customers were short-tempered. It was not uncommon for disputes and even fistfights to break out for one reason or another.

In 1910, Mr. Moise Gadol -- a Bulgarian Sephardic Jew -- came to New York to visit relatives. He visited a coffee house and was surprised to find so many young people frequenting it when he thought they should have been at work. When he learned that they were unemployed, he was shocked. Gadol himself was a man of great culture, an active businessman in Europe, and a master of eleven languages. The poverty and despair which he saw among his Sephardic co-religionist on the lower East Side stirred him. So many of them seemed helpless. They did not know where to turn to find jobs. The programs of the Jewish community to help immigrants learn English were geared to Yiddish-speaking immigrants. The Sephardim could not benefit from these programs at all. Jewish organizations which attempted to assist immigrants often did not even recognize that the Sephardim were Jews. Many a Sephardic immigrant would complain that they were believed to be Italians, Greeks or Turks by Jewish officials. Life on the lower East Side was difficult even for the many thousands of Yiddish-speaking Jews; how much more so for the Sephardic Jews who were left almost entirely on their own.

Gadol decided to remain in New York and publish a Judeo-Spanish newspaper, La America. He felt by doing this he would be able to provide practical advice to his readers as well as to give them general enlightenment and intellectual guidance. Moreover, Gadol convinced the leaders of the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society to establish an Oriental Bureau in order to help the "Oriental" Jews -- those who were coming from Levantine countries. Gadol himself served as the secretary of the Oriental Bureau, initially as a volunteer, and spent many hours helping newly arrived Sephardic immigrants -- that others would have ignored -- to get through the immigration procedures. He also helped many people find jobs and gave advice on how to keep their jobs. In the pages of La America, he printed a glossary in order to teach Sephardim English. Interestingly, he also included Yiddish definitions, believing that since many Sephardim worked for Yiddish-speaking employers, Sephardim needed to know Yiddish in order to advance in America.

The pages of La America are a fascinating reflection of the literary, cultural and social life of the immigrant generation of Sephardim. Gadol was a brilliant journalist. Even when reading his editorials now, so many years after they were written, one senses the energy and vitality of the author. The newspaper included news items about Sephardic communities in the United States and abroad. It included poetry and some literary work. It was a forceful spokesman for zionism, for the advancement of workers, for individual initiative. Gadol printed several articles by a person who signed her name simply as Miss A, which argued for the equality of women.

But for all the good he intended, Gadol did not achieve notable financial success with his newspaper. Quite the contrary. The paper was constantly plagued by financial problems and he would work at other jobs in order to subsidize his newspaper. None of his partnerships lasted very long, because his partners did not share his dedication to La America. They preferred to make money.

There were other Judeo-Spanish publications which appeared among the Sephardic community. The most well-known is the successor of La America, La Vara. La Vara continued publishing until the late 1940's.

The Judeo-Spanish press in New York deserves special attention. These journalistic achievements must be counted among the most important cultural ventures of American Sephardim and are testimony to the literary and creative impulses within the immigrant Sephardic community. The newspapers provided a medium for articulate Sephardic thinkers, for poets and essayists, for political activists, for religious teachers. The newspapers brought to the Sephardic masses a world of ideas and imagination and helped lift them from the dreariness of their everyday lives. Both La America and La Vara had subscribers throughout the United States and even in foreign countries. The Judeo-Spanish newspapers are clearly the most important literary productions of the immigrant Sephardic generation.

But it was not always easy to find appreciative readers and subscribers. Due to their poverty and lack of formal education in the old country, many Sephardic immigrants had little interest in the newspapers. Enlightened and dedicated Sephardic leaders exerted great effort to stimulate the minds of the Sephardic community. One such man, Mr. Albert Amateau, noted his frustrations in an article in La America, November 29, 1912. He stated that he tried very hard to assist the Sephardim to advance. "But I found myself isolated on all sides and it was impossible for me to work against this apathy alone, without help from anywhere." This sentiment is echoed many times by Moise Gadol and by others. Professor Mair Jose Benardete, who was then a young man, accompanied the venerable Mr. Nessim Behar who sought to encourage Sephardim to attend English classes. Benardete recalls: "We went up and down the malodorous tenements, knocking at the doors of those humble, temporary homes of the new arrivals at the very hour when the men were having their supper after working long hours at very unhealthy and unremunerative jobs. Nessim Behar, the apostle, expected these bodies, whose energies had been squeezed out of them, to have enough physical stamina to respond to the appeal of the spirit." And, Behar was successful in a great many cases.

Along with these efforts to educate and enlighten the Sephardic masses, there were also efforts to organize the community into a cohesive unit. The Sephardim of Judeo-Spanish background spoke the same language; yet they too were divided into many small groups. Usually, Sephardim tended to form societies based on their city of origin. Instead of uniting into large organizations or congregations, the Sephardic immigrant, sponsored a host of small self-help groups, synagogues, and religious schools. A number of Sephardic leaders called for a united community, and one of the outspoken advocates of this idea was Moise Gadol. In 1912, the Federation of Oriental Jews was established. It served as an umbrella organization for a number of Sephardic societies which affiliated with it. While it had some success, it was a short-lived venture. None of the societies wanted to give up any of its autonomy to a more general organization. There were a variety of subsequent efforts to form a central Sephardic community, none of which had lasting success. Yet, the efforts themselves are noteworthy and testify to the progressive and broad visioned leadership which did exist within the community. Unfortunately, this leadership could not completely succeed among the immigrants.

The individual societies -- and there were many of them -- attempted to provide a number of services to their members. Usually, the major benefit was burial. Gadol frequently argued that the Sephardim needed an organization that would take care of them while they were alive, not just societies to care for them once they were dead. As time went on, the varous societies did try to expand their services to include such things as medical care and legal advice. The societies also sponsored picnics and social events to bring their members together. Most also sponsored religious services for the High Holy Days. Some of the societies had literary groups associated with them.

It should be noted here that the Sisterhood of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue had a settlement house on the lower East Side to assist the Sephardic immigrants. It was first located at 86 Orchard Street, but ultimately moved to larger quarters at 133 Eldridge Street. This building houses a synagogue, Berith Shalom, as well as a Talmud Torah, clubs for children, classes for adults, social services and much more. It became a beehive of activity. While relations between the new Sephardic immigrants and the old established Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue were not always cordial, there was much to be proud of in the relationship.

No discussion of Sephardic life would be complete without mention of the dramatic productions in Judeo-Spanish. There were virtually hundreds of performances of plays sponsored by Sephardic societies in New York, and the enthusiasm for drama was also evident in other cities of Sephardic settlement. Often enough, the plays would be of Biblical themes; some would be translations of French plays; others would be original works by Sephardim in Turkey or even the United States. Dramatic productions were put on to large and enthusiastic audiences. The pages of La America report that plays drew capacity crowds, some numbering over a thousand people. Since the Yiddish theatre and English theatre were not comprehensible to the Sephardim, they developed their own dramatic programs and catered to their own interests.

These productions are significant because they provided creative outlets for Sephardic producers and actors, as well as writers. While the quality of the productions was mixed, individuals could aspire to play important roles before large audiences. Some of the plays were quite elaborate, with rented costumes and special theatrical effects.

A vital part of the cultural life of the Sephardic community was oratory. In those days, before the emergence of television, people were entertained and enlightened by gifted orators who could stir their emotions and give them ideas. The Sephardic community could boast of a number of individuals who earned distinction as notable orators. One of the best known was Mr. Albert Matarasso, who came to the United States from Salonika. Matarasso was well-educated in his native city, and brought with him substantial rabbinic and general knowledge. He spoke with force and enthusiasm. People still remember him as an orator "with a silver tongue", a man who was invited to speak at many a communal gathering. We should also recall the name of Mr. David N. Barocas who spoke with eloquence and precision. For these men, oratory was an artform.

The Sephardim created their own literary, social and cultural institutions as manifestations of their own unique cultural background. They were Spanish-speaking -- but did not come from a Spanish-speaking land; they came from countries in the Levant -- but they were separated by religion from others who had come from the same lands; they were Jews -- but were culturally far different from the overwhelming majority of Jews in the United States. Consequently, they were a separate and, to a certain extent, isolated entity.

 

http://linkis.com/gVrNLxg 

 


Salonika 1942

Some 7,000 Jewish men ordered to register for forced labor assemble in 
Liberty Square in German-occupied Salonika, Greece. July 1942
— US Holocaust Memorial Museum

...a una destinasion desconosida 
by Yehuda Hatsvi
Source: Sephardic Horizon
http://www.sephardichorizons.org/Volume7/Issue1&2/Hatsvi.htm

Verdad, nasi en Salonik en 1932, i dos anyos despues, ayinda en los brasos de mis djenitores, vine a Erets Yisrael para bivir aki toda mi vida. Ma yene, yo konosia bien a las aldeas [towns] mizerables de los judyos en Polonia i en Rusia.

La segunda gerra mondiala se kizdereava [was raging] en Evropa, ma en las eskolas primarias en Tel Aviv, se esforsavan los maestros a proveer a sus elevos unas dozas grandes de los eskritos de Mendele, Peretz i Bialik, ke deskriviyan la vida en akeos kazales povres.

Ma, por ke kesharme sovre Katrielivka i Yehopitz?

El kuartier ande morava yo en el sud de la sivdad, asemejava a akeyas lokalidades komo dos terrones de lodo: Barakas desmizeriadas, la kaye sin asfaltar, sin kanalizasion, sin elektrisidad; un chiko Kal fraguado en el sentro del maalle, un bakal [grocery] pekenyo, kunduryero, shastre, panaderia, i afilu (aman, aman!) un ahir [stable] para gameos a la punta de la kaye.

Fue esto en un Shabat luzyo. La luvya konstante, ke turo tres dias enteros, se kedo en supito, i el sol de invierno enkorajo a la djente a salir afuera.

- "Sol de milizina!" me disho mi papa kuando salimos djuntos de la kehila.

Una ambiente tivia pasava i en kaza tambien, kon el kurto Kiddush, los pasteles echos por mano de mi madre, los haminados, i las zemirot de Shabat. Una chika superfisia de tierra en el frente de muestra baraka fue kuvierta, un dia antes, kon arena i piedrizikas, para tapar la lodansina [muddiness]. Efrayim, el arabadji [coachman], vertio una araba yena, kargada de arena i piedrizikas, lazdro i enderecho kon su pala, i se kreo komo un marshpie [sidewalk].

Fue esto nada mas ke natural ver (imediatamente, en terminando muestras "zemirot") a Ester, la mujer del arabadji, apozada en sima de este "marshpie", en frente de la ventana muestra, i enteresandose kon mi madre "si todo esta en regla".

 Mientras la charla de vizinas kontinuava, me tomi yo un livro ke avia prestado de la biblioteka, i sali afuera, arrastando kon mi una siya frente la kaye undida de luz.

Me akodro bien de akel livro, "Patadikas en el pinyasko", avlando sovre la estoria del globo i la natura, eskrito por Maxwell Reed (naturalmente, traduizido al ebreo). Me parese ke fue este un livro un poko defisil para un ninio de 9 anyos, aunke siempre me agradava meldar, sean livros "livyanos", sean "pezgados". Ma oy, kuando a vezes refleksiono sovre akel dia de Shabat, vos konfeso ke al pareser mi pensamiento fue, por kualker razon, un poko rezumido, i afilu esperava de mi para mi, ke ek, pasara alguno de los vizinos i me demandara: "Ke meldas oy, Yehuda?"

Me asenti, en yena luz del dia, i empesi a meldar. I na ke tuve razon en mis esperansas. Apenas alkansi a meldar dos o tres ojas, i al lado de mi se aparo Emanuel, uno de los Yehidim [congregants] del Kal de los selaniklis; i en efekto me demando:

"Kualo estas meldando oy, Yehuda? No seria mijor si te pasavas la perasha de la semana, o meldaras Tehilim?"

"Meldo esto i esto tambien" le respondi en kurto.

"Ayde, te veremos!" disho Emanuel.

Fiksi mi mirada sovre Emanuel, i el adjusto i disho:

 "Yo te digo un pasuk en Tehilim, i tu me das su kontinuasion. E?"

I sin esperar a mi reaksion, el sito:

"Salmo de Assaf, siertamente bueno es el Dio a Yisrael, a los limpios de korason".

"I yo, kaje ke se akostaron mis pies; komo nada mankava ke se rezvalaran mis pasos". Le "tiri" imediatamente.

 "Si, si. de verdad akavidate [watch out] ke no te se yerren tus pies, ke no te arrezvales, has-ve-shalom! Mira ver de enrezyarte kon kozas de Ley".

"I agora, puedeser ke yo te vo dar un pasuk de Tehilim por darme la kontinuasion?" le dishe-le demandi, i en realidad no asperi a Emanuel por responderme algo, i resiti: "I la verdad de Adonay es para siempre, Aleluya".

Empleyi todo mi talento teatral infantil para travar i "estirar" el biervo "A-le-lu-ya", en un tono ke pareska komo si teniya algun pasuk ke lo sige. En realidad, el ke meldara el salmo 117 en Tehilim podra ver ke es un salmo modesto, ke kontiene, todo en todo, dos frazas, i ke se termina kon el biervo "aleluya".

- "Emmm..." murmureo Emanual, i empeso a kaminar. "Shabat Shalom!"

Desde akel Shabat, en kada vez ke mos viamos, Emanuel se adresava a mi kon el sovrenombre "Ribi Yehuda". Asta oy no se dizirvos por seguro si en este sovrenombre avia un senso komo afekto, o sea ke era algo espinozo.

Serri akel livro ("Patadikas en el pinyasko"), mientras mi dedo kedo komo un indikador entre las ojas, ma no torni a meldarlo mas; desde akel momento, mis pensamientos andavan i vagavan al otro lado de la mar, i se enfinkavan sovre lo ke se avlava en mi famiya por mi nono:

Fue esto en 1912 (ansi empesa la istoria), i mi nono, estonses un djoven ombre, rezin kazado, fraguo su kaza en el kuartie "Baron Hirsch" en Salonik, i teniya la intension de formar una famiya. En el mizmo anyo, fue deklarada la Independensia de Gresia, despues de sienes de anyos del dominio otomano.

Uno de los primeros pasos del governo muevo fue a rejistrar todos los mansevos judyos de Salonik. En las afueras del kuartie ande morava mi nono, avia un terreno ancho, una area de tierra vazia. Para ayi fueron yamados todos los djovenos a vinir i prezentarsen temprano por la maniana. Mi nono tomo en su mano el livro de Tehilim, dyo un bezo a mi nona, i despues a la mezuza, i se dirijo al akel terreno. Ayi se asento sovre una piedra grande, i empeso a meldar psalmos de Tehilim, empesando de los primeros biervos del livro asta el ultimo kapitolo (150) ke se termina kon el pasuk "Toda alma alave a Adonay, aleluya". En tal momento, el levanto sus ojos i miro: el terreno estava enteramente vazio de kualker persona. Todos los movilizados avian sido rejistrados i fueron yevados por kamiones a una baza militar serkana...

Es ke okurio aki un nes, un milagro?  Mi nono en verdad kreiya ke se le kombino un mirakolo. La armada grega simplemente se "olvido" de el i lo desho libre.

En 1917, en la altura de la primera Gerra Mondiala, desbrocho un fuego enorme en los mahalles de los jidios en Salonik, i kemo kazas, Kales, i otras institusiones publikas. Es kon mucha difikultad ke la komunidad, reusho a rekuperarse un pokito. Estonses fue kuando mi avuelo merko una parte de akel terreno "milagrozo", i ovro a rekojer donasiones kon el buto de fraguar ayi una Kehila.

Despues, mis djenitores izieron Aliya a Erets Yisrael.

A mi me agradava mucho eskrivir (todavia en "letras de imprenta"), a mi nono ke en Salonik, i tambien resivir letras de su parte. Sus letrikas eran muy muy kurtas, eskritas en letras de Rashi, en un ebreo arkaiko, ke en efekto era bazado sovre frazas de la Biblia.

I na, ke en una semana de invierno en Novembre 1943, el postadji bateo a la puerta de muestra baraka, i se rempusho adientro eskondiendose de los chorros de la luvya. Se asento, komo su uzo, en el verandadiko para repozarse un poko del kamino, esperando a un kave turko i alguna "kozika para mashkar" de lo ke preparava mi madre. El la entrego un anvelop, i la kara de mi madre palidesio komo la kal de la pared. Rezulta ke una letra ke aviamos mandado a la kaza de mi nono, antes algunos tres mezes, mos torno atras djuntos kon un chiko formulario de parte de "la Kruz-Rosha Internasional", eskrito en franses: "Desharon.....a una destinasion deskonosida".

***

En akel Shabat reluziente, estava yo asentado afuera, el livro avierto-serrado en mi mano. Me imajinava ver a mi nono kaminando a la direksion de la "Plasa de la Libertad", ke para ayi fueron ovligados a yegar todos los judios de la sivdad.. Ordenansa de la Autoridad de la Okupasion Nazista.

Vide a mi nono teniendo el livriko de Tehilim en su mano, i kon el andavan mi nona tambien, tios i sovrinos.

Eyos no tornaron mas..

 


The new issue of Sephardic Horizons has just been published at www.sephardichorizons.org. Guest edited by Ralph Tarica, this Winter-Spring 2017 double issue is dedicated to the memory of Jacques Roumani z”l, our long-time friend and supporter, and husband of our regular editor, Judith Roumani. Jacques passed away on December 11, 2016.
 
On this issue we bring you a book preview on Jewish Libya expected to be in print within a year, articles by David Wacks and Jane Mushabac,plus one by Yehuda Hatsvi in Judeo-Spanish, and four new book reviews. We hope you enjoy it!

Sent by altan.gabbay@gmail.com
http://www.sephardichorizons.org/Volume7/Issue1&2/Hatsvi.htm 

 

 

 

ARCHAEOLOGY

Oldest Homo Sapiens Fossils Every Found, 300,000 Years 
50,000-year-old 'Atlantis of the South' discovered in Australia  



Shannon McPherron, left, and Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer discuss the new fossils finds from Jebel Irhoud.
 (Photo: MPI EVA Leipzig)

Researchers just changed everything you once knew about Homo sapiens. After their latest discovery, 
it appears the human species have been on earth for a lot longer than previously thought.

USA TODAY

================================== ==================================
Digging on a hilltop in the Sahara Desert, scientists have found the most ancient known members of our own species, undermining longstanding ideas about the origins of humanity.

The newfound Homo sapiens fossils - three young adults, one adolescent and a child of 7 or 8 - date back roughly 300,000 years, says a study in this week's Nature. The next-oldest fossils of Homo sapiens, the scientific name for humans, are about 200,000 years old.

The 200,000-year-old fossils were found in eastern Africa, sometimes called the "Garden of Eden" for its supposedly pivotal role as the birthplace of humanity. But the new fossils are from Morocco in far northern Africa, supporting the theory that the evolution of modern humans was a piecemeal affair that played out across the continent. "There is no Garden of Eden in Africa," said Jean-Jacques Hublin, co-author of two new studies describing the fossils and a paleontologist at Germany's Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. "Or if there is a Garden of Eden, it's … the size of Africa."
The new finds confirm "modern humans do not suddenly appear like the Big Bang, with all the bells and whistles that we associate with modern humans," agrees paleoanthropologist Bernard Wood of George Washington University, who was not associated with the study.

The fossils were excavated at a site called Jebel Irhoud, where similar fossils were unearthed in the 1960s and assigned an age of 40,000 years. Hublin's team returned to the site in 2004 hoping to clarify that date - and instead stumbled upon more fossils. They also applied new dating methods, which pushed back the age of all the fossils to a stunning 300,000 years.

The trove of fossils is a snapshot of a species in transition. The Irhoud people had more elongated, primitive-looking skulls than current humans. But these ancient people had small faces and small chins much like ours, and their teeth look like ours, too. The new date for the fossils suggests some elements of Homo sapiens anatomy developed a more modern appearance much earlier than thought, says Adam Van Arsdale of Wellesley College, who was not involved with the study.
================================== ==================================
This mix of archaic and modern features supports the theory that Homo sapiens didn't burst onto the African scene fully formed. Instead, the earliest people had a mix of advanced and primitive characteristics, and over time and across the continent, Homo sapiens evolved into the humans of today, Hublin said.

Though the new fossils have features that don't seem entirely human, such as a low skull, "I think we have a good instance of early Homo sapiens from Irhoud," says Rick Potts, head of the Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program, who was also not part of the study team. But he says the idea that Homo sapiens "was assembled gradually" is "by no means a slam dunk" and needs to be shored up by more fossils from around Africa.
Artifacts found with the fossils suggest that activities typical of modern humans also emerged by 300,000 years ago, says paleoanthropologist Alison Brooks of George Washington University. Alongside the Irhoud fossils, researchers found gazelle bones marked with stone tools, the remnants of ancient fires and sharpened pieces of flint probably used as spear points. The study's authors say the site, which was once a cave, may have been used as a hunting camp.

The new date for the Irhoud skeletons "changes a lot," Brooks says. "It pushes (the fossils) into a fairly unknown time range, but one that is clearly very important for the evolution of our species."

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/06/07/oldest-homo-sapiens-fossils-ever-found-300000-years/102585284/?hl=1&noRedirect=1




50,000-year-old 'Atlantis of the South' discovered in Australia  
Submerged human dwellings on the west coast were those of the first humans in Australia.
By Martha Henriques
Updated May 19, 2017


The earliest known human settlements in Australia, now submerged by the sea, have been discovered.

The unprecedented find of bones and artefacts were discovered in a cave at the coast of Barrow Island, which lies about 50 kilometres from mainland Western Australia. These are remains from some of the first human inhabitation of Australia 50,000 years ago, according to a study published in Quaternary Science Reviews.

Much of the land inhabited by the first Aboriginal people of Australia is now deep underwater. A rare site that survived, known as Boodie Cave on Barrow Island, was abandoned about 7,000 years ago when sea levels rose to their present levels.

"The cave was used predominately as a hunting shelter between about 50,000 and 30,000 years ago before becoming a residential base for family groups after 10,000 years ago," said study author Peter Veth of the University of Western Australia in a statement.

Boodie Cave was filled with human artefacts, such as charcoal and stone tools, as well as the remains of the animals that they ate. The thrown away animal bones reveal important information about how the people lived 50,000 years ago, and also about the environment they were living in.

During this time sea levels fluctuated hugely. At times when the coast retreated, there were fewer bones of fish and other marine creatures the people would have eaten. When the sea levels were higher and the coast was close, there were many more fish bones left in the cave.

"The large cave on Barrow Island provided rich records of ancient artefacts, gathering and hunting of marine and arid animals, and environmental signatures which show the use of a now-drowned coastal desert landscape – if you like an Atlantis of the South," Veth said.

"We know about old desert sites from the northern hemisphere but few have these extraordinary dietary records."

The find shows the adaptability of the first people of Australia, hunting and eating entirely different land-based animals when the sea receded.

"Remarkably, the early colonists of the now-submerged North West Shelf did not turn their back on the sea or remain coastally tethered but rapidly adapted to the new marsupial animals and arid zone plants of the extensive maritime deserts of north-west Australia."

 Sent by John Inclan

 

 

 

 

   


MEXICO

Mexico is Home to DNA That's a World Apart
La Pesadilla de los Huracanes

Ancient Aztec temple and ball court discovered in Mexico City

Returning to Mexico: Mexicans once flocked to The Woodlands. Now, they're leaving.
Cómo se entrenan los rarámuris para ganar carreras
Hermanas mayores del Señor General don Porfirio de la Cruz Dìaz Mori.
Don Bernardo Torralba 



 No es noticia en México donde todos lo reconocen como algo óbvio sin necesidad de estudios, pero se han iniciado estudios para comprender mejor la composición genética del "mexicano" del siglo XXI.

MEXICO IS HOME TO DNA THAT'S A WORLD APART, STUDY SHOWS

Mexicans from different regions of the country are as genetically different as Europeans are from Asians, researchers have found.

The vast differences in the patchwork of Native American ancestry indicate that Mexicans should no longer be lumped into one homogeneous group, particularly when it comes to clinical practice, according to a report published Thursday in Science. The study was led by a group of scientists from Stanford University’s School of Medicine, the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) and the Mexican National Institute of Genomic Medicine.“When you walk into a clinic, whether you know it or not, someone makes a decision about you. Are you white, are you European, are you African, are you Asian?” says Esteban Burchard, professor of bioengineering and therapeutic sciences and medicine at UCSF. “In the U.S., one of the things we ask is, are you Hispanic?”

Now, says, Burchard, it has become clear that what is normal for one ethnic group may be borderline abnormal for another—and taking the finer details of Latino health into consideration can make the difference between an accurate diagnosis and an erroneous one.

Researchers studied lung function, in particular, and concluded that diseases such as asthma and emphysema are determined by a person’s type of Native American ancestry. For example, a person in northwest Mexico would have lungs that appear approximately 12 years younger than a person of the same age and height in the country’s southeast region.

Scientists also found that people of mixed European and Native American heritage—two groups that began exchanging genes some 500 years ago during the Spanish colonization—were found to have genomes corresponding to their local indigenous population. A person in the northern state of Sonora, for example, is more likely to have Seri or Tarahumara genomic components while someone from Yucatan, in the country’s southeast, would probably display a Mayan gene component. These, in turn, are as genetically different as the Europeans are from the Chinese.
These results can be used to spot larger trends. “This is not just relevant to Mexico. It’s relevant, number one, to all of Latin America, so a fifth of the world population. The method, the observations, are generalizable to the entire world,” said Burchard.

“We’re showing, for the first time on a country-wide level, genetic variation in Native American population,” added Burchard.

Since most genetic studies to date have concentrated on Europeans or European Americans, researchers said, the team decided to focus this study on Native American ancestry. It was a way to both celebrate and understand a marginalized and understudied segment of the global population, says Carlos Bustamante, professor of genetics at Stanford and one of the lead authors of the study.

Mexico was a natural choice not only because it has one of the largest amounts of pre-Columbian genetic diversity in the Americas but also because some scientists in the team had already been collecting samples from the area for years. In the end, researchers utilized 1,000 samples, about half of which belonged to Native Americans and half to mestizos, or people with mixed descent. Together, scientists had nearly 1 million genetic variants to work with.
The study, its authors say, highlights the need to study populations worldwide so that the fruits of the Human Genome Project become accessible to all.

“Our hope is that we can move the needle and develop genomic medicine so that it benefits everyone, not just the populations of European descent,” says Bustamante.

The findings, Burchard says, will also help advance precision medicine, a practice in which a person’s genetic information is used to tailor a specific medical treatment.

Bustamante said his team plans on using the samples to study signatures of natural selection in different environments, as well as biomedical traits such as height.

About 40 experts, including researchers from Puerto Rico, Spain, France and the United Kingdom, participated in the study, which was financed by the Mexican government, the UCSF Chancellor’s Research Fellowship, the American Asthma Foundation and the National Institutes of Health, among others. 
http://www.newsweek.com/dna-proves-not-all-mexicans-are-created-equal-254642

The mitochondrial DNA landscape of modern Mexico
 November 2008 
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alessandro_Achilli 
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Edgar_Gomez23rd
 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Scott_Woodward

Abstract
With more than 180 ethnic and linguistics groups, Mexico is a rich source for anthropological and population studies. This country witnessed the rise and fall of major civilizations, including the well-known Maya and Aztec civilizations, but as a result of heavy European colonization and influx, the population landscape has dramatically changed over the past five centuries. Today less than 30% of modern Mexicans identify themselves as being fully or partly Amerindians and the remaining population seems to have very little in common with their pre-Columbian ancestors. However, this is not the case when the maternal genetic component is evaluated in detail. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences, including HVS-I, HVS-II and HVS-III, from more than 2,000 subjects revealed an overwhelming Native American legacy in the modern Mexican population, with ~90% of mtDNAs belonging to the four major pan-American haplogroups A2, B2, C1 and D1. This finding supports a European contribution to the Mexican gene pool primarily by male settlers and confirms the effectiveness of employing the uniparentally-transmitted mtDNA as a tool to reconstruct a country’s history.
The mitochondrial DNA landscape of modern Mexico (PDF Download Available)


Enviado por. C. Campos y Escalante  
campce@gmail.com  

Sent by Carlos

 



La Pesadilla de los Huracanes

Expediciones destruidas por atravesar el Golfo de México

Los intentos de explorar los territorios de Estados Unidos fueron enormemente dificultados por los huracanes que barrían la zona. Muchas de las expediciones fracasaron por culpa de ellos.

Algunas de ellas fueron barridas por ellos. En la expedición de Tristán de Luna (1557) se perdió la flota que le acompañaba con los suministros para 1500 hombres. Esto hizo fracasar la expedición que pretendía ir por el interior a la colonia española de Santa Helena en Georgia.

En el año 1561 otro huracan destruye la flota de Villafrañe que pretendia colonizar Las Carolinas y Virgínia.

http://www.corsarios.net/indepenamerica/in0espana-descubridores-america-norte.php

​Enviado por: campce@gmail.com

 



Ancient Aztec temple and ball court discovered in Mexico City

Mexican archaeologist Raul Barerra gives an explanation during a tour by the archaeological site of the ancient Aztec temple of Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl and ritual Ball Game recently discovered in downtown Mexico City
Credit: AFP - Agence France-Presse 8 JUNE 2017 


Mexican archaeologist Raul Barerra gives an explanation during a tour by the archaeological site of the ancient Aztec temple of Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl and ritual Ball Game recently discovered in downtown Mexico City.

A giant temple to the Aztec god of the wind and a court where the Aztecs played a deadly ball game have been discovered in the heart of Mexico City.

Archaeologists unveiled the rare finds on Wednesday after extensive excavations, giving journalists a tour of the semi-circular temple of Ehecatl- Quetzalcoatl and nearby ball court.

Records indicate that Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes first watched the ritual Aztec ball game at the court in 1528, invited by the last Aztec emperor, Montezuma.  


View of the archaeological site of the ancient Aztec temple of Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl and ritual Ball Game recently discovered in downtown Mexico City CREDIT: AFP

Historians believe the game involved players using their hips to keep a ball in play - as well as ritual human sacrifices.

Archaeologists uncovered 32 sets of human neck bones at the site, which they said were likely the remains of people who were decapitated as part of the ritual.

Only part of the structure remains - a staircase and a portion of the stands. Archaeologists estimate the original court was about 50 meters (165 feet) long.

The temple, meanwhile, is a giant semi-circle perched atop an even larger rectangular base. The whole thing once measured some 34 meters across and four meters high, archaeologists said.

The ancient structures stand in startling contrast with the sprawling mega-city that now surrounds them, which was built atop the ruins of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan.

Journalists work during a tour by the archaeological site of the ancient Aztec temple of Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl and ritual Ball Game recently discovered in downtown Mexico City CREDIT: AFP

They are just the latest ancient vestiges to be discovered in the historic city center, at what is known as the Great Temple site.

"The discovery we are looking at is a new chance to immerse ourselves in the splendor of the pre-Hispanic city of Tenochtitlan," Culture Minister Maria Cristina Garcia said.

A hotel formerly stood on the site of the newly discovered ruins until 1985, when it collapsed in a catastrophic earthquake that killed thousands of people.

The hotel's owners then noticed the ancient remains and alerted the National Institute of Anthropology and History.

Archaeologists believe the temple celebrated the god of the wind and was built between 1486 and 1502.  Officials said they plan to open the site to the public, although no date has been set.

Aztec ball court discovered by archaeologists in Mexico City

Sent by Mercy Bautista Olvera  scarlett_mbo@yahoo.com 
AND
John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo.com 




Returning to Mexico
Mexicans once flocked to The Woodlands. Now, they're leaving.
Story by Olivia P. Tallet, Houston Chronicle


A year ago, Perla Soto wrote a guidebook to help Mexicans coming to The Woodlands understand how things work in America.  In the introduction, she explained why so many of her wealthy countrymen were drawn to life 30 miles north of Houston. 
 
There was the allure of large, beautiful homes caressed by the shadows of slash pines and bald cypresses. All those parks and golf courses and dozens of lakes and ponds. Good schools. And few worries about crime in what people jokingly call "la colonia más segura de México," or Mexico's safest town. 

Soto and "los woodlandeses," as they are called in Spanish, have boosted the area's economy, spending billions on homes and several hundred million more on new businesses, taxes, cars and other goods in the last 10 years, according to Viva The Woodlands Magazine. More than 10,000 Mexicans now live there, representing about 10 percent of the population.

But these days, the immigration pattern is reversing. Fewer Mexicans are coming to live in The Woodlands, and more are moving back to Mexico.

 
 
Perla Soto and her husband David Medina enjoy a laugh with their kids Diego Medina, 11, and Paola Medina, 9, as the kids sit on a seesaw at the playground park located right on front of their home in The Woodlands, Saturday, April 1, 2017. The family who relocated from Mexico to The Woodlands seven years ago are planning to move back to Mexico City. 

Tony Payán, the director of the Mexican Center at Rice University's Baker Institute, cites the weakness of the Mexican peso as one factor, but he says that's not the only reason. 

Perla Soto: "We don't feel welcomed anymore"  Soto expressed her concerns as a Mexican American on the anti-immigration sentiment as well as her uncomfortability and lack of feeling welcomed within the U.S. since last year during the presidential campaign. 
 
Mexicans began buying vacation homes in The Woodlands in the early 2000s. A second wave between 2006 and 2014 coincided with much of the presidency of Felipe Calderón, years when the narco-violence in Mexico reached its peak, and people came to set up residence.
 
Census data shows a sharp increase in the Mexican population in The Woodlands up to 2013, followed by a decline in 2014 and slow growth the next year, the latest estimate available. If the reverse immigration trend continues, it would be reflected in the 2020 census.
 
Soto moved to The Woodlands from Mexico City seven years ago with her husband, David Medina, and their kids, Diego, 11, and Paola, 9.
 
She and Medina saw business opportunities in the U.S., and they wanted their children to be bicultural and bilingual. More importantly, they wanted them to be safe. The family had been robbed at gunpoint back home.
 
"Almost every family that came (during the second wave) had some sort of close experience involving a violent episode in Mexico," Soto said.
 
The family bought a home in Creekside Park Village, the then-newest development.
 
"Mexicans like buying brand-new houses here," said Medina, a real-estate agent and businessman who specialized in luxury properties.
 
Soto was happy for the chance to customize the interior of their 5,000-square-foot home to her taste and style, without the adornments she saw in standard American homes. It made her feel less foreign.
 
Theirs is a common story, according to Payán. Mexican Center studies show that unlike most Mexican immigrants, who come to the U.S. to help their families out of poverty, The Woodlands' residents are chiefly seeking "better education for their children and better services and quality of life."
 
José González Franco recently moved from Mexico City's exclusive San Ángel colonial neighborhood. Here, he lives on a cul-de-sac, in a 3,000-square-foot house with a pool. "With the sale price of my home in Mexico," he said, "I could buy five houses like the one I live in here."
 
He and his wife, Alejandra Alemán Santacruz, bought the house as a vacation home two years ago. Last August, it became their main residence. "We wanted to give our children the best opportunities," he said.
 
Private schools in Mexico "are very expensive with a much lesser quality than the schools we have here," González explained. "And I would rather sell my kidneys than put my two kids in Mexican public schools."
 
González, who was born in the U.S., was a restaurant owner in Mexico. He is now starting an import business in Houston. 

Some of those who came north to live in The Woodlands became residents through EB-5 visas, which require an investment of at least $1 million, or $500,000 for special projects, in commercial enterprises that employ at least 10 U.S. citizens. That provides permanent residence to the holders.
 
Others have trader or investor visas – E-1 and E-2 – for people who do business between the two countries under bilateral arrangements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, or NAFTA.
 
Some moved their families with other common visas but travel back and forth, to keep working in Mexico.
 
Jorge Cadena and his wife, Heidi Herfurth, obtained EB-5 status recently after living in The Woodlands for eight years doing transnational business in the tourism sector with other visas. He also is the publisher, and Herfurth, the editor, of Viva The Woodlands Magazine, the main local publication in Spanish.
 
"Changing visas and constant renewals have been a headache for many of us in The Woodlands," Cadena said.
 
There is this idea, he said, "that we are all multimillionaires that came here easily to live the high life without money concerns." But the vast majority, he said, are "hard-working business people and professionals." Part of the community is composed of Mexican expats working as executives and scientists in the financial and oil and gas industries.
 
Cadena said he and his wife try to tell stories about the "honest, hard-working majority" of Mexicans, to counter the headlines that some high-profile incidents have drawn to the community.
 
One recent case involves a former public official with the state of Veracruz, Arturo Bermúdez Zurita, who was imprisoned last year. He faced corruption charges related to several houses bought around The Woodlands with a value of $2.4 million, and more in other parts of the U.S., while earning the equivalent of about $3,000 per month. The case led to the arrest of the then-governor of Veracruz, Javier Duarte. Mexican media reported that Duarte had bought properties in The Woodlands under other names, including his sister-in-law Mónica Ghihan Macías Tubilla, which he had denied. At least one property in The Woodlands is still registered under Monica M. Tubilla, tax records show, with an appraised value over $700,000. Duarte himself posted on Twitter last June that he bought a membership at The Woodlands Country Club.
 
Cadena said Mexicans in his community don't want to be defined by stereotypes. Rather, he said, they want to be recognized for their "contributions as an essential part of The Woodlands prosperity." 
 
It's difficult to find hard, independent data about the Mexican community's financial impact on The Woodlands, but everyone agrees that it's plainly visible.
 
Julie Charros-Betancour, president of the U.S.-Mexico Chamber of Commerce of The Woodlands, said Mexican families bought one of every four homes sold in the area between 2006 and 2015. Over that period, she was commissioned by The Woodlands Development and The Woodlands Resort to promote business and tourism from Mexico.
 
"In 2006, there wasn't a single hotel room occupied by Mexicans in The Woodlands. Visitors stayed in The Galleria back then," she said. By 2015, though, she said, "we generated a combined 5,500-percent increase" in direct hotel occupancy and tourism to the township.
 
Pete Garcia, the chamber director, said organization members own all kind of businesses, from construction to insurance.
 
Rosendo Villarreal, the president of The Woodlands' chapter of the U.S. Mexican Entrepreneurs Association, points out that the economic impact goes beyond The Woodlands, as many residents run businesses, for example, in Houston. He is partner and vice president of Source Logistics, a company with presence in five U.S. states.
 
High-end restaurants at The Woodlands enjoy what some people call "the Mexican shift": American customers come and go early, giving way to Mexicans, who come later and linger, often the last to leave.
 
In the hip Hughes Landing area, full of upscale restaurants, valet parkers said many customers are Mexicans or "Spanish speakers with gorgeous cars."
 
Karl Stomberg, manager of Crave Luxury Auto in The Woodlands, said Mexicans are "a very significant part" of his customer base.
 
"They like fun, classy, exotic cars," ones seen as good investments, like diamonds, he said. "They cannot drive these cars in Mexico, because it's not safe."
 
The Woodlands has boomed as a spot for luxury brands such as Ferrari and Tiffany. Garcia said other enterprises, like hospitals from the Texas Medical Center expanding to the area, have invited the chamber to meetings, looking for ways to better serve the community.
 
The change is visible at airports, too.
 
"I know people who have not one but two jets, and it's not coincidental that nearby airports like Conroe-North Houston and David Wayne Hooks (Memorial) have been expanding during the last couple of years," Villarreal said. "Both airports recently opened immigration entry stations, so airplanes don't have to stop at the border for clearance, as they were forced to do before."
 
Consider the financial impact of just one couple, Soto and Medina. Medina sold $55 million in real estate during the five years ending in 2016, earning The Woodlands Realtors Award for exceptional performance in 2014.
 
"We receive constant visits of family and friends in Mexico, and David has sold to everybody and their mothers," Soto said. Even his in-laws.
 
Mignon Mabry: “When is she going to be deported?”
Retired English as a Second Language in The Woodlands said she has witnessed discrimination against foreign students and encouraged everyone to do more than just proclaim their commitment to diversity.  
 
The Woodlands' Mexican community has always been fluid, with lots of people coming and going.
 
But Trump, Cadena said, "is not making it any easier for me to convince people to come spend their money here."
 
Uncertainties abound. The president has promised to withdraw from or rewrite NAFTA, increase barriers to trade, and punish Mexican products with high taxes. His administration is reviewing migration statuses, including investor visas, and E-B5s are in limbo. "Who would feel comfortable bringing their money to this environment?" said Jaime Talancón, a Woodlands insurance agent.
 
Soto and others say The Woodlands feels different since Trump's election.
 
About 15 residents, including Soto, went to Town Hall meetings earlier this year to express concerns about a surge of discriminatory behaviors toward minorities. They wanted the board to implement programs that could foster diversity and inclusion.
 
Mignon Mabry, a retired English as a Second Language teacher, told those at one meeting that a student from a Colombian family had been asked in school "when she thought she was going to be deported."
 
Immigrant students, she said, receive improper comments like that and slurs on a regular basis.
 
Juliana Fernández said in an interview that she was recently in line at the H-E-B store on Market Street with her 2-year-old son and speaking to him in Spanish when a woman behind her started complaining out loud. The woman told the man with her, "that's why we need Trump to send these people back."
 
Charros-Betancour, the chamber president who is a U.S.-born Mexican-American, said that she has never felt any discrimination in The Woodlands.
 
Gordy Bunch, chairman of The Woodlands Board of Directors, the local equivalent of a mayor, made an official declaration of commitment to diversity at the March town hall. He also tasked Charros-Betancour and the local Amiga group of Mexican women with conducting a survey to identify concerns among Latino residents.
 
Bunch said he feels that the community is supportive of diversity.
 
He is Mexican on his mother's side, but light-skinned, so people don't assume he is Hispanic.
 
"It allows me to learn very quickly how people really feel when they don't think that they are dealing with somebody that is multiracial," he said.
 
Still, "this is Texas, and this is The Woodlands," said Enrique Rosero, a scientist who works for Exxon Mobil. In Montgomery County, where the majority of The Woodlands is located, Trump won the election with more than 72 percent of the vote. 
 
Woodlandeses feel that having a president who has repeatedly offended Mexicans, and immigrants in general, has given de facto permission to some people to act out on previously suppressed sentiments.
 
Soto said she and her husband no longer feel welcome, even though all of her family members became U.S. citizens last year, and they're not as worried about safety in Mexico.
 
Medina is moving back this month. Soto and the kids will follow at the end of the school year.
 
They are already packing and plan to sell some of their five properties before they go.
 
http://www.houstonchronicle.co m/woodlandsMX
Click to 26 photos available from the site. 

Sent by Juan Marinez  marinezj@msu.edu
and
TEJANOS2010 managed and subtained by Elsa Mendez Peña and Walter Centeno Herbeck Jr. 




Cómo se entrenan los rarámuris para ganar carreras

No siguen una rutina específica, es su día a día lo que les prepara para las competiciones

Los rarámuris que se acostumbran a correr desde pequeños con huaraches desarrollan una técnica de carrera perfecta, mucho mejor que la de cualquier corredor popular con zapatillas.   Christian Palma  

Eugenia Coppel/Pablo Canto  8 June, 2017


Los rarámuris han conseguido victorias en ultramaratones tanto dentro como fuera de México. Sin embargo, no son deportistas de élite: son campesinos. No realizan entrenamientos como hacen el resto de los atletas, sino que es su día a día el que los prepara para enfrentarse a pruebas de decenas de kilómetros por montaña.

El periodista estadounidense Christopher McDougall lo cuenta en su libro Nacidos para correr: “Los tarahumaras no entrenan ni reducen distancias como parte de su preparación. No estiran ni calientan. Tan solo se acercan a la línea de salida riendo y haciendo bromas… y luego corren como alma que lleva el diablo durante las siguientes cuarenta y ocho horas”.

Lorena Ramírez, la primera mujer rarámuri que competirá en Europa, cuenta a Verne que no tiene una rutina formal de entrenamiento. Su hermano mayor, Mario, cree que deberían comenzar a establecerla, ahora que Lorena podría correr en otras competencias internacionales. El padre de ambos, sin embargo, considera que no tiene sentido cansarse antes de una carrera importante.

El entrenamiento del día a día

-Largas caminatas. Lorena y Mario salen a caminar por las tardes, cuando baja la intensidad del sol. Si están en forma, pueden recorrer hasta 20 km, y si es un día flojo pueden ser entre ocho y diez.

-Desnivel acumulado. Las carreras de ultradistancia suelen celebrarse en zonas montañosas, por lo que no solo tienen decenas de kilómetros, sino también importantes desniveles. Los hermanos, en sus caminatas, suben y bajan las montañas que rodean a su comunidad, y que son parte de las Barrancas del Cobre. El sistema de cañones Tarahumara tiene una extensión de 60.000 kilómetros cuadrados (Andalucía tiene 87.000) y alcanza más del doble de profundidad que el Gran Cañón del Colorado, en Arizona. La barranca más profunda es Urique, con 1.879 metros.

Técnica de carrera

-Técnica perfecta. La mayoría de los corredores dedican al menos un entrenamiento a la semana a perfeccionar su técnica. A los rarámuris no les hace falta. McDougall describe su forma de correr cuando narra la actuación de dos competidores tarahumaras en el ultramaratón de 100 millas Leadville Trail, en Colorado: “Más que golpear el suelo, las plantas de sus pies lo acariciaban, rascándolo ligeramente conforme cada pie pateaba hacia atrás y daba la vuelta para la siguiente zancada”.

Mientras que la mayoría de atletas que utilizan zapatillas impactan en el suelo con el talón al correr, los rarámuris lo hacen con el mediopié

Esta técnica se debe al uso de huaraches (sandalias completamente planas) desde la niñez, que les confieren una musculatura fuerte y una forma de correr –aterrizando con el mediopié en vez de con el talón– más óptima que la de los corredores tradicionales. Un corredor popular puede tardar años en perfeccionar esta técnica de carrera.

-Control del terreno. Cuando Ramírez compite, se siente menos segura con calzado deportivo que con huaraches. "Con zapatillas puedo resbalar. Las zapatillas son pesadas y los huaraches no”. Ocurre en montaña: la mayoría de calzado de competición para trail posen una suela mucho más baja que la de las zapatillas de asfalto. Así es posible sentir el terreno y reaccionar a tiempo, por ejemplo, antes de un tropezón o una torcedura de tobillo.

La alimentación

-Carbohidratos. Todo corredor de larga distancia sabe que, antes de una competición, es recomendable cargar el cuerpo de carbohidratos. En ellos se basa la dieta de los rarámuris: el pinole, maíz molido que se puede comer en polvo o mezclado con agua, es su alimento básico. En casa de Lorena, lo confeccionan ellos mismos.

-Proteínas. Otro alimento habitual de los rarámuris son los frijoles en sus diferentes presentaciones: a veces los comen cocidos y en su propio caldo (frijoles de la olla), a veces fritos. Estos son, según la guía de nutrición del Departamento de Agricultura de EE UU, una fuente de proteínas similar a la carne.

-Y en carrera, también. En los puestos de abastecimiento de los ultramaratones de Chihuahua hay agua, fruta y electrolitos, como en todas las competencias. Pero también hay burritos con frijoles, los tacos del norte de México hechos con tortillas de harina.

Su tirada larga: el rarajipari

La mayoría de corredores populares dedican uno de sus entrenamientos semanales a un rodaje más largo de lo habitual, lo que se denomina la tirada larga. El rarajipari o carrera de bola, el juego tradicional de los rarámuris, vale por muchas tiradas largas:  es una competición por equipos en la que se corre tras una pelota durante horas, recorriendo distancias que superan en ocasiones los 100 kilómetros.

Las carreras de bola grandes, las de mayor distancia, "tienen una duración de entre 15 y 20 horas para los hombres y entre 8 y 15 horas para las mujeres", explica el antropólogo español Ángel Acuña en un estudio sobre este juego. "Los primeros cubren distancias de entre 100 y 200 km, y las segundas entre 50 y 100 km".

Se juega con "una bola madera, que vas lanzando con tu propio pie", cuenta Mario Ramírez. "Entonces vas tirándola hacia delante para que tu rival no te gane. Hay dos competencias, se apuesta entre las comunidades, a veces dinero, a veces chivas”.

Ramírez, como muchos otros rarámuris, comenzó practicandorarajipari antes de pasar a las carreras de ultrarresistencia. “Corría carreras de bola cuando era joven. Después me llevó mi papá a Guachochi a correr los ultramaratones”, cuenta. En su estudio, el antropólogo Ángel Acuña recoge un principio rarámuri que se aplica a este juego y que también podría ser un resumen de la filosofía de una carrera de ultrafondo: "Quien no aguanta, no vale".

Sigue a Verne México en Facebook, Twitter e Instagram y no te pierdas tu ración diaria de maravillas de Internet. 



Hermanas mayores del Señor General don Porfirio de la Cruz Dìaz Mori.
Envìo a Uds. los registros de bautismo de Victoria Josefa Manuela y de Nicolasa Macedonia Dìaz Mori, hermanas mayores del Señor General don Porfirio de la Cruz Dìaz Mori.

El General Dìaz contrajo primeras nupcias con su sobrina Delfina Ursula Ortega Dìaz, hija de su hermana doña Victoria Josefa Manuela.

Agrego retratos del General don Porfirio Dìaz y de su sobrina y esposa doña Delfina Ursula Ortega Dìaz.  
Fuentes. Family Search. Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los últimos Dìas.
Libro de Bautismos del Sagrario de Oaxaca.  

1149.  Victoria.  
 "En la Ciudad de Antequera Valle de Oajaca a veinte y quatro de Diciembre de mil ochocientos veinte y quatro. Yo el Admor. de las Rs. del  Sagrario bautizè solemnemente a Victoria Josepha Manuela hija de legitimo matrimonio de Joseph Dìaz, y Petrona Mori; nació el dìa anterior fue padrino D. Joseph Mariano Magro le amonestè su obligación y lo firmè con el S.C.S.- Rafael Lazo de la Vega.       Josè Manuel Antonio Pantoja y Muñozcano”.  

751. Nicolaza Macedonia.
“En la Capital del Estado Libre de Oajaca, a doce de Septiembre de mil ochocientos veinte y ocho. Yo el Teniente Bautizè solemnemente, a Nicolaza Macedonia, hija legitima de legìtimo matrimonio de Josè Dìaz, y Petrona Mori; Abuelos paternos, Manuel Diaz, y Catarina Orozco, y Maternos Mariano Mori, y Tecla Cortes, nació el dìa anterior, fuè padrino Dn. Josè Mariano Magro, le amonestè su obligación y lo firmè con el S.C.S.- Luis Castellanos.      Manuel Muñuzuri”.  

Investigò: Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo R. Palmerìn Cordero.
M.H. Sociedad Genealògica y de Historia Familiar de Mèxico y de la Sociedad de Genealogìa de Nuevo Leòn.

 

 


Don Bernardo Torralba 

Hola estimados amigos Genealogistas e Historiadores.

Los días 1º, 2 y 3 del pasado mes de Abril, fuì con mi hija Gloria Marta Palmerìn Pèrez a la Cd. de Puebla, Pue., visitamos varias Iglesias, la primera de ellas fuè la de Santo Domingo, puès en la Iglesia del Convento de Santo Domingo fuè sepultado su ancestro Don Bernardo Torralba el 29 de Julio de 1721.  

Registros investigados por mi esposa Gloria Martha Pèrez Tijerina de Palmerìn, descendiente de Don Bernardo, el genearca de las familias Torralva de Monclova, Mùzquiz,  y otras Ciudades del Estado de Coahuila de Zaragoza y del Noreste de nuestro país, así como de los Estados Unidos de Amèrica;  Don Bernardo fuè el padre de don Bartolomè, quien llegó a la Nueva España a bordo de la Flota del Pintado cuando todavía era un niño,  siendo ya joven, se dirigió al Noreste,  hacia la Villa de Santiago de la Monclova y siguiò las Banderas del Marquez de San Miguel de Aguayo con quien hizo la entrada a la Provincia de Tejas.

 Don Bartolomè Torralva contrajo matrimonio en la Villa de Santiago de la Monclova el 30 de Julio de 1724 con doña Juana de Ecay y Mùzquiz, su hijo del mismo nombre contrajo matrimonio con doña Josepha Eulalia Gonzàlez de Paredes ( ancestros de mi esposa ), al fallecer doña Josepha Eulalia; don Bartolomè contrajo matrimonio con doña Margarita Gomez ( ancestros de  nuestra amiga la Dra. Lety de los Santos Farìas ).

 Los huesos de don Bartolome Torralva fueron sepultados el 14 de Septiembre del año de 1773, en la Yglesia del Valle de Santa Rosa Marìa del Sacramento ( Mùzquiz, Coah. ), era Soldado del Presidio del Sacramento, y lo mataron los indios.  

Libro de defunciones del Sagrario de la Catedral de Puebla de los Angeles, Pue.

================================== ==================================

Bernardo Torralva.

En la Ciudad de los Angeles a veinte y nueve días del mes de Julio de este año de mil setecientos y veinte y uno: se enterro en la Yglesia del Convento de Religiosos de el Señor Santo Domingo, Dn. Bernardo Torralva, Español, casado que fuè con Da. Petronila Fernandez del Campo, naturales de la Ciudad de Cadiz; otorgo poder para testar, ante Dn. Diego de Neyra, Escribano Real y Publico, del numero de esta dha. Ciudad, nombro por sus albaceas, a los Cappnes. Don Miguel Florencio Xerez y a Dn. Anttº. Bustamante, y por herederos a su mujer y sus hijos; recibió los Santos Sacramentos.  

Libro de Matrimonios de la Iglesia de la Villa de Santiago de la Monclova. Monclova, Coah  

En treinta días del mes de Julio de setecientos y veinte, y quatro años, case y vele infacie eclesie por palabras de presente, que hacen verdadero matrimonio a Dn. Bartme. Torralva, y Da. Juana de Ecay, y Musquiz aviendo hecho todas las diligencias dispuestas por el Santo Concilio de Trento. Fueron testigos à dho. Matrimonio los Capitanes Blas de Yruegas Pedro Valdes y Joseph de Ecay y Musquiz que fue padrino con Theresa Flores, y para que conste lo firme. Joseph. Flores.

 Libro de defunciones de la Iglesia del Valle de Santa Rosa Marìa del Sacramento. Mùzquiz, Coah.

 

Bartolomè Thoralba.  

En catorce días del mes de Setiembre del año de mil settecientos settenta y tres en la Yglecia Parrochial de este Balle de Santa Rosa Marìa. Enterrè unos Huesos que dizen ser del Difunto Bartolomè Thoralba Soldado de el Presidio del Sacramento marido que fuè de Margarita Gomez a el qual mataron los indios, se enterrò en el tercer cuerpo de la Yglecia con entierro maior, y porque constte lo firmè.= Jph. Miguel Molano.  
 

Fuentes de los Registros. Family Search. Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los últimos Dìas.  

Transcribo como se encuentra escrito: Tte. Corl. Intdte. Ret. Ricardo R. Palmerìn Cordero.

M.H. Sociedad Genealògìca y de Historia Familiar de Mèxico y Sociedad de Genealogìa de Nuevo Leòn.  

Enviado desde Correo para Windows 10

 

 

CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA

Temple mound of Huaca Prieta by Tom Dillehay
New LDS Indexing Projects on FamilySearch: June 2017 for Souh America Records


 

peru civilisation

 Temple mound of Huaca Prieta.
Tom Dillehay

The site is home to one of the most ancient pyramids in South America. 
  

Peru: Ancient pyramid excavation reveals extremely complex society 15,000 years ago.  Many artifacts and food remains have been recovered at the ancient site.

The ancient civilization that populated the coasts of Peru some 15,000 years ago was more advanced than archaeologists had previously imagined. Ancient artefacts suggest that these people had developed efficient techniques to extract resources from the sea early on.
The site of Huaca Prieta in coastal Peru is home to the earliest pyramid in Latin America. Radiocarbon analyses have revealed traces of human presence in the area between 15,000 and 8,000 years ago, before this large human-made mound was erected. 
Archaeologists have unearthed a multitude of ancient artifacts at the site spanning this period. These objects offer precious clues about the origins and emergence of a complex society in coastal Peru.
 
A study now published in Science Advances, presents the most extensive analysis of these food remains, stone tools (see picture below), and other cultural objects scattered and buried at the site.
 
The findings suggest that early populations at Huaca Prieta used a wide range of strategies to get food, including trapping animals and trading with others for resources.  Simple one-sided stone tools used for cutting and scraping were found at the sites. Researchers estimate they are 13,500 to 15,000 years old.  Tom Dillehay

The latter is evident from the fact that researchers found remains of avocados, beans and possibly cultivated squash and chili peppers. 
Since these species mostly grew in the interior valley and western slopes of the Andes, it is likely that trade exchanges were taking place early on between coastal populations and interior valley populations.
 
The archaeologists note that no bifacial stone tools, harpoons, or fishhooks were recovered at the site, even though these people did collect and eat maritime foods. Thus, they hypothesize that maritime resources were gathered by trapping with nets or clubbing.
 
Local fisherman use nets to catch fish and sharks that were stranded following a storm surge, similar to the way the area’s residents might have 10,000 to 15,000 years ago. 

Hunters build blinds made of reeds staked with dead pelicans in order to attract live pelicans and catch and club them. Early humans living in the area might have used a similar technique 10,000 to 15,000 years ago.
Overall, the data suggests that early communities at Huaca Prieta exploited a great variety of natural resources from their coastal environment. The diverse strategies they used to get food would have minimized threats posed by potential climatic shifts.
 
Together, these behaviors suggest emergence of a complex Peruvian society between 15,000 and 8,000 years ago.
 
"These strings of events that we have uncovered demonstrate that these people had a remarkable capacity to utilize different types of food resources, which led to a larger society size and everything that goes along with it such as the emergence of bureaucracy and highly organized religion," study co-author James Adovasio, from Florida Atlantic University in the US concluded.
 

Sent by John Inclan  fromgalveston@yahoo.com


New Indexing Projects on FamilySearch: June 2017
South America 

SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, 5 June 2017--FamilySearch has published its June 2017 list of historic record collections available for indexing (see table below). If you have not contributed as a volunteer online indexer yet, these new projects might provide the perfect opportunity! This month's indexing projects might also hold "that record" you need to break down another family history brick wall. There are new projects for Australia, Colombia, Ecuador, France, Italy, Peru, and the US. Help us unlock them through indexing. The indexing done by generous online volunteers is what makes historical records easily searchable online for free at FamilySearch. Click on a project of personal interest from the collections list below to see how you can help connect families to their ancestors. Easily find and share this announcement online in the FamilySearch Newsroom

Colombia, Arquidiocesis de Manizales-Registros Parroquiales, 1797-2013 [Parte B]

Colombia

Spanish

Ecuador—Diócesis de Ibarra, Matrimonios, 1714–1959 [Parte A]

Ecuador

Spanish

Perú, Cusco—Registros Civiles, 1889–1997 [Parte 2G]

Peru

Spanish

Perú, La Libertad—Registros Civiles, 1903–1997 [Parte X]

Peru

Spanish

Perú, Puno—Registros Civiles, Defunciones, 1890–2005 [Parte 1I]

Peru

Spanish

 About FamilySearch

FamilySearch International is the largest genealogy organization in the world. FamilySearch is a nonprofit, volunteer-driven organization sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Millions of people use FamilySearch records, resources, and services to learn more about their family history. To help in this great pursuit, FamilySearch and its predecessors have been actively gathering, preserving, and sharing genealogical records worldwide for over 100 years. Patrons may access FamilySearch services and resources free online at FamilySearch.org or through over 5,000 family history centers in 129 countries, including the main Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah.



 

 PHILIPPINES

Why do Spaniards eat late? by Eddie AAA Calderón, Ph.D.
Comments on the word, Ojala 
Aguinaldo y la Independencia de Filipinas 
Militares celebrando el Día de Filipinas  


Why do Spaniards eat late?
by 

Eddie AAA Calderón, Ph.D.

 

================================== ==================================
This is a very interesting article that a member in one of my email discussion fora sent  me which I would like to share to the July, 2017 issue of this magazine. The article  that is reprinted below reminds me of the time zone difference when arriving in a very distant place.  I, along with my countrymates who emigrated to the USA, had experienced this change of time  which affected our sleeping schedules and other activities upon arrival until we became used to it. The Philippines is 15 hours ahead of California and 13 hours for Minnesota, my home state. It took me at least one good night rest to get used to the change of time when I arrived in California after leaving the Philippines in September, 1964. Spain is also 7 hours ahead of Minnesota. The attached article describes and explains the habit of Spaniards from eating late due to the change in time.


I was in Spain for a week during a world tour starting in mid-Spring of 1970. And because I  purchased my breakfast, lunch, and supper on my own time and convenience except when I was with and at times treated by Spaniards whom I met for the first time to a meal and  being invited to an evening party, I was unable to notice their stated habit of eating late described below in the attached article.  My arriving in Spain during a world trip did not affect my sleeping habit and intended tour activity as I landed in Portugal first, and my spending a week there had made me accustomed later to the time change. Spain and Portugal are on the same time zone.

I remember one day when I visited the uncle and aunt of a  University of Minnesota South American student friend whose family emigrated from Madrid, Spain to Quayaquil, Ecuador when he and two younger sisters were children. My visit was a surprise after my U of Minnesota friend who told me to pay them forgot to inform them of my visit.. His relatives from Madrid were happy to meet me and right away served me a nice and hefty course meal though I came unexpectedly  to their abode located at Calle Najera at 3:00 p.m. 

That experience did not provide me opportunity to observe at least one Spaniard family eating late as my Ecuadorian friends' relatives provided me a supper too early on that day. I usually take my supper between 6:00 to 7:00 p.m. The uncle also gave me a very good Spanish wine to drink which kind of made me drowsy and almost intoxicated. My Spanish hosts invited me to stay with them for the duration of my Spanish trip.  I told them, however, that I had my touring schedule already planned. I then thanked them for their offer.

When I left their apartment with the effect of wine consumption that made me still sleepy and part intoxicated, the uncle accompanied me to the bus stop to go back to downtown Madrid where I was staying.  I relayed this experience to my Ecuadorian friend from the University of Minnesota when I came home. I wrote a letter to his uncle and aunt to express my thanks for their superb hospitality upon my return to the USA .   

================================== ==================================
In their response to my letter  they told me to be their guest when I visited Madrid again. We continued writing to each other until God took them with Him to heaven in the early 80's. 

And of course the evening party I was invited by two Spaniards I met while visiting the home of Don Miguel de Cervantes  in Alcalá de Henares, Spain did not give me an opportunity to observe once again the Spaniards eating late as parties in any place in the world can occur any time especially in the evening. I mentioned this evening event in the article Amapola in  

              http://somosprimos.com/sp2015/spdec15/spdec15.htm#THE PHILIPPINES. 

 

My visit to Spain was a very pleasant and interesting journey in which nunca yo pudiera olvidar hasta el fin del tiempo.  My brief stay in Spain has definitely made me remember throughout the years that very beautiful Spanish song entitled Clavelitos.  I learnt this song from the Spanish senior high school students from Ceuta, a Spanish territory in Northern Morocco who spent their school break vacation in Portugal. I happened to be in the same hostel  they stayed which was located in the coastal town of Sintra near Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. They invited me to join them in their daily evening parties and asked me to join them,  which I did, for a pilgrimage to Our Lady of Fatima located 88 miles north of Lisbon, the Portuguese capital.  

 

This is the video rendition of Clavelitos in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ehw6DIertNE  and the lyrics in: in: http://lyrics.wikia.com/wiki/The_Dubliners:Clavelitos


Here is the article entitled.  The real reason why Spaniards eat late.

http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170504-the-strange-reason-spaniards-eat-late?ocid=ww.social.link.facebook

By Jessica Jones
8 May 2017

=================== ===  ==================================

It is 10pm in the Madrid neighbourhood of La Latina, one of the city’s oldest areas, and the cobbled streets thrum with the sounds of people enjoying plates of gambas al ajillo (garlic prawns) and cocido Madrileño (a hearty chickpea, pork and chorizo stew). Restaurants are bustling at an hour when, in most other countries, chefs would be hanging up their aprons for the night.
http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/1600_900/images/live/p0/51/y4/p051y4n8.jpg

While travellers might attribute Spain’s late mealtimes to the country’s laidback Mediterranean attitude, the real reason is a little more peculiar. Spaniards are living in the wrong time zone, and have been for more than 70 years.

Spain goes by Central European Time, putting it in sync with Serbia (Credit: Facto Foto/Getty)


Glance at a map and you’ll realise that Spain – sitting, as it does, along the same longitude as the UK, Portugal and Morocco – should be in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). But Spain goes by Central European Time (CET), putting it in sync with the Serbian capital Belgrade, more than 2,500km east of Madrid.

Spaniards are living in the wrong time zone, and have been for more than 70 years. So why are Spaniards living behind their geographic time zone?  In 1940, General Francisco Franco changed Spain’s time zone, moving the clocks one hour forward in solidarity with Nazi Germany.

For Spaniards, who at the time were utterly devastated by the Spanish Civil War, complaining about the change did not even cross their minds. They continued to eat at the same time, but because the clocks had changed, their 1pm lunches became 2pm lunches, and they were suddenly eating their 8pm dinners at 9pm.

After World War II ended, the clocks were never changed back. However, in 2016, Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy announced that the government was working on a plan to implement a new workday schedule ending at 6pm as opposed to 8pm. One important element of the plan was evaluating the possibility of changing Spain’s time zone from CET to GMT – something that has sparked a heated discussion throughout the country.

http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/1600_900/images/live/p0/51/y4/p051y4jb.jpg

With work days ending at 8pm, Spaniards save their social lives for the late hours. 
(Credit: Stefano Politi Markovina/Alamy)

Being 60 minutes behind the correct time zone means the sun rises later and sets later, bestowing Spain with gloriously long summer evenings and 10pm sunsets. Those who run Spain’s tourist resorts believe that more sunlight is a large draw for visitors. The regional government of the Balearic Islands which include Mallorca, Menorca and Ibiza ? is strongly against returning to GMT and has even campaigned to maintain year-round summer time (CET+1) to allow visitors to take full advantage of the region’s mild winter climate.

But for many Spaniards, living in the wrong time zone has resulted in sleep deprivation and decreased productivity. The typical Spanish work day begins at 9am; after a two-hour lunch break between 2 and 4pm, employees return to work, ending their day around 8pm. The later working hours force Spaniards to save their social lives for the late hours. Prime-time television doesn’t start until 10:30pm.

Meanwhile, in the northwestern region of Galicia, the sun doesn’t rise until after 9am in winter, meaning that residents are starting their day in the dark.

http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/1600_900/images/live/p0/51/y4/p051y4h4.jpg
The time difference results in long summer evenings and 10pm sunsets (Credit: PhotoStock-Israel/Alamy)

“The fact that the time in Spain doesn’t correspond to the sun affects health, especially sleep,” said José Luis Casero, president of the National Commission for the Rationalization of Spanish Schedules, an organisation that has been campaigning for Spain to return to the correct time zone since 2006. “If we changed time zones, the sun would rise one hour earlier and we’d wake up more naturally, meal times would be one hour earlier and we’d get an extra hour’s sleep.”Spaniards have traditionally coped with their late nights by taking a mid-morning coffee break and a two-hour lunch break, giving them the opportunity to enjoy one of the country’s most infamous traditions: the siesta.

It doesn’t fit with reality.

Changing the workday would threaten Spaniards’ customary naptime, although whether or not citizens would mind is still up for debate. A January 2017 study by research company Simple Lógica found that less than 18% of Spaniards nap regularly, while nearly 60% never take a siesta. In fact, business owners in many of the country’s major cities and holiday resorts remain open during the midday break to cater to tourists.Meanwhile, those who do nap express frustration when changes in their daily routine prevent them from sleeping mid-day.

“We should really banish the siesta in Spain because it doesn’t fit with reality,” Casero said. “And with the change of time zone bringing meal times forward and giving us an extra hour of sleep, there would be less need for a rest at midday.”

http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/1600_900/images/live/p0/51/y4/p051y4kx.jpg
Changing the workday would threaten Spaniards’ customary siesta (Credit: Ignacio Perez Diez/Getty)

When it comes down to it, economist Nuria Chinchilla, an expert in work-life balance at the Instituto de Estudios Superiores de la Empresa business school in Barcelona, feels that quality of life for Spaniards is more pressing than preserving an extra hour or two of evening light for tourists.

“We have continuous jetlag,” she said. “Tourism will always be there and tourists don’t care. The number of hours of sunlight will be the same, whether it is an extra hour in the morning or in the evening.”



Mimi, I would like to share with you my response to a comment made by a Filipino in my discussion forum, regarding the word OJALA
================================== ==================================
From: A N frednati@yahoo.com to Eddie Calderon
Subject: Re: My article on the Tagalog expression I love you!!!!

My teacher in Spanish (a million years ago,.. :=) said there is one Tagalog word, sana that has a Spanish equivalent, ojala. He said there is no English equivalent for either term.

What is your own take? 

From some Tagalog song here is a line using the word sana:

"Sana ay bumagon ka, at dumungao man lamang..."

Fred Natividad Posting from historic Virginia =Say nanlapuan lingawen pian antay arapen. =Alamin ang pinang-galingan upang malaman ang paro-roonan. =Know where we had been to guide us where we are going.
From Eddie Calderon to Fred Nati. 

Thanks Fred for your comments.
There is  a corresponding English statement for sana  and ojalá and The English words can be hoping or hopefully, wishing and/or let there be. The word  ojalá   is from the Arabic expression   O Allah  

Spain was an Arab territory and the  Islamic rule in the Iberian peninsula ranged from only 28 years in the extreme northwest (Galicia --bordering Portugal) to 781 years in the area surrounding the city of Granada in the southeast. If you want to read Washington Irving's article written in the 19th century entitled ALHAMBRA you can see literary speaking Spain under the Moroccan rule. Alhambra is in the province of Granada. Do you remember that beautiful song rendered by Mario Lanza entitled GRANADA.

The word  ojalá is a common expression in the Spanish especially from  Latin America.
Thanks Eddie . . . my family, aunts, uncles, grandma and grandpa used the word frequently . . . meaning 'let us hope . . . . .  something good was going to happen . .   concerning lots of future things  . .   Mimi


EMILIO AGUINALDO, 
PRIMER PRESIDENTE FILIPINO, 
SE ARREPINTIÓ DE HABERSE INDEPENDIZADO DE ESPAÑA.

Aguinaldo y la Independencia de Filipinas 
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--6JoQ19Kzrw/WTmaeJDFh0I/AAAAAAAAJhQ/fN36-EpMoK87mBE8jx7r7GkNsDigBUGNgCLcB/s1600/arrepentimiento.jpg

================================== ==================================

VÍCTOR GARCÍA. EL ARREPENTIMIENTO DE AGUINALDO, héroe y primer presidente de Filipinas. Tal fue su arrepentimiento de sublevarse de España que cuando murió el rey viajó a Madrid, se presentó al funeral y dijo:


"
Estoy arrepentido en buena parte  por haberme levantado contra Las Españas [...] bajo Las Españas siempre fuimos súbditos o ciudadanos españoles, pero ahora bajo los EEUU, somos solo un mercado de consumidores, 
cuando no parias." 

Éste no es el único caso al respecto, también otros "libertadores" americanos se arrepintieron tras ver los resultados de su sublevación, pero luego fue tarde.

================================== ==================================
  • Aventuras de la Historia rescata de la hemeroteca la entrevista de BLANCO Y NEGRO de ABC realizada por Luís María Ansón al propio Aguinaldo el 15 de febrero de 1964: http://semanario-filipinas.blogspot.com.es/2011/10/entrevista-con-emilio-aguinaldo-en.html

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo

 

Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) 
General y político Filipino, 
considerado padre de la República de Filipinas.

 

Publicado por VÍCTOR GARCÍA en 12:07 
Enviar por correo electrónicoEscribe un blogCompartir con TwitterCompartir con FacebookCompartir en PinterestEtiquetas: ASIA, CURIOSIDADES, FILIPINAS, GUERRA HISPANO-EE.UU, IMPERIO ESPAÑOL, MONOGRÁFICO,POSESIONES ESPAÑOLAS EN PACÍFICO, PRENSA, S.XIX, S.XX

http://aventurasdelahistoria.blogspot.mx/2017/06/emilio-aguinaldo-el-primer-presidente.html?m=0 

Saludos,  Dr. Carlos Campos y Escalante
campce@gmail.com





Militares celebrando el Día de Filipinas  

http://s.libertaddigital.com/2017/06/12/militares-filipinas120617.jpg   


EFEEl diputado de la Cámara de Representantes de Filipinas y exmilitar golpista Gary Alejano propuso este lunes, con motivo del día nacional, cambiar el nombre del país para "eliminar los vínculos" con España, según informa Efe.

El congresista propuso al Parlamento crear una "comisión de redenominación geográfica" que "estudie la posibilidad y la viabilidad de cambiar el nombre" de Filipinas, según indicó en una nota de prensa, casi cinco siglos después de que los colonizadores españoles dieran nombre por primera vez al archipiélago.

Alejano, exmilitar que fue encarcelado por coorganizar un golpe fallido contra el Gobierno democrático en 2003 y más tarde amnistiado y reconvertido en político, presentó su propuesta coincidiendo con el Día de la Independencia que se celebra con varios actos en Manila y otras ciudades: "Si queremos ser verdaderamente independientes debemos desechar los lazos del colonialismo estableciendo nuestra propia identidad nacional".

Afirmó que "para que nuestro país avance, debemos identificar un nombre que refleje genuinamente nuestras aspiraciones nacionales, que refleje nuestros valores y nuestra autodeterminación".

El diputado lamentó que Filipinas optara por "conservar el nombre asignado por nuestros colonizadores españoles" y argumentó que "otras naciones que anteriormente estaban bajo el yugo colonial recuperaron su antiguo nombre".

En caso de crearse, la comisión propuesta por Alejano estaría compuesta por representantes de los principales organismos de historia y cultura del país, y contaría con un año para completar su trabajo.

119 aniversario de la independencia
Filipinas conmemora este lunes el 119 aniversario de su declaración de la independencia de España el 12 de junio de 1898 proclamada por el general Emilio Aguinaldo, a la postre presidente de la efímera Primera República Filipina que nunca llegó a ser reconocida al apropiarse EEUU de la colonia asiática.

El explorador portugués Fernando de Magallanes declaró la posesión española de las islas en 1521, aunque fue en 1542 cuando el explorador Ruy López de Villalobos bautizó las islas orientales de Leyte y Sámar como "Felipinas" en honor a Felipe II.

La colonización definitiva del archipiélago se inició en 1565 y desde entonces su nombre ha experimentado variaciones hasta el actual "República de Filipinas", que permanece desde la independencia definitiva del país de EEUU en 1946.

http://www.libertaddigital.com/internacional/oriente-medio/2017-06-12/un-diputado-pide-cambiar-el-nombre-
de-filipinas-para-eliminar-los-vinculos-con
    

Dr. Carlos Campos y Escalante campce@gmail.com

Un diputado pide cambiar el nombre de Filipinas para "eliminar los vínculos" con España
Gary Alejano, diputado y exmilitar golpista, propuso al Parlamento crear una "comisión de redenominación geográfica".LD/Agencias2017-06-12  105Compartir561Tuitear


SPAIN

El mexicanísimo traje de charro es de origen..... español naturalmente !
Caballería de Julian Sánchez "el charro"
El Imperio Romano de Oriente . . . A la Muerte de Justiniano 565
Pueblos de Asturias, España
Segóbriga, el tesoro romano que está en La Manch
Medinaceli Family. 
Fact: The voyage of Charles Darwin  occurred 260 years after this remarkable expedition.
Ruy González de Clavijo

Outstanding History of Spain, "Family De Riberas" available on Somos Primos. Compiled through personal family history research by Michael Perez, who traced his roots back to his Jewish heritage, go to:  http://somosprimos.com/michaelperez/michaelperez.htm#rib 

M


El mexicanísimo traje de charro es de origen..... español naturalmente !
De Salamanca, Castilla, España:



 

Caballería de Julian Sánchez "el charro"


Uniforme de la era napoleónica en Salamanca

================================== = ===============

Don Julián Sánchez "el charro"


Julián Sánchez García, el Charro 

(Santiz,1 Salamanca31 de mayo o 1 de junio de 1774 — EtrerosSegovia19 de octubre de 1832
fue un guerrillero y militar español, muy conocido por su participación en la Guerra de la Independencia Española.

 



Monumento sobre la tumba de Julián Sánchez el Charro en la plaza de Herrasti de Ciudad Rodrigo.

Hijo de Lorenzo Sánchez García y de Inés García Arroyo, labradores acomodados. Fue bautizado el 3 de junio de 1774 en Peramato, finca cerca del pueblo de Muñoz, Salamanca. Estudió latinidad con un sacerdote, dedicándose posteriormente a la profesión de sus padres hasta que a los diecinueve años se incorporó al Regimiento de Infantería «Mallorca», siendo enviado a la guerra del Rosellón a las órdenes del general Ricardos. Fue herido cuando estaba enrolado en la flota anglo-española que asediaba Tolón en apoyo de los realistas franceses. Con la caída de Tolón, fue hecho prisionero, recobrando la libertad año y medio después, tras la firma de la paz de Basilea.

Tras ser liberado, participa en la defensa de Cádiz, combatiendo ahora contra los ingleses del almirante Nelson, cayendo herido por la explosión de un proyectil. 
Tras reponerse, se incorporó de nuevo al regimiento «Mallorca» en Mérida. En 1801 estalló la guerra de las Naranjas, en la que tomó parte. Se licenció ese mismo el 1 de diciembre de ese mismo año, regresando a Salamanca, donde contrajo matrimonio con Cecilia Muriel.

.Guerra de la Independencia
Al estallar la guerra de la Independencia, Julián se incorporó al ejército de nuevo, presentándose el 15 de agosto de 1808 en Ciudad Rodrigo para alistarse en el Regimiento de Caballería que la ciudad estaba preparando. Desde el primer momento se empeñó en hacer las cosas a su manera, adoptando el traje y silla de caballista del campo charro, en lugar del uniforme y la silla de ordenanza, que le permitían mayor movilidad y soltura. Cinco días después de alistarse fue nombrado cabo primero y, al mes, sargento. El 13 de febrero de 1809 fue nombrado alférez de Caballería. Entonces inicia sus primeras acciones capitaneando un grupo de 12 lanceros, el grupo «Lanceros de Castilla» (que en vez de lanzas llevan garrochas de campo).

Había una canción de la época que decía:
Cuando Don Julián Sánchez monta a caballo
se dicen los franceses ¡viene el diablo!
Cuando Don Julián Sánchez monta a caballo
dicen los españoles ¡vienen los charros!

Biografía
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_S%C3%A1nchez 
Enviado por Dr. C. Campos y Escalante
campce@gmail.com




El Imperio Romano de Oriente . . .  A la Muerte de Justiniano 565

Justiniano (en latín: Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus; en griego: Tauresium, 
11 de mayo de 483-Constantinopla, 13 de noviembre de 565.  
Fue emperador del Imperio romano de oriente desde el 1 de agosto de 527 hasta su muerte.

 



PUEBLOS DE ASTURIAS, ESPAÑA

El Palacio Schönbrunn y su conexión a México
Have a fun with this information, a list of all the 
cities in Asturias.

https://www.verpueblos.com/asturias/asturias/

Dr. Carlo Campos y Escalante 
campce@gmail.com 

El Palacio de Schönbrunn, también conocido como el Versalles vienés, es uno de los principales edificios históricos y culturales de Austria, desde el siglo XIX ha sido una de las principales atracciones turísticas de la ciudad de Viena y ha aparecido en postales, documentales y diversos filmes cinematográficos.

 


Segóbriga, el tesoro romano que está en La Mancha

 

================================== ==================================
Es una de las ciudades romanas mejor conservadas y uno de los conjuntos arqueológicos más importantes de España

Los visitantes al acceder al parque llegan, en primer lugar, al Centro de Interpretación, donde pueden recorrer su Museo con piezas originales halladas en las excavaciones de la ciudad romana. A continuación, se inicia el recorrido a pie al conjunto arqueológico, en el «Acueducto», siguiendo hacia la «Necrópolis» y la «Basílica Visigoda». Como todas las ciudades romanas, las necrópolis se situaban extramuros, junto a las vías que salían de la ciudad.

La siguiente parada es el «Teatro», uno de los monumentos más sobresalientes de Segóbriga. La «Muralla» y «Puerta Principal», que lleva al «Criptopórtico del Foro y de la Curia». El público llega a las «Termas del Teatro», levantadas en la época de Augusto.
En el lado oriental del foro se construyó una gran «Basílica», un recinto en el que se realizaban grandes operaciones comerciales. A continuación la visita conduce al «Foro», que ha sido el gran descubrimiento arqueológico de las últimas décadas. Ocupaba un gran espacio rectangular al este de la calle principal.

El recorrido continúa en el «Aula Basilical», que sirvió de lugar de reunión y negocios. Las «Termas monumentales» se construyeron en el siglo I de C. y estaban destinadas al baño e higiene, al esparcimiento y negocios.

El itinerario lleva hacia la «Casa del Procurador minero», y al «Anfiteatro», de forma elíptica irregular. Sus 75 metros de largo lo lo hacen uno de los mayores monumentos de Segóbriga, con capacidad para 5.500 espectadores. La arena, a la que se accede por dos grandes puertas, está separada del graderío por un alto «podium» para mayor seguridad.
El recorrido se cierra con el «Circo» y la «Necrópolis». Las excavaciones realizadas entre los años 2004-2008 en la terraza situada al noreste de la ciudad, junto al anfiteatro, han permitido conocer el circo de la ciudad construido a mediados del siglo II.

http://www.abc.es/viajar/destinos/espana/abci-segobriga-tesoro-romano-esta-mancha-201612051758_noticia.html  
Enviado por: campce@gmail.com 


Dear Mimi,
La Casa de Medinaceli ​es una de las de más grande abolengo de España, este es su lugar de origen.  

Medinaceli es un municipio y una villa de la provincia de Soriacomunidad autónoma de Castilla y León, en España.  Es la capital histórica de la comarca de Tierra de Medinaceli, que actualmente tiene como principal núcleo comarcal a Arcos de Jalón.

 

The Ducal Palace (Palacio Ducal) at Medinaceli

(pronounced: [meðinaˈθeli]) is a title of Spanish nobility. The Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, created the title and awarded it to Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega on 31 October 1479. Luis also held the title of 5th Count of Medinaceli, which title was first awarded in 1368 to his ancestor,Bernal de Foix.

 

In 1368, the King of the Crown of Castile bestowed the title "Count of Medinaceli" onBernal de Foix, the second husband of Isabel de la Cerda. Their grandson Luis, 3rd Count of Medinaceli, eventually inherited the title and changed his family name to "de la Cerda." Later on, Queen Isabella I of Castile raised the title from Count to Duke in 1479 for Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega, 5th Count of Medinaceli.

Do look at some of the Surnames who are connected to the Medinaceli Family. 

Source: Click here: Duke of Medinaceli - Wikipedia

 

 


Fact: The voyage of Charles Darwin
 occurred 260 years after this remarkable expedition.

La increíble historia de Francisco Hernández. 1571…la primera expedición científica de la historia moderna

Publicado por  el jun 7, 2016

La increíble historia de Francisco Hernández. 1571…la primera expedición científica de la historia moderna

 

Empresa verdaderamente grande para ponerla en competencia de Alexandro con Aristóteles; y aunque no está tan acabado este trabajo como pudiera, es un más que principio para los que quisieren llevarla al cabo; no es negocio que puedan abarcarlo las fuerzas de un solo hombre. Están estos quince tomos encuadernados hermosamente, fuera de lo que en esta librería es usado, cubiertos y labrados de oro sobre cuero azul, manecuelas, cantoneras y bullones de plata muy gruesos y de excelente labor.
Juan de Siguenza, bibliotecario de El Escorial
 
En la librería, hay una curiosidad de grande admiracion y estima, que es la Historia de todos los Animales y Plantas de las Indias OccidentáIes, con sus mismos nativos colores. El mismo color que el árbol y la yerba tiene en raíz, tronco, ramas, hojas, flores, frutos, el que tienen los animales, las hermosisimas plumas de tantas extrañas aves … cosa de gran deleite y entretenimiento, y digna del ánimo y grandeza del fundador de esta libreria, que encomendó tal empresa al Doctor Francisco Hernández, natural de Toledo, para aumentarla con novedad tan rara» 
“Este doctor se ha prometido muchas veces enviar los libros de esta obra y que nunca lo ha cumplido; que se los forme y los envié  en la primera flota a buen recaudo»
Carta del Emperador Felipe II a Francisco Hernández. México, 20 marzo 1575. 
“A la naturaleza hay que sentirla; quien sólo ve y abstrae puede pasar una vida analizando plantas y animales, creyendo describir una naturaleza que, sin embargo, le será eternamente ajena”. Carta de Humboldt a Goethe del 3 de enero de 1810.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/image14.jpeg
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/image20.jpeg
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/image13.jpeg
Fue posiblemente la primera gran expedición científica del mundo moderno. Ríete tú de las exploraciones del National Geographic y del Attenborough. Aquel tal Francisco Hernández, oriundo de la Puebla de Montalban (Toledo), recorrió tozudamente kilómetros y kilómetros de Terra incógnita para descifrar los secretos botánicos que contenía aquel nuevo continente. Hernández era el primero que llegaba a América con una misión que no era diplomática, ni secreta, ni de estado, ni religiosa, cosa rara en el mundo de entonces. Su misión era total y absolutamente científica.
Era tal la oportunidad que se abría ante él. Y allí que iba, con sus lápices y sus papeles a cuestas, con su hijo mayor Juan, con varios dibujantes, escribientes, algunos curanderos indígenas, mozos de mulas y su poderosa convicción entre cejo y cejo, con pocos mapas y mucha determinación. Después de estudiar Medicina en la Universidad de Alcalá, ejerció su profesión en Torrijos y bregando en los hospitales del Monasterio de Guadalupe, en los que realizó disecciones de cadáveres y se curtía en lo indiano, todo lo que caía en sus manos en aquel centro neurálgico del nuevo mundo que se erigía en las tierras extremeñas. Ante el panorama, Felipe II le rogaba marchase a las Américas con una misión secreta. Era la época de Miguel Servet y Hernández se codeaba con lo más granado de la intelectualidad de la época.  Había que ver si en El Dorado también podrían encontrar el elixir de la “eterna juventud” o los males a las miles y purulentas enfermedades que asolaban desde hacía siglos las pétreas ciudades y los campos de Europa. Era menester y prioritario. A ver si entre tanta baya, arbusto y raíces podían encontrar remedios a muchos e importantes problemas.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/image6.jpeg
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/image10.jpeg
Sus contemporáneos eran nada más y nada menos que Andrés Vesalio, Juanelo Turriano, Juan de Herrera y Benito Arias Montano. Casi nada. Repóker de ases, sin lugar a dudas de una época apasionante. Con ellos discutía, comentaba, buscaba libros y les pedía consejo sobre tal o cual cosa. De aquel elenco de pensadores de vanguardia no podía salir salvo algo bueno, representaban el más fiel termómetro de la España del momento. La metrópoli del mundo. Ya por aquel entonces se las manejaba al mejor estilo naturalista, pateándose, viéndoselas con el tomillo y el espliego de las sierras andaluzas. Se ocupó del jardín botánico de los hospitales de Guadalupe, observando cómo podían curar y vivificar. De la naturaleza de algunas sierras extremeñas, el gusto por el monte y la selección, el pateo y el olfateo, lo cual vendría muy bien para lo que le esperaba en América. Hernández tradujo y realizó unos amplios y ajustados comentarios científicos en castellano a una de las obras más influyentes en el conocimiento de la naturaleza en el siglo XVI europeo; la Historia natural de Plinio y Teofrasto.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/3308516.jpg
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/dibujos-anatomia-vesalio.jpg
Planificando la aventura en terra incognita
¿Qué debía hacer en el territorio americano?. Su misión era preguntar a los médicos y en general a todas aquellas personas, españolas o indias, que supieran algo de las propiedades medicinales de las plantas de ese territorio americano; debía escribir una relación de los vegetales de uso medicinal y tenía que informar sobre la forma de cultivarlos y especialmente de conservarlos y traerlos a toda costa a Europa. Científico reputado y cortesano, a los 56 años de edad, recibe el pase para América, así como la responsabilidad de organizar la primera gran expedición científica al Nuevo Mundo para realizar el estudio mas completo de las plantas medicinales de la época. Imagínense. Aquello, lo de viajar a la América recién descubierta, como recientemente nos decía José María Lancho, debía ser como viajar a la luna, como si fueran los ecos de la última frontera conocida. Un nuevo continente daba mucho de sí a la hora de descubrir. Toda una oportunidad. En este contexto, en el que se encuentran  tres millares de plantas mexicanas por parte de Hernández, sus resultados de búsqueda y pateo incesante de los páramos americanos. Significaba una ruptura total con el pasado, una puerta abierta al futuro. Aquellos nombres en náhuatl y otros idiomas amerindios significaban una savia nueva para el conocimiento ancestral y cuasi medieval de las especies botánicas y sus remedios medicinales.  Una ciencia, la medicina que surgía luminosamente buscando nuevos caminos tras las brumas del medioevo.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/image19.jpeg
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/image15.jpeg
 
El mayor laboratorio de destilación del mundo
Debió ser impresionante. Al menos las fuentes nos hablan de lo fabuloso y fantástico que resultaba, del enorme esfuerzo que supuso levantar todo aquello en El Escorial. El laboratorio de «destilación» anejo a la botica del Escorial estaba dotado de un magnífico equipo que esperaban aquellas plantas. En su Historia de la Orden de San Jerónimo, allá por 1605, José de Sigüenza expone como aquello fue construido por iniciativa personal de Felipe II y habla con admiración de los aparatos instalados en sus once habitaciones; «con que se hacen mil pruebas de la naturaleza y que con la fuerza del arte del fuego y otros medios e instrumentos descubren sus entrañas y secretos”.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/image16.jpeg
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/image11.jpeg
Su testimonio es el de un profano que ve «pruebas de cosas maravillosas», que resultaba claro que allí se obtenían «quintaesencias y aceites», se preparaban y destilaban de muy diferentes vegetales y minerales, así como preparados alquímicos, entre ellos, el llamado «oro potable». Todo aquello suponía una auténtica revolución biológica, medica y farmacéutica. Parecida es la actitud de Jerónimo de Sepúlveda«¿A quién no admiran aquellas máquinas tan grandes de sacar aguas por vidrios?. Toda aquella factoría de destilación, aquellas calderas y alambiques, probetas y demás placebos alimentarían el inconsciente colectivo sobre los descubrimientos, incluso alquimistas, durante siglos. Se trataba de aquel gabinete misterioso, aquel taller y laboratorio del Escorial. En 1587, el mismo año de la muerte de Hernández, apareció la primera edición del libro de Francisco Valles, en la que su autor se refirió en términos muy generales e imprecisos a la expedición y a la Historia de las plantas de Nueva España, en relación con los jardines reales: «Felipe II, mi señor, ha gastado mucho dinero para que se traigan remedios medicamentosos de América y del resto del mundo y para que se cultiven en jardines plantas medicinales, así como para que se realicen estudios sobre la historia natural americana».
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/felipe_ii.jpg
El rey del mundo necesita encontrar nuevos remedios, nuevas medicinas.
La auténtica impaciencia del rey por ver los resultados de la labor de Hernández en su importante misión, hizo que en agosto enviara dos órdenes casi consecutivas a su oficiales en Sevilla para que «enviáseles a esta corte las cajas en que vienen los libros que envía el Dr. Francisco Hernández … y las cajas vengan a muy buen recaudo y de manera que allá no se abran en manera alguna ni que en el camino se puedan desclavar». Como si se tratase de una película de aventuras, el rey manda a unos expedicionarios a tierras lejanas y está impaciente por ver los resultados. La imagen, en el puerto americano, estibando decenas y decenas de cajas provistas de aquella colosal expedición científica debió ser proverbial. Hernández tenia que soportar las prisas y premisas del monarca, no debía ser poca la cosa. Por esas fechas Felipe II no podía firmar con facilidad ya que sufría una fuerte artritis que le paralizaba la mano derecha. El gran monarca del mundo entraba la década de los setenta con un aspecto envejecido por las responsabilidades, por el trabajo diario y algunas de sus múltiples enfermedades que lo minaban. El futuro y la ciencia formaba parte de la solución al problema.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/arias-montano-icones-veterum-aliquot-ac-recentium-medicorum-1574.jpg
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/1543-Vesalio-251.jpg
Eran unos 70, los médicos de cámara que estaban pendientes diariamente del Emperador. Catedráticos de Alcalá o de Valladolid, con personajes como  el famoso licenciado Mochales, médico del hospital real de Santiago o Francisco de Cocarrubias a su continua sombra. Una medicina aún antigua, que funcionaba bajo el influjo de Dioscórides, a base de remedios preparados en botica en forma de jarabes, píldoras, ungüentos y emplastes. Y por supuesto, las famosas y dolorosas sangrías. De ahí, pasábamos al aceite de Láudano o la tritura de perlas o el aceite de vitriolo, todas estas extraídas de plantas naturales. De ahí que por allí pululasen Luis de LeónFrancisco Holleue o Juan Vicencio, maestros en destilación obtenían plantas para experimentar, germinar, sembrar y estudiar en los alrededores de los palacios de El Escorial, Aranjuez o Segovia. Es en este contexto donde se entiende perfectamente el secreto e importante misión que tenía Francisco Hernández en América. Y junto a él, muy cerca un personaje muy curioso llamado Fragoso. Personaje que bebe del manantial de  Paracelso y que confesó haber leído su cirugía. Con continuas alusiones a Falopio o a Gesner, Fragoso por aquel entonces ya era un gran conocedor de las drogas asiáticas y su relación con las plantas que los Españoles extraían y traían por las rutas marítimas de las Indias Orientales.  Su estela influiría notablemente en la botánica del momento. Un manual, “Emfermedades contagiosas y la preservación de ellas”, de 1569, crucial para que Felipe II mandase encontrar plantas medicinales a toda costa. ¿Y si en América se encontrase las soluciones a todos esos males?.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/anatomia-antiguavesalio.jpg
Y a toda costa se convirtió en una gran aventura, una de esas que se torna irrepetible en la vida. A ello se empeñó Francisco en cuerpo y alma. Sin lugar a dudas hizo «el estudio de su vida». Hoy en día sería una de esas grandes expediciones publicadas a lo largo y ancho del planeta. En su momento, la ardua labor del Toledano, supuso una epopeya épica. Su saber y entender le dejó bien claro que la fauna y la flora debía ir unida en su estudio del descubrimiento de aquel nuevo continente. Junto a su impresionante herbolario, viajarían en las bodegas de los galeones las descripciones de 400 animales incluyendo mamíferos, ovíparos, insectos, reptiles y 35 minerales usados en medicina. En algunos casos viajaban por mar incluso las propias pruebas vivas. Al mejor estilo Darwin en el “Beagle”, con la única diferencia que paradójicamente la del británico fue la que pasaría a la historia y esta se produciría casi tres siglos después. Nada más y nada menos que siglos después como luego veremos.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/image24.jpeg
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/image21.jpeg
Los resultados son impresionantes, a priori se le debe a Francisco Hernández, el descubrimiento occidental de la piña, el maíz, el cacao, las granadinas, el achiote, ají o chili, la datura estramonium, el maracuyá, tabaco y el peyote. Hernández identificó las aves en su nombre Náhualt a partir de los cuales es posible clasificarlas. Su obra, que comenzó siendo una expedición para buscar nuevos remedios «medicinales», terminó siendo la enciclopedia de historia natural más importante del mundo sobre América. Todo un legado, que hoy en día, definiríamos, como único. Y tuvo unas consecuencias singulares.

El empeño de Hernandez por la gran obra naturalista

Hemández reiteró su promesa, indicando que eran dieciséis los volúmenes que iba a remitir y que se enviarían prontamente. El envío se hizo finalmente en la última semana de marzo de 1576, hecho sobre el que informaron al monarca casi simultáneamente el virrey Henríquez de Almansa, los oficiales reales de México y el propio expedicionario. “Entregados tengo a los oficiales reales, para que envien a V.M. con el armada que al presente está para partir, diez y seis cuerpos de libros grandes de la Historia Natural de esta tierra», decía éste en su carta. Y volvía, posiblemente tras terminar o al menos dejar medio terminada aquella impresionante obra de arte; «No he respondido a la carta de V.S. esperando se acabase primero la del Libro de los animales de las Indias, el cual no he dexado de las manos un solo día hasta acabarle». Tras elliber unus, relativo a los cuadrúpedos, se transcriben los de las aves, reptiles, insectos y animales acuáticos y, por último, el de los minerales.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/image22.jpeg
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/image23.jpeg
«No van tan limpios, ni tan limados, o tan por orden (ni ha sido posible) que no deban esperar la última mano antes que se impriman, en especial que van mezcladas muchas figuras que se pintaban como se ofrecían». la fechada el 31 de marzo de 1574 decía, por ejemplo: «Yo he andado casi un año cuarenta leguas a la redonda de México por diversos temples de tierras … en la cual peregrinación acabé y mejoré casi siete volúmenes de plantas pinctadas y otro de muchos linajes de animales peregeinoa, sin [contar] otros dos volúmenes que vinieron en esquizos o pinturas pequeñas». Un apasionado por hacer correctisimamente su trabajo. Su obsesión por el detalle, le lleva hasta a elegir las cajas de colores, el color exacto de las vayas, los plumajes carmesís y cobaltos de las aves. La Historia de las plantas de Nueva España, en la versión latina que Francisco Hernández envió a Felipe II desde México en 1576, estaba compuesta por un texto de 893 páginas y por un elevado número de pinturas que ocupaban la mayor parte de las 2.250 destinadas a las ilustraciones.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/image7.jpeg
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/image9.jpeg
En concreto, había 2.071 páginas dedicadas a imágenes de plantas, frente a 179 con figuras relativas al estudio de los animales y a otros textos hernandinos, principalmente a las Antigüedades. Así lo explicaba el propio autor, como ya hemos visto, en su carta al rey fechada el 24 de marzo de 1576: «Van mezcladas muchas figuras que se pintaban como se ofrecían, las cuales pertenecen y se han de pasar a la Historia y Antigüedades…». Por otra parte, en esta misma carta le decía que «algunas cosas van debujadas dos o más veces, o por no mirarse en ello, o por mejorarse la pintura o por pintarse en diversas tierras y edades». Francisco se entregó en cuerpo y alma a su trabajo. Cumplió con creces el deber a su rey y en su enfoque naturalista, curiosamente lo hizo con una visión tremendamente actual, moderna, desarrollándola desde una amplia perspectiva de naturalista y no como una mera contribución aplicada a la materia médica: «No es nuestro propósito -afirmó explícitamente- dar cuenta sólo de los medicamentos, sino reunir la flora y componer la historia de las cosas naturales del Nuevo Mundo, poniendo ante los ojos de nuestros coterráneos, y principalmente de nuestro señor Felipe, todo lo que se produce en esta”. Y a bien que lo hizo.
El compendio de historia natural, una forma de dibujar el mundo
“De los borradores y rascuños que se pintaron en los campos, discurriendo por soledades y desiertos, se adornaron lienzos de pinturas que están en la galería y aposento de Su Majestad en San Lorenzo el Real». Las moradas más íntimas de uno de los señores del mundo estuvieron decoradas con los nuevos dibujos que mandaba traer de las nuevas especies de las Indias. El omphalos desde el que se impulsaban las directrices del imperio estaban presentes las maderas, fauna y flora del futuro. Hasta  su regreso a la península ibérica en 1577Franxisxo, residió en la ciudad de México ocupado en ordenar los materiales recopilados, realizar experimentos sobre las propiedades terapéuticas de los vegetales y reordenarse, redactar y compilar de manera definitiva su trabajo en los últimos años. La Expedición Botánica a Nueva España no era un hecho aislado, formaba parte de la historia, de un panorama político determinado y de una evolución científica en las que se realizaba el diagnóstico de un nuevo horizonte. De esta manera, la historia, la política y el arte están íntimamente ligados en el estudio de Francisco, tal y como hicieron posteriormente el Marques de la Condomine francés en 1751, el sueco Pehr Loefling en 1757 o el inglés James Cook en el siglo XVIII o el mismo Darwin en el XIX. Con una importante y singular diferencia.  La historia porque es evidente que hablamos de una época pasada; la política porque España construía o dibujaba un imperio en el mundo, pero en el caso del Español de forma pionera varios siglos antes. Una consecuencia de extraordinario valor de futuro.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/Francisco-Hernandez-volumen.jpg
Con el descubrimiento del Nuevo Mundo, las expediciones científicas a América se inician en España a lo largo del siglo XVI y tienen estas maravillosas consecuencias para el mundo conocido.  Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, José de Acosta y Bernabé Cobo son un buen ejemplo de ello. Podríamos haber contado con cualquiera de ellos una historia parecida. En vez de México, el escenario podrían haber sido las tierras del Perú, Antillas, Guatemala y Venezuela. Conquistadores, frailes, cronistas y viajeros del Nuevo Mundo escribirán sus relatos de la naturaleza y los nuevos hombres, que pisan aquellas tierras envían informes para España. El simple hecho de imaginar el ambiente de incertidumbre, desconocimiento, mitos y rumores, realidades y miles y miles de kilómetros de naturaleza virgen se hace apasionante. Paradójicamente, los ritmos, los ciclos de la historia fluyen lentos, acompasados y la abundante información que se produce a lo largo del siglo XVI no tiene demasiada repercusión en el viejo continente, pero poco a poco se irán integrando los productos naturales americanos en la alimentación, farmacopea e incluso en la industria y artesanía europea.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/jose-de-siguenza.jpg
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/jose-de-siguenza1.jpg
La primera descripción de los volúmenes de Hernández fue por parte de José de Sigüenza, bibliotecario del Escorial de Felipe II, en su Historia de la Orden de San Gerónimo escrita en 1605. En la misma nos deja bien claro el valor de la obra del Toledano, su terrible viveza y actualidad :«Hay una curiosidad de gran estima, digna del ánimo y grandeza del fundador de esta librería. Esta es la historia de todos los animales y plantas que se han podido ver en las Indias Occidentales, con sus mismos nativos colores. El mismo color que el árbol y la yerba tiene, en raíz, tronco, ramas, hojas, flores, frutos. El que tiene el caimán, el araña, la culebra, la serpiente, el conejo, el perro y peces con sus escamas; las hermosísimas plumas de tantas diferencias de aves, los pies y el pico … cosa que tiene sumo deleite y variedad en mirarse, y no pequeño fruto para los que tienen por oficio considerar la naturaleza, y lo que Dios ha criado para medicina del hombre, y las obras de la naturaleza tan varias y admirables. El mismo color que el árbol o la yerba. El caimán, la culebra o las hermosísimas lumas de las aves… Sin lugar a dudas los colores del naturalista tuvieron que causar un gran impacto en su momento. Leerlo en la actualidad es todo un deleite.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/Hdez-portada-31.jpg
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/Francisco_Hernández_1615_Quatro_libros_de_la_naturaleza_y_virtudes_de_las_plantas_y_animales.png
Encomendó el rey está aventura al doctor Francisco Hernández, natural de Toledo, hombre docto y diligente, que, como dice en un proemio, pasando en Indias muchas penalidades y esfuerzos en poco más de cuatro años. “Con el buen orden que puso y con no descansar lo que se le había encargado y con los recados y poderes que el rey llevaba, escribió quince libros grandes de folio, en que dió, como narran las fuentes, grande noticia de todo lo que hemos dicho. De suerte que en unos puso la figura, forma y color del animal y de la planta, partiéndolo como mejor pudo, y en otros, a quien cada cosa, las calidades, propiedades y nombres de todo, conforme a 10 que de aquella gente bárbara y de los españoles que allá han vivido, nacido y criándose pudo colegir; sacando unas veces por el discurso, otras por buenas conjeturas, la razón de lo que buscaba, ansí en los nombres, como en calidades, virtudes y usos, según 10 había aquella gente probado. Hizo fuera de estos quince tomos, otros dos por sí: el uno es el índice de la plantas”…
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/armadillo-de-indias.jpg
A Su Majestad finalmente le fueron entregadas plantas vivas, simientes, raíces, herbarios, pieles, plumas, animales disecados, minerales, pinturas de animales y vegetales y treinta y ocho volúmenes con textos y dibujos. Hernández quería transcribir toda la información que poseía sobre toda la naturaleza que había estudiado y por ello manifestó su disgusto con la idea real, exclusivamente práctica, de redactar un manual de fármacos.
Tanto esfuerzo al olvido…
Cuando regresó a España, a finales de 1577, desconocemos porque no consiguió publicar su Historia Natural de Nueva España. Lo que si hizo de inmediato es presentar su elaborado memorial a Felipe II donde daba cuenta de la labor realizada durante esos siete años. Puntilloso hasta el extremo en su trabajo, el explorador reconocía la necesidad de una revisión y puesta en orden de sus materiales antes de proceder a su edición. ¿Cuales serían las expectativas de Felipe II con la obra de Hernández?. Algo debió ocurrir, pues en 1580 ordenó que el médico napolitano Nardo Antonio Recchi redujese una copia del trabajo de Hernández a cuanto se refiere a usos médicos y los escribiese en estilo sencillo. ¿Qué buscaba realmente Felipe II con aquella interpretación del Toledano?. ¿Y con aquel compendio?. Máxime cuando la obra que utilizarían y el reconocimiento que darían los naturalistas europeos tiempo después se debería al Español.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/rerummedicarumno00hern_0230.jpg
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/rerummedicarumno00hern_0179.jpg
La Historia Natural de Hernández, no fue editada sino doscientos años después. Tanto esfuerzo, tantos anhelos quedaban en el olvido, pero como tantas otras obras importantes en la historia de la humanidad, el conocimiento riguroso tendría su efecto. Tras la reelaboración de Recchi del estudio de Hernández, el nuevo compendio se depositaría en El Escorial, con la mala suerte que sufriría un aparatoso incendio. El manuscrito sería reutilizado, y publicado por Francisco Ximénez, dominico mexicano del hospital de Oaxtepec, que hizo algunas modificaciones y agregados a la obra. La copia del manuscrito que se llevó Recchi de vuelta a Nápoles, con su cuerpo de ilustraciones, también sería utilizada en 1603 por la recién creada Academia di Lincei, que inició su publicación junto con otros trabajos y comentarios añadidos, e impulsada a última hora por el español Alfonso Turriano, negociante en Italia. Todo aquello vería la luz definitiva en 1651. Como podría imaginar Hernández las vueltas que daría su obra.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/el-escorial-Real-Biblioteca-2.jpg
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/incendio-del-escorial.jpg
Y no se quedó ahí la cosa. El naturalista Español conservó en su poder copias y borradores de sus trabajos. Un borrador de su Historia Natural pasó en algún momento a manos de los jesuitas y al Colegio Imperial de Madrid, y en el siglo XVIII, con motivo de la expulsión de los jesuitas del territorio español, renació el interés por las obras del naturalista, recuperándose or otro lado ara para la ciencia. La obra de Francisco Hernández en Nueva España, el redescubrimiento del manuscrito y una selección de especies a partir de su ingente trabajo fue motor y parte de la actividad científica recuperada en España en el siglo XVIII, e inspiró en cierta medida una de las expediciones de naturalistas a América que caracterizaron ese período, la llamada Expedición  a Nueva España de Sessé y Mociño, le debe su sustrato al Toledano. Sin detenernos en esta cuestión, indicaremos únicamente que la semilla de Hernández despertó sumo interés entre científicos españoles de primer rango, como Juan de Herrera, Francisco Valles y José de Acosta, así como el existente en los ambientes en torno a las principales cabezas europeas del estudio de las plantas “exóticas” o “peregrinas”: el italiano Ulises Aldrovandi y el flamenco Carolus Clusius.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/600_10.jpg
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/DIBUJOS-DE-LA-FLORA-NOVOHISPANA.jpg
La primera noticia procedente de la obra de Hernández que llegó a ser impresa la publicó Fabio Colonia en su Phytobasanos (1592). El primer texto hernandiano impreso fue el Index medicamentorum Novae Hispaniae, apareciendo traducido al castellano como apéndice del tratado de medicina que Juan de Barrios publicó en la ciudad de México el año 1607. También se imprimió en México la primera edición del compendio de Recchi. La publicaría en 1615 traducida al castellano, con el título de ”Quatro libros de la naturaleza y virtudes de las plantas y animales que estan recevidos en el uso de la Medicina en la Nueva España”, el lego dominico Francisco Ximénez.
Dos siglos después, la botánica de Francisco Hernández resurge..
Como hemos visto, el rigor científico de Hernández tuvo al final su recompensa. El inicio de la asimilación en Europa de las aportaciones de la Historia de las plantas de Nueva España puede situarse en la labor de Jan de Late, director de la Compañía Holandesa de las IndiasOccidentales. Tanto trasiego de plantas y de mercancias oor las rutas de intercambio tiene estas cosas, que hay gente que se interesa por esto u por aquello. Fue el punto de partida de una larguísima serie de obras que citaron, resumieron o reprodujeron descripciones del naturalista Español, en su práctica totalidad procedentes de la Historia Naturae, de Nieremberg, y, sobre todo, de la edición romana de la selección de Recchi. Entre dichas obras se encuentran los títulos de mayor relieve de la botánica y la materia médica prelinneana, como el de Robert Morison (1699), de Joseph Pitón de Tournefort (1700), de Étienne François Geoffroy (1741) y, sobre todo, Historia plantarum 1686-1704) de John Ray, considerada esta última uno de los grandes hitos de la historia de la Botánica y en donde el autor hace justicia poética y sobre todo, científica al recordar profusamente la labor de Francisco Hernández siglos atrás. Podría ser que el monarca prudente no valorase lo suficiente aquella obra ingente. La historia, como estamos viendo, si lo hizo.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/John-Ray-Botanist.jpg
Cuando murió Recchi, sus herederos vendieron su trabajo a un gran mecenas de la cultura, el príncipe Federico Cesi, uno de los pioneros de la utilización de la sistemática vegetal y la personalidad más influyente de la Academia dei Lincei. Se redactó entonces el Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus, o lo que es igual, “Tesoro de las cosas medicinales de Nueva España”, conocido por el mundo científico, a partir de entonces, como “El Hernández”…su influjo, a modo del mito del eterno retorno, cerraba el circulo, además con un título sugerente y descriptivo de la verdadera obra que forjó. La obra fue editada entre 1630 y 1651, muchos años después de la muerte del médico-naturalista español, acaecida en 1587.
Debido a sus modernos planteamientos, la influencia de Hernández en la botánica fueron enormes y sobre todo, el valor de ser el autor de la primera expedición científica de la historia moderna. Figuras de la botánica, citaron  de años posteriores citaron con profusión su obra y reprodujeron en sus propios textos muchos fragmentos escritos por el naturalista español; en este sentido podemos citar los escritos de figuras como Ray, Jussieu, Tournefort e incluso Linneo. Finalmente, uno de los aspectos más destacados de la impresionante labor hernandiana es el de haber sido responsable de la introducción en la farmacia europea de algunos importantesremedios vegetales. Toda una gesta científica que ahora recordamos en espejo de navegantes y que también pueden disfrutar enormemente con el CSIC y su profesor José Pardo Tomás o Jose María López Piñero, que nos cuentan maravillosamente bien su historia en “Francisco Hernández; protomédico” o en la influencia del doctor en la Constitución botánica de la era moderna. También, a pesar del olvido que existe sobre aquella epopeya científica que construyeron históricamente, también en ocasiones los científicos Españoles ahora les recuerdan. LA epopeya de Francisco Hernández se lo merece.
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/files/2016/06/sheila-terry-bernard-de-jussieu-french-botanist.jpg
El 26 de junio de 1575, «por mandado del Rey Don Filippe nuestro señor, entregó a Hernando de Beibiseca,  el guadajoyas de S.M…. así como la librería real de S. M. a la biblioteca del Escorial”. Por el testamento de Hernández, redactado en mayo de 1578, sabemos que «los XVI cuerpos de libros de yerbas e animales de las Indias … Su Majestad los tenía en sus guarda”.

​Enviado por Dr. C. Campos y Escalante
http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/2016/06/07/la-increible-historia-de-francisco-hernandez-
1571-la-primera-expedicion-cientifica-de-la-historia-moderna/#.V1aqcgCoovo.twitter
    



Otro explorador español desconocido por el mundo visita al gran Tamerlán

Ruy González de Clavijo, el 'Marco Polo madrileño'


Ruy González de Clavijo, el 'Marco Polo madrileño' que visitó al Gran Tamerlán. Fruto de este viaje plasmado en el libro "Embajada a Tamorlán" se creó un barrio en Samarcanda con un curioso nombre: "Madrid"Álvaro AnulaÁlvaro Anula

SEGUIR  Editado por Nero Wolffe Publicado el:9 junio 2017 González de Clavijo, el 'Marco Polo madrileño'. 
Un barrio de la mítica Samarcanda, en la lejana Uzbekistán, deja perplejos a todos los visitantes por llevar un nombre sorprendente: Madrid.

Para conocer el origen de esta denominación hay que remontarse a la Edad Media, cuando el Gran Tamerlán dominaba toda Asia Central. El emperador turco-mongol uno de los personajes más importantes de la #Historia de Asia, nombró a una ciudad igual que el lugar donde nació Ruy González de Clavijo, un personaje que ha caído en el olvido y que sin embargo sus aventuras están a la altura del mismísimo Marco Polo.

Ruy González de Clavijo era el camarero de Enrique III de Trastámara. Su vida había corrido sin sobresaltos en una vivienda de la Plaza de la Paja, donde una placa hoy en día le recuerda.

Pero un día recibió del monarca un encargo que sorprendió al propio Ruy, #Viajar nada más y nada menos que a la corte del Gran Tamerlán en Samarcanda.

De estas tierras habían venido hacía poco Hernán Sánchez de Palazuelos y Payo Gómez de Sotomayor, que habían mostrado su respeto al conquistador turco-mongol que inició la dinastía timúrida. Había que reforzar las relaciones con el Gran Tamerlán ya que sus victorias en Angora (Ankara) y en los Balcanes, bajaron los ánimos invasores del imperio otomano liderado por el sultán Beyazid I.

Ruy González de Clavijo partió desde el Puerto de Santamaría el 22 de mayo de 1403. Tras cargar víveres en Málaga, Ibiza y Mallorca, se dispuso a adentrarse en tierras inhóspitas como haría Marco Polo. Antes de llegar a Samarcanda pasó por ciudades como Roma, Roda o Constantinopla entre otras.

Todas sus aventuras quedaron reflejadas en su crónica del viaje Embajada de Tamorlán.

La expedición llegó a su destino el 8 de agosto de 1404, siendo recibidos con una calurosa bienvenida organizada por el Gran Tamerlán, quien calificó a Enrique III como "su hermano".

Ruy González de Clavijo y sus acompañantes estuvieron prácticamente tres meses en Samarcanda, donde no les faltaron ni privilegios ni bacanales. Durante esta estancia es el momento en el cual el Gran Tamerlán decide fundar una nueva ciudad bajo el nombre de "Madrid" en honor a Ruy González de Clavijo. Antes de partir otra vez hacia Castilla, vieron cómo el caudillo timúrida abandonó sus territorios para conquistar China; nunca volvería ya que murió rumbo a estas tierras.

El regreso a Castilla no fue fácil. Se sobrepusieron a un secuestro en Persia y recibieron la trágica noticia de la muerte del Gran Tamerlán. La comitiva llegó el 24 de marzo de 1406 a Alcalá de Henares, donde esperaba Enrique III. Después del periplo, Ruy González de Clavijo es nombrado chambelán del rey hasta que el aventurero madrileño falleció en el año 1412.

Sus restos se encuentran en la Basílica de San Francisco el Grande de Madrid, que recuerda a un madrileño que no tiene nada que envidiar a Marco Polo. En su honor, hoy en día hay un barrio en Samarcanda llamado Motrit ya que la ciudad fundada por el Gran Tamerlán fue absorbida con el tiempo y se convirtió en un barrio. #Política

http://es.blastingnews.com/ocio-cultura/2017/06/ruy-gonzalez-de-clavijo-el-marco-polo-madrileno-que-visito-al-gran-tamerlan-001762887.html

 

Ruy González de Clavijo
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruy_Gonzalez_de_Clavijo.JPG 

Ruy González de Clavijo (fallecido el 2 de abril de 1412) fue un embajador del rey castellano Enrique III, quien le encomendó una embajada ante la corte del Gran Kan Tamerlán con la intención de crear una alianza para guerrear contra los turcos otomanos.

Biografía
Cuenta Gonzalo Argote de Molina en el discurso preliminar que antepuso a su edición de la Embajada de Ruy González de Clavijo que el monarca castellano Enrique III (1390 - 1406) había recibido confusas noticias sobre las victorias del rey tártaro Tamorlán (Tamerlán el Grande) contra la pesadilla de la Cristiandad, el sultán turco Bayaceto o Bayezid I, quien había derrotado en la batalla de Nicópolis (28 de septiembre de 1396) al rey húngaro cristiano Segismundo (1368-1437) y a los cruzados (franceses y valacos principalmente) que se le habían unido. Así pues, envió una primera embajada compuesta por los caballeros Payo o Pelayo de Sotomayor y Fernando de Palazuelo a los dominios de Tamerlán para verificar sus victorias y granjearse la amistad del célebre conquistador mogol. Ellos presenciaron in situ la famosa batalla de Angora, en la que el Gran Kan derrotó al sultán y lo hizo prisionero, falleciendo Bayaceto al poco en 1403. Recibidos por Tamerlán, este le entregó una amistosa carta dirigida al rey castellano y los devolvió a la Península ibérica acompañados por un embajador mogol -Mohamad Alcagí- y dos damas españolas (doña Angelina de Grecia y doña María Gómez) rescatadas del cautiverio en que las mantenía el derrotado sultán otomano.1

Enrique III correspondió enviando una segunda embajada con delicados presentes y regalos compuesta por su noble camarero, Ruy González de Clavijo, junto con el guardia real Gómez de Salazar (que murió en Nishapur durante el viaje el 26 de julio de 1404) y un maestro de teología, el religioso fray Alonso Páez de Santa María. Para ello siguieron la ruta comercial habitual, partiendo del Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) el 22 de mayo de 1403; luego de arribar a Málaga, Ibiza y Mallorca, cargaron víveres y pertrechos en Gaeta y visitaron Roma, Rodas, Quíos y Constantinopla, pasando el invierno en Pera (actual Beyoglu). Después entraron al mar Negro y alcanzaron Trebisonda, desembarcaron y prosiguieron el viaje por tierra a través de los actuales Turquía, Irak e Irán y las ciudades de Zigana, Torul, Erzincan, Erzurum, Surmari, Ararat, Maku, Khoy, Tabriz, Miyana, Zanyán, Sultaniyya, Teherán, Simnan, Firuzcuh, Damghan, Jajarm, Nishapur, Andkhoy, Balkh, Tirnidh y Kish y, ya en la Gran Bukaria (actual Uzbekistán), alcanzaron su capital, Samarcanda, que albergaba la corte de Tamerlán, por entonces casi septuagenario y ya gravemente enfermo, el 8 de septiembre de 1404. Tras ser muy bien recibidos y agasajados por el monarca, quien llamó afectuosamente a Enrique III hijo suyo, alabó al rey castellano y agradeció los regalos, pasaron dos meses y medio en su corte contemplando las maravillas de la capital y el 21 de noviembre de 1404 emprendieron el viaje de vuelta, mucho más penoso que el de la ida, y durante el cual recibieron confusas noticias sobre el fallecimiento de Tamerlán; alcanzaron Sanlúcar de Barrameda el 1 de marzo de 1406.

El propósito de la misión era provocar una "pinza" estratégica contra los turcos en dos frentes alejadísimos en un momento muy delicado, en el que los turcos otomanos se hallaban en un interregno desde 1402 y los mamelucos, con presencia en Próximo Oriente, estaban sufriendo los ataques de Tamerlán, con el que se entrevistó Ibn Jaldún en 1401, en este caso en el sitio de Damasco, antes de su muerte en 1406.2

Ya en la corte, que entonces se encontraba en Alcalá de Henares, González de Clavijo fue nombrado Chambelán por el rey y siguió al servicio de la corona, aunque más tarde fijó su residencia en Madrid donde murió y fue enterrado en la iglesia de San Francisco el Grande. La casa de González de Clavijo en Madrid se ubicaba cerca de la Plaza de la Paja y con el tiempo pasaría a formar parte de las posesiones de la familia Vargas; en la actualidad todavía lleva el nombre de estos últimos.

El relato de los viajes de González de Clavijo hasta Samarcanda entre los años 1403 y 1406, escrito por el propio viajero, embellecido con elementos fantásticos producto de fantasías librescas provocadas por las lecturas de otros libros de viajes, y recogido bajo el título de Embajada a Tamorlán, es una de las joyas de la literatura medieval castellana, y es en muchos aspectos comparable al célebre Libro de las Maravillas del italiano Marco Polo escrito casi un siglo antes.

La primera edición de la obra, en 1582, se debió al erudito sevillano Gonzalo Argote de Molina (1548-1596); este incluyó además un importante y aclarador discurso introductorio y el impresor Antonio de Sancha hizo una segunda edición madrileña en 1782. Sin embargo, el medievalista Francisco López Estrada sugirió que el relato fue en realidad escrito por el compañero de Clavijo en la embajada, Alonso Páez de Santamaría, y Leoncio Cabrero defendió, por el contrario, que ambos reunieron muchos datos juntos pero la redacción la hizo finalmente Ruy González de Clavijo. No obstante, el problema es aún más complejo según Joaquín Rubio Tovar, ya que el famoso viajero Pero Tafur escribió que intervino en la embajada un posible tercer autor, el poeta Alonso o Alfonso Fernández de Mesa, y determinados pasajes podrían haber sido redactados o elaborados con información del embajador Mohamad Alcagí.

Ediciones
Historia del Gran Tamorlán e Itinerario y narración del viage, y relación de la Embaxada que Ruy Gonçalez de Clavijo le hizo, por mandado de muy poderoso Señor Rey don Henrique el Tercero de Castilla... Sevilla: A. Pescioni, 1582.
Misión diplomática de Castilla a Samarcanda: 1403-1406 / Diplomaticheskaia missiia iz Kastilii v Samarkand; edición, Leoncio Cabrero; traducción al ruso, Claudio Klotchkov. Madrid: Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional / Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 2002.
Viaje a Samarkanda: relación de la embajada de Ruy González de Clavijo; coordinador científico: Rafael López Guzmán. Granada: El Legado Andalusí, 2009.


https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Clavijo 


Enviado por Dr. C. Campos y Escalante
campce@gmail.com 

http://es.blastingnews.com/ocio-cultura/2017/06/photo/photogallery-ruy-gonzalez-de-clavijo-el-marco-polo-madrileno-que-visito-al-gran-tamerlan-1377483.html    

http://es.blastingnews.com/ocio-cultura/2017/06/ruy-gonzalez-de-clavijo-el-marco-polo-madrileno-que-visito-al-gran-tamerlan-001762887.html 

 

 

 


SOUTHERN EUROPE


The University of Salamanca is one of the first universities in the world !... 


On 23 May 2017, After receiving photos of many structures in Northern Europe, shared by Carlos Campos y Escalante, and his wife who were traveling in Europe . . . I wrote   . . . . 
My goodness . . .   it makes me wonder.   Was all Europe capable of/and constructing such large structure, or did southern Europe exceed northern Europe?  In my travels to Europe,  I don't remember such large, complex buildings in northern Europe.   They seemed smaller??  Mimi 

Hi Mimi,
The Romans, our Latin ancestors did not reach Northern Europe to influence their construction styles which were basically wooden structures during the Roman Empire. The Northern Europeans did construct brick and mortar at a latter time and epoch, several centuries later. Remember the Northern Europeans, when they invaded the South, they learned ! There are many examples during the Gothic period.

 

The University of Salamanca is one of the first universities in the world !... 
and a place to return with more time to explore it.  I include some images of my recent visit there.

M


Dr. Carlos Campos y Escalante 

================================== ==================================
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Victor_Uni_Salamanca.svg






 

 

 


Investidura doctoral:
Uno de los muchos modelos del vítor del Doctorado, que se pueden apreciar en las fachadas de Salamanca.


En la actualidad, una de las ceremonias más llamativas es la investidura de nuevos doctores que tiene lugar en la festividad de Santo Tomás de Aquino. En ella, como cuando tienen lugar otros actos académicos solemnes, se forma un vistoso cortejo de profesores y autoridades universitarias que entran en el Paraninfo tras un breve recorrido por el claustro de las Escuelas Mayores. El cortejo va precedido de maceros y chirimías con los profesores de las diferentes facultades alineados en dos filas y vestidos con el traje académico. Este traje académico revelaba, a primera vista, el historial académico del portador. Actualmente está compuesto, desde la homogeneización del XIX, de toga negra con puñetas, de muceta del color de las respectivas Facultades y birrete con un borlón del color de la facultad donde había obtenido la licenciatura y flecos del color de la facultad donde se le doctora; si tienen más de una licenciatura, los colores se mezclan en el borlón y lo mismo pasa con los que tienen más de un doctorado, incluso los doctorados Honoris Causa, que se mezclan los colores en los flecos; la muceta es del color de la facultad donde profesan. 

El atuendo del Rector que, con su vara simbólica de autoridad, cierra el cortejo, es completamente negro. En épocas pasadas, los estudiantes, que no tenían título, llevaban túnica sin muceta y el birrete sin borlón ni flecos; los licenciados, no doctores, no llevaban flecos en el birrete.

Se sigue un riguroso orden en el cortejo: primero las Escuelas Universitarias, después las Facultades; las Facultades de fundación más reciente preceden a las más antiguas. Así, Ciencias Ambientales y Traducción, tras las Escuelas Universitarias, son las primeras en el cortejo. Las siguen Ciencias Sociales, Economía y Empresa, Bellas Artes, Psicología, Farmacia, Medicina, Derecho, las Facultades de Ciencias y las Facultades de Letras, que anteceden a los Vicerrectores y Rector.

Todas las ceremonias Universitarias son presididas por el Rector, que no ha de ceder la presidencia a nadie, excepto al Rey de España. Se dice que los doctores del estudio salmanticense tenían el privilegio de permanecer sentados y cubiertos en presencia del Rey, como los Grandes de España.

Rana de Salamanca

La rana que aparece en la decoración de la fachada del Edificio de Escuelas Mayores de la universidad, conocida como rana de Salamanca, constituye uno de los principales atractivos turísticos de la ciudad. Según la tradición, el estudiante que no logra encontrar la rana suspenderá el curso. Probablemente en su origen simbolizaba la lujuria (ya que en realidad no se trata de una rana, sino de un sapo, símbolo del sexo femenino) que conduce a la muerte (la calavera sobre la que está) y era un recuerdo a los estudiantes, varones en su totalidad en los siglos XV y XVI en los que se construyó el edificio, de que debían centrar sus esfuerzos en estudiar y no en entregarse a la lujuria.

 

La Universidad de Salamanca (en latín, Universitas Studii Salmanticensis) es una universidad pública emplazada en la ciudad de Salamanca. Es la universidad más antigua de España y del mundo hispánico y la tercera más antigua de Europa.

El Studium Generale, germen de la universidad, instituido en 1218 por Alfonso IX de León, fue el segundo más antiguo de España, tras su homólogo palentino —fundado entre 1208 y 1214—. Fue la primera institución educativa europea en obtener el título propiamente de Universidad, por la real cédula de Alfonso X el Sabio fechada el 9 de noviembre de 1252, posteriormente ratificada por la licentia ubique docendi de Alejandro IV en el año 1255.4 5

Historia: Fundación y consolidación

============================== ==================================

Su origen, como la mayoría de las universidades medievales europeas, fueron unas escuelas catedralicias cuya existencia se remonta al año 1174, cuando su maestrescuela aparece recogido en unos documentos de concordia entre la diócesis salmantina y la de Ciudad Rodrigo firmados ante el arzobispo de Santiago.6 7 Este hecho presupone que la creación del cargo de maestrescuela de las escuelas catedralicias tuvo lugar en el siglo XII, ya sea en el reinado de Fernando II de León o en el de su predecesor Alfonso VII.

En el año 1218Alfonso IX de León otorgó la categoría de Estudio General a esas escuelas, con el nombre de Studii Salmantini.8Este título de Estudio General manifiesta la diversidad de las enseñanzas impartidas, su característica no privada (abierta a todos) y la validez de sus títulos. La Universidad de Salamanca nació como una universidad eminentemente jurídica, en consonancia con la Universidad de Bolonia y en contraste con las universidades de Oxford y París, más centradas en la Teología y las Artes.9 En 1254, el rey Alfonso X el Sabio dotó a la universidad de unos estatutos que definían su sistema de financiación y creaban el cargo de bibliotecario y nuevas cátedras. La Universidad de Salamanca se convirtió así en la primera de Europa en contar con una biblioteca pública. La universidad era financiada por la Iglesia, aunque indirectamente. Sus fondos provenían de las tercias reales del diezmo eclesiástico. Al ser el diezmo un impuesto sobre la producción agrícola, la situación económica de la universidad estuvo fuertemente influida por las crisis agrarias que se producían regularmente.10 Se impartían entonces estudios en DerechoMedicinaLógicaGramática y Música.9 Los profesores de asignaturas relacionadas con el Derecho gozaban de un sueldo mayor, al tratarse de una universidad inclinada hacia las disciplinas jurídicas.10 

Durante los siglos XIII y XIV se fueron creando nuevas cátedras, especialmente en Derecho. El espaldarazo final le llegó en el año 1255 con la bula del papa Alejandro IV que le otorgó la licentia ubique docendi, con la que se reconocía la validez de los grados otorgados por la Universidad de Salamanca en todo el mundo.nota 1 Entre 1381 y 1386 comenzó a impartir estudios de Teología.

Las clases se impartían en latín, lo que facilitaba la movilidad internacional de profesores y estudiantes al ser una lengua utilizada en toda Europa. Los principales destinos del alumnado eran BoloniaParís y Montpellier. No obstante, la movilidad internacional en este periodo era poco importante, llegando muy pocos alumnos extranjeros a Salamanca. La mayor parte de los alumnos provenían de la Meseta, Norte, Portugal, Galicia y Asturias.10 

La universidad presentaba unas dimensiones reducidas, en términos de número de alumnos, respecto a otras de la época como la de Bolonia. A finales del siglo XIV estudiaban en Salamanca entre 500 y 600 alumnos. El crecimiento durante el siglo XV fue muy importante, alcanzando unos 3.000 alumnos a comienzos del siglo XVI. Todos eran varones y predominaban los clérigos sobre los laicos.11

La institución tardó siglos en contar con edificios propios donde impartir la docencia. Hasta el siglo XV, las clases se impartían en el claustro de la Catedral Vieja, en casas alquiladas al cabildo y en la iglesia de San Benito.

Mayor de San Bartolomé (por lo que era conocido como el «Colegio Viejo»), fundado por el obispo Diego de Anaya Maldonado, comenzado a construir en 1401. El cardenal aragonés Pedro de Luna, que luego sería el antipapa Benedicto XIII, gran protector de la institución, impulsó la compra de los primeros solares y en las constituciones de 1411 obligó a la construcción de las Escuelas Mayores (conocido a veces como edificio histórico de la universidad). Poco después, el rey Juan II promovió la del Hospital del Estudio (actual Rectorado) y más tarde (en 1428) se empezó el edificio de las Escuelas Menores. Las primeras constituciones de la Universidad fueron otorgadas por el Papa Luna. En 1422 fueron sustituidas por las de Martín V.

En las Escuelas Menores se impartían las enseñanzas que daban acceso al título de Bachiller. En las Escuelas Mayores se estudiaba para los grados de Licenciado y Doctor, títulos mayores.
Además de en las Escuelas, las enseñanzas se impartían en los Colegios Mayores y Menores o en conventos de las órdenes religiosas. En la España del Siglo de Oro sólo había seis Colegios Mayores: los cuatro de Salamanca: el de San Bartolomé, el de Oviedo, el de Cuenca y el de Santiago, a los que se añadían el de Santa Cruz en Valladolid y el de San Ildefonso en Alcalá. Salamanca contaba además con un sinnúmero de colegios menores y otros centros universitarios de diverso tipo.

Esplendor
Véase también: Universidades españolas en el Siglo de Oro
En el tránsito del siglo XV al XVI, la Universidad de Salamanca se convirtió en el referente nacional. Hasta el siglo XVII fue vista como la universidad más prestigiosa, afamada e influyente de España, por contar con la mayor variedad de enseñanzas, las mejores dotaciones físicas y humanas y el alumnado más internacional.12 El auge de la Universidad se debió en buena medida a la conquista de América por parte de España y a la construcción del estado centralizado por los Reyes Católicos, lo que requería burócratas, funcionarios y juristas que la Universidad de Salamanca podía ofrecer gracias a su especialización en estudios jurídicos.12 A finales del siglo XVII, el 65 % del presupuesto destinado a salarios iba a parar a profesores de derecho y teología13 , mientras que las cátedras de Matemáticas, Astrología y Música eran las peor pagadas.14 Hacia 1580 llegaban a Salamanca 6.500 estudiantes nuevos cada año, y de entre los licenciados se nutría la administración de la monarquía hispánica de funcionarios para el Estado.

A pesar del carácter jurídico de la Universidad, desde finales del siglo XV también se incorporó al movimiento humanista, aunque relativamente ensombrecida en este terreno por la entonces recién creada Universidad de Alcalá.15 En este periodo convivieron en Salamanca algunos de sus miembros más brillantes en lo que se conoció como la Escuela de Salamanca. Los integrantes de la Escuela renovaron la teología, sentaron las bases del derecho de gentes moderno, del derecho internacional y de la ciencia económica moderna y participaron activamente en el Concilio de Trento. Matemáticos de esta Escuela estudiaron la reforma del calendario, por encargo del papa Gregorio XIII, y propusieron la solución que se implantó posteriormente. También tuvo Salamanca en esa época las que probablemente fueron las primeras alumnas universitarias del mundo: Beatriz Galindo y Lucía de Medrano. Medrano fue la primera mujer que dio clases en una Universidad.

El claustro de la Universidad discutió sobre la viabilidad del proyecto de Cristóbal Colón y las consecuencias que traían sus afirmaciones. Una vez descubierta América, se discutió sobre el derecho de los indígenas a ser reconocidos con plenitud de derechos, algo revolucionario para la época.

En el siglo XVII, el carácter humanístico fue abandonado y se produjo una relativa decadencia. Como un título por Salamanca o haber sido colegial era llave para obtener cargos importantes en la administración, los hijos de la nobleza fueron tomando el dominio de los colegios mayores, que dejaron de servir su función original: enseñar a jóvenes pobres pero capaces. Pudieron tomar el poder porque los colegios funcionaban como una institución democrática en la que los colegiales decidían colegiadamente todos los aspectos del gobierno, incluyendo la admisión de nuevos miembros. En cuanto formaron un grupo suficientemente numeroso, cerraron la admisión de aquellos ajenos a la nobleza, entre otras cosas exigiendo pruebas de limpieza de sangre, lo que solamente podían demostrar los nobles, que disponían de archivos ordenados.

Reforma
En el siglo XVIII, especialmente durante el reinado de Carlos III, se llevaron a cabo reformas que hicieron que la Universidad de Salamanca constituyera uno de los principales focos de la Ilustración española. Se daría todo el apoyo al desarrollo de la Medicina, la Física, las Matemáticas y las letras clásicas.16 En torno a Ramón de Salas y Cortés —profesor de Filosofía Moral y Jurídica— y al poeta Meléndez Valdés se congregaron personajes notables como el matemático y filósofo Miguel Martel, el bibliotecario de la universidad, traductor, sistematizador y difusor del pensamiento de Jeremy Bentham, Toribio Núñez Sessé, el matemático Juan Justo García o los poetas y políticos Juan Nicasio Gallego y Manuel José Quintana. Muchos de los estudiantes, profesores e intelectuales vinculados a este círculo ilustrado desempeñaron, como por ejemplo Diego Muñoz-Torrero, un papel fundamental en las Cortes de Cádiz, la elaboración de la Constitución de 1812, el desarrollo del liberalismo y el pensamiento progresista en España y la introducción de las entonces incipientes ciencias sociales. No fueron ajenos a este renacer los prelados de Salamanca, como Bertrán o Tavira (éste, además catedrático de la Universidad), ambos de ideas ilustradas.17 Por Real Decreto del 12 de julio de 1807 se aprobaría el plan de estudios de Caballero para todas las universidades del reino, siguiendo las pautas trazadas por el de la Universidad de Salamanca, que ya apuntaba hacia un nuevo tipo de universidad, más centrado en las ciencias naturales y sociales, y menos en el derecho canónico y la teología; sin embargo el plan no pudo seguirse implementando, debido a la invasión francesa, por otro lado la política absolutista y ultraconservadora de Fernando VII de España que eliminó los avances establecidos durante el breve trienio liberal de 1820 a 1823, condujo a la frustración de este renovador y prolongado movimiento intelectual.
================================== ==================================

Declive

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Class_at_Salamanca.jpg

Eología en la universidad de Salamanca, 
con alumnos de diversas órdenes religiosas. 
Puertas del armario del depósito de manuscritos 
de la Biblioteca Universitaria. Martín de Cervera, 1614.Durante la invasión francesa (1808–1813) 
muchos de los edificios de los Colegios.

fortificadas francesas, con gran destrucción al estallar un polvorín en el convento de San Vicente, una de las tres fortificaciones. Lo que quedaba de sus bibliotecas (parte de ellas había sido trasladada al Palacio Real al ser cerrados los Colegios en 1780) fue expoliado. Esos libros se recuperaron entre el equipaje del rey José tras la batalla de Vitoria (1813). Una parte fue regalada por Fernando VII a Lord Wellington como agradecimiento, y otra pasó a formar parte de la Biblioteca del Palacio Real. Parte de estos últimos fue recuperada para la Biblioteca de la Universidad en 1954.

En 1852 la Universidad perdió la condición de universidad pontificia, al aprobarse la real orden de 21 de mayo que suprimió sus dos facultades eclesiásticas (Teología y Derecho Canónico).

Tras el Plan Pidal de 1845, la universidad pierde la facultad de expedir títulos de doctor, que se reserva en exclusiva para la Universidad Central de Madrid. En ese momento, Salamanca dejó de jugar el papel de universidad modelo, que pasaría a la Central. Perdió dos facultades (Medicina y Ciencias), quedando reducida a otras dos: Derecho y Filosofía y Letras. La Diputación Provincial y el Ayuntamiento de la ciudad financiaron la continuidad de ambas, como facultades libres, instalándose Medicina en el edificio del Colegio del Arzobispo18y el llamado Colegio Libre de Ciencias, en el edificio de las Escuelas Menores,19 hasta que, tras los esfuerzos de los rectores Esperabé y Unamuno, en 1904, vuelven a ser reconocidas como facultades estatales.

Salmantinos resultaron de destruidos en el transcurso de una fase de la llamada "Batalla de Salamanca" por parte de los historiadores ingleses, al sur de la ciudad, actual calle Ancha,
donde las tropas británicas tomaron al asalto esta parte de la ciudad que albergaba tres posiciones 

Recuperación


Desde 1951, el ministro de Educación Nacional Joaquín Ruiz-Giménez intentó reducir en cierta medida el grado de control político ejercido por el Gobierno sobre las universidades, abrir la universidad española a Europa y otorgar cierta autonomía a los centros.20 La Universidad de Salamanca, por su significación histórica, era un buen modelo para iniciar el proceso, por lo que el Gobierno apoyó decididamente los preparativos para la celebración del VII centenario de la Universidad en el curso académico 1953-1954,nota 2 acto que debía servir de escaparate de las nuevas políticas. La Universidad aprovechó la efemérides para manifestar su objetivo de recuperar el lugar privilegiado que había ocupado anteriormente en el panorama universitario español, abandonando el papel de universidad de provincias al que había sido relegada por la política centralista liberal del siglo XIX.21 Las celebraciones del centenario lograron recuperar la imagen de la Universidad gracias al homenaje recibido por las más de 70 universidades de todo el mundo asistentes al evento y el reconocimiento de la Universidad de Salamanca como alma mater de las universidades hispanoamericanas.22 En los actos celebrados en el mes de octubre de 1953, el rector de la Universidad, Antonio Tovar, hizo público el acuerdo alcanzado en 1948 para otorgar el doctorado honoris causa a Francisco Franco, movimiento con el que se pretendía obtener concesiones del dictador.23 Los actos del centenario tuvieron prontas repercusiones: el 6 de noviembre de ese mismo año el Consejo de Ministros devolvió a la Universidad de Salamanca la potestad de otorgar el título de doctor, en mayo de 1954 se devolvieron a Salamanca un millar de manuscritos de las bibliotecas de los antiguos Colegios Mayores que habían permanecido en Madrid desde tiempos de Carlos IV, y en 1955 se planteó la concesión a la Universidad de un régimen especial con cierta capacidad de decisión y autonomía que posteriormente podría ampliarse a otras universidades en función de los resultados observados en Salamanca.24 No obstante, este proceso de relanzamiento de la Universidad de Salamanca se truncó en 1956 con la dimisión del ministro Ruiz-Giménez, que fue incapaz de convencer del proceso de apertura y reforma a los sectores más conservadores del régimen franquista.25

A pesar de todo, en esta época se dio un renacimiento de la Universidad con un grupo de profesores notables, entre los que se cuentan el rector Antonio Tovar, el exrector Ramos Loscertales y los profesores Guillermo ArceMiguel ArtolaNorberto CuestaGarcía BlancoMaluquerRuiz-GiménezGranjelTierno GalvánZamora Vicente y muchos otros.

========================= ===========================================================

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Entrada_a_las_Escuelas_Menores.jpg

Desde el fin del proceso aperturista en 1956 hasta comienzos de la década de 1960, el número de alumnos de la Universidad de Salamanca se mantuvo relativamente constante, entre 3.000 y 4.000 alumnos. A partir del curso 1962-1963 se produjo un crecimiento constante del número de matriculados, duplicándose en el plazo de diez años hasta alcanzar los 7.727 estudiantes en el curso 1972-1973.26 El incremento del número de estudiantes no se produjo de manera homogénea en todas las facultades que conformaban la Universidad, lo que derivó en una modificación del peso de cada una de ellas sobre el total del cuerpo estudiantil. Hasta 1965, el grueso de los estudiantes se concentraba en las facultades de Derecho y Medicina. A partir de ese año, la Facultad de Derecho fue perdiendo peso en favor de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, mientras que la Facultad de Medicina mantuvo su posición predominante.27 Las principales razones de esta redistribución del cuerpo estudiantil entre facultades fueron el incremento de la población estudiantil femenina, que mostraba una mayor preferencia por las enseñanzas de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, y el aumento del número de estudiantes extranjeros, fundamentalmente iberoamericanos, que demandaban principalmente estudios en Medicina.27
============================== ===============================
Desde 1955 hasta 1970, la Universidad de Salamanca aumentó su proyección internacional, solo equiparable a las de la Universidad Central de Madrid y la Universidad de Barcelona, también universidades de referencia en la época.28 Entre 1955 y 1965, la matrícula de alumnos extranjeros se triplicó, registrándose posteriormente un ligero descenso hasta 1970. En conjunto, el número de estudiantes extranjeros se duplicó al pasar de 371 estudiantes en 1955 a 773 en 1970.27 Una media del 80,5 % de los estudiantes extranjeros procedían de Iberoamérica y demandaban principalmente estudios en Medicina (el 78,3 % de los alumnos extranjeros acudían a esta facultad).29 El auge de la Facultad de Medicina se debió en gran medida al logro de un cierto prestigio a nivel nacional gracias a la creación de nuevos centros y escuelas profesionales como el Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas, la Escuela Profesional de Oftalmología y la Escuela Profesional de Obstetricia y Ginecología, y a la necesidad de profesionales y especialistas en este campo en Iberoamérica.30 El 11,4 % de los alumnos extranjeros acudían a la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, fundamentalmente al Curso Superior de Filología Hispánica puesto en marcha en 1950 y que dio comienzo a la tradición de enseñanza del español en Salamanca que perdura hasta la actualidad. Estos alumnos procedían en su mayor parte de Europa (principalmente Reino Unido) y Estados Unidos.31

 

Al margen de las enseñanzas conducentes a títulos oficiales impartidas en las facultades, el principal motor de atracción de estudiantes extranjeros fue el Curso de Verano para Extranjeros organizado por la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras desde 1964, con un plan de estudios similar al del Curso Superior de Filología Hispánica que incluía estudios en lengualiteraturahistoriageografíaarte y pensamiento de España.32 El curso fue muy bien acogido y el número de estudiantes aumentó año tras año: la matrícula aumentó desde los 112 estudiantes en 1964 hasta los 1.897 de 1971.32 Este último dato suponía una cifra igual al 30 % de los estudiantes matriculados en estudios oficiales ese mismo año.33 Los estudiantes del Curso de Verano para Extranjeros provenían principalmente de Estados Unidos (entre el 30 % y el 50 %) y Francia (alrededor del 30 %).34

Edificios históricos

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Salamanca.jpg

Fachada principal de las Escuelas Mayores.




















Los edificios históricos de la Universidad de Salamanca se construyeron en el siglo XV y son tres: el Edificio de Escuelas Mayores, el Edificio de Escuelas Menores y el Hospital del Estudio. Los tres edificios se encuentran en la plaza llamada Patio de Escuelas, en el centro de Salamanca.

 

Edificio de Escuelas Mayores

El edificio más emblemático de la Universidad es el conocido como Escuelas Mayores, que se comenzó a construir en 1411. La fachada, su elemento más conocido, está dividida en tres cuerpos. El primero contiene el medallón de los Reyes Católicos que empuñan el mismo cetro, y sobre sus cabezas el yugo de Fernando y las flechas de Isabel. El segundo cuerpo contiene en el centro el escudo de Carlos V, rematado con un globo y una cruz sobre una espectacular corona; a la derecha el águila de San Juan y de los Reyes Católicos, a la izquierda el águila bicéfala del Imperio. En el tercer cuerpo hay una capillita que se dice está dedicada al Papa Benedicto XIII exhortando a los clérigos (no es muy probable, y muy poco correcto, que en el siglo XVI todavía se glorificara al cismático papa Luna; lo más seguro es que se trate de Martín V, que confirmó las mercedes que, a la Universidad, había concedido el antipapa Luna).48 Su construcción fue realizada entre circa 1512 y 1533 y su autor —o al menos el principal—, según un estudio publicado por la profesora Alicia M. Canto en 2014, fue Juan de Talavera. Habría sido financiada por la reina Juana I de Castilla, que aparecería representada en el segundo cuerpo, afrontada a su hijo Carlos I de España.49 50


Tradiciones y cultura

La Universidad de Salamanca, concebida según las Siete Partidas de Alfonso X El Sabio como «ayuntamiento de maestros y alumnos», se organizó, conforme al espíritu medieval, a modo de corporación autogestionada, independiente de la ciudad y del cabildo catedralicio, participativa y celosa de sus privilegios. Disponía de sus propias reglas y hasta de sus propias instituciones penales. 

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salamanca_-_Colegio_de_Anaya_5a.jpg
El Palacio de Anaya, actualmente Facultad de Filología de la Universidad de Salamanca.














El rector, cuyo mandato duraba un año, podía ser (hasta finales del siglo XVIII) un estudiante elegido por los miembros de la corporación, si bien la concesión de los grados académicos correspondía a autoridades como el maestrescuela o el canciller. Las cátedras se asignaban por cooptación, mediante oposiciones públicas acompañadas a veces de asambleas tumultuarias no exentas de aplausos, abucheos y reyertas, como las descritas por Diego de Torres Villarroel.51

Los ingresos de la Universidad provenían en gran parte de las rentas de la diócesis (concretamente un tercio del diezmo eclesiástico52 ), por lo que los obispos ambiciosos duraban poco en ella pidiendo el traslado a diócesis con mejores rentas. Ello llevó a que muchos de los obispos de Salamanca fueran gente muy preparada intelectualmente e interesados en la Universidad, siendo a menudo, además, catedráticos y hasta rectores de la misma.

Los estudiantes acudían a las clases con un traje talar y un birrete (uniforme procedente de los antecedentes como escuela diocesana). Cuando obtenían la licenciatura se ponían un borlón encima del birrete, del color de la facultad en la que habían obtenido el título (azul para ciencias, encarnado para leyes, amarillo para medicina...). Si se licenciaban por más de una facultad, en el borlón se mezclaban los colores correspondientes. Al doctorarse añadían al birrete unos flecos del color de la facultad donde se doctoraban. Los profesores llevaban además la muceta, especie de capilla corta, también de color. Este atuendo ha sido copiado actualmente por el resto de las Universidades de España, aunque sin demasiado rigor en cuanto al sentido de cada uno de los símbolos y de los colores.

 

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ColorProfesion.png
Colores de la profesión según la tradición de la Universidad de Salamanca















Los colores eran: azul celeste para Letras, azul turquí para Ciencias, rojo para Derecho, amarillo para Medicina y púrpura escarlata para Teología (posteriormente se han añadido: morado para Farmacia, naranja para Ciencias Sociales y Económicas, verde para Ciencias Ambientales, castaño para Ingeniería, rosa para Psicología y blanco para Bellas Artes). Los Estatutos de la Universidad de Salamanca estipulan que el traje académico de la Universidad "será el tradicional"; con ello se alude a la túnica y capa características anteriores a la homogeneización de los trajes académicos españoles con la adopción de la toga jurídica. No obstante, se permite el uso de esta última, que es la que se emplea generalmente. El traje académico de los doctores se completa bien con la medalla simplemente doctoral, bien con la profesoral, los guantes blancos y la pajarita blanca. Se admite que, en las puñetas, la toga incorpore vivos del color de la Facultad, si bien ello no forma parte de la tradición salmanticense.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colegio_de_Fonseca,_Universidad_de_Salamanca.JPG
Colegio Mayor de Santigo

Desde el siglo XVII, muy pocos estudiantes optaban al título de doctor a causa de los costes que acarreaba la celebración, conformándose con el grado de bachillerlicenciado o maestro. En Salamanca, el doctorando velaba los libros durante una noche en la capilla de Santa Bárbara del claustro de la catedral vieja, preparando su defensa. A la mañana siguiente entraba el tribunal, así como cualquier otro doctor que quisiera intervenir, y se sentaba en los bancos de alrededor. Las discusiones eran enconadas, pues se trataba de poner en aprietos al doctorando.

Obtenido el doctorado, empezaba la celebración, que desde el siglo XVII podía ser costosísima. El doctorando (que en algunas épocas venía obligado a invitar al claustro a un pantagruélico banquete y a patrocinar festejos públicos que a veces incluían corridas de toros) regalaba unos pastelillos a los miembros del tribunal y sus compañeros pintaban un vítor, como el de la figura, con el nombre del doctor (en las pintadas modernas se acompaña, a veces de un breve texto), en cualquier fachada en la que encontrasen un hueco (del mismo modo que ahora se pintan los grafitti). Cuando el doctorado era de ciencias, el pigmento utilizado era sangre de toro, cuando era de letras, pigmentos vegetales, pero siempre de color encarnado.

Durante la dictadura de Franco este símbolo fue utilizado políticamente, pues desde la Ley Moyano de 1857, hasta 1953, la única Universidad que expedía títulos de doctor era la Central (la de Madrid) y, por lo tanto, al llegar la guerra civil llevaba 80 años en desuso. A partir de 1954 volvió a utilizarse para los doctores, aunque de tamaño reducido y en sitios muy delimitados.  Investidura doctoral


 

 


INTERNATIONAL

Historia Antigua de Britania
Mixed heritage, Variations in DNA of modern Britons 
¿De dónde vienen los turcos?



HISTORIA ANTIGUA DE BRITANIA​

Tribus antiguas de Bretaña / Conquista Romana de Britania / ADN de Albión

================================== ==================================

Map on the Left :  Grupos linguisticos -  Britanos - rojo    Pictos - azul   Goidélicos - verde

================================== ==================================

Los britanos o britones fueron los pueblos nativos que habitaron la isla de Gran Bretaña (Albión), los cuales podían ser descritos como celtas insulares antes de que su lengua y cultura fueran reemplazadas por las de los invasores anglosajones.

Estos pueblos hablaban lenguas britónicas y compartían tradiciones culturales comunes. En términos de lengua y cultura, gran parte de todo el oeste de Europa fue principalmente céltica durante este periodo, aunque la isla de Gran Bretaña y la Bretaña continental estuvieron habitadas por celtas britanos. Los habitantes de Irlanda, la Isla de Man y Dalriada eran escotos o  celtas gaélicos, hablantes de lenguas goidélicas.

Parte de los eruditos en la materia argumentan que el desconocido idioma picto era de origen britano, si bien en la Britania prerromana los pictos se distinguían como un grupo separado, del mismo modo que los escotos de Dalriada.

En cualquier caso, el término britano se refiere tradicionalmente a los habitantes de la antigua Britania excluyendo a los pictos, ya que muchos de los rasgos culturales pictos (como por ejemplo, su esculturaalfarería y monu mentos) diferían de los de los britanos.

La invasión romana de Britania (efímera con Julio César y definitiva con Claudio) y la consiguiente  romanización a partir del siglo I supuso la adopción del latín y la civilización romana por los britanos del sur de la isla de Gran Bretaña, incluido el cristianismo a partir del siglo IV. La anarquía propia del final del Imperio romano de Occidente tuvo graves consecuencias para estas comunidades, que fueron expulsadas de la isla en el siglo V y sustituidas por los paganos del norte (pictos y escotos) y por los también paganos invasores germánicos (anglos sajones y jutos). Los britanos emigraron por vía marítima a la península de Bretaña y algunos pocos hasta lugares tan lejanos como Asturias y Galicia, donde fundaron la diócesis de Britonia.

More information, go to:  https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_romana_de_Britania  



(imágenes de internet y de EUpedia)Como podemos apreciar? no es tan sencillo decir que alguna persona es Inglés  sólo por su nacionalidad o pais donde nació , su historia es un poco más complicada y mezclada con algo de Latino del tiempo de los romanos?. Como queda claro el mestizaje ha ocurrido en muchos lugares.

Continuará: invasiones de los anglosajones ?a Albión, Hibernia y Caledonia
​Enviado ​por: 
​Dr. C. Campos y Escalante

 



 

https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FBQnyMuZ9JY/TgGOKeCe_qI/AAAAAAAADBg/T59UD_va8dI/s1600/Gogturk+Cavalry.jpg ¿De dónde vienen los turcos?
¿De dónde vienen los turcos?

¡De Turquía, por supuesto! ¿Por supuesto? Miren ustedes de nuevo. 
En realidad la relación es exactamente al revés: no es que los turcos se llamen así porque sean nativos de Turquía, sino que Turquía se llama así debido a que el territorio que ocupa dicho país fue invadido en tiempos históricos por los turcos (así como Francia se llama así porque en la Edad Media fue invadido por los francos). Por eso, acá en Siglos Curiosos trataremos de repasar la historia de cómo los turcos llegaron hasta Turquía. Porque los orígenes de los turcos son otro de esos grandes desconocidos de la Historia Universal. Como buena horda nómada, sus orígenes más remotos sólo podemos rastrearlos a través de la evidencia de la dispersión lingüística, algo de arqueología, y de los siempre salvadores registros de las potencias sedentarias que ocasionalmente se refieren a ellos al tiempo de sufrir sus golpes y azotes. Pero... 


Aparentemente los turcos están relacionados con los hunos (los mismos famosos por Atila), y parece ser que los turcos en realidad eran una rama o tribu dentro del más grande grupo de los hunos. Con el resto de los hunos, los turcos (köktürks en esa época) fueron un gran incordio para los chinos (que llamaban "hiung-nu" a los hunos). Hasta que los hunos emigraron al oeste, cayendo sobre la India por un lado, y sobre Europa por el otro. En cuanto a los turcos, prefirieron quedarse.

Hacia el siglo VI, los turcos formaron su propio imperio en Asia Central, que prefiguró en cierta medida las empresas posteriores de los mongoles. El imperio se derrumbó por la guerra civil, y por los golpes que le asestaba China por el este, pero hacia el oeste, los turcos se expandieron por toda Asia Central. La actual república de Turquestán les debe su nombre a una rama de los turcos (que entretanto, por supuesto, ya no eran una simple rama de los hunos, sino un pueblo por derecho propio), en concreto los turcomanos. Algunos turcos llegaron tan lejos hacia el oeste, que cruzaron toda Rusia y se instalaron en Bulgaria: allí, los búlgaros abandonaron su lengua nativa turca y adoptaron el idioma indoeuropeo eslavo llamado búlgaro. Pero el grueso de los turcos en Asia Central fueron batidos después por los mongoles, y su predominio político y demográfico acabó, por más que quedaron repartidos en regiones desde Siberia y China hasta Irán.

Hacia el siglo X, en el Asia Occidental comenzó el declive del Califato Abasida, la gran superpotencia musulmana del Medio Oriente. Los abasidas llamaron a una rama de los turcos, los selyúcidas, para ser sus guardaespaldas, y estos turcos selyúcidas contratados como pretorianos acabaron por secuestrar el gobierno y convirtieron el Califato en un Khanato turco de facto. Lo selyúcidas decayeron y de hecho fueron destruidos por los mongoles, pero en medio de todas estas debacles, una rama de turcos, los otomanos, consiguieron hacerse de un principado en Anatolia. Este principado creció hasta transformarse en el Imperio Otomano, reemplazando las antiguas etnias griegas por turcas en Anatolia, y transformando así a dicha península en lo que actualmente es Turquía, la región turca más famosa de todas.

                                                      07/10/2017 01:19 PM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

http://somosprimos.com/sp2017/spjul17/spjul17.htm 


Somos Primos  "We are cousins"  July 2017

Dear Primos and friends:

In celebration of July 4th, may the profound importance of the American Revolution fill you with gratitude and thankfulness for our great nation and the continuing sacrifices being made to maintain the freedoms we enjoy.  

With special thanks to Dr. Carlos Campos y Escalante for the considerable information he sent for the July issue on the many successful voyages and global travels of early Spanish explorers.  He also gathered data on the DNA of Mexico, the Indigenous, and the British, showing our connected historic humanity. You will find an enthusiasm and growing involvement in heritage projects, which is really exciting. Do search them out and get involved in one or more heritage projects.  We all benefit.

God bless America, and strengthen each of us to be a builders and fortifiers, that we may continue to be a blessing to the world  . . .  Mimi

 

United States
Marcelino Serna, April 26, 1896 - Feb 29, 1992, Most Decorated Texas WWI Hero Honored by U.S. House
1966  Martin High School,  National Defense Cadet Corps (Jr. ROTC) Laredo, Texas
Most Common Country of Origin of Legal Immigrants Other Than Mexico (2012) by Ben Blatt
Donald Trump, the first President ever to hold the office without prior military or government service
The Presidency and the Constitution” free online class offered by Hillsdale College

Alabama counties drop in food stamp, after work requirement for able-bodied adults were restarted.

The Unlikely U.S. Independence Trio by
José Antonio López  
The United States and Mexico: Education and understanding
by: Earl Anthony Wayne & Sergio M. Alcocer
LULAC Supports Establishment of Smithsonian Museum Dedicated to Latino History and Culture in DC
NALIP selects Kate del Castillo, Outstanding Achievement in Television Award
NALIP receives California Arts Council Grant 
I Am Not Your Wetback by Felipe de Ortego y Gasca 
WWII: ‘Rumor Clinics’ Were Set Up to Dispel Morale-Damaging Gossip

Spanish Presence in the Americas' Roots
New Projects:  
Life and Times of Bernardo de Gálvez by Eddie Martinez
Galvez Center Considered by Texas A&M University–San Antonio
La Independencia de HispanoAmérica y el Salto al Vacío de Nuestra Identidad 

Historic Tidbits
Categoría: Exploradores de América del Norte del siglo XVI nacidos en España
How Millions Of Secret Silk Maps Helped POWs Escape Their Captors in WWII  

Heritage Projects
The Akat Café Kalli Project 
Hispanic Heritage Project 
The Voces Oral History Project

AARP Arizona Hispanic Connection
Hints for Planning a Family Reunion


Early American Patriot
Conoce a Bernardo de Gálvez por Guillermo Fresser 

Hispanic Leaders
Brother Tom Treadaway, S.M.
Henry L. Lacayo, Educator Activist
Judge Emilio Vargas, Community Activist
Jonathan Sanchez, Longtime community newspaper man and activist
A Tribute to our Mothers:  Norberta Guerrero Villanueva   

American Patriots
Valiant Press, books on the action of Mexican-American Combat Heroes
Call for Submissions: U.S. Latina and Latino Oral History Journal
Jose G. Ramos' Story 
Whittier Vietnam Veteran Jose G. Ramos to Receive High School Diploma
Vietnam War Veteran Gets Long-Awaited High School Diploma
Jose G. Ramos is the founder of Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day
Father's Day Poem, a Tribute to our Fathers by Jose G. Ramos
Vietnam War Hero With 37 Medals Barely Remembered

Education
Our Education System
Center for Mexican American Studies
Financial Aid and Scholarships for Hispanic Students
The Bernard Osher Foundation

Religion
The Lost Tomb of Jesus through DNA
Soft Sharia in Turkey
Domatillia (Pontifical Commission of Sacred Art ) By Jason Daley
La catedral de Toledo el V centenario del cardenal Cisneros

Culture
32nd International Hispanic Theatre Festival of Miami 
NALAC Leadership Institute  
México ó Méjico


Books and Print Media
McCarthyism: Memories of a Blacklisted Bert Corona by Carlos Larralde
2017 American Library Association Convention in Chicago
Abraham Lincoln and Mexico by Michael Hogan 
Four books written by Joe Sanchez: Latin Blues, True Blue, Red Herring, Yellow Streak  
Still Dreaming: My Journey from the Barrio to Capitol Hill by Congressman, Luis Gutierrez 
Los Invencibles de América: Hernán Cortés liberó a las tribus mexicanas de la tiranía del Imperio
      Azteca by Jesus A. Rojo Pinilla

Surnames
Grijalva

DNA
Mexico:
¿Una Nación  ó Varias en el mismo territorio?

Family History
Free Family History Library Classes &Webinars for July 2017
Giving Credit to Your Past: A Guide to Genealogy for the Entire Family
Evidence Explained by Elizabeth Shown Mills  

Orange County, CA
July 8: SHHAR:
Lizeth Ramirez, Archivist/Reference Librarian for the City of Orange Public Library
Killefer Grade School by Douglas Westfall 
July 4: 7th Festival Anal, 4 de Julio, Celebrando el Dia de la Independencia 
July 19th: Culture Clash's OG Summer Desmadre
UCI meets U.S. Department of Education eligibility as a Hispanic-serving institution 

Los Angeles County, CA
July 22: Abraham Lincoln and Mexico: A History of Courage, Intrigue and Unlikely Friendships
Raul R. Morin Memorial, intersection of Lorena, Indiana & Cesar E. Chavez Avenue, Boyle Heights
July 22: Canet & Romero Family Reunion
Zoot Suits: A Fashion Movement that Sparked Mexican American Resistance
Champions of Chicano Art Need to Face Reality:  A Response to Cheech Marin’s New Art Center

June 3rd, 2017, The Brotherhood of The Americas of Our Lady of Rocío held its XIV Rocío USA 

California
The Advocation of Our Lady of Rocio
August 16-20: San Diego International Mariachi Summit
The Present is a Dream of the Past Martha Vallejo McGettigan  and David Martinez
Data: California population explosion
Mexican migrant workers came to California to pick grapes. Now they own wineries.

Pan-Pacific Rim
Los Voluntarios Macabebes
¿Qué hacen soldados japoneses en el Ejército Español?
Formosa (actual Taiwan) cuando se administraba desde Nueva España (o sea México)

Northwestern US
Remembering the Spanish explorers of the Northwest Coast: 

(1542) Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
(1542) Bartolomé Ferrer (Ferrelo)
(1593-1601) Sebastián Vizcaíno
(1774) Juan Pérez Hernández
(1774) Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra
1779) Ignacio de Arteaga)
(1786) Alessandro Malaspina
(1789) Esteban José Martínez Fernández

Southwestern US
From AARP in Arizona
Early Spanish Explorers: 
(1539) Hernando de Soto  
(1540) Vázquez de Coronado  
(1598) Juan de Oñate
Juan de Onate y La Batalla de Acoma
(1866)  Goodnight-Loving Trail 

Texas
El Vuelo y su Semilla Exhibit by Renowned Mexican Artist, Betsabee Romero 
Mexico: Through the Wall - A Traves del Muro 
Dan Arellano on San Antonio's Tricentennial Committee
The History of My Ancestor: Manuel Margil Delgado by Gloria Candelaria
May 28th, 1861: San Antonio mission reopens as Marianist training center
June 12th, 1901: Killing of sheriff precipitates ballad tradition
May 30th, 1898 -- "Rough Riders" ordered from San Antonio to Florida
May 31st, 1783 -- San Antonio merchant killed by Apaches
Hospital Officials, Descendant Groups Discuss Plans for Uncovered Human Remains

Middle America
Rochelle, Always Near by Rudy Padilla
The summer of Change – The Learning years - 1952 by Rudy Padilla
The Shawnee Trail

East Coast
Communication between Joe Sanchez and Rolando Salazar
La Exploración de Norteamerica, costo miles de vides de españoles y se gastó mas de 1,000.000 de pesos

(1524) Esteban Gómez Llegó a Nova Scotia

Caribbean Region
Puerto Rico Chooses Statehood, Results of the Status Plebiscite
La Conquista De Cuba

African-American
Advanced Trainings for Rosenwald School Boards a Success
Book: Be Free or Die by Cate Lineberry

Indigenous
Taking Alcatraz - Film Screening and Panel held June 15
June 27th, 1874 -- Indian raiders strike again at Adobe Walls

Sephardic
Presentan libro: 'La Herencia Sefardi
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
Una destinasion desconosida  by Yehuda Hatsvi

Archaeology
Oldest Homo Sapiens Fossils Every Found, 300,000 Years 
50,000-year-old 'Atlantis of the South' discovered in Australia  

Mexico
Mexico is Home to DNA That's a World Apart
La Pesadilla de los Huracanes

Ancient Aztec temple and ball court discovered in Mexico City

Returning to Mexico: Mexicans once flocked to The Woodlands. Now, they're leaving.
Cómo se entrenan los rarámuris para ganar carreras
Hermanas mayores del Señor General don Porfirio de la Cruz Dìaz Mori.
Don Bernardo Torralba 

Central & South America
Temple mound of Huaca Prieta by Tom Dillehay
New LDS Indexing Projects on FamilySearch: June 2017 for Souh America Records

Philippines
Why do Spaniards eat late? by Eddie AAA Calderón, Ph.D.
Comments on the word, Ojala 
Aguinaldo y la Independencia de Filipinas 
Militares celebrando el Día de Filipinas  

Spain
El mexicanísimo traje de charro es de origen..... español naturalmente !
Caballería de Julian Sánchez "el charro"
El Imperio Romano de Oriente . . . A la Muerte de Justiniano 565
Pueblos de Asturias, España
Segóbriga, el tesoro romano que está en La Manch
Medinaceli Family. 
Fact: The voyage of Charles Darwin  occurred 260 years after this remarkable expedition.
Ruy González de Clavijo

Southern Europe
The University of Salamanca is one of the first universities in the world !... 

International 
Historia Antigua de Britania
Mixed heritage, Variations in DNA of modern Britons 
¿De dónde vienen los turcos?